Telecommunications/Networking

Team 1

The AntagonistsPresenting Telecommunications and Networking

The team name highlights our partial non-alignment

with certain governmental ideas

Introducing our team members… Don Patrick Aaron Austin Dan Mike Glenn

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched NetworksA telephone network uses circuit switching to create an end-to-end connection with the dialed phone before the caller speaks

1960’s…

Creating a circuit makes exclusive allocations

of transmission/receptio

n resources for the duration of the call

The telephone network is the largest global system ever created...50 year-old phones can still operate with today’s equipment !!The basic design was in the early 1900s… Mr. Alexander Graham Bell

`+-

Circuit Switched Networks

The Public Switched Telephone Network (a circuit-switched network) is today’s worldwide collection of interconnected public telephone networks, designed primarily for voice traffic

A dedicated circuit (aka “channel”) is established for the duration of any transmission, such as a phone call, and can be easily contrasted with packet switching networks, in which messages are divided into small segments (packets) and where each packet is sent individually

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

This is a guarantee that any successful connection will fully own the resources necessary to allow a high quality interaction

When a call ends, the circuit is broken & resources are freed up for new connection

The capacity of a network to allow any two endpoints to be interconnected…

Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Telephone Signals

Telephone Signals Telephones originally used continuous analog signals, which vary in amplitude & frequency (signal strength & pitch) A phone converts sound into electrical signals with the microphone (mouthpiece) and with the speaker (earpiece) at the other end, converts the signals back to sound Today’s digital signals differ significantly, as they are both discrete & discontinuous Digital signals exist in predetermined states as binary signals are limited to only zeroes & ones These can be transmitted “bazillions” of times better (both faster and more quality) than the old-fashioned analog approach…

Analog

Digital

Telephone Signals

Telephone Signals• Dialing today’s phones is done using DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) tones…these are from the row & column of the buttons you press (0-9, etc) to make a call

>>>> Listen…• Additional DTMF tones (“ABCD tones”) are used by the U.S. military & some PBX systems

• Special phones are equipped with keys to allow specific protocol usage:

A – Flash,B – Flash override priority,C – Priority communication, andD – Priority override

Multiplexing

Multiplexing Multiplexing is the means of subdividing a “physical media” into more than one channel

Telephone lines use “frequency multiplexing” to carry voice & DSL signals simultaneously;frequencies up to 4,000 Hz carry voice and the 25 kHz - 1.5 MHz band carry DSL

Optical lines carry literally several orders of magnitude more data than do phone lines

Multiplexing

T1

T1c

T2

T3

T4

24x64k bps < 1.544Mbps

(8k bytes)…1,202bps “gap”

VirtualizationVirtualization is generally non-specific with respect to the subjects shared above (Circuit-switched networks, Telephone signals and Multiplexing)…

More details will be shared as we progress.

Digitizing Voice SignalsThe process is conversion of analog waves to

digital dataTake samples to find the amplitudeConvert the different amplitudes into binary

Digitizing Voice Signals

Digitizing Voice SignalsThis image has 8 levels (0-7)

This is 3-bit (000-111)

Digital TelephoneAdvantages of Digital Telephone

Increased qualitySecurityCompatibility with newer technologies

Hierarchal set up

T-Services

T-Service T-1 Equivalency # of Voice Channels

Speed (Mbps)

T-1 1 24 1.544

T-1C 2 48 3.125

T-2 4 96 6.312

T-3 28 672 44.746

T-4 168 4032 274.176

• High speed connection– Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)–Multiple types of T-Services

Physical Layer TechnologiesTransmission Link Types

Conducting MediaRadiating Media

Common Cable MaterialsCopper

InexpensiveEasy to connectSmall form factorSpan several hundred feet

Fiber

Types of CopperCoaxial

Solid Copper CoreHighly resistant to EMI

Twisted PairCopper pairs twistedStandards

Cat5, 5e,6, etc….STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Copper Cabling Specifications

Category Speed Application

Cat3 10Mbps 10Base-T

Cat5 100Mbps 100Base-T

Cat5e 1000Mbps 1000Base-T

Cat6 1000Mbps 1000Base-T

Cat6a 10Gbps 10Gbase-T

Optical-Fiber MediaFiber Cabling

Transmits using light signalsWaves of light travel within the glass core

AdvantagesNot susceptible to EMICan travel longer distancesHigher bandwidthHarder to tap

Optical Fiber TypesName Medium Distance Speed

100BaseTX 62.5 micron fiber 412 meters 100mbps

1000Base SX 62.5 micron fiber 220 meters 1000mbps

1000Base SX 50 micron fiber 550 meters 1000mbps

Connector Types

ST

SC

LC

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Multiple data streams across a single connectionStreams separated by wavelengthSeparate wavelengths also called lambdas

Fiber-Based Advanced Transport Technologies

Increases in fiber deploymentFaster SpeedsLower production costsEasy to maintain

Fiber Network TechnologiesFDDISONETEthernet

FDDIFiber Distributed Data Interface

Operates on layers 1 and 2Ring topologyUses two unidirectional fiber ringsSecondary ring provides failoverReplaced by Fast EthernetSupports

100mbps500 nodesDistances of 200km

SONETSynchronized Optical Network

Provides very high data ratesUsed primarily for backbone connectionsStarts at 51.84mbps

SONET can use copper or fiberSTS (Synchronous Transport Signal)

Used for copperOC (Optical Carrier)

Used for fiber

Optical Carriers

OC Level Bandwidth

OC-1 51.84 mbps

OC-3 155.52 mbps

OC-12 622.08 mbps

OC-24 1244.16 mbps

OC-48 2488.32 mbps

OC-192 9953.28 mbps

OC-768 39813.12 mbps

OC-3072 159252.48 mbps

Where is the technology headed?

Physical media will not changeCopperFiber

Cable bandwidth will increaseCat7 +Smaller fiber cores

Lower cost fiber WAN’s

OSI Model

Internetworking Technology

Internet Protocol Suite Commonly known as “TCP/IP “ Consists of 4 Layers

Link LayerARP

Address Resolution Protocol

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

Internet LayerIP

Internet Protocol

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol

Transport LayerTCP

Transmission Control Protocol

UDP User Datagram Protocol

Application LayerHTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

DNS Domain Name Service

FTP File Transfer Protocol

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Net NeutralityWhat is it?

Non-discriminatory Does not favor any one destination or application

over another

Net Neutrality Cont’d.December 21st,2010

FCC’s stand on Net Neutrality Rules is reported

February 22nd,2011 U.S. House of Representatives Vote on Net

Neutrality funding

VOICE OVER IPVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) refers to the

transmission of voice telephony over IP networks.

VOICE OVER IP (cont)Benefits

Operational CostDon’t need two separate data plansFeatures that traditional telecommunication

companies normally charge extra for, are available free of charge from open source implementations

FlexibilityLocation independenceThe ability to transmit more than one telephone call

over a single broadband connection.

VOICE OVER IP (cont)Pitfalls

Quality of serviceSusceptible to power failureMakes users harder to locate during emergency

callsSecurityFax handling

Licensed WirelessOperates within the part of the radio spectrum

designated by government regulators.

Reserved for individual license holders.Expensive to obtain a license Long process

EquipmentVery expensiveTime consuming set-up

Licensed Wireless (cont)Cellular structure

Licensed Wireless (cont)Operators are permitted exclusive use of part of

the band over an assigned geographic area. 6.0 GHz in the U.S. 50 MHz of the 4.9 band available for public safety

Latest Licensed Wireless“Auction 92” July 19, 2011

16 licensesAT&T and Verizon

Unlicensed WirelessThe unlicensed part of the spectrum does not

promise exclusive use of the band.5.4 and 5.8 GHz in the U.S.

Eliminates the delay/expense of obtaining a license

EquipmentFar less expensiveEasier to set-up

Future of WirelessNew wireless: N

Double the speed of GWider Range than GVoIP capable

Old Wireless: G

GN

Wireless G vs. N

Frame Relay / ATMFrame Relay

• physical / logical link layers

• packet switching methodology

• standardize the communications of DS-0 and DS-1(T1) Lines

ATM• switching technique• asynchronous time-

division multiplexing• fixed-sized cells• ATM is a core protocol

used over the SONET/SDH

GigabitUsually refers to LAN speed connections rather

than WAN links

BUT….

https://primeaccess.att.com/shell.cfm?section=2641

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)

• 14 current versions of DSL from ADSL to VDSL2

• More are in development• Speeds vary by location and proximity to a

Central office as well as what version of DSL is running in your area. Documented speeds can reach up to 200Mbit/s and are increasing

• Uses existing telephone communication infrastructure but requires proper frequency hardware to separate the voice channels and data channels

Future of DSL http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/North-Carolinas-Fibra

nt-Plans-200-Mbps-111307

“In the case of ADSL, competition in Internet access caused subscription fees to drop significantly over the years, thus making ADSL more economical than dial up access. Telephone companies were pressured into moving to ADSL largely due to competition from cable companies…”

1 Gigabit DSL? Department of Electrical Engineering

Stanford University

Digital CableDOCSIS most common form of data services

Current version 3.0 which supports IPv6 and speeds 30.72 Mbit/s per 6 MHz channel, or 10.24 Mbit/s per 3 MHz channel

Possible Speeds up to 100Mbps at your home

Future of all connection technologies

Digital Cable, DSL, ATM, Frame Relay, Ethernet, ?

What’s the Magic Number ? (referring to speed)

Reducing Price or no price increase

FIBER to the door. Verizon – FIOS

http://www.google.com/appserve/fiberrfi/Google http://www.google.com/appserve/fiberrfi/

What is an IPv6 Address IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses

A typical example of an IPv6 address is: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.

The 128-bit IPv6 address can be abbreviated with the following rules: Rule one: Leading zeroes within a 16-bit value may be omitted.

fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329 may be written as fe80:0:0:0:202:b3ff:fe1e:8329

^ 0 Removed Rule two: A single occurrence of consecutive groups of zeroes

within an address may be replaced by a double colon. THIS CAN BE DONE ONLY ONCE in an a address fe80:0:0:0:202:b3ff:fe1e:8329 becomes fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329

Installed example at Runzheimer International

IPv6 FeaturesMulticasting

One send many recipients

Required IPSec support at the network layer securitySame security Standard used in VPN

Easier routingRegardless of the longer address this is easier to

process

Why Upgrade to IPv6

IPV4 vs. IPV6Upgrade concerns

Conversion technology6to4 protocol

128-bit address compared to 32-bit IPv4 address

How many addresses is that?

340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

Virtualization Overview

Virtualization & Networking

Virtualization & Storage Area Networks

Virtualization & Site Disaster Recovery

Cloud Computing OverviewWhat is the Cloud?

Definition of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing Types

Cloud Features & Comparison

Private Public Hybrid

Performance * High Low Combined

Availability * Limited Unlimited Combined

Scalability * Limited Unlimited Combined

Customization Unlimited Limited Combined

Skill Level High Low Combined

Security ? ? Combined

Cost * High Low Combined

* Items that must be carefully analyzed by IT management.

In ConclusionWe have discussed current and

future trends of telecommunications and networking

Any questions?

SourcesFrenzel, C. W., & Frenzel, J. C. (2004). Management of Information

Technology. Boston: Course Technology.

Gross, G. (2011, February 22). Net Neutrality Rules Face Uncertain Future After House Vote. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from PC World: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/220310/net_neutrality_rules_face_uncertain_future_after_house_vote.html

Lawson, S. (2010, December 21). House Passes Defunding of Net Neutrality Rules. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from PC World: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/214400/fcc_approves_compromise_net_neutrality_rules.html#tk.mod_rel

Webopedia. (2011, February 27). Retrieved February 27, 2011, from Webopedia: http://www.webopedia.com/

What is Net Neutrality? (2009, April 8). Retrieved February 27, 2011, from Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L11kLmWha6o

SourcesCircuit Switched Networks

MSDN: Circuit-Switched Networkshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa934680.aspx

Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN)http://www.linfo.org/pstn.html

Pulse dialing (rotary dials)...excellent imageryhttp://www.classicrotaryphones.com/forum/index.php?topic=2866.0

Telephone SignalsDTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) Tones

http://www.tech-faq.com/what-are-the-dtmf-tone-frequencies.html Cell phones and DTMF

http://lgknowledgebase.com/kb/index.php?View=entry&EntryID=6452

MultiplexingT1 lines and up…

http://www.abouterp.com/erpsystemswordst/T1_T1c_T3_T4_T9_Ta_Tablepc_TAbkey.html

Sourceshttps://piomail.carrollu.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=4d8d163dccc74400861cfcc8306b6728&URL=http%3a%2f%2f4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com%2ftopics%2f4g-wirelessevolution%2farticles%2f127528-fcc-announces-700-mhz-band-license-auction-july.htm

http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.3083.html

http://gigaom.com/cleantech/smart-grid-debate-licensed-vs-unlicensed-wireless-spectrum/

Sourceshttp://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Products/Wireless%20Networks/Wireless%20Broadband%20Networks/Point%20to%20Multi-point%20Networks/Unlicensed/_Documents/Static%20Files/Licensed%20Versus%20Unlicensed%20Wireless.pdf?localeId=228