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Tekla Structural Designer 2015i User Guides
January 2016
© 2016 Trimble Solutions Corporation – part of Trimble Navigation Ltd.
iii
Table of Contents Basics of Tekla Structural Designer ............................................................................................ 1
About Tekla Structural Designer ............................................................................................. 1
Tekla Structural Designer Philosophy ................................................................................. 1
How does the Tekla Structural Designer way of working differ from traditional methods? ................................................................................................................................ 1
Interface Overview .................................................................................................................... 3
File menu ............................................................................................................................. 3
Quick Access Toolbar ........................................................................................................ 4
Viewcube ............................................................................................................................. 4
Ribbon ................................................................................................................................. 4
Project Workspace ............................................................................................................. 5
Structure Tree ..................................................................................................................... 5
Groups Tree ........................................................................................................................ 5
Loading Tree ....................................................................................................................... 6
Wind Model Tree ................................................................................................................ 6
Status Tree .......................................................................................................................... 6
Cutting Planes..................................................................................................................... 7
Report Index ....................................................................................................................... 7
Scene Views ........................................................................................................................ 7
Basic Tooltip........................................................................................................................ 8
Select Entity Tooltip ........................................................................................................... 8
Right Click Menu................................................................................................................. 9
Properties Window ............................................................................................................ 9
Property Dialog ................................................................................................................ 10
Scene Content .................................................................................................................. 10
Loading drop list .............................................................................................................. 11
Process Window ............................................................................................................... 12
Status Bar .......................................................................................................................... 12
Hiding, re-displaying and moving windows ..................................................................... 13
Commands on the ribbon toolbars .................................................................................. 16
Right click menu commands .............................................................................................. 16
Undo/Redo ........................................................................................................................ 16
Copy ................................................................................................................................... 16
User Guides (US)
iv
Delete Element ................................................................................................................. 16
Zoom Out .......................................................................................................................... 16
Apply property set... ........................................................................................................ 16
Create property set.......................................................................................................... 17
Edit ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Open load analysis view ................................................................................................. 17
Open member view ......................................................................................................... 17
Show Member Loading ................................................................................................... 17
Check member/wall/panel ............................................................................................. 17
Design member ................................................................................................................ 17
Design... ............................................................................................................................. 18
Generate Detailing Drawing ........................................................................................... 18
Report for member .......................................................................................................... 18
Check Slabs ....................................................................................................................... 18
Design Slabs ...................................................................................................................... 18
Redraw ............................................................................................................................... 19
Save Screenshot ............................................................................................................... 19
Using commands ................................................................................................................. 19
Running a command ....................................................................................................... 19
Ending a command .......................................................................................................... 19
Undoing a command ....................................................................................................... 19
Keyboard functions ............................................................................................................. 19
Customising the appearance of the user interface ........................................................ 20
Head Codes and Design Codes ............................................................................................. 20
How do I configure the default design codes to be applied to new projects? ........... 20
How do I change design codes in an existing project? ................................................... 21
Units .......................................................................................................................................... 21
How do I configure the default units to be applied to new projects? .......................... 21
How do I change units and units precision in an existing project? .............................. 22
Settings...................................................................................................................................... 23
Working with setting sets ................................................................................................... 23
Selecting a settings set the first time the program is run .......................................... 24
How do I edit the content of a settings set? ................................................................ 24
How do I add a different settings set? .......................................................................... 25
How do I specify the active settings set? ...................................................................... 25
How do I import a settings set for a different region? ............................................... 25
Table of Contents
v
How do I delete a settings set? ...................................................................................... 25
How do I load settings from a settings set to the current project? .......................... 26
How do I save settings from the current project to a settings set? .......................... 26
How do I copy a settings set from one computer to another? ................................. 27
General and display settings .............................................................................................. 27
Settings dialog ...................................................................................................................... 28
Settings - Settings Sets .................................................................................................... 28
Settings - General ............................................................................................................. 28
Settings - Results Viewer ................................................................................................. 29
Settings - Units ................................................................................................................. 30
Settings - Design Codes................................................................................................... 30
Structure Defaults ............................................................................................................ 31
Section Defaults ............................................................................................................... 31
Settings - References ....................................................................................................... 31
Settings - Grouping .......................................................................................................... 31
Settings - Material List ..................................................................................................... 32
Settings - Scene ................................................................................................................ 32
Materials ................................................................................................................................... 33
Materials dialog .................................................................................................................... 33
Materials - Sections.......................................................................................................... 34
Materials - Material .......................................................................................................... 35
Materials - Reinforcement .............................................................................................. 36
Materials - Metal Decking ............................................................................................... 37
Materials - Shear Connectors ......................................................................................... 37
Materials - Model ............................................................................................................. 37
Upgrading the material databases ................................................................................... 39
Sections dialog ..................................................................................................................... 39
Sections dialog ................................................................................................................. 39
How do I add a user defined section to the database? .............................................. 40
How do I delete a user defined section from the database? .................................... 41
How do I edit a user defined section in the database? .............................................. 41
Select Section dialog ............................................................................................................ 42
How do I select a section from the Select Section dialog? ......................................... 42
References ................................................................................................................................ 43
Reference Format basics .................................................................................................... 43
How do I configure the default references to be applied to new projects? ................ 45
User Guides (US)
vi
How do I change reference formats and texts in an existing project? ........................ 45
How do I edit reference format syntax applied to an object type? .............................. 45
How do I change the text used for the materials and characteristics in the reference format? .................................................................................................................................. 46
How do I renumber members? ......................................................................................... 46
How do I renumber slabs? ................................................................................................. 46
Working with the Project Workspace ................................................................................... 47
Working with the Structure Tree ....................................................................................... 47
Structure............................................................................................................................ 47
Levels ................................................................................................................................. 50
Frames and Slopes .......................................................................................................... 51
Architectural Grids ........................................................................................................... 52
Sub Models ....................................................................................................................... 52
Members ........................................................................................................................... 52
Slabs ................................................................................................................................... 53
Walls and Roofs ................................................................................................................ 54
Result Strips ...................................................................................................................... 54
Working with the Groups Tree........................................................................................... 54
Working with the Groups Tree ....................................................................................... 54
How do I re-apply automatic grouping in order to reset manually edited concrete groups? .............................................................................................................................. 54
How do I split an existing concrete member group into smaller groups? .............. 55
How do I manually move an existing concrete member between groups? ............ 55
How do I remove an existing concrete member group? ........................................... 55
How do I rename groups? .............................................................................................. 55
Working with the Loading Tree .......................................................................................... 56
Working with the Wind Model Tree .................................................................................. 56
How do I use the Wind Model Tree to display a Wind Direction View? ................... 56
Working with the Status Tree ............................................................................................. 57
The Report Index ................................................................................................................. 57
Working with Scene Views, View Modes and Scene Content ............................................ 57
Opening and Closing Scene Views .................................................................................... 58
How do I open a 3D view of my entire structure? ....................................................... 58
How do I open a 3D view of an existing sub model? .................................................. 58
How do I open a 3D view of a single member? ........................................................... 58
How do I open a 2D view of an existing construction level? ..................................... 58
Table of Contents
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How do I open a 2D view of an existing frame? .......................................................... 59
How do I open a 2D view of an existing sloped plane? .............................................. 59
How do I close a view? .................................................................................................... 59
Zooming/Panning/Rotating and Walking through Scene Views ................................... 59
How do I zoom in/zoom out/zoom extents?................................................................ 60
How do I pan the view? ................................................................................................... 60
How do I manually rotate the view ............................................................................... 60
How do I use the ViewCube to display one of the preset views? ............................. 60
How do I walk through the model in a 3D view? ......................................................... 62
How do I display a 2D view in 3D? ................................................................................. 62
Controlling Scene Content.................................................................................................. 63
How do I display the Scene Content window? ............................................................. 63
How do I make selections in the Scene Content Window? ........................................ 64
How do I reinstate the default Scene Content selections? ........................................ 66
Scene Content Entity Categories ................................................................................... 66
How do I use the Scene Content Plan Category? ........................................................ 82
View Modes .......................................................................................................................... 89
Structural View ................................................................................................................. 89
Solver View ........................................................................................................................ 90
Results View ...................................................................................................................... 90
Wind View.......................................................................................................................... 90
Review View ...................................................................................................................... 90
Changing the View Mode ................................................................................................ 90
Scene View Tab Groups ...................................................................................................... 91
To create a new Tab Group from an existing view tab .............................................. 92
To create a new Tab Group using the docking control .............................................. 92
To move a view between Tab Groups........................................................................... 92
Selecting Entities ...................................................................................................................... 92
How do I select an individual entity? ................................................................................ 92
How do I add further entities to the current selection? ................................................. 94
How do I select multiple entities by dragging a box? ..................................................... 94
How do I deselect a single entity from the current selection? ...................................... 94
How do I deselect multiple entities by dragging a box? ................................................ 95
How do I deselect all entities? ............................................................................................ 95
Entity selection using Find .................................................................................................. 95
Member selection using the Structure Tree .................................................................... 96
User Guides (US)
viii
Member selection using the Groups Tree ....................................................................... 96
Properties and Property Sets................................................................................................. 96
How do I edit the properties of a single entity? .............................................................. 97
How do I edit the properties of multiple entities? .......................................................... 97
How do I edit the properties of a single model object? ................................................. 97
How do I save properties to a named Property Set from the Properties Window? .. 98
How do I recall a previously saved property set from the Properties Window? ........ 98
How do I save the properties of an existing model object to a named Property Set? ................................................................................................................................................ 99
How do I apply a property set to an existing model object? ......................................... 99
How do I delete a property set? ........................................................................................ 99
Starting a New Project ..............................................................................................................101
Home toolbar .........................................................................................................................101
Creating a new project from scratch ..................................................................................103
How do I create a new project from scratch? ............................................................103
Working with templates .......................................................................................................104
How do I create a new template? ....................................................................................104
How do I create a new project from a template?..........................................................105
Model Settings .......................................................................................................................105
How to apply and manage Model Settings ....................................................................105
Model Settings dialog ........................................................................................................106
Model Settings - Design Codes ....................................................................................106
Model Settings - Units ...................................................................................................106
Model Settings - References .........................................................................................107
Model Settings - Grouping ............................................................................................107
Model Settings - Material List .......................................................................................108
Model Settings - Beam Lines ........................................................................................108
Model Settings - Rigid Zones ........................................................................................109
Model Settings - Curved Beams ...................................................................................109
Model Settings - Validation ...........................................................................................109
Model Settings - Load Reductions ...............................................................................110
Model Settings - EHF ......................................................................................................110
Importing and Exporting data .............................................................................................110
How do I export a model to Tekla Structures? ..............................................................110
How do I import a project from a Structural BIM Import file? ....................................111
How do I export a model to Autodesk Revit Structure? ...............................................111
Table of Contents
ix
How do I export a beam to Westok Cellbeam? .............................................................112
How do I import a beam from Westok Cellbeam? ........................................................112
How do I export a model to the Cloud?..........................................................................113
How do I export a model to Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis? ............................113
Export to Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis - Limitations .......................................114
How do I import a project from a TEL file? ....................................................................114
Import from a TEL file - Assumptions and Limitations ................................................115
How do I import from a 3D DXF file? ..............................................................................118
Import from a 3D DXF file - Assumptions and Limitations ..........................................119
Editing project details using Project Wiki ...........................................................................119
How do I edit the project details and view the revision history? ................................119
How do I record revisions? ...............................................................................................120
Modeling Guide .........................................................................................................................121
Model toolbar.........................................................................................................................121
Levels group .......................................................................................................................121
Grid and Construction Lines group .................................................................................122
Steel group ..........................................................................................................................124
Concrete group ..................................................................................................................126
Slabs group .........................................................................................................................126
Timber group ......................................................................................................................128
Cold Formed group ...........................................................................................................129
Cold Rolled group ..............................................................................................................129
Panels group .......................................................................................................................130
Miscellaneous group .........................................................................................................130
Validate ................................................................................................................................131
Construction Levels ...............................................................................................................131
Construction Levels ...........................................................................................................131
Construction Levels dialog ...............................................................................................131
How do I open the Construction Levels dialog? ............................................................133
How do I insert a single Construction Level? .................................................................134
How do I insert multiple Construction Levels? ..............................................................134
How do I make one level an identical copy of another? ..............................................134
How do I make one level an independent copy of another? ......................................135
How do I delete a construction level? .............................................................................135
How do I modify the properties associated with a level? ............................................136
Construction Level Properties .........................................................................................136
User Guides (US)
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Frames and Slopes ................................................................................................................137
How do I create a Frame? .................................................................................................138
How do I create a Slope? ..................................................................................................138
Frame Properties ...............................................................................................................139
Slope Properties .................................................................................................................139
Grid-Lines, Construction Lines and -Systems ....................................................................139
Grid Lines ............................................................................................................................140
Why is the grid system not being shown at a particular level? ...............................140
How do I create a rectangular grid system? ..............................................................140
How do I create a radial grid system? .........................................................................142
How do I create a single grid line between two points?...........................................143
How do I create a parallel grid line? ............................................................................144
How do I create one or more parallel (quick) grid lines? .........................................145
How do I create a perpendicular grid line? ................................................................146
How do I create a grid arc? ...........................................................................................146
How do I import grids from a .dxf, or import a .dxf as a shadow? .........................147
How do I set the initial number or letter used for grids? .........................................148
How do I change the name or color of an existing grid system? ............................148
How do I change the name of an individual grid-line, -arc? ....................................148
How do I renumber all grids? .......................................................................................148
How do I extend, move or rotate grid lines and arcs? .................................................149
How do I stretch, shorten, or rotate a grid line? .......................................................149
How do I move a grid line in a perpendicular direction? .........................................149
How do I stretch or shorten a grid arc? ......................................................................150
How do I adjust the radius of a grid arc? ....................................................................150
How do I move a grid arc? ............................................................................................150
Construction Lines .............................................................................................................151
How do I create a rectangular construction line system? ........................................151
How do I create a radial construction line system? ..................................................152
How do I create a single construction line between two points? ...........................153
How do I create a parallel construction line? ............................................................154
How do I create one or more parallel (quick) construction lines? ..........................155
How do I create a perpendicular construction line? .................................................155
How do I create a construction line arc? ....................................................................156
How do I extend, move or rotate construction lines and arcs? ..................................156
How do I stretch, shorten, or rotate a construction line? ........................................157
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xi
How do I move a construction line in a perpendicular direction? ..........................157
How do I stretch or shorten a construction arc? .......................................................158
How do I adjust the radius of a construction arc? ....................................................158
How do I move a construction arc? .............................................................................158
Dimensions .............................................................................................................................159
How do I create a single dimension? ..........................................................................159
How do I create a run of dimensions? ........................................................................159
Steel, Cold Rolled, and Cold Formed Member modeling ................................................160
Modeling Steel Columns and Cold Formed Columns ..................................................160
How do I specify the column type and section size? ................................................160
How do I create a single column in a 2D View? .........................................................160
How do I create a series of columns in a 2D View? ..................................................161
How do I create a single column in a Frame, or Structure View? ...........................161
How do I align a column to a specific angle, or an angled gridline? ......................161
How do I create an inclined column? ..........................................................................162
How do I create a cranked column? ............................................................................162
How do I create a Plated, Concrete Filled, or Encased Concrete column? ............163
How do I specify a column splice? ...............................................................................163
How do I modify the position of a single column stack? ..........................................163
How do I modify the position of an entire column? .................................................164
Modeling Steel Beams and Cold Formed Beams ..........................................................164
How do I specify the beam type and section size? ...................................................164
How do I create a single span beam? .........................................................................165
How do I create a Plated, Westok Cellular, Westok Plated, or Fabsec beam? ......165
How do I create a series of single span beams? .......................................................166
How do I create a continuous beam? .........................................................................166
How do I create a curved beam? .................................................................................167
How do I modify the position of a beam? ..................................................................168
Modeling Steel Braces and Cold Formed Braces ..........................................................168
How do I specify the brace type and section size? ...................................................169
How do I create a single brace? ...................................................................................169
How do I create an X, K, V or A brace? ........................................................................170
How do I modify the position of a brace? ..................................................................170
Modeling Steel Joists .........................................................................................................171
How do I specify the joist type and size? ....................................................................171
How do I create a steel joist? ........................................................................................171
User Guides (US)
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How do I modify the position of a steel joist?............................................................171
Modeling Steel Trusses .....................................................................................................172
How do I use the Steel Truss Wizard? .........................................................................172
How do I use the Space Truss Wizard? .......................................................................172
How do I define a Free Form Truss? ...........................................................................173
How do I edit the geometry of an existing steel truss? ............................................173
How do I edit the section sizes, material grades and section orientations in an existing steel truss? .......................................................................................................174
How do I specify which member types are used in the truss?................................174
Modeling Portal Frames....................................................................................................174
How do I create a portal frame? ..................................................................................174
How do I edit the properties of an existing portal frame? ......................................175
Modeling Cold Rolled Sections ........................................................................................175
How do I create a single purlin, rail or eaves beam? ................................................175
How do I modify the position of a purlin, rail or eaves beam? ...............................176
Modeling Web Openings ..................................................................................................176
How do I add web openings using Quick Layout? ....................................................177
How do I add web openings manually? ......................................................................179
Concrete Member modeling ................................................................................................181
Modeling Concrete Walls ..................................................................................................181
How do I create a concrete wall in a 2D View? ..........................................................182
How do I create a concrete wall in a Frame, or Structure View? ............................182
How do I specify whether the wall is to be meshed or mid-pier? ..........................183
How do I specify extensions? .......................................................................................183
How do I specify releases? ............................................................................................183
How do I edit a wall support? .......................................................................................184
How do I create a door or window opening in an existing concrete wall? ............184
Modeling Concrete Columns ...........................................................................................185
How do I specify the column shape and size? ...........................................................185
How do I create a single concrete column in a 2D View?.........................................185
How do I create a series of concrete columns in a 2D View? ..................................186
How do I create a single concrete column in a Frame, or Structure View? ...........186
How do I align a column to a specific angle, or an angled gridline? ......................187
How do I specify the column alignment relative to the grid? ..................................187
How do I create a hollow column? ..............................................................................188
How do I create an inclined column? ..........................................................................188
Table of Contents
xiii
How do I create a cranked column? ............................................................................189
How do I modify the position of a single column stack? ..........................................190
How do I modify the position of an entire column? .................................................190
How do I edit the column alignment or specify an offset? ......................................190
Modeling Concrete Beams ...............................................................................................191
How do I specify the beam size? ..................................................................................192
How do I create a single span concrete beam? .........................................................192
How do I create a continuous concrete beam? .........................................................192
How do I create a series of concrete beams? ............................................................193
How do I create a curved concrete beam? .................................................................194
How do I specify the beam alignment relative to the grid? .....................................195
How do I specify and use beam flanges for an existing beam? ..............................197
How do I specify and use beam flanges for multiple beams simultaneously? .....197
How do I edit the beam alignment or specify an offset? .........................................198
How do I modify the position of a beam? ..................................................................200
Slab modeling ........................................................................................................................200
Overview of slab modeling ...............................................................................................201
The Concept of Slabs and Slab Panels ........................................................................201
Defining the Slab Boundary .........................................................................................202
Panel sub-division ..........................................................................................................202
Modeling Slabs on Beams ................................................................................................203
How do I create a slab on beams?...............................................................................203
How do I modify the position of a slab? .....................................................................204
How do I apply curved edges to existing slab items? ...............................................204
How do I delete an entire slab from my model? .......................................................205
Modeling Flat Slabs ............................................................................................................205
How do I create a flat slab? ..........................................................................................205
Modeling Precast Slabs .....................................................................................................206
How do I create a precast slab? ...................................................................................206
Modeling Steel Decks ........................................................................................................207
How do I create a steel deck? .......................................................................................208
Modeling Timber Decks ....................................................................................................209
How do I create a timber deck? ...................................................................................209
Modeling Composite Slabs ...............................................................................................210
How do I create a composite slab? ..............................................................................210
Modeling Slab Openings ...................................................................................................211
User Guides (US)
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How do I create a rectangular slab opening? ............................................................212
How do I create a circular slab opening? ...................................................................212
How do I delete a slab opening? ..................................................................................212
Modeling Slab Overhangs ................................................................................................213
How do I create an overhang for a slab edge? ..........................................................213
How do I create a curved overhang for a slab edge? ...............................................213
Modeling Column Drops ...................................................................................................214
How do I create a column drop?..................................................................................214
Splitting and Joining Slabs ................................................................................................215
How do I split a slab? .....................................................................................................215
How do I join slabs? .......................................................................................................215
Slab Steps ............................................................................................................................216
Timber Member modeling ...................................................................................................216
Modeling Timber Columns ...............................................................................................216
How do I create a single timber column in a 2D View? ............................................216
How do I create a series of timber columns in a 2D View? ......................................217
How do I create a single timber column in a Frame, or Structure View? ..............217
How do I align a column to a specific angle, or an angled gridline? ......................218
How do I create an inclined column? ..........................................................................218
How do I create a cranked column? ............................................................................219
How do I modify the position of a single column stack? ..........................................219
How do I modify the position of an entire column? .................................................220
Modeling Timber Beams ..................................................................................................220
How do I create a single span timber beam? ............................................................220
How do I create a series of single span timber beams? ..........................................220
How do I create a continuous timber beam? ............................................................221
How do I create a curved timber beam? ....................................................................222
How do I modify the position of a beam? ..................................................................222
Modeling Timber Braces ...................................................................................................223
How do I create a single timber brace? ......................................................................223
How do I create an X, K, V or A brace? ........................................................................224
How do I modify the position of a brace? ..................................................................224
Modeling Timber Trusses .................................................................................................225
How do I use the Timber Truss Wizard? .....................................................................225
How do I use the Timber Space Truss Wizard? .........................................................225
How do I define a Free Form Timber Truss? ..............................................................226
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How do I edit the geometry of an existing timber truss? ........................................226
How do I edit the section sizes, material grades and section orientations in an existing timber truss? ....................................................................................................226
How do I specify which member types are used in the truss?................................226
Panel modeling ......................................................................................................................227
Modeling Roof Panels .......................................................................................................227
How do I create a roof panel? ......................................................................................227
How do I edit the properties of a roof panel? ...........................................................228
Modeling Wall Panels ........................................................................................................228
Modeling Wall Panels ....................................................................................................228
How do I create a wall panel? ......................................................................................228
How do I edit the properties of a wall panel? ............................................................229
How do I create a wall panel with a parapet? ............................................................229
How do I reverse a wall panel? ....................................................................................230
How do I modify the position of a wall panel? ..........................................................230
Support, Analysis Element and Bearing Wall modeling ...................................................231
Modeling Supports ............................................................................................................231
How do I create a single support? ...............................................................................231
How do I create an inclined support? .........................................................................231
How do I create a spring support? ..............................................................................231
How do I edit the properties of supports? .................................................................232
Modeling Analysis Elements ............................................................................................232
How do I create an analysis element? ........................................................................232
How do I modify the position of an analysis element? ............................................232
Modeling Bearing Walls ....................................................................................................233
How do I create a bearing wall in a 2D View? ............................................................233
How do I create a bearing wall in a Frame, or Structure View? ..............................233
Sub Models .............................................................................................................................234
Sub Model Characteristics ................................................................................................234
Definitions .......................................................................................................................234
Basic rules of sub-models .............................................................................................235
Sub Models dialog .............................................................................................................235
Working with Sub Models .................................................................................................237
How do I open the Sub Models dialog? ......................................................................237
How do I create Sub Models? .......................................................................................237
How do I delete Sub Models? .......................................................................................237
User Guides (US)
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How do I open a 3D view of an existing Sub Model? ................................................237
Sub Model Properties ....................................................................................................237
Sub Structures........................................................................................................................238
Sub Structure Characteristics ..........................................................................................238
Working with Sub Structures ...........................................................................................239
How do I create a new sub structure? ........................................................................239
How do I add or remove existing elements in an existing sub structure? ............239
How do I review all existing sub structures? ..............................................................239
How do I open a 3D view of an existing sub structure? ...........................................239
Measure commands .............................................................................................................240
How do I Measure distances? ..........................................................................................240
How do I Measure Angles? ...............................................................................................240
What are the points I can click to create a member? ...................................................240
Model Validation ....................................................................................................................243
How do I run model validation?.......................................................................................243
How do I control which conditions are considered during model validation? .........243
Edit commands ......................................................................................................................243
Edit toolbar .........................................................................................................................244
Copying, moving and mirroring objects .........................................................................245
How do I copy elements to a new location? ..............................................................245
How do I copy and rotate elements to a new location? ...........................................246
How do I move elements to a new location? .............................................................246
How do I move and rotate elements to a new location? .........................................246
How do I mirror elements to a new location? ...........................................................247
Joining and splitting members .........................................................................................247
How do I Join Members (Make Continuous)? ............................................................247
How do I Split Members? ..............................................................................................248
Concrete Beam Lines ........................................................................................................248
How do I Automatically Join All Concrete Beams (Make Continuous)? ..................249
Reversing member axes and panel faces ......................................................................249
How do I reverse the local x axis of a beam? .............................................................249
How do I reverse the outward face of a wind panel? ...............................................249
Cutting Planes ....................................................................................................................250
How do I activate or deactivate a cutting plane? ......................................................250
How do I move a cutting plane in order to hide part of the model? ......................250
How do I reshow the hidden part of the model? ......................................................250
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xvii
Moving the model, or the DXF shadow ..........................................................................250
How do I move the model to a new location? ...........................................................251
How do I move the dxf shadow? .................................................................................251
Creating infill members ....................................................................................................252
How do I create infills? ..................................................................................................252
Loading Guide ............................................................................................................................255
Load toolbar ...........................................................................................................................255
Structure group ..................................................................................................................255
Wind Load group ...............................................................................................................256
Seismic Load group ...........................................................................................................257
Decomposition group .......................................................................................................257
Panel Loads group .............................................................................................................258
Member Loads group........................................................................................................259
Structure Loads group ......................................................................................................260
Validate ................................................................................................................................260
Working with Load Cases .....................................................................................................261
Loading Dialog Loadcases Page ......................................................................................261
How do I create load cases? .............................................................................................262
How do I indicate that reductions apply to live (imposed) load cases? .....................263
How do I add loads into a load case? .............................................................................264
Working with Combinations ................................................................................................264
Load Dialog Combinations Page .....................................................................................265
How do I generate load combinations automatically? .................................................266
How do I create load combinations manually? .............................................................267
How do I create a Vibration Mass combination? ..........................................................267
Working with Envelopes .......................................................................................................268
Working with Envelopes ...................................................................................................268
Loading Dialog Envelopes Page .......................................................................................268
How do I create envelopes? .............................................................................................269
Working with Load Patterns.................................................................................................270
Overview of Load Patterns ...............................................................................................270
How do I set an imposed load case to be patterned? ..............................................271
How do I set a combination to be patterned? ...........................................................271
Pattern Load Cases ........................................................................................................272
How do I update load patterns? ..................................................................................273
Working with Wind Loads.....................................................................................................273
User Guides (US)
xviii
Running the Wind Wizard .................................................................................................274
How do I run the Wind Wizard? ...................................................................................274
How do I add a new wind direction? ...........................................................................274
How do I delete a wind direction? ...............................................................................274
How do I delete the entire wind model? ....................................................................274
Reviewing wind zones and wind zone loads .................................................................275
Zone Loads toolbar ........................................................................................................275
How do I open a Wind View? ........................................................................................276
How do I view the Wind Zones? ...................................................................................276
How do I edit a Wind Zone? ..........................................................................................276
How do I view the Wind Zone Loads? .........................................................................277
How do I change a Wind Zone Load ...........................................................................277
What happens if I make changes to my model? .......................................................278
Wind loadcase definition ..................................................................................................279
How do I Define Wind Loadcases? ..............................................................................279
How do I add new Wind loadcases? ............................................................................279
How do I delete Wind loadcases? ................................................................................279
Working with Seismic Loads ................................................................................................280
Running the Seismic Wizard .............................................................................................280
How do I run the Seismic Wizard? ...............................................................................280
How do I display the Horizontal Design Spectrum? .....................................................280
How do I delete Seismic Loads? ......................................................................................280
Load Decomposition .............................................................................................................281
How do I manually decompose slab loads for an individual construction level? ....281
How do I manually decompose slab loads for all the required levels? .....................282
How do I view the decomposed loads (either with, or without load values)? ..........282
Working with Panel Loads ....................................................................................................282
How do I create a point load? ..........................................................................................283
How do I create a line load? .............................................................................................283
How do I create a patch or variable patch load? ...........................................................284
How do I create an area or variable area load? ............................................................285
How do I create a slab load? ............................................................................................285
How do I create a level load? ...........................................................................................285
How do I edit a load? .........................................................................................................286
How do I delete a load?.....................................................................................................286
Working with Member Loads...............................................................................................286
Table of Contents
xix
How do I create a full UDL? ..............................................................................................286
How do I create a partial length UDL or VDL? ...............................................................286
How do I create a trapezoidal load? ...............................................................................287
How do I create a point or moment load? .....................................................................287
How do I create a torsion full UDL? ................................................................................288
How do I create a partial length torsion UDL or torsion VDL? ....................................288
Working with Structure Loads .............................................................................................288
How do I create a nodal load? .........................................................................................289
How do I create a temperature load? .............................................................................289
How do I create a settlement load? ................................................................................289
Analysis Guide ............................................................................................................................291
Analyze toolbar ......................................................................................................................291
Analysis Options ....................................................................................................................295
Analysis Options ................................................................................................................295
How to apply and manage Analysis Options .................................................................295
How to apply and manage Analysis Options .............................................................295
To modify analysis options in the current project ....................................................295
To modify analysis option defaults for future projects ............................................296
1st Order Non-Linear Options .........................................................................................296
2nd Order Non-Linear Options........................................................................................296
1st Order Vibration Options .............................................................................................297
2nd Order Buckling Options ............................................................................................298
1st Order Seismic Options................................................................................................299
Modification Factors ..........................................................................................................301
Working with FE meshed slabs ............................................................................................302
How do I specify whether a level uses meshed slabs in analysis or FE load decomposition? ..................................................................................................................302
How do I control the mesh parameters to be used? ....................................................303
How do I apply different mesh parameters at different levels? .................................303
How do I review the slab mesh prior to running the analysis? ...................................303
Slab mesh groups ..............................................................................................................304
Example of mesh groups at a slab step .....................................................................304
Discontinuity of force contours at slab steps (and column drops) ........................305
Mesh group boundary warnings .................................................................................307
Working with FE meshed walls ............................................................................................307
How do I specify whether the wall is to be meshed or mid-pier? ..............................307
User Guides (US)
xx
How do I control the global wall mesh parameters to be used? ................................307
How do I override the global wall mesh parameters for an individual wall? ...........308
How do I review the wall mesh prior to running the analysis? ...................................308
Using diaphragms .................................................................................................................308
How do I activate rigid diaphragm action within a slab? .............................................309
How do I activate semi-rigid diaphragm action within a slab? ...................................309
How do I see which nodes are constrained by diaphragms?......................................309
How do I intentionally exclude individual nodes from a diaphragm? .......................310
How do I intentionally exclude a slab panel from a diaphragm? ...............................310
Running the analysis .............................................................................................................310
Running 1st order analysis ...............................................................................................310
How do I run a 1st order linear analysis? ...................................................................310
How do I run a 1st order nonlinear analysis? ............................................................310
How do I run a 1st order vibration analysis? .............................................................311
Running 2nd order analysis .............................................................................................311
How do I run a 2nd order linear analysis? .................................................................311
How do I run a 2nd order nonlinear analysis? ..........................................................311
How do I run a 2nd order buckling analysis? .............................................................312
Running seismic analysis ..................................................................................................312
How do I run a 1st order RSA seismic analysis? ........................................................312
How do I run a 2nd order RSA seismic analysis? ......................................................312
Running FE chase-down and Grillage chase-down analysis ........................................312
Graphical display of the solver model (Solver View) ........................................................313
How do I open a Solver View? ..........................................................................................313
Solver Nodes and Solver Elements .................................................................................313
How do I see Solver Node and Solver Element properties? ....................................313
Solver Node properties .................................................................................................314
Solver Element properties ............................................................................................314
Solver Models .....................................................................................................................315
How do I display the Solver Model used for a particular analysis type? ...............316
Working Solver Model ...................................................................................................316
Solver Model used for 1st Order Linear .....................................................................316
Solver Model used for 1st Order Non Linear.............................................................316
Solver Model used for 2nd Order Linear....................................................................317
Solver Model used for 2nd Order Non Linear ...........................................................317
Solver Model used for 1st Order Vibration ................................................................318
Table of Contents
xxi
Solver Model used for 2nd Order Buckling ................................................................318
Refresh Solver Model ....................................................................................................318
Tabular data (Solver Model Data) .......................................................................................319
How do I view tabular results in the Solver Model Data View? ...................................319
What does the asterisk next to certain nodes signify in the Element End Forces table? ...................................................................................................................................319
Graphical display of the analysis results (Results View) ..................................................319
Results toolbar ...................................................................................................................319
Result Type group ..........................................................................................................319
Scale Settings group ......................................................................................................321
1D Results group ............................................................................................................321
Deflections group ..........................................................................................................322
Sway group .....................................................................................................................322
Storey Shear group ........................................................................................................323
Support Reactions group ..............................................................................................323
Notional Horizontal Forces ...........................................................................................324
2D Results group ............................................................................................................324
2D Deflections group.....................................................................................................325
2D Strip Results group ..................................................................................................326
2D Wall Results group ...................................................................................................327
Text group .......................................................................................................................327
Cross checking the sum of reactions against the load input ......................................328
Displaying 1D and 2D Results and 2D Wall Results ......................................................330
How do I choose which analysis to see the results for? ...........................................330
How do I choose the loadcase, combination, or envelope to see the results for? ..........................................................................................................................................330
What is the difference between 1D results and 2D results (and 1D deflections and 2D deflections)? ..............................................................................................................331
What are 2D Wall Results and how do I view them? ................................................331
How do I increase the amplitude of the diagrams? ..................................................331
How do I see a 3D display of the results in a 2D view? ............................................332
How do I customise the display of 2D contours? ......................................................333
Displaying Mode Shapes ..................................................................................................333
How do I display mode shapes? ..................................................................................333
Displaying RSA Seismic Results ........................................................................................334
Result Type ......................................................................................................................334
User Guides (US)
xxii
Mode Shapes ..................................................................................................................334
1D Element Results ........................................................................................................334
Story Shear ......................................................................................................................335
Support Reactions .........................................................................................................337
2D Wall Results ...............................................................................................................338
Working with 2D Strips and displaying Strip Results ....................................................339
Result Strip Overview ....................................................................................................339
How do I create a Result Strip? ....................................................................................340
How do I delete a Result Strip? ....................................................................................341
How do I view the results for a Result Strip? .............................................................341
How are the strip results calculated? ..........................................................................341
Strip Properties ..............................................................................................................342
How do I review tabular analysis results? ......................................................................343
Displaying analysis results for individual members (Loading Analysis View) ...........343
Loading Analysis toolbar ...............................................................................................343
How do I open a Loading Analysis View?....................................................................344
Displaying RSA Seismic Results in a Loading Analysis View ....................................344
Loading Analysis View Properties for Columns .........................................................346
Loading Analysis View Properties for Beams ............................................................350
Analysis results sign conventions .......................................................................................352
Introduction ........................................................................................................................352
Axis Systems ...................................................................................................................352
General ............................................................................................................................353
Object Orientation .........................................................................................................353
Diagram Conventions ....................................................................................................353
Global Coordinate System ................................................................................................354
Global Axis System and Applied Load Directions .....................................................354
Resulting Deflection Directions....................................................................................354
Building Directions 1 and 2 ..............................................................................................355
Building Directions and Applied Load Directions .....................................................355
Resulting Deflection Directions....................................................................................355
User Coordinate System ...................................................................................................355
UCS Axis System and Applied Load Directions ..........................................................355
Resulting Deflection Directions....................................................................................356
1D Member Local Coordinate System ............................................................................356
General case for 1D members .....................................................................................356
Tabl
