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Technology Development in Bioethanol Production in Indonesia

Wahono Sumaryono

Deputy Chairman of BPPT for Agroindustry dan Biotechnology

The Asian Science and Technology SeminarJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-BPPT

Jakarta, March, 8-9, 2007

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Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006

Promoting utilization of renewable source of energy: biofuels, sPromoting utilization of renewable source of energy: biofuels, solar energy, olar energy, wind energy, ocean wave and current energy, geothermal etc.wind energy, ocean wave and current energy, geothermal etc.Energy efficiency and conservation.Energy efficiency and conservation.Optimalization on energy productionOptimalization on energy productionReduction of subsidy on fuel priceReduction of subsidy on fuel priceReduction of energy elasticity.Reduction of energy elasticity.

1.1. Energy Elasticity from 1.84 (2006) to < 1 by 2025Energy Elasticity from 1.84 (2006) to < 1 by 20252.2. Optimized primary Energy Mix by 2025, consisting of:Optimized primary Energy Mix by 2025, consisting of:

– Petroleum < 20%– Natural gas > 30%– Coal > 33%–– BiofuelsBiofuels > 5%– Other new & renewable energy > 5% (biomass, hydro, solar, wind, nuclear)– Liquified Coal > 2%

objectives

Domestic Energy Supply SecurityDomestic Energy Supply Security

goals

National Energy PolicyNational Energy Policy

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PROJECTED BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION (Mio KLPROJECTED BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION (Mio KL))

BIOETHANOL

20062006 1,1,191920072007 1,1,202020082008 1,1,222220092009 1,1,232320102010 1,1,2424

BIODIESELBIODIESEL BIOBIO--OILOIL

2006 1,712007 1,752008 1,782009 1,822010 1,85

20062006 0,370,3720072007 2,432,4320082008 4,714,7120092009 4,774,7720102010 4,824,82

Source Source : Dep: Deptt. . of Energy & Mineral Resourcesof Energy & Mineral Resources, 2006, 2006

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THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL IN INDONESIA2000 - 2006

YearYear Productions of Productions of ethanol ethanol (KL(KL))

Increase Increase (%)(%)

20002000200120012002200220032003200420042005200520062006

110 000110 000125 000125 000125 000125 000130 519130 519132 000132 000175 175 000000176.000176.000

--13.6413.64

004.424.421.541.54

32.5832.580.550.55

THE EXISTING CONDITION

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Estimated Potential Landfor Sugarcane Outside Jawa

(In addition of existing plantation)

Area (Ha)No. Location

Bruto Netto1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

10.11.12.

South SumatraNorth SumatraMiddle KalimantanEast KalimantanSouth SulawesiNorth SulawesiMiddle SulawesiSouth-east SulawesiMalukuWest NusatenggaraEast NusatenggaraIrian Jaya

55 00018 450

200 84765 00036 000

219 37590 300

104 300441 50051 90032 500

750 000

33 00015 45436 017 39 000 13 00095 70054 20064 000

253 20036 50021 000

500 000Total 2 065 172 710 829

Note : Existing Sugarcane Plantation : 391.000 Ha ~2,3 Mio Tons Sugar

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Estimated Potential Land for Cassava PlantationEstimated Potential Land for Cassava Plantation(in addition of existing plantation)

NO. PROVINCE AREA (Ha)PROJECTED

PRODUCTION (Tons/year)

Potential Bioethanol Production (KL/year)

11 North SumateraNorth Sumatera 23.00023.000 575.000575.000 88.40088.400

22 South SumateraSouth Sumatera 37.00037.000 925.000925.000 142.300142.300

33 West SumateraWest Sumatera 19.50019.500 487.000487.000 75.00075.000

44 LampungLampung 47.00047.000 1.175.0001.175.000 180.700180.700

55 Central JavaCentral Java 29.00029.000 750.000750.000 115.000115.000

66 West JavaWest Java 42.00042.000 1.050.0001.050.000 161.500161.500

77 East JavaEast Java 33.00033.000 825.000825.000 126.900126.900

88 YogyakartaYogyakarta 9.5009.500 237.000237.000 34.50034.500

99 East Nusa TenggaraEast Nusa Tenggara 25.00025.000 625.000625.000 96.00096.000

1010 South SulawesiSouth Sulawesi 38.00038.000 950.000950.000 146.100146.100

1111 North SulawesiNorth Sulawesi 33.00033.000 630.000630.000 126.900126.900

1212 East KalimantanEast Kalimantan 18.00018.000 396.000396.000 60.90060.900

TotalTotal 336.000336.000 8.400.0008.400.000 1.292.3081.292.308

Note : Existing plantation of cassava : 811.422 Ha ~ 13,28 Mio tons cassava

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No Type of Raw Material

Harvesting (Months)

Productivity (Tons/Ha)

Freq of Harvesting Per

Annual1 Cassava 10 25 1x

2x

3x

2x

6 Sugarcane 10 80 1x

2 Corn 3,5-4 8

3 Sorghum 3,5-4 4,5

4 Sweet potatoes 4 20

5 Sago 96 30

Average Productivity

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NO RAW MATERIAL WEIGHT (Kg) BIOETHANOL (L)

1 Sugarcane 15 1

2 Molasse 4 1

3 Cassava 6,5 1

4 Corn 2,5 1

5 Sorghum 2,8 1

6 Sweet potatoes 8 1

7 Sago 12 1

Raw Material Balance in Bioethanol Production

Source : Research Center for Starch Development, BPPT, Lampung

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Biofuels Implementation programBiofuels Implementation program

Target of Target of Biofuels ProgramBiofuels Program

20072007--20252025

State Own Agricultural Co.(Palm Oil, Sugarcane,

Jatropha, Cassava)

Energy Selfsufficiency Village“Government Driven”

Intended Investors:Specific Biofuels Zone, Big Plantation Palm Oil,

Sugarcane, Cassava, Jatropha PertaminaPertamina

Transportation

PLNPLNNat.Electrical Company

Self consumption

industry

Household

ExportExport

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FLOW PROCESS IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTIONSugar STARCH LIGNOCELLULOSIC

LIQUIFACTION OF COOKING PRETREATMENT

SUCCHARIFICATION (HYDROLYSIS)

SACCHARIFICATION (HYDROLYSIS)

FERMENTATION 7 PURIFICATION BIOETHANOL

STILLAGE

ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

BIOGAS COMBUSTION

ENZYME STEAM

MICROBE’S CELL

FLOW DIAGRAM BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION USING DIFFERENT RAW MATERIAL

STEAMENZYME

ACID

ENZYMEACIDENZYME

FERTILIZER

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EQUIPMENT IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

UNIT DISTILASI

DEHYDRATIONUNIT

FERMENTATION

MASHINGUNIT

CASSAVA

DISTILLATIONUNIT

HYDROLISISUNIT

12

Raw MaterialTreatment

HydrolysisProcess

FermentationProcess

DistillationProcess

Slurry of

Cassava (Glucose)

Cassava

Bioethanol

10 %Bioethanol

95-96 %Dehydration

Process FGE

(99,5%)

Material Balance in Production of 8 KL FGE

50 tons cassava(14 tons starch) 14 tons sugar

8 KL FGE

Amylase Enzyme :7 kg alpha-amylase28 kg glucoamylase

Temp 90 C

Volume 90 KL

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SEED IMPROVEMENT1. Selective breeding, occulation (Cassava)2. Radiation, selective breeding (Sorghum)3. Selective breeding, biotech approach (Sugarcane)

CassavaBalitkabi

(Res. Center for Peanuts-Cassava &

Related Species-Dept of Agriculture)

SugarcaneP3GI

(Res. Center for Sugarcane)

Sweet-stem Sorghum1. BATAN (Radiation)2. Res. Center for

Cereals (Maros, South Sulawesi

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CULTIVATION IMPROVEMENTCassava Sugarcane Sweet-stem Sorghum

• Average Nat. Prod. 16 -18 tons/ha

• Res. Center for Starch Dev. ~25 tons/Ha

Balanced fertilizer(in org + org)

Current : 28,5 tons/haTarget : 35-40 tons/Ha

• Average Nat. Prod. 79 -80 tons/ha

• (State owned Co. & and private companies in Java, Lampung)

Current : 90 tons/haTarget : 120 tons/Ha

• Demplot : 14 cultivars

Target : 8 tons/Ha

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Pre Treatment Optimization(Hydrolysis process)

Existing :Raw material• Sugarcane• Starch groups

Acid (hydrolysis)Enzymatic(saccharification)

Projected :Liqnocellulosic mat.(woody biomass)• Mechano-chemical

Treatment• Hydrothermal treatment• Separation• Enzymatic (saccharification)

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glucose

Xylose

Fermentation

Ethanol

Lignine+

Waste

Production of BioethanolUsing Liqnocellulosic Material

Problem : • Chemical bounding between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignineis very difficult to be hydrolized using enzymatic approach (expensive).

WoodyBiomass

• The microbes (yeast) is able to ferment glucose (C6) to be ethanol, but not able to convert xylose (C5) and others C5 sugars as hydolizedproduct of fibers exploring others microbes.

Size reduction

Acid Hydrolysis

T : 200 C,H2SO4 3%10-15 min.

Glucose(yeast)

Xylose(new microbe)

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DRY LEAVES

BAGASSE

MOLASSESJUICE

ETHANOLETHANOL FROM FROM THE WHOLE THE WHOLE PLANT OF SUGARCANEPLANT OF SUGARCANE

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Biomass Source (2005)Biomass Source (2005)

Palm Oil Mills :Palm Oil Mills :Fruits shell ~ 5.06 Mio Tones (~ 4220kcal/kg Fruits shell ~ 5.06 Mio Tones (~ 4220kcal/kg dry weight)dry weight)Empty Fruits Bunch ~ 16.06 Mio Tones (~ Empty Fruits Bunch ~ 16.06 Mio Tones (~ 3700 kcal/kg dry weight)3700 kcal/kg dry weight)

Rice Mills : Rice Mills : Rice Husk ~ 13.5 Mio TonesRice Husk ~ 13.5 Mio TonesSugar Mills : Bagasse ~ 36.7 Mio TonesSugar Mills : Bagasse ~ 36.7 Mio TonesWoodWood--based Industriesbased IndustriesOther Agricultural residuesOther Agricultural residues

> 50 Mio Tones

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Fermentation ProcessFermentation ProcessStrain Improvement

Current capacity of utilized strain : resistent up to 11 - 12% ethanol

Target : ~ resistent up to 14% ethanol

• Gradual adaption

• Genetic engineering

2020

DISTILLATION OPTIMIZATION

2 Steps distillationExisting :

Projected :

Ethanol 40% 95-96%

MembraneFiltration

Ethanol 40%

ColumnDistillation

95 – 96%

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DEHYDRATION METHOD FOR BIOETHANOL(Leading to FGE 99,5 %)

-- AzeotropicAzeotropic DistillationDistillation :: operational cost is high, need operational cost is high, need solventsolvent

-- MolecularMolecular SievingSieving :: operational cost is low, no need operational cost is low, no need solventsolvent

-- MembraneMembrane Filtration Filtration :: operational cost is low, applied in operational cost is low, applied in pilot scale (to be developed into pilot scale (to be developed into commercial scale)commercial scale)

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ParametersParameters GasoholGasohol EE--1010 GasoholGasohol EE--2020 PremiumPremium PertamaxPertamax

Power (kW)Power (kW) 41,2341,23 42,5242,52 30,9730,97 40,0940,09

Force (N)Force (N) 1856,11856,1 1913,31913,3 1393,81393,8 18041804

Fuel Consumption Fuel Consumption (L/jam)(L/jam)

30,3930,39 31,2431,24 31,0331,03 27,3827,38

Octane numberOctane number 9191 9494 8787 9494

Tested by Lab. for Thermodynamics & Motor Propulsion, BPPT

PROFILE OF ENGINE PERFORMANCEUSING DIFFERENT FUEL

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2.002.002.042.041.281.28NoxNox (g/km(g/km

0.400.400.330.330.380.38THC THC (g/km(g/km))

5.775.773.103.105.005.00CO CO (g/km(g/km))

PertamaxPertamaxGasohol EGasohol E--1010PremiumPremiumParameterParameter

PROFILE OF EMISSION TEST USING DIFFERENT FUEL

Premium : Pertamina’s gasolineGasohol E-10 : Premium 90% FGE 10%Pertamax : Premium + additive

Tested by Lab. for Thermodynamics & Motor Propulsion, BPPT

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