Technology Book.1oeso

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Technology Teacher: Mª Consuelo Herráez Sánchez Language Coordinator: Úna O´connorIES Virrey Morcillo. Villarrobledo.



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UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGY. TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS. 1. What is Technology?

Technology makes objects and systems which resolve our problems and necessities. This processcan be very simple or very complicated.

Ingredients of Technology:

- Physical knowledge and scientific concepts.- Technical drawing. - Materials and their properties.- Work techniques. Tools.- Economic factors.- Information Technology: IT.

2. Technological process phases.

Structure for developing a technological solution:

a. Necessity: we analyse the necessity by studying similar cases and solutions. Search forinformation.

b. Idea: proposals and solutions. Choice of the best solution.

c. Development of the idea: making plans and taking measures. Tools and materials. Budget.d. Construction: Making the object or system. Tests.e. Checking: evaluate and write the final project report.

Technology is the coordinated application of knowledge (Science) and skills (Technique) to solveproblems (technological object or system) which allow humans to satisfy their needs.

NECESSITYIDEA

DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA CONSTRUCTION CHECKING

The chicks need a house

Different types of bird houses



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3. The workshop.

Parts of the workshop:

- Machines zone.- Working tables.- Studying zone.- Store.

Working in groupsOrganization of the group

4. Hygiene and security rules.

Hygiene at work:

- Clean and dry hands.- Tell the teacher if you have a cut or if you are hurt.- Clean and tidy table.

- Clean up when work is finished.

Security rules:

- Ask the teacher.- Use the tools correctly.

Security rules with tools:

-

Know how to use the tools.

- Use the correct tool for each job.- Make sure tools are in good condition.

Documentsleader

Tools leader Materialsleader

Helper



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EXERCISES. UNIT 1. TECHNOLOGY. TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS.

1. Complete the blanks:

What is Technology?

Technology _____ _______ and systems which _______ our ________ and necessities. This

process ____ be very ______ or very ____________.

Ingredients of Technology:

- Physical knowledge and __________ concepts.

- Technical _________.

- _________ and their properties.

- Work techniques. ________.

- Economic __________.

- Information ___________: IT.

2. Technological process phases.

Structure for developing a technological solution:

a. ___________ : we analyse the necessity by ___________ similar cases and solutions.

Search for _____________.

b. ________ : proposals and ___________. Choice of the _________ solution.

c. ________________________ : making _________ and taking _____________. Tools

and ___________. Budget.

d. _____________ : Making the ___________ or system. Tests.e. _____________ : evaluate and write the final ___________ _____________.

Technology is the __________ application of _________ (Science) and _____ (________) tosolve ______ (technological ______ or system) which allow ______ to satisfy their _____.



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3. Write the correct word from the exercise before in these definitions:

_________________________ : Making the object or system. Tests.

_________________________: we analyse the necessity by studying similar cases

and solutions. Search for information. _________________________: making plans and taking measures. Tools and materials.

Budget.

_________________________: evaluate and write the final project report.

_________________________: proposals and solutions. Choice of the best solution.

4. Write the name of the zones in the workshop:

a. _____________________

b. _____________________

c. _____________________

d. _____________________

5. Write the leader´s name in the correct place:

a) He/she controls that everybody is using the correct tool: _____________________

b) He/she controls plans and papers from the group: _________________

c) He/she substitutes someone when he/she hasn´t come: _________________

d) He/she controls all materials the group needs: __________________

Working in groups. Write the names of the members in your group:

Organization of the group



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UNIT 2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. THE COMPUTER.

1. What is Technology Information?

1º. We introduce data from different devices into the computer.

2º. The computer takes the data, organizes and transforms it. This process is called

data processing.

3º. Before processing, we obtain the exit information.

2. Binary CodeFor an Information Technology System to process data, the latter must be translated

into a code which the computer can understand. This process is called codification.

The name of the main device of a computer is the processor. The processor registers 0

when a switch is ON and a 1 when a switch is OFF.

*

Information Technology System collects and processes data and transmits theinformation.

Information Technology is "the study, design, development, implementation,

support or management of computer-based information systems, particularlysoftware applications and computer hardware.

Bit is the smallest unit of information in a computer.Binary code: consists of a 1 or a 0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system






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What is a byte?

A byte is a group of eight bits. e.g. 11001110; 101010111

- Multiples of a byte:

Kilobyte KB 210 bytes = 1024 bytesMegabyte MB 213 bytes = 8192 bytesGigabyte GB 216 bytes = 65536 bytesTerabyte TB 219 bytes = 524288 bytes

Binary number system.

Computers use binary code (0,1) to represent any character or number.

- Examples :

- What is the value of the binary numbers 1011 and 110011?

1011 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11

110011 = 1x25 + 1x24 + 0x23+ 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 51

- What is the binary value of the numbers 25?

25 21 12 2

0 6 2

0 3 21 1 1 1 0 0 1



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3. Components of the computer

HARDWARE: the physical parts of the computer.

The basic elements that form part of a computer are:

VDU: (monitor). It is the visual display unit.

Computer unit: It contains the main components.

Keyboard: It is used to type data into the computer.

Mouse: It is used to activate menu displayed on the screen.

Printer: It is used to obtain copies on paper.

SOFTWARE: They are programmes that make the computer work.

Examples of programmes:

- Word processor- Calculation sheets

-

Data bases



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4. Interconnection between computers

Types of network:

- LAN (Local Area Network)

It is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group ofbuildings, such as a school, or an airport.

- WAN (Wide Area Network)

It is a computer network that covers a broad area.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network










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EXERCISES. UNIT 2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. THE COMPUTER.

1. Explain what binary code is in your own words.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain what a processor is and how it works, in English.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. Rewrite these words to make a sentence:

Bit the is of computer information smallest in unit a

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4. Work out the decimal value of the following numbers:

a) 11010011

b) 10000111

c) 1111101



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5. Work out the binary value of the following numbers:

a) 1024

b) 365

c) 2788

6. Write definitions for the following words and give three examples of each one:

Hardware: _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Examples: ___________________ _____________________ __________________

Software: ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Examples: ____________________ ____________________ __________________



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7. Join each element with its definition:

VDU

Computer unit

Keyboard

Mouse

Printer

8. Write two examples of a LAN (Local Area Network) and two examples of a WAN (WideArea Network).

It is used to obtaincopies on paper

It is used to activate menudisplayed on the screen

It is used to type datainto the computer

It contains themain components

It is the visual display unit



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UNIT 3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. INTERNET.

1. Network

Different types of comunication:

The elements of comunication are:

- Interlocutors: people who participate in comunication.- Message: contents of comunication.- Channel: tools used by interlocutors to send and to receive the message.- Code: system of signs: language (written, spoken, graphic…)

Post (letters)Computer Music player

Conversation

Newspaper Television Mobile phone

Interlocutors

Channel = Telephone

Message

Code = Spoken language



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The simplest network is made by two computers connected by communications channels toshare resources.

Characteristics of a network communication system.

When we connect some computers:

- Interlocutors are people who use the computers.- Messages are files: videos, music, drawings, programmes… - Channel: computers or work stations.

- Codes: language that computers use.

Some networks have a powerful computer called an Internet service provider (server)that stores the information for the other work stations.

Components of a network.

Basically, a network has the following elements:

1. A server and work stations.2. Connection between the server and work stations through cables and a network card.

When the distance between computers is great, the connection is made through amodem or a router and a telephone line.

3. Programmes which transmit information from some computers to others.

Network is a collection of computers and devices connected by communicationchannels that facilitates communication among users and allows users to share

resources with other users.

Serverwork stations Network card Modem/router

Programmes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers



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Interconnection between networks.

We can connect many networks through the telephone line. They must use the same codeto work.

2. The Internet. World Wide Web

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardInternet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide (private and public:academic, business, governments…)

How the Internet works:

When we connect to the Internet, we connect our computer a server through which we canconnect with other computers.

3. The Internet connection

To connect a computer to the Internet, we need:

1. A connection to a telephone company which provides the Internet.2. Programmes which use the same codes as the Internet.

Navigator

A navigator is a programme which locates and opens the web pages we want to access.Navigator programmes: Internet Explorer, Mozzila…

An interconnected network is a group of two or more connected networks whichform a system.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite




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Search engine:

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are usually presented in a list of results and are commonly calledhits . The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types

of files.

Web search engines: google, yahoo, terra, MSN…

Website:

A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assetsthat are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL). It isusually named as a web page.

4. E-mail

Elements for a communication by e-mail:

- Sender and addressee: they have names chosen by themselves.- E-mail address: there must be one for each user.- Mailbox: physical space in the computer from which the messages are sent

or received.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator






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EXERCISES. UNIT 3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. INTERNET.

1. Write the element of communication in each definition:

S ystem of signs: language (written, spoken, graphic…): _______________

Contents of comunication: _______________

People who participate in comunication: _______________

Tools used by interlocutors to send and to receive the message: _______________

Write an example of communication between two interlocutors:

2. Write in Spanish, in your own words, what a Network is:

3. Write the missing words related to the components of a network from the box into theblanks:

Basically, a __________________has the following elements:

message interlocutors code channel

router network programmes connection server cables

work stations network card telephone line modem



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- A ___________ and _____________________.

- _________________ between the server and work stations through

______________and a________________________. When the distance between

computers is great, the connection is made through a _______________ or a

_______________ and a _______________________.

______________________ which transmit information from some computers to

others.

4. Rewrite the words from the box to make a sentence about an interconnected network:

5. Explain, in Spanish, what the Internet is:

6. Write an example of how the Internet works: (Spanish)

An interconnected network is a group of two or more connected networks whichform a system.



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7. Join each name with the correct definition:

Navigator

Search engine:

Website

8. Write in Spanish, how you can send an e-mail.

a programme which locates and opens the web pageswe want to access

a collection of related web pages, images, videos orother digital assets

is designed to search for information on the WorldWide Web










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UNIT 4. MATERIALS.

1. Raw materials, materials and products.

RAW MATERIALS

Raw materials are classified in three groups:

- Animal raw materials:

Sheep Silk Leather

- Vegetable raw materials:

Wood Cork Cotton Linen

- Mineral raw materials:

Clay Sand Marble Iron mineral

Raw materials are substances which are extracted directly from nature.



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MATERIALS. Materials are substances made from raw materials and they are used formaking objects.

Physical process: no important changes in the matter.Chemical process: changes and transformation in the matter.

Materials for technical uses:

Wood Plastic Metals

Stone materials Ceramic materials Textile materials

- We obtain wood from trees.- We obtain plastic from petroleum.- We obtain metals from metal minerals.- We obtain stone materials from rocks and stones.

- We obtain ceramic from clay.- We obtain textile materials from: plants, animals and petroleum.

MATERIAL RAW MATERIALWood TreesPlastic PetroleumMetals Metal minerals

Stone materials Rocks and stones

Ceramic ClayTextile materials Plants, animals, petroleum

Raw materials are transformed into materials by means of physical and chemical processes.We make ob ects with materials.



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TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

Steps for making a technological product:

1. We extract raw materials from nature.2. We transform raw materials into materials.3. We make products with materials.

A technological product is an object or a product made by humans to satisfy theirnecessities.



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2. Properties of the materials.

There are three big groups of properties:

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

- Electric properties: behaviour of the materials when an electriccurrent passes through them.

a. Electric conductivity : insulator and electric conductor.

- Mechanical properties: behaviour of the materials when a force acts on them.

Elasticity. Plasticity. Malleability. Ductility.

Hardness. Mechanical resistance. Tenacity. Fragility.

- Thermal properties: Behaviour of the materials with heat.

a. Thermal conductivity: Thermal conductors and thermal insulators.b. Fusibility. c. Soldability.

d. Dilation.

The properties of a material are a group of characteristics that all materials have.



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- Optic properties: behaviour of the materials with light.

Opaque Transparent Translucent

- Acoustic properties: behaviour of the materials with sound.

a. Acoustic conductors

b. Acoustic insulators.

- Magnetic properties: some metals attract other metal materials.

Magnets



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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

Oxidation or rusting : transformation of the material in contact with oxygen which is inthe air.

Metals are easily rusted.

ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.

a. Recycled: glass, paper, plastic.b. Toxic: pollution in the air, ground and water.c. Biodegradable: to break the material down.d. Renewable: unlimited raw materials in the nature. They can be regenerated: wood and

wool.



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EXERCISES. UNIT 4. RAW MATERIALS AND MATERIALS.

1. Write the correct words as in the example:

Wool from sheep

____________________________

______________________________

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

__________________________________

___________________________________

ALL OF THEM ARE:

____________ RAW MATERIALS

ALL OF THEM ARE:

___________ RAW MATERIALS



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___________________________________

_____________________________________

____________________________________

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Complete the names of the materials for technical uses:

ALL OF THEM ARE:

____________ RAW MATERIALS

Materials fortechnical uses



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3. Write the following sentences in the correct order:

Making products with materials.

Transforming the raw materials into materials.

Extracting raw materials from nature.

1 2 3

4. Join the correct definition with its property.

Es la propiedad que tienen los materiales de transmitir laelectricidad.

Es la propiedad de poder recuperar su forma original al

de ar de a licar una fuerza.

Es la propiedad de los cuerpos de adquirir deformacionesermanentes.

Es la resistencia que opone un material a ser rayado

Es la que presenta un cuerpo ante fuerzas externas.

Propiedad de extenderse en planchas o láminas.

Propiedad de extenderse en cables o hilos.

Resistencia de un material a romperse al ser golpeado.

Romperse fácilmente cuando se le golpea.

elasticity

Electricalconductivity

ductility

hardness

fragility

Technicalresistance

malleabitlity

tenacity

plasticity



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5. Now, write the property that is related to the following words:

wires rubber diamond

Electricity sheets glass stone

6. Write, en English, examples of materials that have the following properties:

Fusibility

Soldability

Dilatation

Transparent

Opaque

Acoustical insulator

Magnetism

Oxidation

Recycled



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Toxic

Renewable

7.Draw a light bulb like this, when the material is a good electricalconductor:

SDF

8. Write what materials these objects can be made of: ___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

CLAY COTTON IRON

PLASTIC ALUMINUM COPPER



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UNIT 5. WOOD AND ITS DERIVATIVES.

1. Wood.

Wood is a vegetable raw material. We obtain it from the trunk of trees.

Components of wood:

- Cellulose: substance which forms the skeleton of plants.- Lignine: gives rigidity and hardness to the plant. It joins the fibres of

cellulose.

PARTS OF A TRUNK:

Bark: external layer of the trunk. It protects the plant.Cambium: Most transparent and thinnest layer.Whiteness or log: most recent wood. It is used for light jobs.Duramen or heart: Most resistant, driest and hardest wood. It is the most useful wood.

Pith: central part of the trunk. It has no resistance.

Bark

Cambium

Whiteness or

log

Duramen or

heart

Pith



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Properties of wood.

Density . Wood floats on water.

Relationship between volume and mass of a substance

Electric insulator : electricity can´t pass through wood.

Higroscopicity : wood can absorb or give water off because it is porous . Wood can becomedeformed.

Thermal insulator: heat can´t pass through wood.

Acoustic conductor: sound travels through wood.

Mechanical resistance: wood has good resistance totraction, compression and bending efforts.

Ductility, malleability: we can obtain wires or sheets.and tenacious.

Hendibility : we can break wood off along the fibres.

Wood is renewable, biodegradable and recycled .

Wood obtaining process.

Process from wood extraction to obtaining boards to work with:

Extracting raw material Transforming raw material Obtaining material



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- Steps for obtaining materials:

Tree felling Pruning

Transporting Removing the bark

Cutting up Drying Brushing

Washing and drying: natural drying and artificial drying.



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2. Classification of wood.

- Hard wood:

It comes from deciduous trees.Growth is slow.It has thick trunks.It doesn´t have a lot of resin.It has a lot of colours.It has good resistance to mechanical efforts.

The most used are: beech, oak, cherry tree and mahogany.

- Soft wood:

It comes from evergreens.

Growth is fast.It has a lot of resin.It has clear colours.It is light and easy to work.

The most used are: pine, silver fir, spruce and white poplar.

3. Wood derivatives.

The main wood derivatives are prefabricated wood and cellulosic materials .

Prefabricated wood.

Characteristics:

- They are easy to work.- They have many measurements and appearances.

-

They are mostly made with pieces of wood.Types of prefabricated wood:

Plywood board : made with glued and pressed sheets.



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Chipboard : made with glued and pressed shavings of wood.

Fibre board : made with woodchips and obtaining fibres orthreads joined with synthetic resin.

Tablex : made with remains of wood.

Cellulosic materials.

These are the materials made with cellulose from wood. Paper is the most importantmaterial.

The papermaking process.

1. Trees are felled.

2. Bark is removed.The wood is grinded up.Cellulose pasted is obtained.Lignine is eliminated.

3. The pulp is washed and whitened.We obtain the piqued paste.

4. Water is sucked out. Then it is pressedwith rollers.

5. It is dried with hot rollers. Then it iswinded and cut.



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We can obtain other products like:

o Cardboard: thick sheet of hard paper.o Silk paper.o Card.

4. Instruments, tools and machines.

For making a wooden object we have to plan some operations and use instruments, toolsand machines.

Each tool or machine is used for a specific operation.



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Instruments and tools to measure, draw and mark.

Metallic square Ruler

Protactor

Compass Punch

Instruments and tools to hold.Clamp Bench clamp

Instruments, tools and machines to cut and saw.

Saw Hand saw

Electrical saw



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Instruments, tools and machines to perforate.

Drill Gimlet

Instruments and tools to sand down.

Sand paper File Rasp

Instruments and tools to nail and screw on.

Hammer Nails

Pliers Screwdriver

Screws Spanner



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EXERCISES. UNIT 5. WOOD AND ITS DERIVITIVES.

1. Complete the following sentences with the correct word:

2.

Wood is a _______________ raw ______________. We obtain it from the

______________ of ________________.

Components of wood are two: _________________ which is the _____________ which

forms the _________________ of plants; and ________________ which gives

______________ and ________________ to the plant. It _______________ the

fibres of _________________.

3. Write the correct definition in the correct table:

- External layer of the trunk. The driest and hardest wood- The most transparent layer. It protects the plant.- It has no resistance. The thinnest layer.- The most recent wood. It is used for light jobs.

- The most resistant. It is the most useful wood.- Central part of the trunk.

Cambium

Whiteness or log

Duramen or heart

Bark

Pith

Material cellulose substance joins trees cellulose rigidity

vegetable trunk skeleton lignine hardness



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4. Write TRUE or FALSE in each sentence:

Wood doesn´t float on water. ______________

Electricity can´t pass through wood. ______________

Wood can absorb or give water off because it is porous. _____________

Wood is a thermal insulator. _____________

Wood isn´t an acoustic insulator. _____________

Wood has mechanical resistance. _____________

We can´t break wood off along the fibres. _____________

Wood is renewable, biodegradable and recycled. ____________

Higroscopicity is a property of wood. _____________

Density is the relationship between volume and mass of a substance. _____

4. Join these words with arrows:

Cutting up Tala

Prunning Transporte

Tree felling Cepillado

Transporting Secado

Brushing Poda

Drying Quitar la corteza

Removing the bark Tronzado



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5. Put these properties of hard and soft wood into the correct table:

They have a slow growth.They haven´t a lot of resin.They have clear colours.They have a lot of colours.They have good resistance to mechanical efforts.They have a lot of resin.They come from evergreens. They have thick trunks.They are light and easy to work.They have fast growth.They come from deciduous trees.

6. Write the name of prefabricated wood which:

a) is made with remains of wood. _________________

b) is made with glued and pressed sheets. _____________________

c) is made with woodchips and obtaining fibres or threads joined with synthetic resin.

_______________

d) is made with glued and pressed shavings of wood. _____________________

HARD WOOD SOFT WOOD



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7. You have to join each board with the material that they are made of:

Plywood board

Chipboard

Fibre board

Tablex

8. LOOK AT THESE PICTURES. Write the correct name under each picture: fibres,sheets and shavings.

______________ _________________ _______________



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PROCESS OF PAPER MANUFRACTURING

9. These operations are out of order. Write them in the correct order in the spaces inblank.

10. Write TRUE or FALSE in the boxes.

- Cork comes from oak.

- Wood derivaties come directly from trees.

- Prefabricated woods are wood derivitives.

- Cellulosic materials come directly from trees.

TREEFELLING

ELIMINATIONOF THELIGNINE

OBTAININGCELLULOSE

PASTE

WASHING ANDWHITENINGCELLULOSE

GRINDINGUP THEWOOD

REMOVINGTHE BARK

DRYINGWITH HOT ROLLERS

SUCTIONOF WATER

PRESSINGWITHSMOOTHEDWITH

ROLLERS

WINDINGAND

CUTTING

10

1 2 3

4 5 6

9

11

87



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- Paper is made of cellulose.

- Prefabricated woods are made of sheets, fibres or shavings.

11. Write GOOD or BAD about the following propperties of wood

Electric conductor: _____________

Higroscopicity: ____________

Acoustic insulator: ____________

Thermal insulator: ___________

Mechanical resistance: _____________ Tenacity: ____________

Hendibility: ___________

Hardness: ___________

Malleability: _____________

Soldability: ____________

12. Rewrite these processes in the correct order:

Cutting up Prunning Tree felling Transporting

Brushing Drying Removing the bark

1. __________________

2. __________________

3. __________________

4. __________________

5. __________________

6. __________________

7. ___________________



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13. Write the name of these trees in English:

PINO _______________

HAYA _______________

ROBLE _______________

CEREZO _______________

CAOBA _______________

ABETO BLANCO _______________

ABETO ROJO _______________

CHOPO BLANCO _______________

14. Put the correct tool into the correct table:

Hammer file screwdriver ruler pliers gimlet

sandpaper Bench clamp drill press hand saw

compass punch electrical saw rasp

TOOLS TO HOLD

TOOLS TO CUT AND TO SAW

TOOLS AND MACHINES TO PERFORATE

TOOLS TO SAND DOWN

TOOLS TO NAIL AND SCREW ON

TOOLS TO MEASURE, DRAW AND MARK



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UNIT 6. METALLIC MATERIALS.

1. Metals.

Metal: is a material with several applications: industry, transportation, telecomunication,

agriculture, construction of buildings, machines, etc.

Properties of metals:

Metals have good mechanical properties: behaviour of materials when a force acts onthem.

Mechanical resistance: metals resist traction, compression and bending efforts.Ductility and malleability: we can obtain wires or sheets of metals.Tenacity: metals resist blows.Plasticity: a force can deform metals.Elasticity: metals can recover their form after an effort acts on them.Electrical conductor: electricity can pass through them.Thermal conductor: heat can pass through them.Acoustical conductor: sound can pass through them.Magnetic behaviour: magnets.Fusibility: metals can melt.Soldability: metals can be joined with heat.Expanding and contraction.Recycled: metals can be recycled.Toxic: some metals are toxic.



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Obtaining metals.

Mines: open mines and underground mines.

Ore : it is the useful part of the mineral.

Bargain : it is the useless part of the mineral.

Definitions:

Metallic mineral Metal

Iron mineral wrought iron, steel, cast iron

Types of metals.

Ferrous metals: metals whose main component is iron.

FERROUSMETALS

WROUGHT IRON

STEEL

CAST IRON

Metallurgy: industries that extract and transform metallic minerals into metals.

Iron and Steel Industry: the industry that extracts and transforms iron mineral intoiron steel and cast iron.

Mineral = ore + bargain



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Non ferrous metals: metals which don´t contain iron.

2. Ferrous metals.

Ferrous metals are the most used metals in the world. The main ferrous metals are:

* Wrought iron: the percentage of iron is almost 100%.

Alloys:

- Steel (with 0,03%< carbon < 1,76%)

- Cast iron (with 1,76%< carbon < 6,67%)

Wrought iron

* Properties :White-grey colourGood magnetic properties Has a lot of oxidationIt melts at 1536 degreesIt is fragile and easy to break

* Applications :

It doesn´t have many uses: electrical and electronic componentsForged iron: a special iron used for making garden furniture.

NON

FERROUSMETALS

COPPER

BRONZE

BRASS

TINZINC

LEAD

ALUMINIUM

MAGNESIUM

TITANIUM

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements. One of them must be a metal.



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Steel : (with 0,03%< carbon < 1,76%) * Properties :

Silver colouredIt has a lot of hardnessIt has a lot of tenacityIt has great mechanical resistance

Alloyed steel: it has iron and carbon and other elements.Inoxidizable steel: steel made with chrome and nickel

* Applications :

STEEL

Motor pieces and motors

ToolsCutleryCasseroles, pots and boilers

Beams and building structuresShips

Some furniture

Cast iron:

* Properties :

Dark colourIt has a lot of hardness; more than steel.It is resistant to waste

* Applications :Elements of machines

Machine coversGears

Beacons (Street lamps)Drain covers



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STEEL MAKING PROCESS

The process has two phases:

A) BLAST FURNACE

1. We wash and crush the iron mineral2. We put the iron mineral, calcareous stone (limestone)

and coke coal (charcoal) into the blast furnace.3. We heat the mixture to 1536 degrees.4. We separate the first iron from the slag. This

process gives us MOLTEN IRON..

B) CONVERTER

1. We put molten iron, limestone and iron scoria into the converter.2. We inject oxygen to cause combustion.3. We separate the scoria from liquid steel.4. We have to cool the steel and put it into the mould, to make objects.

NON FERROUS METALS

The process to obtain them is more expensive than ferrous metals. It uses up a lot ofenergy. They have a lot of applications. They are classified in:



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HEAVY METALS LIGHT METALS ULTRALIGHT METALS

Copper Aluminium Magnesium Brass Titanium Bronze

Alpaca (nickel-silver)Copper-nickel

LeadTinZinc

METAL CHARACTERISTICS APPLICATIONS

COPPERSoft, red colour and bright. High

thermal conductivity. High electricalconductivity. Malleability. Ductility.

A lot of oxidation.

Cables and wires. Pipes. Heaters. Arts andcrafts.

BRASS Copper-zinc alloy. Golden colour. Rustresistant.

Crafts. Cutlery. Pipes. Turbine.

BRONZE Copper-tin alloy. Ductility. Good wearresistant. Rust resistant.

Ship propeller. Bells. Gears. Statues. Nuts.Screws. Bearings

ALPACA Silvered colour. Malleability. Costume jewellery. Crafts.

COPPER-NICKEL Silver coloured Coins

LEADGrey-silver coloured. Soft. Heavy.Great plasticity. Malleability. Good

thermal conductor. Very toxic.

Car batteries. Some petrol. Glass and opticindustry. Nuclear radiation protector.

TINBright white colour. Very soft.

Malleability. Has no oxidation atroom temperature.

Tin plate. With lead for soft soldering

ZINCGrey-blue coloured. Bright. Fragile

when cold. Not very hard.Roof of buildings. Pipes and gutters.

Protective covering against corrosion.

ALUMINIUMWhite-silvered colour. Great

resistance to rust. Very soft. Light.Malleable and ductile. Electrical

conductor.

High voltage wires. Planes, cars and bikes.Doors and windows. Kitchen tools and

drinking tins.

TITANIUM

White-silver colour. Bright. Light.Very hard and resistant. Architectonic structures. Space industry.

Medical prosthesis.

MAGNESIUMWhite-silver colour. Very light. Soft,

malleable and not ductile. Very

explosive.

Fireworks. Space industry. Cars, motorbikes

and bikes.



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EXERCISES. UNIT6. METALS.

1. Write four applications of metals in industry: ENGLISH

__________________________ __________________________

__________________________ __________________________

2. Write the name of ONE object that has a relationship with the properties below:

Mechanical resistance ____________________ Ductility ____________________

Tenacity ____________________ Malleability ____________________

Plasticity ____________________ Elasticity ____________________

Electrical conductor ____________________ Thermal conductor ________________

Acoustical conductor ____________________ Magnetic behaviour _______________

Fusibility ____________________ Soldability ____________________

Expanding and contraction ___________________ Recycled ____________________

3. Explain the differences between open mines and underground mines. SPANISH or ENGLISH

OPEN MINES UNDERGROUND MINES

Hammer building train track wires pipes heater tin

magnet spring headphones bridge metal sheets

cables broken car casserole clamp ship



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4. Write the definitions of:

METALLURGY.

SPANISH: ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

ENGLISH: ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.

SPANISH: __________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

ENGLISH: ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

5. Write the name of the three ferrous metals and the percentage of carbon they have: ENGLISH

a) Percentage:

b)Percentage:

c)Percentage:

6. Complete this table: ENGLISH.

WROUGHT IRON

PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS



54

STEEL


CAST IRON


7. Translate these words into Spanish:

- Building: ___________

- Expanding and contraction: ________________________

- Recycled: ____________________

- Ore: _________________

- Bargain: ______________________

- Steel: _______________________ - Wrought iron: ________________________



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- Cast iron: _____________________

- Ferrous metals: _______________________

- Rust: ____________________

- Fragile: ____________________

-

Easy to break: _____________________ - Carbon: ___________________

- Coal: ____________________

- Silvered colour: _____________________

- Alloy: __________________

- Hardness: ____________________

- Boiler: ____________________

-

Tool: __________________ - Cutlery: ______________________

8. Translate into English:

- Vigas: _________________

- Mobiliario: ___________________

- Elementos de máquinas: ________________________

- Farola: ___________________

- Engranaje: ______________________

- Carcasas de motores: ______________________

- Tapa de alcantarilla: _________________________

- Barco: ___________________

- Cacerola: __________________________

- Piedra caliza: __________________________

- Carbón de coque: _______________________

- Horno Alto: _________________________

- Escoria: _____________________

- Convertidor: ______________________

- Enfriar: _____________________

- Molde: ___________________

- Inyectar: ______________________

- Oxígeno: __________________________

- Acero líquido: _________________________



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9. Complete these sentences with the correct words:

STEEL MAKING PROCESS

This _____________ has two _______________

1)

First phase: Blast ______________ a. To ________________ and to __________________ iron mineral.

b. To put _________________________, _____________________ and __________

Into the ______________________.

c. To ______________ at _________________ ºC.

d. To _________________ the _______________ from the _______________.

2) ______________ phase: __________________

a. To put the first iron (__________), ____________________ and iron __________

Into the _________________

b. To _______________ oxygen and to _______________ the _______________

c. To _________________ the _________________ from ______________________

d. To put the ___________________ into a mold and to _____________

10. Now, write the STEEL MAKING PROCESS, in SPANISH:

El proceso tiene dos fases:

1) _________________________________________________________________________

a. _________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________ d. _________________________________________________________________________



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2) A. _______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

B ___________________________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________________________

d._________________________________________________________________________

11. Write the name of this metals in ENGLISH:

COBRE:

LATÓN:

BRONCE:

ALPACA:CUPRONÍQUEL:

PLOMO:

ESTAÑO:

CINC:

ALUMINIO:

TITANIO:

MAGNESIO:

12. Explain the difference between ferrous metals and non ferrous metals. ENGLISH

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

13. Explain what is ore and bargain in a mineral:

ENGLISH:_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

SPANISH:_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

14. Write the name of the metal that:

Has a lot of rust and not many uses: _________________________

Dark colour and resistant to waste: _________________________

Silver coloured and a lot of hardness: _______________________



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15. Write the name under these Pictures: ENGLISH

16. Write the name of the metal that:

Has a lot of rust and not many uses: _________________________

Dark colour and resistant to waste: ______________________

Silver coloured and a lot of hardness: _______________________

Drain covers are made of this metal: _________________________

It is very, very hard: _______________________

It is inoxidizable: ______________________

We make forged iron with it: ______________________

It has good magnetic properties: _____________________

It has high mechanical resistance: _______________________

It melts at 1536 degrees: ____________________

We make tools with it: ________________________

We make beacons with it: ______________________



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17. Write BLAST FURNACE or CONVERTER in these processes:

a. We put in iron mineral, calcareous stone and charcoal: _______________________

b. We put liquid steel into a mold: ______________________

c.

We heat at 1536 degrees: _____________________ d. We wash the iron mineral: ____________________

e. We put in calcareous stone and iron scoria: ____________________

f. We inject oxygen: __________________

g. We separate the arrabio from the scoria: ____________________

h. We separate the scoria from liquid steel: ____________________

i. We obtain arrabio: ____________________

j.

It is the first phase: ____________________ k. It is the second phase: ____________________

18. Translate the meaning of these properties and write an example of an object that has the correct

property.

Mechanical resistance ________________________ _____________________

Ductility ____________________ ________________________

Tenacity ____________________ ________________________

Malleability ____________________ ________________________

Plasticity ____________________ ________________________

Elasticity ____________________ ________________________

Electrical conductor ____________________ ________________________

Thermal conductor ________________ ________________________

Acoustical conductor ____________________ ________________________

Magnetic behaviour _______________ ________________________

Fusibility ____________________ ________________________

Soldability ____________________ ________________________

Expanding and contraction ___________________ ________________________

Recycled ____________________ ________________________



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18. Write the name of the NON FERROUS metal these sentences are talking about:

1. It has a lot of oxidation resistant. ____________________

2. It is used for costume jewellery. ____________________

3. It is used for space industry and architectonic buildings. ________________

4. It is a very good electrical conductor, but has a lot of oxidation. _______________

5. It is used for making coins. ____________________

6. It is very explosive. ____________________

7. It is an alloy of copper and tin. ____________________

8. It is used like nuclear radiation protector. ____________________

9. It is used in high voltage wires. ____________________

10. It has no oxidation at room temperature. ____________________

11. We can make tin plates. ____________________

12. It is used for making pipes and gutters. ____________________

13. It is used for making statues. ____________________

14. It is very toxic. ____________________ 15. It is fragile when cold. ____________________

16. It is bright, light and very hard. ____________________

17. It is used for making pipes, wires and crafts. ____________________

18. It is used for making pipes and turbines. ____________________

19. It is used for making gears. ____________________

20. It is a copper-zinc alloy. ____________________ 21. It has a lot of rust resistant. ____________________ 22. It is used in glass and optic industry. ____________________ 23. It is used for making protective covering against corrosion. ______________

24. It is used with tin for soft soldering. ____________________

25. It is red coloured and bright. ____________________ 26. It is used for medical prostheses. ____________________

27. It is soft, malleable and not ductile. ____________________



61

10. Complete the names in blank in the following pictures: (0,5 points)

BLAST FURNACE

External view Section of the furnace

CONVERTER

ELECTRODE

COKE IRON MINERAL

HOT AIR SLAG

MOLTEN IRON LIMESTONE

MOLTEN IRON OXYGEN

LIMESTONE IRON SCORIA

SLAG STEEL HOT AIR



62

UNIT 7. GRAPHICAL EXPRESSION AND COMUNICATION.

1. DRAWING MATERIALS.

To draw, we need some drawing tools. The main ones are:

A pencil: it´s the basic tool for drawing. Pencils contain a lead made of graphite and clay.

= +

- Types of pencils:

A) Soft-leaded pencils: we can recognize them by the letter B.

B) Hard-leaded pencils: we can recognize them by the letter H.

To draw, we can also use markers and leads.

Rubber: it´s made of rubber and it is used to erase pencil marks.

Drawing is the way we show what an object is like.



63

Paper: there are a lot of types and sizes of paper.

The european DIN rule classifies paper into 9 sizes: A0,A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8.

The appearance refers to colour, brightness and textureof paper. It can be shiny, matt, smooth, rough, etc.

The size of paper we commonly use is A4.

2. DRAWING TOOLS.

We´ll take a look at the basic tools for drawing.

Measurement tools:

- Graduated ruler: it´s divided into cm and mm.

- Protactor: we can measure angles with it.

Trace tools:

- Set squares: consist of two tools with a triangle shape. We draw parallel and perpendicularlines with them.



64

- Compass: we use it to draw circumferences.

3. OUTLINES, SKETCHES AND PLANS.

Outline: it´s the first drawing which shows the general idea. We don´t use rulers normeasurements.

Sketch: it´s the graphical definitive representation of the idea. It has all the neccessaryinformation like measurements, materials, etc.

How to do a sketch

After making the outline drawing, we have to make the definitive sketch. This must include:

- General measurements of the object.- Measurements of each piece.- Materials which it is made of.- How to join the pieces.

-

Function of each piece.- How all pieces work.

Outline drawing, a sketchrepresented with contour lines

only, without shading.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_drawing





65

A plan contains the same information as a sketch, but we do it more precisely using acomputer.

4. SCALES

The plans are drawn at specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Wecan increase or reduce the real size in the plan.

:

A scale like this 2:1 means: the drawing is twice the real size.

A scale like this 1:2 means: the drawing is half the real size.

Drawing size Real size

Drawing sizeReal size

Drawing size Real size

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio



66

This plan is made on a scale of 1:100. It means that 1 cm in the plan is 100 cm in real life.

5. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

The views of an object are infinite, but in technical drawing we only need three views to geta complete image of it. The main views are the following:

Front view: the object is seen from the front. This is the most characteristical view.Left or right side: we can see one of the sides of the object.Bird´s eye view: we can see the object from from above.

OBJECT

FRONT VIEW

LEFT SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW

BIRD´S EYE VIEW

LEFT SIDE VIEW

BIRD´S EYE VIEW



67

Examples of perspective:

Rules to draw the front view, side view andbird´s eye view:

- All views must be drawn on the same scale.

- Lines must be drawn at the same distance fromaxes.



68

EXERCICES. UNIT 7. GRAPHICAL EXPRESSION AND COMUNICATION.

1. Write the name of these tools:

_________________ _________________ ________________

_________________ _________________ ________________

_________________ _________________ ________________

_________________ _________________ ________________



69

_________________ _________________ ________________

_____________ ___________ _____________ ______________

2. Complete the blanks with the words in the box:

a. We can write with a pen or a pencil, but for drawing, we have to use ………………….. or a

…………………..

b.

The ………………….. of a pencil is made of …………………………. and ……………………………. c. There are ………..........- …………………… pencils and hard-leaded pencils. The first ones have the

letter ………… and the others have the letter …………

d. For drawing a line, we can use a ………………….., but for parallel and perpendicular lines, we

use the ………………………..

e. To erase, we use the ……………………………….

f. We draw on the …………………………..

g. In the class, we use the book, and write in the …………………………..

Pencil paper leads clay ruler graphitesoft-leaded B H set-squares rubber

note-book lead



70

3. Draw the following lines:

a. A parallel line through x

x

b. A perpendicular line through x

c. Four parallel lines through the marks

x

x

x

x

d. Two perpendicular lines through the marks



71

4. Draw the way you put the set square to do: (look at page 132 of the book)

a. Parallel lines

b. Perpendicular lines

5. Draw front view, left side and bird´s eye view of each figure in the correct place.



72



73

6. Draw this figure on a scale of one to two (1:2)

7. Draw this figure on a scale of two to one (2:1)



74

Static effect Dynamic effect

UNIT 8. STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS

1. FORCES AND STRUCTURES

A force is something which deforms or moves an object (static effect ). A force can

also change its own state of movement or rest (dynamic effect ).

1.1. Natural and artificial structures

A structure is a group of elements of an object which resist the forces acting on it.

Natural structures:

Artificial structures:



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2. LOADS (WEIGHTS) AND EFFORTS

Load

Loads or weights: they are forces that act on a structure.

Types of weights:

- Permanent or fixed: they don´t change with time. They are always the same.

- Variable weights: they change with time. They aren´t always the same.

Efforts: internal tension in structures which resist loads on them.

Load

Effort

Effort

A load acts on an object

An effort is made by theobject to resist the load



76

2.1. Main types of efforts

TRACTION (Tension) COMPRESSION

BENDING TORSION CUTTING

Examples of efforts in real life:

Traction Compression

Bending Torsion

Cutting



77

3. CONDITIONS OF A STRUCTURE

A structure works correctly when it has these conditions:

Stability. It doesn´t fallResistance. It resists weightsRigidity. It doesn´t deform

4. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES

Massive structures: are built with big blocks of stone or another similarmaterial.

Flat structures: they have also big block and some horizontal beams.

The centre of gravity of an object is the point of application of its weight

Breaking tension is the biggest weight which a structure can resist



78

Arched structures: they have arches.

Arches: round arch, pointed arch, horseshoe arch, foliated arch

Framework: they have metal bars, beams, pillars and columns.

Triangled structures: they have metallic or wooden bars.

Round arch Horseshoe arch Pointed arch

Foliated arch



79

Hanging structures: they have braces.

5. MECHANISMS I

Mechanisms allow the movement of objects. They transmit and transform forces,loads and movement from a motor element to a receptor element.

LINEAR TRANSMISSION MECHANISMS

PULLEYGrooved wheel with a string. It turns around an axis.

Fixed pulley

Mobile pulley

n= number of pulleys

MOTOR

ELEMENT MECANISM

RECEPTOR

ELEMENT

Braces

Tower

Road

F = R

F = R/n



80

Multiple pulley system

n= number of pulleys

LEVER

Rigid bar that turns around a fulcrum

LEVER LAW

F = EffortR = Load

d = Distance between F and fulcrumr = Distance between R and fulcrum

d

r F

R

Fulcrum

Types of levers

F · d = R · r

Fulcrum is between effort and load Load is between effort and fulcrum

Effort is between load and fulcrum

F = R/n



81

Examples of first class lever

Scissors Swing

Examples of second class lever

Belows opener wheelbarrow

Examples of third class lever

Tweezers rod elbow

ROUND TRANSMISSION MECHANISMS

WHEELS OR PULLEYS

Two or more wheels with direct contact or connected with a strap

pliers



82

FRICTION WHEELS AND PULLEYS WITH STRAP

Relation of transmission

GEARS

* Wheels with cogs or teeth

* Gears system with chain

Relation of transmission

MOVEMENT TRANSFORMATION MECHANISMS

HANDLE-LATHE

PINION-RACK

AUTO CONNECTING ROD-HANDLE

PAWL SPRING

N1·D1 = N2·D2

D in cm

i = N2/N1

N in r.p.m

Z1 N2i = =

F·d = R·r



83

EXERCISES. UNIT 8. STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS

1. Answer and complete these questions: English or Spanish.

a) What is an effort?

a) What is a force?

b) Weights can be: (in English)

Don´t change with time

Change their value

2. Types of efforts. Explain them in Spanish:

a) TRACTION

b) COMPRESSION

c) BENDING OR FLEXION

d) TORSION

e) CUTTING



84

3. Show the types of effort in this swing:

4. Write what the centre of gravity is. In Spanish or English. Look for it on page 158.

5. Write the three conditions for a good structure, in English. Then, explain them in

Spanish.

_________________:

_________________:

_________________:

6. What is the breaking tension? Explain in English or in Spanish.

SWING



85

7. Join the definition with the correct type of structure:

Triangled structures

Frame Structures

Arched structures

Massive structures

Flat structures

Massive structures

8. Translate this definition:

9. Write two examples of these structures:

Massive structure:

Flat structure:

Framework:

Triangled structure:

Hanging structure:

Are built with big blocks of stoneor another similar material.

They have also big block and somehorizontal beams.

they have arches.

they have metal bars, beams, pillarsand columns.

they have metallic or wooden bars.

they have braces.



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10. Draw the arches of an arched structure:

Pointed arch Round arch Horseshoe arch Foliated arch

11. Write the definition of:

Static effect: _______________________________________________________

Dynamic effect: ______________________________________________________

12. Put these words in the correct order about the definition of structure:

A is object acting structure a group elements of an of which theresist forces on it.

13. Write three examples of natural structures and three of artificial structures:

Natural structures:

Artificial structures:

14. Explain what a permanent force is and write two examples, in Spanish:



87

15. Explain what a variable force is and write two examples, in Spanish:

16. What is the difference between a force and an effort. Explain in Englis or in Spanish.

17. Write what type of effort is acting in each situation:

A scissor cutting a paper:

Kicking a ball:

A hanging bridge:

When opening a door by the handle:

A shelf with a lot of books:

Using a key:

A vertical beam in a house.

Your shoes:

18. Write an example of how these forces act in nature: (SPANISH)

a) Wind:

b)

Gravity:

c) Water:

d) An animal:



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19. Write an example of something static:

20. Write an example of something dynamic:

21. Write the name of five natural structures and five artificial structures: (ENGLISH)

Natural:

Artificial:

22. Write PERMANENT or VARIABLE next to the weights and explain why:

a) The weight of a person:

b) Snow on the roof:

c) A boy lifting a box:

d) The backpack:



89

e) Lake water:

f) A building:

g)

Wind:

h) Rain:

i) Box on a table:

j) A shelf:



90

PROBLEMS

23. Multiple pulley system. F = R/n

Work out how much the force is:

a) R = 100 Kgn = 4

b) R = 150 Kg

n = 5

24. Calculate F in these levers:

a) F

R=100 Kg80 cm

20 cm

R=60 Kgb) 10cm

30 cmF



91

25. Calculate the data that we don´t know in each exercise:

D1 = 30 mmD2 = 60 mmN1 = 100 rpmN2 = ?

D1 = ?D2 = 100 mmN1 = 200 rpmN2 = 50 rpm

Z1 = 80 dientesZ2 = 40 dientesN1 = 150 rpmN2 = ?

1

2

1

2



92

UNIT 9. ELECTRICITY.

1. ELECTRICAL CHARGE

The atom is the unit which forms matter.The atom has:

Nucleus: protons, with positive charge neutrons, with no charge (neutral charge)

Electrons, with negative charge

Electrons rotate around the nucleus.

Matter is neutral number of protons = number of electrons =

Definition: electrical charge is a property of objects which produce electricaloccurrences.

Law of electrical charge:

Like charges repel

Opposite charges attract

A charged object will exert a force (a push or a pull) on another object.

- Types of electricity:

1. Static electricity: is a buildup of a charge on an object.

-

It´s natural electricity.- Examples:

- Rub a balloon on your hair.

- Lightning.

+

-

-

--

- -



93

2. Electric current: is the flow of electrons through a conductor.

- It´s artificial electricity.

- Types of materials according to electricity:

Insulator: material through which electricity cannot flow easily.

Plastic glass wood stone ceramic

Conductor: material through which electricity flows easily.

Metals water

For electricity to occur, we need a lot of electrons in one place and no electrons in another. Ifwe connect these two points, electrons flow and the charge balances.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

-

--

- -

- -- - -



94

2. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

An electrical circuit is a group of elements connected through which electricity flows.

Basic elements in an electrical circuit:

- Generator- Receptor- Wires- Switch

GENERATORS- +

Symbol

They are:

1. BATTERY

A battery is a combination of multiple cells which produce electricity byconverting chemical energy into electrical energy.

2. ALTERNATOR OR DYNAMO

A dynamo is a machine which transforms movement into electriccurrent.

3. SOLAR CELLS

A solar cell transforms solar energy into electric current.

4. HYDROGEN CELLS

Hydrogen cells transform the hydrogen in the air and water into electric current.

Switch

Wire



95

WIRES

They are the path through which electrons flow. The most common wires are made of copper and aluminium.

RECEPTORS

They transform electrical energy into another type of energy.

1. Bulb: transforms electrical energy into luminous energy.

The symbol is this:

2. Electrical resistor: transforms electrical energy into heat.

The symbol is this:

3. Motor: transforms electrical energy into movement.

4. Bell: transforms electrical energy into sound.

Electrical circuit:

Electrons can only pass through the circuit when it is closed.

Switch ON

Electricity cannot flow when the circuit is open.

Switch OFF

Generator

SwitchFuse

M

Switch



96

Types of electric circuits:

Series circuit

The loads of the circuit are in sequence.

There is only one path for current.

Parallel circuit

The loads are not in sequence. There are a lot of paths for current.

3. ELECTRICAL MAGNITUDES.

Electric charge, Q: the amount of electricity an object has inside.

It is measured in Coulombs (C).

Voltage, V: electric energy that a circuit has between two points.

It is measured in Volts (V). It is measured with a Voltmeter.

Intensity or current, I: the amount of electrons which move through a circuit.It is measured in Amperes (A). It is measured with an Ammeter.

Electric resistance, R: offers resistance to the flow of current.

It is measured in Ohms (Ω). It is measured with a Multimeter.

V

A

Ω



97

Electrical magnitudes table:

ELECTRICAL MAGNITUDE UNITY OF MEASURE MEASURING DEVICE

CHARGE Q COULOMBS C -------------

VOLTAGE V VOLTS V VOLTMETER

INTENSITY I AMPERES A AMMETER

RESISTANCE R OHMS Ω OHMMETER

Examples of circuits:



98

4. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

ELEMENT SYMBOL FUNCTION

Battery + - Generates current

Bulb Produces light

Motor Generates movement

Resistor Generates heat

Switch Permits or impedes the current

Push button Permits or impedes the current duringa certain time period

Two-way switch Alternates the current between twocircuits

Bell Produces sound

Fuse Protects the circuit

Ammeter Measures intensity

Voltmeter Measures voltage

M

A

V



99

5. OHM´S LAW

Ohm established the relationship between voltage, intensity and resistance.

We can calculate:

Intensity: Resistance:

Examples:

1. If we connect a resistance of 30Ω to a battery of 60 V. What will be the intensity that

flows through the circuit?

I = V / R = 60 / 30 = 2 A

2. Look at these circuits:Calculate R.

R = ?

R = V/I = 100 / 5 = 20 Ω

V = 100 V

I = 5 A

R = 100 Ω Calculate V.

V = ? V = I · R = 1,5 · 100 = 150 V

I = 1,5 A

V = I · R

I = V/R R = V/I



100

6. EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT.

HEAT

When electrical current flows, part of this energy becomes heat. This effect is calledJoule effect.The elements used to produce heat are called resistors. They are used indevices like toasters, hair dryers, electrical heaters, etc.

LIGHT

When electrons flow through specialmaterials , these can emit light. Thisphenomena is called incandescence.

MOVEMENT

We can transform electrical energy into movement using motors.The motor has got a magnet and a conductor wire inside it, whichmake the motor rotate.

When electricity flows, it is always associated with a magneticfield.

The flow of electrons through a conductor, always produces heat



101

7. OBTAINING AND TRANSPORTING ELECTRICITY.

Conventional energy sources: we have used them for many years.

Fossil fuels: they come from minerals made since million years ago.

Petroleum coal natural gas

Nuclear fuel: uranium. It´s a mineral with a big amount of energy.

Hydraulic energy: it´s energy which comes from water.

Alternative energy sources: we have been using them to make electricity for a shorttime.

Sun Wind



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We produce electricity in POWER STATIONS.

CONVENTIONAL POWER STATIONS

1. Thermal power stations:

They use fossil fuels like petroleum, coal and natural gas.

2. Nuclear power stations.

They use nuclear fuel like uranium or plutonium.

Thermal power stations transform chemical energy from fossil fuels into electricity.

Nuclear power stations transform energy from the nucleus of an atom into electricity.



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3. Hydroelectric power stations.

They use water from lakes and rivers.

ALTERNATIVE POWER STATIONS

1. Solar power stations.

They use the energy from the Sun.

Hydroelectric power stations transform hydraulic energy into electricity.

Solar power stations transform solar energy into electricity.



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2. Wind power stations.

They use the energy from the wind.

Transportation of electrical energy

The places where electricity is produced are usually far away from the places where it isused. This can be for security reasons (nuclear power stations), space necessities (solar powerstations) or geographical reasons (hydraulic, eolic power stations, etc).

It is not possible to store electricity. So, we must transport it from power stations tocities and towns.

Wind power stations transform energy from wind into electricity.



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To transport electricity, we must do it in three steps:

1) Increase of voltage in power stations. We use transformers to increase thevoltage before transporting (about 200.000-400.000 Volts).

2) Transportation of electricity through High voltage AC transmission towers. Theconductors are made of aluminium.

3) Reduction of voltage in transformers when electricity reaches towns.

4) The phase of distribution starts in homes, offices and industries.

Technology Teacher: Consuelo Herráez Sánchez. IES Virrey Morcillo. Villarrobledo.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pylon#High_voltage_AC_transmission_towers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pylon#High_voltage_AC_transmission_towers



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EXERCISES. UNIT 9. ELECTRICITY

1. Complete these sentences with the words into the table:

An atom has a nucleus with ________________ and __________________ and

______________ rotating around the _______________.

Protons have ____________ charge and electrons have _________________ charge.

Neutrons have ________________ charge.

_______________ charges repel and ________________ charges attract.

2. Complete using your notebook:

* Electric current is _______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

* An insulator is a material __________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

* A conductor is a _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Write TRUE or FALSE in these sentences:

- Electrons flow to a place with no electrons. ______________

- Electrons flow to a place with a lot of electrons. ________________

- Glass is an insulator. ________________

- Plastic is a conductor. __________________

- Copper is an insulator. __________________

-

Water is a conductor. _________________ - Ceramic is an insulator. _______________

protons positive neutrons negative neutralelectrons like nucleus opposite



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4. Put these words in the correct order to make a sentence:

An flows circuit group connected which electricity is a of electrical elementsthrough

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5. Write the name of these generators with the correct definition:

Battery dynamo solar cell hydrogen cell

a) A _________________ transforms solar energy into electric current.

b)

A __________________ produces electricity by converting chemical energy intoelectrical energy.

c) A ________________ is a machine which transforms movement into electric

current.

d) A ________________________ transforms hydrogen in the air and water into

electric current.

6. Receptors transform electrical energy into another type of energy. Complete thesesentences:

a) A Bulb transforms ____________________________________________________

b) An electrical resistor transforms ________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c) A motor transforms __________________________________________________

d) A bell transforms ____________________________________________________



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7. Draw circuits with the following characteristics:

a) A series circuit with a battery, a switch and two bulbs.

b) A parallel circuit with a battery, a switch and three resistors.

c) A series circuit with a battery, a two-way switch, a bulb and a bell.

d) A parallel circuit with a battery, a bell, a motor and a voltmeter.



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8. Write the definitions of these electrical magnitudes:

a) Electric charge: _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b) Intensity: __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

c) Voltage: ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

d) Electric resistance: ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

9. Write what electrical magnitude is measured in:

a) Coulombs, C: ________________________

b) Amperes, A: ______________________

c) Ohms, Ω: ____________________

d) Volts, V: ____________________

10. Complete these definitions:

a) A voltmeter is a device that _________________________________________

b) An ammeter is a device that ________________________________________

c) In a series circuit there is only _________________ path.

d) In a parallel circuit there are _____________________ paths.

e) Electrons can pass through a circuit when it is ________________

f)

Electrons can´t pass through a circuit when it is __________________



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11. Write the name of the element that has the following function:

a) Generates current: ____________________

b) Permits or impedes the current during a certain time period: __________________

c) Generates movement: _________________

d) Produces sound: _______________

e) Measures intensity: ___________________

f) Permits or impedes the current: __________________

g) Generates heat: _____________________

h) Produces light: __________________

i) Alternates the current between tow circuits: ____________________

j) Measures voltage: _____________________

k) Protects the circuit: _____________________

12. Calculate the magnitudes using Ohm´s Law.

a) We connect a resistance of 150 Ω to a battery of 75 V, calculate the intensity that flows

through the circuit.

b) Calculate the resistance of a circuit that has a battery of 100 V and through which flowsan intensity of 2 A.



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c) Calculate V in this circuit:

R = 250 Ω

V = ?

I = 0,5 A

13. Obtaining and transporting electricity. Complete the blanks with the words in the box:

____________________ energy _________________ are:

Fossil fuels: _____________________, ___________________ and ________________

Also nuclear fuels like __________________ and ___________________

And __________________ energy from water.

The _____________________ energy sources are _______________ and ____________

We produce electricity in the ______________________________

Natural gas uranium coal sun conventionalpetroleum wind plutonium alternative hydraulic

power stations sources



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14. Write what energy source these power stations use:

POWER STATION ENERGY SOURCE

Thermal power station

Nuclear power station

Hydroelectric power station

Solar power station

Wind power station

15. Write the name of these power stations under the photographs:

____________________________________

__________________________





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EXERCISES 2. UNIT 9. ELECTRICITY.

1. Write the definitions:

a) Battery: ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b) Dynamo: ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

c) Solar cells: __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

d) Hydrogen cells:_______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Complete these sentences using your notebook:

A _____________ transforms _____________ energy into light.

An electric resistor ______________ electrical _______________ into

______________.

A motor ______________ ______________ _____________ into ______________.

A ___________ transforms _____________ _____________ into ______________.

3. Write TRUE or FALSE in these sentences:

Electrons can pass through the circuit when it is open. _______________

Electrons can´t pass through the circuit when it is open. ______________

The electricity can flow when the circuit is closed. ________________

The electricity can´t flow when the circuit is open. ________________

Electrons can pass when the circuit is closed. _________________

The electricity flows when the circuit is open. ______________

Electrons can´t pass when the circuit closed. _________________



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4. Write under these circuits SERIES CIRCUIT or PARALLEL CIRCUIT.

5. Now draw the circuit symbol as in the example:

EXAMPLE



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6. Complete this table:

ELECTRICMAGNITUDE

LETTER DEFINITION UNITY MEASURINGDEVICE

Electric charge

The amount of electricityan object has inside

Voltage V

IntensityAmpere, A

Resistance R

7. Draw the symbols of these elements:

Battery

Bulb

Motor



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Resistor

Switch

Push button

Two-way switch

Bell

Fuse

Ammeter

Voltmeter

8. Write the name of the element that:

Permits or impedes the current: _____________________

Generates movement: __________________

Produces light: __________________ Generates current: ___________________

Generates heat: ___________________

Permits or impedes the current during a certain time of period: ____________________

Produces sound: _________________

Alternates the current between two circuits: __________________



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Measures intensity: ____________________

Protects the circuit: ___________________

Measures voltage: ____________________

9. Calculate V, I or R in these circuits:

R = ?

V = 100 VI = 5 A

R = 100 Ω

V = ?

I = 1,5 A

R = 100 Ω

V = 220 V

I = ?



10. Write if these materials are conductors or insulators:

- Plastic: ___________________

- Copper: ___________________

- Wood: ___________________

- Ceramic: __________________

- Iron: __________________

- Water: __________________

-

Aluminium: _________________ - Glass: _________________

- Stone: __________________