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Technologies to enable cost-effective long duration
energy storage
Joseph Manser, ARPA-E Fellow
March 14, 2018
Components of energy storage
1
Energy
Unit
Energy
Unit
Power
Block
Components of energy storage: Energy
2
Power
Block
Energy
Unit
Energy
Unit
Energy storage medium cost and specific energy
3
100 $/kWh
10 $/kWh
1 $/kWh0.1 $/kWh
0.01 $/kWh
Sensible Thermal
*Materials characteristics only.
Latent Thermal
Chemical
Mechanical
Fire bricks,
ΔT=800°C
H2O, h=300 meters
Air, P=200 bar
Rocks, ΔT=
100s of °C
∆𝐻𝑓,𝐻2𝑂
Solar salt,
ΔT=300°C
∆𝐻𝑓,𝑆𝑖 (98%)
NH3 (l)
LiCoO2Na2S
LAES (77K)
V2O5
∆𝐻𝑓,𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛
H2
12-50 h≥ 100 h
6-8 h
Duration at
rated power
Considerations for containerization
4
Conta
iner
Costs
($/k
Wh)
Carbon
Steel Tank
Stainless
Steel Tank
Calcium
Aluminate Tank
Sensible
thermal
media
Tank
New energy scaling paradigms for long duration
5
Power Block Energy Storage Unit
….
Additional Storage Units
$/k
Wh
Sto
rage M
ediu
m
50
40
30
20
10
New energy scaling paradigm: variable cycle life
6
“Universal” Power BlockStorage tank for
daily cyclingStorage tanks for beyond daily cycling
….
Control valve
Control valveControl valve
Cycles over
20 y
New energy scaling paradigm: variable energy density
7
Power Block Storage tank for daily cycling Storage tanks for beyond daily cycling
Fully dissolved
reactants, 15 Wh/L Concentrated reactants, >100 Wh/L
….
Separation/concentration
process
Container + Media
Cost ($/kWh)
Components of energy storage: Power
8
Power
Block
Energy
Unit
Energy
Unit
Power block options at various scales and below $1/W
9
Power Block Cost ($/kW)
Pow
er
Blo
ck S
ize
(MW
)
Inverters
Turbines
Reciprocating
machines
SOFC target
*Values are for $/kWthermal
Boyce, M. P. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook. 2nd Ed. 2002
PEM FC
targetThermal/Mechanical
Electrochemical
Electrical
Wilson, A. Fuel Cell System Cost – 2017.
Heat
pumps*
Vora, S.D. 17th Annual SOFC Workshop. 2016
Flow
battery
stacks
≥ 100 h6-8 h Duration at
rated power
Low round trip efficiency limits the budget for capital costs
10Charge price = 2.5 ¢/kWh; Discharge price = 7.5 ¢/kWh
Electrons in at 2.5 ¢/kWh
System Cost Target
Syste
m C
apital C
ost A
llow
ance
($/k
Wh-c
ycle
)
Low round trip efficiency limits the budget for capital costs
11Charge price = 2.5 ¢/kWh; Discharge price = 7.5 ¢/kWh
Electrons in at 2.5 ¢/kWh
System Cost Target
Syste
m C
apital C
ost A
llow
ance
($/k
Wh-c
ycle
)
A fundamental shift in cost-performance tradeoff
12
Cost
Performance
(RTE, cycle life, material purity, etc.)
Low
High
High
Low
Conventional Storage
Design Space
Long-Duration Storage
Design Space
Thank you
‣ Long-duration storage is an area of active program development
‣ We would like your feedback and ideas to enable cost-effective long-duration energy storage
– We’re particularly interested in innovative approaches that can:
1. Dramatically reduce energy-related costs
2. Fundamentally shift the cost/performance scaling of today’s state-of-the-art systems
‣ ARPA-E workshop on long duration storage (held Dec. 7-8, 2017)
– www.arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=workshop/long-duration-stationary-energy-storage
13
