Technologies for Congestion Charging and Electronic Road

Pricing.

Andrew PickfordTransport Technology Consultants Ltd.

Cambridge, UK

28 August 2008The Challenges of Congestion Pricing in Mega Cities of Indonesia

Manhattan Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia (c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

> 1. Why Charge for Road Use?> 2. Technology Options for Charging

> Charging> Enforcement> Vehicle Detection & Classification

> 3. International Examples> Electronic Tolling> Congestion Charging> Emissions-related Charging

> 5. Summary

Agenda

Why charge for Road Use?

> Policy objectives:> To finance infrastructure: Electronic Toll Collection> To reduce local emissions: Emissions-related charging> To contribute to roads maintenance: Truck Tolling> To encourage sharing: High Occupancy & Toll Lanes (HOT)> To introduce usage-based taxation: National Road Pricing> To commercialise road management: Shadow tolls

and

> To manage demand and rebalance across modes as part of an

integrated transport strategy: Congestion Charging

Why charge for road use?

> To manage demand: Congestion Charging> To modify behaviour

> To encourage modal shift> To encourage varying time of trip> To encourage sharing> NOT to encourage a change in destination> NOT to “price people of the roads”

> To fund complementary measures > Attractive alternatives to driving

> Improved bus services> Traveller information systems

Why charge for road use?

> To reduce local emissions: Emissions-related charging

> To reduce emissions of PM10 and NOx

> Gains in life expectancy> Reduction in premature deaths> Reduction in hospital admissions> Reduction in respiratory problems

> By introducing emissions-based charges> On road usage (local)

> Alongside: initial registration/purchase tax (national)> Alongside: fuel taxation (national)

Why charge for road use?

Technology Options for Charging

> Technologies> Interoperable charging systems> Effective enforcement: evidence capture, penalties/fines> Vehicle detection & classification

> But also> Public and political acceptability> Accurate vehicle / owner databases> Legislation:

> Acceptable evidence> Charging on existing roads> Variable charges

> Easy means to pay:> Cash or electronic transfer> Banks, retailers, internet, mobile phone

Enablers of charging?

> Technology options> Charging

> Tag systems (DSRC) for point detection> Time, location and distance (GPS / GNSS / Cellular)> Cameras that can read license plates (ANPR / ALPR)

> Enforcement:> Barriers> Open road: Image capture> Mobile: urban use> Portable: DSRC

> Vehicle detection & classification> Plaza-based: laser based> Open road

Enablers of charging?

> The options are:

> 1. Business as usual – congestion keeps growing> 2. Build and widen roads without pricing reforms –

temporarily postpone impact of congestion> 3. Employ pricing and apply restraint> 4. Employ pricing with additional capacity on roads and

across modes to improve transportation efficiency

> Use private finance where necessary to build and/or operate

infrastructure and related services> Break the link between economic growth and traffic

What choice do we have?

Source: after Stephen Glaister

Technology Options for Charging

Charging: Technology Options - DSRC

(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK

Electronic Toll Collection – DSRC tag

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

Electronic Toll Collection – DSRC tag with smart card reader

(c) 2006 Q-Free AS

Electronic Toll Collection

Ålesund-Giske Bridge/Tunnel – the world’s first ETC scheme

Urban congestion charging (Sweden)

Charge point (DSRC, vehicle detection and camera enforcement)

(c) 2006 ITS (UK)

Urban Congestion Charging (London)

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

> Trials of DSRC/ANPR hybrid charge points

Electronic Toll Collection

Dartford River Crossing, UK

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

Electronic Toll Collection (Spain)

Automatic Toll Lane, barrier-controlled

Charging: Technology Options - GNSS

(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK

Truck tolling – On Board Unit (OBU)

GNSS On Board Unit, DIN format (Grundig)

(c) 2006 Grundig, Toll Collect GmbH and Efkon Mobility AG

Truck tolling – On Board Unit (OBU)

GNSS On Board Unit, windscreen mount (Siemens)

(c) 2006 Siemens AG

Charging: Technology Options – image capture / ANPR

(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK

Urban Congestion Charging (London)

Camera Site (London)

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

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Technology Options for Enforcement

Enforcement

Evidential Record (complete)(c) 2006 Kapsch TrafficCom AG

Vehicle Detection and Classification: MLFF

Stereoscoping Imaging: Multi-lane Free Flow(c) 2006 Kapsch TrafficCom AB

Enforcement

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Enforcement

Evidential Record (complete)(c) 2006 Ian Catling Consultancy

Enforcement

Vehicle-based Enforcement (Austria)

(c) 2006 ASFINAG

Enforcement

Fixed Vehicle-based Enforcement

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

Enforcement

Mobile enforcement (London)

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

Enforcement

Hand-held DSRC Reader(c) 2006 Q-Free AS

Technology Options for Vehicle Detection & Classification

Vehicle Detection and Classification

Matching Vehicle Detection and Charging

(c) 2006 Tecsidel

Vehicle Detection and Classification

Vehicle Profiling: Track, speed and axle counting

(c) 2006 Tecsidel

Vehicle Detection and Classification

Light Curtain (width, axle count and separation)

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

Vehicle Detection and Classification

Vehicle Profiling: SUV with Trailer(c

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(c) 2006 Tecsidel

Vehicle Detection and Classification

Vehicle Profiling: SUV with Trailer

(c) 2006 Tecsidel

International Examples

> Tolls> Belgium, Croatia, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain,

Turkey, UK, etc.> Shadow tolls

> Portugal, UK> Vignettes / eurovignette

> Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland > Planned: Netherlands, Sweden, Slovakia

> Charges and taxes> London (2), Stockholm, Milan> Access control: Italian cities, Cambridge> Discussed: Dublin, UK (4-6), Gothenburg, Helsinki,

Copenhagen, > National schemes: Netherlands and Sweden

Charging schemes in Europe

> Current extent of zone (June 2008)

London: Congestion Charging

Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007

> Traffic entering zone (07.00 to 18.30) (-36% cars / minicabs)

London: Congestion Charging

Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007

> Quantity of bus passengers +18% (to Feb 2004) + 12% (to Feb 2005)

London: Congestion Charging

Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007

> Traffic entering 16% lower than 2002> Congestion varied between 17%

lower and no reduction> Congestion increase from 2007 to

2008 through reduction in capacity:> Bus lane additions> Safety improvements> Streetworks

> Net revenues of £137m* ($253m) p.a.> No measurable impact on local

economy

> NOx -8%, PM10 -6% and CO2 -16%

(2007)

London: Congestion Charging

*2,344,900m Rupiah

Low Emission Zone (London)

Projected NO2 concentrations in 2008

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

> Status at end 2006 (pre-launch)> Air pollution is a serious problem in London

> 1,000 premature deaths per year > 1,000 hospital admissions per year

> Affects most vulnerable parts of society> Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air quality and want

to see it improved

> Particular problems with emissions of particulates (PM10) and

Nitrous Oxides (NOx)> Worse in central London and Heathrow> Road traffic is a major source of emissions

London: Low Emission Zone

London: Low Emission Zone

Low Emission Zone (LEZ): Geographic coverage

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

> Options available> Owning a compliant (Euro IV) vehicle> Fitting a particulate reduction device> Fitting a new compliant engine> Buying a new or compliant pre-owned vehicle> Reorganising fleet so that only compliant vehicles travel in zone> Paying a £200 (US$400 daily charge) by internet, phone or post

> Penalty is £1000 (US$2000)> Exemptions are small number of vehicles

London: Low Emission Zone

London: Low Emission Zone

Level of compliance

City Access Control (Cambridge)

City Access Control: Rising Bollards (Cambridge)

(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants

> Option 4: Employ pricing with additional capacity on roads and

across modes, including buses, to improve transportation

efficiency> It is achievable: > Technology and back office services are available

internationally> Many international examples of integrated transport scheme

that employ pricing to fund modal re-balancing> Can help reduce vehicle-related emissions> Would allow Jakarta to enhance its international

competitiveness and its economic position role in SE Asia

So what choice do we have?

Not all technologies are easy to understand...

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Road User Charging & Electronic Toll Collection

Andrew T.W. PickfordTransport Technology Consultants Ltd.

Prof. Philip T. BlytheUniversity of Newcastle

Hardcover, 370 pp. 2006ISBN: 1-58053-858-4Order Book No. PK998589

> Written whilst stuck in traffic:

Andrew PickfordTransport Technology Consultants Ltd

Cambridge, UK+44 7710 199314

Andrew.pickford@dsl.pipex.com

www.iroad.co.uk

Thank you

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