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Technologies and Perspectives of Solar Cooling Systems AHK Conference Sydney, Australia, 24th March 2014

Dr. Uli Jakob Solem Consulting / Green Chiller Association for Sorption Cooling e.V. Sydney, Australia, 24.03.2014

Global solar radiation

kWh/m2/a

Australia: 2,000 kWh/m2/a

Germany: 1,000 kWh/m2/a

Source: Meteonorm (data), Friedemann Jung

Opportunities – Solar thermal energy in Germany

German technology leaders (selected examples):

Concentrating solar players (CSP and process heat) •  Engineering and services: 11 companies •  Component suppliers: 28 companies •  Implementation: 3 companies •  Research institutes: 3 institutes

Solar Cooling players

•  Engineering and services: 3 companies •  Component suppliers: 13 companies •  Implementation: 3 companies •  Research institutes: > 10 institutes

Source: Prof. Dr. Kohlenbach, Solem Consulting

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Technologies

World exhibition Paris – First solar ice block (1878)

Source: Olynthus Verlag"

Solar cooling – Solar resource vs. Cooling demand

Source: SolarNext

Global radiation

Cooling demand

Heat demand

Excess solar heat in summer

Resource and demand are in phase

Comparison of closed cooling processes

ODP = Ozone depletion potential (normalised to R11 = 1), GWP (Global Warming Potential) in relation to 1kg CO2 (over 100 years)

Vapour compression ABsorption ADsorption

Driving energy Electricity Heat (65-200 degC)

Heat (45-95 degC)

COP

1.5 - 2 (small capacity) 3 - 5 (med/large

capacity)

0.6 – 0.8 (single effect) 1.1 – 1.3 (double effect) 1.5 – 1.7 (triple effect)

0.4 – 0.7

Specific reject heat (Qc/Qo) 1.3 – 1.7 1.6 – 2.7 2.4 – 3.5

Cooling capacity 50 W to 5 MW 50 W to 5 MW (NH3) 10 kW – 11 MW (H2O) 8 kW – 500 kW

Refrigerant

H-FCKW (R22) (ODP=0.055, GWP=1500)

H-FKW (R134a, R410a) (ODP=0, GWP=1300-1725)

NH3 (R717) (ODP=0, GWP=0) CO2 (R744)

(ODP=0, GWP=1)

NH3 (R717), H2O (R718)

(ODP=0, GWP=0)

H2O (R718) (ODP=0, GWP=0)

General scheme of a solar cooling system

hot water

storage tank

collectorfield

heat exchanger

absorption chiller

coldwater

storagetank

cooling tower

compression chiller

M

M

M

fan-coils

heatingsystem

M

Solar Chiller(s) Chilled water

Cooling water

Hot water

Source: Solem Consulting

Absorption chillers (small to medium-scale capacity)

EAW Wegracal SE 15 - 200 Water / Lithium bromide

Source: AGO

AGO congelo 50 - 500 Ammonia / Water

Source: EAW

Adsorption and absorption chillers (small-scale capacity)

Source: InvenSor

InvenSor LTC10 & HTC18 Water / Zeolite

Source: Pink

SolarNext chillii® PSC19 Ammonia / Water

Source: Pink

Pink PC19 Ammonia / Water

SorTech eCoo10 Water / Silica gel

Source: SorTech

Integrated hydraulic unit for comfortable system integration

Source: InvenSor Source: SorTech

Commercial available standardised solar cooling kits

Source: SolarNext" Source: Schüco"

Schüco (Germany) "LB15 System Package"

SolarNext (Germany) "chillii® Cooling Kit WFC175"

Solar collector technologies – Applications for solar cooling

Solar thermal collector Heat transfer

medium

Collector

temperature

Application for

cooling

Air

collector Air 40-60ºC Air-conditioning

Flat plate

collector

Water,

Water-Glycol 70-90ºC

Air-conditioning, slab

cooling

Evacuated

tube

collector

Water,

Water-Glycol 90-120ºC

Air-conditioning, slab

cooling

Parabolic

trough /

Fresnel

collector

Thermal oil,

Water 120-250ºC

Refrigeration,

air-conditioning, slab

cooling

-20ºC

0ºC

15ºC

20ºC

T

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Applications

Source: SOLID

Application (Bank, Portugal, 545 kW cooling)

Source: SolarNext

Application (Cosmetic industry, Greece, 700 kW cooling)

Sources: Sarantis

Application (Winery, Tunisia, 12 kW cooling)

Source: Domaine Neferis

Sources: ANME

Application (Office building, Austria, 14 kW cooling)

Source: Bachler Austria Source: Pink

Application (Residential building, China, 7.5 kW cooling)

Sources: SolarNext

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Funding schemes in Germany

Supporting activities in Germany

•  MAP (market incentive program): BAFA offers 180 EUR/m2 for collector areas between 20 m2 and 100 m2 for solar thermal cooling, now for new buildings (MFH, commercial), too.

•  MAP: KfW offers a subsidy equal to 50% of investment for solar cooling with collector areas between 40 m2 and 100 m2.

•  BAFA has opened the program for promotion of efficient cooling systems in industry for sorption technology > 5 kW (25% of net investment or 35% if ammonia is used as refrigerant).

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Perspectives

Development of Solar Cooling Market

Source: TECSOL / Solem Consulting"

Documented Solar Cooling Installations (2009)

Source: Sparber, IEA-SHC Task 38

•  135 large-scale installations (blue column)

•  166 small/medium-scale installations (red column)

Market share of solar driven sorption chillers (2009)

Sources: EURAC, Tecsol"

Cost development of solar cooling Kits (2007-2012) Source: Solem Consulting / Green Chiller"

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 spec

ific

cost

s of

sol

ar c

oolin

g ki

ts

[E

UR

/kW

col

d]

year small capacity up to 10 kW medium capacity up to 50 kW large capacity above 50 kW

- 50%!

•  Cost reduction of 45-55% within last 5 years!

IEA Technology Roadmap SHC – Market potential by 2050

Source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012

•  1.5 x 1018 J/a = 416.7 TWh/a Solar Cooling by 2050

•  Systems could enter the market between 2015 and 2020

IEA Technology Roadmap SHC – Share of solar cooling by 2050

Source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012

•  Solar Cooling nearly 17% of total energy use for cooling!

Conclusion

•  Over 1,000 solar cooling systems installed worldwide (2013)

•  Several new small and medium-scale Absorption and Adsorption chillers were developed in Europe

•  Standardized Solar Cooling Kits available to bring down the costs

•  Incentive schemes available, e.g. in Germany (KfW) up to 50% repayment bonus of net investment costs!

•  Solar heat is particularly of interest if a solar thermal system is used for other heat needs, too (e.g. heating, DHW)

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Thanks for your attention!

AHK Conference Sydney, Australia, 24th March 2014

Contact: Dr. Uli Jakob Solem Consulting uli.jakob@solem-consulting.com Green Chiller uli.jakob@greenchiller.de