Technological Development in Asia

8/10/2019 Technological Development in Asia

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CONTENT

Subject Page

Introduction 1

Inor!ation " Co!!unication Tec#no$og% 4

Achievements 5

Limitations 6

Development ,

Tec#no$og% " Agricu$ture ,

Technology for slope lands 1

Slope land development programs 14

Some practical technology 15

Tec#no$og% " Education 16

Educational policy, technology and self-directed learning 17

Some practical teaching methods: --

Tran&'ort and Tec#no$og% -5

Hea$t# Inor!atic& -8

Aspects of the field -6

Development -+

Clinical Informatics in Asia -+

ealth informatics in Australia ! "ceania -,

#a$ing ealth Information Technology %ersonal 4

Indu&tria$ Tec#no$og% 4

Technological development in industry 41

Industrial development in #alaysia 4-

Reerence& 46-


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TECHNOLOG( IN ASIA PACIFIC REGION

i' a b&ad &"e3t t!at dea$' )it! a '3eie'9 u'a*e

a"d %"&)$ed*e &ft&&$' a"d aft' a"d !&) it

affet' a '3eie'9 abi$ity t& &"t&$ a"d ada3t t& it' e";i&"me"t. I" !uma" '&iety it i' a

&"'e


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e&"&my@ a"d !a' a$$&)ed t!e i'e &f a $ei'ue $a''. Ma"y te!"&$&*ia$ 3&e''e' 3&due

u")a"ted byD3&dut' %"&)" a'3&$$uti&" a"d de3$ete "atua$ e'&ue' t& t!e detime"t &f

t!e Eat!a"d it' e";i&"me"t. ai&u' im3$eme"tati&"' &f te!"&$&*y i"f$ue"e t!e ;a$ue'&f

a '&iety a"d "e) te!"&$&*y &fte" ai'e' "e) et!ia$


5/39

Inor!ation tec#no$og% ?IT@ a' defi"ed by t!e I"f&mati&" #e!"&$&*y A''&iati&" &f

Ameia ?I#AA@ i' =t!e 'tudy de'i*" de;e$&3me"t im3$eme"tati&" 'u33&t & ma"a*eme"t

&f &m3uteDba'ed i"f&mati&" 'y'tem' 3atiu$a$y '&ft)ae a33$iati&"' a"d &m3ute

!ad)ae.= I# dea$' )it! t!e u'e &f e$et&"i &m3ute' a"d&m3ute '&ft)aet& &";et

't&e 3&tet 3&e'' ta"'mit a"d 'eue$y etie;ei"f&mati&". I"f&mati&" #e!"&$&*y

?I#@ i' a *e"ea$ tem t!at de'ibe' a"y te!"&$&*y t!at !e$3' t& 3&due ma"i3u$ate 't&e

&mmu"iate a"d& di''emi"ate i"f&mati&". Pe'umab$y )!e" '3ea%i"* &f I"f&mati&"

#e!"&$&*y ?I#@ a' a )!&$e it i' "&ted t!at t!e u'e &f &m3ute' a"d i"f&mati&" ae

a''&iated.4

Inor!ation and Co!!unication& Tec#no$og%D & te!"&$&*ie' ?ICT@ i' a" umbe$$a tem

t!at i"$ude' a$$ te!"&$&*ie' f& t!e ma"i3u$ati&" a"d &mmu"iati&" &f i"f&mati&". #!e

tem i' '&metime' u'ed i" 3efee"e t& Inor!ation Tec#no$og% ?IT@ 3atiu$a$y i" t)&

&mmu"itie': eduati&" a"d *&;e"me"t.

A$t!&u*!i" t!e &mm&" u'a*e it i' &fte" a''umed t!at IC# i' 'y"&"ym&u' )it! I# IC# i"

fat e"&m3a''e' a"y medium t& e&d i"f&mati&" ?ma*"eti di'%ta3e &3tia$ di'%'

?C(((@ f$a'! mem&y et. a"d a*uab$y a$'& 3a3e e&d'@ te!"&$&*y f& b&ada'ti"*

i"f&mati&" D adi& te$e;i'i&" a"d te!"&$&*y f& &mmu"iati"* t!&u*! ;&ie a"d '&u"d

& ima*e' D mi&3!&"e amea $&ud'3ea%e te$e3!&"e t& e$$u$a 3!&"e'. It i"$ude' t!e

)ide ;aiety &f &m3uti"* !ad)ae ?PC' 'e;e' mai"fame' "et)&%ed 't&a*e@ t!e

a3id$y de;e$&3i"* 3e'&"a$ !ad)ae ma%et &m3i'i"* m&bi$e 3!&"e' 3e'&"a$ de;ie'

'u! a' t!e B$a%Bey MP4 3$aye' 'u! a' A33$e9' iP&da"d mu! m&e t!e fu$$ *amut &f

4i%i3ediaInformation Technology !tt3:e".)i%i3edia.&*)i%iI"f&mati&" te!"&$&*y

-6.+.-,

8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Association_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Association_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Association_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Association_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod


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a33$iati&" '&ft)aef&m t!e 'ma$$e't !&meDde;e$&3ed '3ead'!eet t& t!e $a*e't e"te3i'e

3a%a*e' 'u! a' SAPa"d &"$i"e '&ft)ae 'e;ie' 'u! a' 'a$e'f&e.&m a"d t!e !ad)ae

a"d '&ft)ae "eeded t& &3eate "et)&%' f& ta"'mi''i&" &f i"f&mati&" a*ai" a"*i"* f&m

a !&me "et)&% t& t!e $a*e't *$&ba$ 3i;ate "et)&%' &3eated by ma& &mmeia$

e"te3i'e' a"d &f &u'e t!e I"te"et. #!u' =IC#= ma%e' m&e e3$iit t!at te!"&$&*ie'

'u! a' b&ada'ti"* a"d )ie$e'' m&bi$e te$e&mmu"iati&"' ae i"$uded. IC# a3abi$itie'

;ay )ide$y f&m t!e '&3!i'tiati&" &f ma& )e'te" e&"&mie' t& $e''e 3&;i'i&" i" t!e

de;e$&3i"* )&$d. But t!e $atte ae at!i"* u3 fa't &fte" $ea3f&**i"* &$de *e"eati&"' &f

te!"&$&*y a"d de;e$&3i"* "e) '&$uti&"' t!at mat! t!ei '3eifi "eed'.

PC)ba&ed ICT

A P C ?3e'&"a$ &m3ute@ &""eted t& t!e I"te"et !a' be&me a ;ita$ t&&$ f&

&mmu"iati"* dui"* t!e 3a't fe) deade' 'i"e it' 3&$ifeati&" am&"* t!e ma''e'.

H&)e;e )!i$e t!i' m&de &f IC# !a' a!ie;ed mu! it !a' it' $imitati&"' i" t!e &"tet &f

t!e )&$d at $a*e.

Ac#ie*e!ent&

The Internet

#!e I"te"et !a' &3e"ed u3 ma"y &33&tu"itie' f&m fi"di"* &ut i"f&mati&" &"duti"*

&mmu"iati&"' *$&ba$$y e.*. t!&u*! eDmai$ ;&ie mai$ '%y3eeD&mmee & *e"ea$$y

u't !a;i"* fu" t!&u*! &" $i"e !at' & i"'ta"t me''a*i"*. O"e &fte" )&"de': H&) did

3e&3$e ma"a*e bef&e t!e time &f t!e I"te"et H&) mu! !ade )a' it f& 3e&3$e t&

&mmu"iate a"d fi"d &ut i"f&mati&" t!ey "eed


7/39

I"te"et )!et!e t!&u*! a dia$u3&""eti&"b&adba"d& iDFi !a' i"deed made it a fai$e

at f& ma"y 3e&3$e'.

Teaching

PCDDI"te"et ba'ed IC# i' ue"t$y u'ed )it!i" t!e E"*$i'! '!&&$ uiu$um. #!i' %i"d &f

IC# ?am&"*'t &t!e'@ i' "&) 'ee" a' a &e 'ubet t!at i' tau*!t i" '&me 3imay a"d

'e&"day '!&&$'. #!e ma& ad;a"ta*e t& t!i' de;e$&3me"t i' IC# !a' be&me a

ta"'feab$e 'ubet. C&m3ute' & i"teati;e )!iteb&ad' ae "&) u'ed a&'' m&'t '!&&$

'ubet' a' )e$$ a' i""&;ati;e '!&&$' u'i"* m&e te!"&$&*y $i%e P(A9' M&bi$e ?e$$@

3!&"e' a"d '&me *ame' &"'&$e'. #!e i"teati&" eated by t!e u'e &f t!i' IC# ma%e'

$e''&"' mu! m&e effeti;e a"d a$$&) !i$de" t& $ea" i" a )ay t!at t!ey e"&y. Ree"t

i"itiati;e' 'u! a' t!e O"e La3t&3 Pe C!i$d3&*am ae &"tibuti"* t& t!i' de;e$&3me"t.

Communications

A3at f&m I"te"et a PC a$$&)' &mmu"iati&" &f i"f&mati&" t!&u*! C&m3at (i''3e"

di;e' 3i"te' )!et!e $a'e & i"%et f$a'! mem&yad' a"d e!a"*e &f i"f&mati&"

)it!i" a $&a$ "et)&% t!&u*! LA/. A' &mmu"iati&"' '!&$a' Ga'!e a"d L&ime

atiu$ated =e de3e"d &" te!"&$&*y f& &u &mmu"iati&"' )it! &t!e'D)!et!e t!ey ae

u't a !&u'e & t)& a)ay & !a$f)ay a&u"d t!e )&$d. I" t!e 'e&"d !a$f &f t!e t)e"tiet!

e"tuy it beame a$m&'t im3&''ib$e t& $i;e )it!&ut a te$e;i'i&" i" &u !&me' mu! $e''

)it!&ut a te$e3!&"e a"d "&) )e a" !ad$y $i;e )it!&ut 3e'&"a$ &m3ute' t!&u*! )!i!

)e *ai" I"te"et ae'' a"d 'e"d a"d eei;e eDmai$. #!e ea$ty &f "e) &mmu"iati&"'

te!"&$&*y i' t!at a"y&"e i' ab$e t& *et i" t&u! )it! a"y&"e e$'e a"y)!ee at a"y time f&

;ey $itt$e m&"eyDat $ea't i" t!e de;e$&3ed )&$d.=

Work related aspects

+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_driveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_driveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_driveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_driveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN


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A' )e$$ a' be"efiti"* '!&&$ 'tude"t' t& *at!e i"f&mati&" f& a''i*"me"t' PC ba'ed IC# i'

&fte" u'ed i" &t!e &b' 'u! a' i" t!e 3&$ie )it!i" $ibaie' i" &ffie' & e;e" '!&3'. It !a'

a$'& eme*ed a' a '&ue &f em3$&yme"t i" ma"y eme*i"* e&"&mie' t!&u*! Bu'i"e''

3&e'' &ut'&ui"* & K"&)$ed*e 3&e'' &ut'&ui"* f&m &m3a"ie' i" t!e de;e$&3ed

)&$d. Pe&3$e "&) !a;e t!e !a"e t& &"dut em&te $&*&" i" )!i! t!ey a" ae'' t!ei

)&% &m3ute' ?F& eam3$e i" a" &ffie@ f&m !&me. #!i' !a' &3e"ed u3 ma"y m&e

&33&tu"itie' f& t!&'e t!at 'tu**$e t& fi"d time t& $ea;e t!ei !&u'e t& *& t& )&% '& t!ey

a" "&) u't )&% f&m !&me.

Li!itation&

Pe;i&u' i"f&mati&" &mmu"iati&" te!"&$&*ie' !a;e 3e"etated dee3 i"t& t!e '&iety a"d

!e"e ae &fte" ;ey &'t effeti;e tea!e' i" de;e$&3i"* &u"tie'&fte" u'e "& m&e t!a" a

b$a%b&ad a"d !a$% t& 3a'' &" i"f&mati&" ab&ut a"y 'ubet t& t!e 'tude"t'. Pi"ted 3a3e'

i" t!e f&m &f b&&%' ma*azi"e' & "e)'3a3e' !a;e be&me a 3at &f dai$y &uti"e &f a"y

eduated itize" a' ae b&ada't media 'u! a' adi&a"dte$e;i'i&".#!e3!&t&&3y ma!i"e

i' )ide$y u'ed by 'tude"t' t& ae'' i"f&mati&" f&m b&&%' t!ey a""&t aff&d t& buy. #!e

&'t &f a PC &""eted t& t!e I"te"et i' &fte" 3&!ibiti;e i" de;e$&3i"* &u"tie'. P&)e

"eed' 3!y'ia$ '3ae a"d &""eti;ity i''ue' ae a$'& fat&' t!at add t& t!e !a$$e"*e &f

*etti"* t!e'e te!"&$&*ie' t& ta%e &&t i" de;e$&3i"* &u"tie'.

Li!itation& o PC)Internet ba&ed ICT are+

Bandwidth: #!e time ta%e" t& ae'' a 3atiu$a 3iee &f i"f&mati&" &" t!e I"te"et

de3e"d' &" t!e ba"d)idt! a;ai$ab$e t& t!e u'e at t!at time. Ofte" it ta%e' 'e;ea$ mi"ute'

u'i"* a" e&"&mia$ &""eti&" t& d&)"$&ad a 3iee &f i"f&mati&". #!u' a u'e may !a;e

t& '3e"d 'ub'ta"tia$ time bef&e '!e fi"d' t!e i"f&mati&" '!e 'ee%'.

,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_process_outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopy_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_process_outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopy_machine


9/39

Language:At 3e'e"t m&'t &f t!e i"f&mati&" a;ai$ab$e &" t!e I"te"et i' i" E"*$i'! a

$imiti"* fat& at t!e ;ey $ea't.

Text/voice:M&'t i"f&mati&" &" t!e I"te"et e


10/39

IC# a" be&me a e;&$uti&"ay ;e!i$e i" de;e$&3i"* &u"tie' 3&;ided te!"&$&*ia$

i""&;ati&"' eme*e &" t!e f&$$&)i"* $i"e'.

L&a$ &"te"t i" $&a$ $a"*ua*e' #!e "eed &f t!e !&u i' t& e"ab$e t!e i"te$$i*e"t'ia t&

de;e$&3 i"f&mati&" '&ue' t!at ae e$u'i;e$y f& fu$fi$$i"* t!e "eed' &f $&a$ &mmu"itie'.

#!e &"te"t &" t!e I"te"et t!at a" fu$fi$ t!e'e &"diti&"' i' mi"u'u$e at 3e'e"t. C&"diti&"'

!a;e t& eme*e i" )!i! 3e&3$e ae e"t!u'ed t& &"tibute t&)ad' t!e de;e$&3me"t &f

i"f&mati&" databa'e' t!at i' e$u'i;e$y di''emi"ated t!&u*! $&a$ "et)&%' i"

$a"*ua*e'dia$et' t!at ae 3&3u$a i" t!e e*i&". #!e ;ai&u' m&de' &f IC# may "eed t& be

i"te*ated )it! &"e a"&t!e '& t!at a mea"i"*fu$ ;&$ume &f i"f&mati&" a" be *e"eated i"

t!e mi"imum 3&''ib$e time.5

TECHNOLOG(INAGRIC,LT,RE

1 Sustaina2le production systems in slop eland areas are one of the greatest challenges

facing Asian agriculture3 4armers need cash crops as 5ell as food crops, in systems 5hich

maintain soil productivity3 6here transport net5or$s are poor, lo5-volume high-value cash

crops 5ith a long storage life are important37

#!ee )a' a *eat !a$$e"*e f& t!e de;e$&3i"* &u"tie' i" A'ia t& meet t!e *&)i"* dema"d

&f f&&d a"d a*iu$tua$ 3&dut' ? i" tem' &f f&&d 2 a'! &3'@ )!ee a' 3&3u$ati&" i'

i"ea'i"* teme"d&u'$y. A'ia i' t!e 3$ae )!ee m&'t &f t!e &u"tie' 'ituated be'ide' t!e

'ea' a"d "atua$$y it' *et '$&3e $a"d'. /&t &"$y t!at ma"y &u"tie' "ea by 'ea fae *ate

dama*e &f a*iu$tua$ 3&duti&" f& f$&&d eat!


11/39

S3eia$$y &u"tie' $i%e Ba"*$ade'! I"dia Si$a"%a I"d&"e'ia #!ai$a"d Mya"ma C!i"a

a3a" )it! '&me &t!e &u"tie'.

F& 3&dui"* a*iu$tua$ 3&dut' &u fame' u'e ;ai&u' te!"&$&*ie' "&) '3eia$$y t!ey

ae m&;i"* t& m&de" e


12/39

mi*ati&" t& fi"d )&% i" t!e $&)$a"d'. I" ma"y '$&3e $a"d aea' m&'t ab$eDb&died me" !a;e

$eft t& fi"d )&% i" t&)"' $ea;i"* be!i"d t!e )&me" !i$de" a"d &$d 3e&3$e a' t!e &"$y

a*iu$tua$ )&% f&e.

!ee '$&3e $a"d a*iu$tue !a' be&me 3at &f a a'! e&"&my fame' !a;e t& &;e&me

t!e !i*! &'t a"d diffiu$ty &f ta"'3&ti"* &3' t& ma%et. A' a *e"ea$ u$e fam i"&me'

te"d t& de$i"e a' t!e di'ta"e &f fam' f&m 3&3u$ati&"' e"te' i"ea'e'. S$&3e $a"d

fame' ae &fte" !a"dia33ed by 3&& ta"'3&t fai$itie' a"d !i*! ma%eti"* &'t'. #!i' i' a

ma& ea'&" )!y mi*ati&" &f '$&3e $a"d fame' t& itie' i' a$'& &mm&" i" i"du'tia$ized

&u"tie'. I" &u"tie' $i%e a3a" )!ee t!ee ae *&&d em3$&yme"t &33&tu"itie' i"

i"du'ty ma"y '$&3e $a"d fame' ae aba"d&"i"* t!ei fam' t& ta%e u3 betteD3aid &b' i"

itie' a"d t&)"'. S$&3e $a"d' i" &t!e 3at' &f A'ia ae 'uffei"* f&m a" i"f$u &f $a"d$e''

3&& fame' f&ed &ut &f m&e feti$e $&)$a"d e*i&"' by $a"d 'aity a"d 3&3u$ati&"

3e''ue. I"te"'i;e fami"* met!&d' 'uitab$e f& $&)$a"d' a" be di'a't&u' )!e" u'ed &"

'$&3e $a"d' 3&m&ti"* '&i$ e&'i&" a"d edui"* $a"d 3&duti;ity.

Tec#no$og% u&ed in &$o'e $and&+

Traditional Technolog"

#aditi&"a$ '$&3e $a"d 'y'tem' &f a*iu$tue i" A'ia )ee 'u'tai"ab$e a' i' '!&)" by t!ei

$&"* 'u;i;a$ &;e t!e e"tuie'. H&)e;e yie$d' )ee mu! $&)e t!a" t!&'e &f

m&de" a*iu$tue a"d ae "&t e"&u*! t& feed t&day9' mu! $a*e 3&3u$ati&"'.

#!&u*!&ut A'ia ie teae' )ee bui$t )!ee;e '&i$ )a' 3emeab$e t!e ai"fa$$ 'uffiie"t

a"d t!e '&ia$ e";i&"me"t fa;&ab$e. A m&e &mm&" 'y'tem &f '$&3e $a"d fami"* )a'

'$a'! a"d bu" a*iu$tue. I" '$a'! a"d bu" f&e't i' $eaed a"d bu"t. C&3' ae *&)" f&

t)& & t!ee yea' &" t!e $eaed *&u"d feti$ized by t!e a'! a"d by t!e aumu$ated !umu'.

1-


13/39

A$t!&u*! '$a'! a"d bu" fami"* i' &fte" b$amed f& f&e't de'tuti&" t!e taditi&"a$ 'y'tem

i' a 'tab$e &"e )!i! a$$&)' 3$e"ty &f time f& f&e't t& e*e"eate. O"$y 'ma$$ aea' ae

$eaed f& u$ti;ati&" at a"y &"e time )!i$e t!e f&e't !a' time t& e*e"eate i" a $&"* fa$$&)

3ei&d )!i! may $a't 4 yea' & m&e.

U"de m&de" 3&3u$ati&" 3e''ue '$a'! a"d bu" !a' be&me mu! m&e i"te"'i;e a"d

mu! $e'' 'u'tai"ab$e. Cu$ti;ated aea' ae $a*e a"d fa$$&) 3ei&d' ae '!&te. #!e e'u$t i'

3ema"e"t def&e'tati&" a"d )ide'3ead '&i$ e&'i&". #!e 'ituati&" t&day i" '$a'! a"d bu"

aea' &f u3$a"d Ba"*$ade'! i' ty3ia$ &f mu! &f A'ia9' '$&3e $a"d'. #!e fa$$&) 3ei&d !a'

fa$$e" t& &"$y t!ee & f&u yea' )!i! i' "&t e"&u*! t& e't&e '&i$ feti$ity. C&3 yie$d' ae

fa$$i"* $eadi"* t& e;e" *eate 3e''ue &" $a"d a"d m&e e";i&"me"ta$ de'tuti&".

Improved Technolog"

#!e '&$uti&" !a' bee" t& i"t&due a "e) ty3e &f fami"* te!"&$&*y i" )!i! '$&3e' ae

'!a3ed i"t& m&e 'tab$e &"t&u teae' a"d be"! teae'. e*etati&" i"$udi"* &;e

&3' a"d *ee" mu$!e' i' u'ed t& !&$d '&i$ a"d 'tabi$ize '$&3e'. !eea' t!e taditi&"a$

'y'tem 3&dued a""ua$ f&&d &3' t!e ada3ted 'y'tem i' ba'ed &" a mitue &f 3ee""ia$

a"d a""ua$ &3'. Li;e't&% a" a$'& be 3at &f a 'ue''fu$ '$&3e $a"d fami"* 'y'tem.

Pee""ia$ &3' !a;e a 3ema"e"t &&t 'y'tem t& etai" '&i$ a"d 3$a"ti"* a$&"* &"t&u' a"

*adua$$y ef&m '$&3e' i"t& teae'. #!e a"&3y &f 3ee""ia$ tee &3' a$'& !e$3' 3&tet

'&i$ f&m ai"fa$$ im3at. /ea$y a$$ 'u'tai"ab$e '$&3e $a"d 'y'tem' ae eit!e ba'ed &"

3ee""ia$ &3' & i"&3&ate 3ee""ia$ &3' i"t& t!e &33i"* 'y'tem.

Developing #ew Crops

14


14/39

S$&3e $a"d 3&duti&" a"d ma%eti"* &'t' ae a$)ay' $i%e$y t& be !i*!e t!a" t!&'e i" t!e

$&)$a"d'. #!i' ma%e' it diffiu$t f& '$&3e $a"d fame' t& &m3ete )it! $&)$a"d &"e' f&

ma%et' if t!ey ae *&)i"* t!e 'ame ty3e &f &3. A" im3&ta"t &"e3t f& '$&3e $a"d' i'

3&duti&" t!at ta%e' ad;a"ta*e &f a '3eifi e";i&"me"ta$ & ma%eti"* "i!e. O"e

'ue''fu$ 3&*am ba'ed &" a 3ee""ia$ &3 i' t!e 3&duti&" &f $a*e adam&m

?Am&mum 'ubu$atum@ i" Si%%im i" t!e Hima$aya'. #!i' "it&*e"Dfii"* tee i' a "ati;e &f

Si%%im a"d 3efe' a &&$ m&i't u3$a"d e";i&"me"t. #!e &3 e


15/39

The #eed for $utside !upport

M&'t 'ue''fu$ 3&*am' t& !e$3 '$&3e$a"d fame' e$y &" &ut'ide 'u33&t f&m

*&;e"me"t' & /GO' '3eia$$y dui"* t!e i"itia$ yea' &f a 3&et. it!&ut &ut'ide 'u33&t

fame' a""&t *e"eate e"&u*! fu"d' f& a3ita$ i";e'tme"t. Fut!em&e &"'e;ati&"

3&*am' "eed t& be aied &ut &" a $a*e 'a$e if t!ey ae t& be effeti;e. It i' u'e$e'' f& a"

i"di;idua$ '$&3e $a"d fame t& ay &ut &"'e;ati&" mea'ue' u"$e'' fame' &" adae"t

$a"d 3atiu$a$y t!&'e &" !i*!e '$&3e' ab&;e !i' fam ae d&i"* t!e 'ame t!i"*.

Fut!em&e 3&b$em' &f ma%eti"* )!i! ae ba'ia$$y 3&b$em' &f &*a"izati&" a"d

i"fa'tutue ae "&t t!e %i"d &f diffiu$ty t!at $&)Di"&me fame' a" '&$;e i"di;idua$$y.

Legislative %easures

A$t!&u*! m&'t A'ia" &u"tie' !a;e $e*i'$ati&" )!i! 3&tet' t!e e";i&"me"t &f '$&3e $a"d

aea' a"d $imit' t!ei e3$&itati&" i" 3atie 'u! $e*i'$ati&" i' &fte" "&t e"f&ed. #!e

ea'&" i' 3at$y 3e''ue f&m ;e'ted i"tee't' but i' mai"$y beau'e t!e 3e&3$e i"fi"*i"* t!e

$a) !a;e bee" f&ed t& d& '& by 3&;ety a"d &t!e e&"&mi 3e''ue' bey&"d t!ei &"t&$.

Le*i'$ati&" 'eem' t& be m&e effeti;e )!e" it em3!a'ize' i"e"ti;e' at!e t!a" a 3u"iti;e

a33&a!. F& eam3$e fame' a" be e)aded f& ad&3ti"* &"'e;ati&" mea'ue' by

bei"* *a"ted tit$e t& t!ei $a"d. Simi$a$y fame' a"d fam &mmu"itie' '!&u$d be am&"*

t!e be"efiiaie' &f mai"tai"i"* t!e bi&Ddi;e'ity &f '$&3e $a"d aea'.

Conservation technolog"

Su'tai"ab$e a*iu$tue a%"&)$ed*e' t!at e'&ue' ae $imited a"d t!at t!ee i' a "eed t&

maimize t!e 3&fit' &f futue *e"eati&"' a' )e$$ a' t!e 3e'e"t &"e. H&)e;e 'u'tai"ab$e

'$&3e $a"d a*iu$tue i' "&t u't a matte &f &"'e;i"* t!e e";i&"me"t. #!e e&"&mi "eed

18


16/39


17/39


18/39

TECHNOLOG(INED,CATION

-Tran&nationa$ education.efe' t& eduati&" i" )!i! t!e $ea"e' ae $&ated i" a &u"ty

diffee"t f&m t!e &"e )!ee t!e a)adi"* i"'tituti&" i' ba'ed ?U/ESCO 2 C&u"i$ &f

Eu&3e -@. I" t!e 177' dema"d i" S&ut! Ea't A'ia )a' !i*! e'3eia$$y i" H&"* K&"*

Si"*a3&e a"d Ma$ay'ia a"d e3&te' e'3eia$$y f&m Bitai" a"d Au'ta$ia )ee ea*e t&

'u33$y. #!e *&)t! i' 'et t& &"ti"ue )it! t!e G$&ba$ A$$ia"e f& #a"'"ati&"a$ Eduati&"

?-@ e'timati"* t!at dema"d f& ta"'"ati&"a$ !i*!e eduati&" i" A'ia" &u"tie'

?e$udi"* C!i"a@ )i$$ i'e t& m&e t!a" 5, 'tude"t' by --. !et!e de$i;eed

t!&u*! &ff'!&e ba"! am3u'e' t)i""i"* aa"*eme"t' & i"te"ati&"a$ di'ta"e

eduati&" ta"'"ati&"a$ eduati&" i"ea'i"*$y e$ie' &" i"f&mati&" a"d &mmu"iati&"'

te!"&$&*y t& fai$itate t!e &uti"e &''i"* &f b&de' by i"f&mati&" 'taff a"d eduati&"a$

mateia$'

#!i' 3a3e 3&i"t' t& '&me 3&''ib$e u$tua$ diffee"e' bet)ee" Au'ta$ia a"d S&ut! Ea't

A'ia" &u"tie' t!at may im3at u3&" 'tude"t' ee3ti&" &f &"$i"e &u'e &m3&"e"t' a"d

f$eib$e $ea"i"* m&e b&ad$y. #!e u'e &f &"$i"e $ea"i"* i" ta"'"ati&"a$ eduati&" bi"*'

t&*et!e i" a" u"fami$ia e";i&"me"t 'tude"t' a"d eduat&' )!&'e e3eie"e &f tea!i"*

a"d $ea"i"* 'tem' f&m ;ey diffee"t u$tua$ taditi&"'. Eduat&' )!& !a;e tau*!t

i"te"ati&"a$ 'tude"t' i" $a''&&m' &me t& u"de'ta"d t!at 'tude"t' f&m diffee"t &u"tie'

bi"* )it! t!em diffee"t e3eie"e' a"d e3etati&"' &f tea!i"* a"d $ea"i"*. A "umbe &f

u'efu$ *uide' t& tea!i"* i"te"ati&"a$ 'tude"t' !a;e bee" 3ub$i'!ed i" ee"t yea' but '& fa

t!ee !a' bee" $itt$e di'u''i&" &f u$tua$ i''ue' i" &"$i"e tea!i"*.

Eduati&"a$ te!"&$&*ie' !a;e i"ea'ed t!e 'a$e &f ta"'"ati&"a$ eduati&" by a$$&)i"*

i"'tituti&"' t& m&e ea'i$y &&di"ate &3eati&"' i" diffee"t &u"tie' !&)e;e t!ee i' "&

1,


19/39

e;ide"e t!at t!i' !a' e'u$ted i" *eate $&a$i'ati&" &f tea!i"* a33&a!e'. S&me )ite' &"

&"$i"e eduati&" !a;e a*ued t!at t!e &33&'ite i' t!e a'e. aeDEu" && ?1777@ f& eam3$e

'u**e't' t!at t!e I"te"et te"d' t& ei"f&e t!e &$d I"f&mati&" Ode i.e. t!e f$&) &f

i"f&mati&" f&m i"du'tia$i'ed t& de;e$&3i"* &u"tie' a"d fai$' t& e"'ue mutua$ e'3et

a"d t!e 3&teti&" &f t!e di;e'ity &f i"f&mati&" $a"*ua*e' a"d u$tue' . #!i' te"de"y

&& &b'e;e' i' au'ed b&t! by et!"&e"ti'm &" t!e 3at &f eduati&"a$ e3&te' a"d by t!e

ea'e &f ad&3ti&" &f e$et&"ia$$y e3&dued mateia$'. #!ee i' a 't&"* tem3tati&" !e

be$ie;e' f& tea!e' a"d admi"i'tat&' i" de;e$&3i"* &u"tie' t& 'im3$y &3y & ta"'$ate

ei'ti"* mateia$' &" t!e I"te"et t& 'a;e m&"ey a"d time )it!&ut &"'idei"* t!ei &)"

'&ia$ u$tua$ !i't&ia$ a"d eduati&"a$ &"tet' . #!i' te"d' t& be a &"eD)ay f$&) &f

mateia$'. Beau'e &f t!e 3&)e &f e'te" ma'' media 3e&3$e a&u"d t!e )&$d ae m&e

ee3ti;e t& &"$i"e mateia$' &i*i"ati"* f&m e'te" &u"tie' t!a" f&m &t!e 3at' &f t!e

)&$d i" t!e 'ame )ay a" I"dia" !i$d a" m&e ea'i$y e"&y a (i'"ey$a"d m&;ie t!a" a"

Ameia" !i$d a" e"&y a" I"dia" at&&" .

M&e &3timi'ti )ite' 'ee "e) te!"&$&*ie' a' $eadi"* t& "e) ty3e' &f i"te"ati&"a$

e$ati&"'!i3' i" %"&)$ed*e 3&duti&". R&bi" Ma'&" ?177,@ a*ue' t!at )!i$e ea$ie f&m'

&f eduati&"a$ tade may !a;e u"demi"ed $&a$ i"itiati;e' a"d 3e3etuated a y$e &f

de3e"de"y t!e I"te"et fai$itate' "&t '& mu! a" e3&ti"* a' a eDe"*i"eei"* &f t!e

eduati&"a$ 3aadi*m t& i"$ude 3e&3$e f&m ma"y &u"tie' 'tudyi"* mateia$' de'i*"ed f&

a mu$tiu$tua$ audie"e u'i"* te!"&$&*ie' )!i! fai$itate &''Du$tua$ &mmu"iati&"' .

#!e te!"&$&*y &f t!e I"te"et a"d t!e eb !e a*ue' i' a$eady bea%i"* d&)" taditi&"a$

!iea!ie' a"d e'tab$i'!i"* a "e) %i"d &f dem&ay ab&ut )!at &"'titute' %"&)$ed*e .

!at i' $ea i' t!at )!i$e taditi&"a$ !iea!ie' may be bei"* b&%e" d&)" t!ey ae bei"*

e3$aed by m&e f$uid 'tutue' )!i! "&"et!e$e'' f&m 3atte"' &f i"$u'i&" a"d e$u'i&"

&" a *$&ba$ 'a$e ?Ca'te$$' 1777@. A*ai"'t t!i' ba%d&3 t!ee !a' bee" a *&)i"* di'u''i&"

17


20/39

i" e3&ti"* &u"tie' ab&ut !&) &"e '!&u$d tea! t& di;e'e *&u3' &f 'tude"t' $&ated i"

diffee"t &u"tie'. #!e'e i''ue' !a;e bee" 3atiu$a$y 3eti"e"t i" Au'ta$ia beau'e 1-.8

3e e"t &f 'tude"t' i" tetiay eduati&" ae f&ei*" itize"' ?'e&"d &"$y t& S)itze$a"d@

?O*a"i'ati&" f& E&"&mi C&&3eati&" a"d (e;e$&3me"t - 1++@ a"d a&u"d a t!id &f

i"te"ati&"a$ 'tude"t' i" tetiay eduati&" ae $&ated &ff'!&e ?Au'ta$ia" Eduati&"

I"te"ati&"a$ -@.

#!e "e) e$et&"i te!"&$&*ie' u'ed i" di'ta"e $ea"i"* a" 3&;ide 'tude"t' )it! fa

*eate i";&$;eme"t i" t!e 3&e'' &f $ea"i"*. #!e'e i"teati;e te!"&$&*ie' a$'& a$$&)

'tude"t' t!e eei'e &f fa *eate &"t&$ &;e t!at 3&e'' t!a" i' 3&''ib$e i" ma"y

taditi&"a$ $ea"i"* e";i&"me"t'. #!i' mea"' t!at 'tude"t' mu't ta%e m&e e'3&"'ibi$ity f&

a"d be m&e ati;e i" t!ei $ea"i"*.

Su! u'e' &f i"teati;e te!"&$&*ie' a" i"ea'e t!e aut&"&my &f t!e $ea"e e


21/39

'&ietie' i" )!ee di'i3$i"e a"d 'ubmi''i&" t& aut!&ity i' 3ai'ed at!e t!a" i"di;idua$i'm

a"d feed&m tea!e' mi*!t fee$ t&& u"&mf&tab$e t& ta%e i"itiati;e' t& ae3t t!e 'uti"y

&f 3ee' & t& !a"d *eate &"t&$ t& t!ei 'tude"t'. Li%e)i'e 'tude"t' au't&med t&

taditi&"a$ met!&d' may fi"d it !ad t& ada3t t& ati;e a"d i""&;ati"* $ea"i"* te!"i


22/39

U"$i%e Si"*a3&e )!i! a$eady !a' a )e$$Dde;e$&3ed !i*!e eduati&" 'y'tem t!e 3imay

&"e" &f Ma$ay'ia" !i*!e eduati&" 3&$iyDma%e' a"d 3$a""e' i" t!e 177' )a' t&

i"ea'e t!e 3atii3ati&" ate b&t! by i"ea'i"* e"&$me"t' i" ei'ti"* 3ub$i u"i;e'itie'

?e'3eia$$y t!&u*! di'ta"e $ea"i"*@ a"d by e"&ua*i"* t!e *&)t! &f 3i;ate !i*!e

eduati&"a$ i"'tituti&"'. #!e Ma$ay'ia" *&;e"me"t !a' e3e''ed a de'ie t& u'e t!e

eduati&"a$ 'y'tem t& im3&;e t!e '%i$$' &f Ma$ay'ia"' i"$udi"* t!ei a!ie;eme"t

m&ti;ati&" t!ei attitude t&)ad' ee$$e"e a"d t& t!e f&'tei"* &f t!e e"te3e"euia$ '3iit.

I" 3atie !&)e;e t!i' !a' u"de'ta"dab$y ta%e" 'e&"d 3$ae t& t!e e3a"'i&" &f 'tude"t

"umbe'.

!i$e t!e *&;e"me"t !a' bee" 3e&u3ied )it!


23/39

t&m&&) )i$$ e


24/39

So!e 'ractica$ teac#ing !et#od& +

Creative &rts

Ba'ia$$y at 3e'e"t &u"tie' $i%e Si"*a3&e C!i"a a3a" Ma$ay'ia I"dia Ba"*$ade'!

i"t&dui"* Ceati;e At' $a''&&m )!ee 'tude"t' )i$$ be ab$e t& e3$&e at mu'i a"d

&t!e f&m &f ati'ti e3e''i&". #!ey )i$$ di'&;e a"d a33eiate ati'ti 3&duti&" a"d

)i$$ 3&due a"d '!ae t!ei &)". By d&i"* '& t!ey )i$$ $ea" t& a33eiate di;e'e u$tue'

a"d ta%e 3ide i" t!ei'.

Creative Writing/Language &rts

Ceati;e )iti"* a"d &mmu"iati&" &me' f&m t!e !eat &f t!e !uma" e3eie"e. #!e

3&''ibi$itie' &f &"$i"e i"teati&" a"d &mmu"iati&" !a;e 3&;ided u"e3eted$y 3&)efu$

'u33&t f& $a"*ua*e at' a"d E"*$i'! tea!e'. #!e 3&et' e


25/39

'ta"dad'. S&ia$ 'tudie' 3&et' e


26/39

Eduat&' a&u"d t!e )&$d ae faed dai$y )it! i"ide"t' a"d i''ue' au'i"* 'i*"ifia"t

tauma a"d $&'' &" a dai$y ba'i'. #!i' i' tue "&t &"$y f& "ati&"a$$y ;i'ib$e di'a'te' but it i'

a$'& tue f& $&a$ '!&&$ a"d "ei*!b&!&&d ;i&$e"e a''au$t a"d taumati $&'' &f e$ati;e'

a"d fie"d'. #!i' &u'e i' de'i*"ed t& 3&;ide y&u )it! t!e '%i$$' a"d t&&$' f& !&) t&

adde'' t!e effet' &f a"d e'3&"'e' t& y&ut! tauma a"d beea;eme"t.

TRANSPORTANDTECHNOLOG(

#a"'3&t te!"&$&*y a"d tade !a;e &me t& t!e f&e a' %ey i''ue' f& t!e futue e&"&mi

a"d '&ia$ )e$$bei"* &f t!e A'iaDPaifi e*i&" t!i' )ee% a' Au'ta$ia !&'t' a" i"te"ati&"a$

de$e*ati&" &f ta"'3&t &ffiia$' i" Bi'ba"e. it! a f&u' &" i"ea'i"* t!e effiie"y &f t!e

e*i&"9' ta"'3&t 'y'tem t!e C&mm&")ea$t! (e3atme"t &f #a"'3&t a"d Re*i&"a$

Se;ie' i' !&'ti"* t!e A'ia Paifi E&"&mi C&&3eati&" ?APEC@ #a"'3&tati&" &%i"*

G&u3 meeti"* i" Bi'ba"e bet)ee" -4 a"d -+ Se3tembe. Head &f t!e Au'ta$ia" de$e*ati&"

a"d !&'t (e3uty Seetay &f t!e (e3atme"t &f #a"'3&t a"d Re*i&"a$ Se;ie' Pete

0ui$e 'aid t!at ta"'3&t a"d te!"&$&*y ae u"


27/39

1 yea' t!e &%i"* G&u3 !a' !ad '&me ma& a!ie;eme"t' i" 'u! aea' a' eD&mmee

a"d 3a3e$e'' tadi"* ai 'e;ie' $ibea$i'ati&" !am&"i'ati&" &f "ati&"a$ ;e!i$e te!"ia$

e*u$ati&"' a"d !uma" e'&ue de;e$&3me"t. F&$$&)i"* t!e May -- APEC #a"'3&t

Mi"i'te' Meeti"* i" Peu t!e &%i"* G&u3 a*eed t& &"e"tate &":

m&e &m3etiti;e ta"'3&t 'y'tem'

'afe 'eue a"d e";i&"me"ta$$y fie"d$y ta"'3&t a"d

!uma" e'&ue de;e$&3me"t.

=At t!i' meeti"* a"d &;e t!e "et t)& yea' Au'ta$ia )i$$ !a;e a 3atiu$a f&u' &" t!e

u3ta%e &f e$et&"i &mmee ta"'3&t '&$uti&"' $ibea$i'ati&" &f "&"Dtaiff baie' i" t!e

ta"'3&t 'et& a"d t!e a33$iati&" &f i"te$$i*e"t ta"'3&t 'y'tem' e'3eia$$y i" e*i&"a$

$&*i'ti'= M 0ui$e 'aid.

=#!i' Bi'ba"e meeti"* )i$$ 3&;ide a *eat &33&tu"ity t& ad;a"e Au'ta$ia9' &mmeia$

ta"'3&t i"tee't '!ae %"&)$ed*e a"d e'ea! a"d mai"tai" a" ati;e )&%i"* e$ati&"'!i3

)it! &u "ei*!b&'.=

HEALTHINFORMATICS

Hea$t# inor!atic& & !edica$ inor!atic& i' t!e i"te'eti&" &f i"f&mati&" 'ie"e

&m3ute 'ie"e a"d !ea$t! ae. It dea$' )it! t!e e'&ue' de;ie' a"d met!&d' e


28/39

Subd&mai"' &f ?bi&@media$& !ea$t! ae i"f&mati'i"$ude:$i"ia$ i"f&mati'"u'i"*

i"f&mati' ima*i"* i"f&mati' &"'ume !ea$t! i"f&mati' 3ub$i !ea$t! i"f&mati'

de"ta$ i"f&mati' $i"ia$ e'ea! i"f&mati' bi&i"f&mati' ;etei"ay i"f&mati'

3!amay i"f&mati'a"d !ea$t!ae

A&'ect& o t#e ie$d

A !ea$t! i"f&mati&" 'y'tem9' aut&mati immu"izati&" data e"ty i" t!e 3atie"t9' admi''i&"

m&du$e.

a!itetue' f&e$et&"i media$ e&d'a"d &t!e !ea$t! i"f&mati&" 'y'tem' u'ed

f& bi$$i"* '!edu$i"* a"d e'ea!

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'ta"dad' ?e.*. (ICOMHL+@ a"di"te*ati&"3&fi$e' ?e.*. I"te*ati"* t!e Hea$t!ae

E"te3i'e@ t& fai$itate t!e e!a"*e &f i"f&mati&" bet)ee" !ea$t!ae i"f&mati&"

'y'tem'D t!e'e '3eifia$$y defi"e t!e meanst& e!a"*e data "&t t!e &"te"t

&"t&$$edmedia$ ;&abu$aie' ?CM'@ 'u! a' t!e Sy'tematized /&me"$atue &f

Medii"e C$i"ia$ #em' ?S/OME( C#@ ME(CI/ L&*ia$ Ob'e;ati&" Ide"tifie'

/ame' a"d C&de' ?LOI/C@ O3e"GALE/C&mm&" Refee"e M&de$ & t!e !i*!$y

&m3$e UMLSD u'ed t& a$$&) a 'ta"dad auate e!a"*e&f data &"te"t bet)ee"

'y'tem' a"d 3&;ide'

u'e &f !a"dD!e$d& 3&tab$e de;ie' t& a''i't 3&;ide' )it! data e"ty etie;a$ &

media$ dei'i&"Dma%i"* '&metime' a$$ed mHea$t!.

-,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_health_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_management_informatics&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_medical_recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinical_decision_support_systems&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DICOMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating_the_Healthcare_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating_the_Healthcare_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_information_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_information_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDCINhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOINChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGALENhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMLShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_retrieval&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_health_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_management_informatics&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_medical_recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinical_decision_support_systems&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DICOMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating_the_Healthcare_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating_the_Healthcare_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_information_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_information_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDCINhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOINChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGALENhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMLShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_retrieval&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealth


29/39

De*e$o'!ent

#!ee i' a 3ate"t 3e"di"* f& a Media$ I"f&mati' Pub$i Uti$ity )!i! )&u$d 'e;e a' t!e

=&mm&" 3$atf&m= &f &mmu"iati&" f& a$$ ei'ti"*3&;i"ia$'&ft)ae 3&dut' a' )e$$ a'

t!e 'afe e3&'it&y f& t!e 3ub$i9' media$ e&d'. #!e 3&te"tia$ f& t!e eduti&" &f media$

e&' faud a"d du3$iati&" i' 'ta**ei"*. #!e "umbe &f $i;e' 'a;ed &u$d eeed 1

3e yea a&di"* t& t!e I"'titute &f Medii"e9' ue"t media$ e& m&ta$ity 'tati'ti'.

Media$ i"f&mati' be*a" t& ta%e &ff i" t!e US i" t!e 178' )it! t!e i'e &f t!e mi&!i3

a"d &m3ute'. Ea$y "ame' f& media$ i"f&mati' i"$uded media$ &m3uti"* media$

&m3ute 'ie"e &m3ute medii"e media$ e$et&"i data 3&e''i"* media$ aut&mati

data 3&e''i"* media$ i"f&mati&" 3&e''i"* media$ i"f&mati&" 'ie"e media$

'&ft)ae e"*i"eei"* a"d media$ &m3ute te!"&$&*y.

Si"e t!e 17+' t!e &&di"ati"* b&dy !a' bee" t!e I"te"ati&"a$ Media$ I"f&mati'

A''&iati&"?IMIA@

C$inica$ Inor!atic& in A&ia

I" A'ia a"d Au'ta$iaD/e) Vea$a"d t!e e*i&"a$ *&u3 a$$ed t!e A'ia Paifi A''&iati&" f&

Media$ I"f&mati' ?APAMI@ )a' e'tab$i'!ed i" 1775 a"d "&) &"'i't' &f m&e t!a" 18

membe e*i&"' i" t!e A'ia Paifi Re*i&".

I"H&"* K&"* a &m3uteized 3atie"t e&d 'y'tem a$$ed t!e C$i"ia$ Ma"a*eme"t Sy'tem

?CMS@ !a' bee" de;e$&3ed by t!e H&'3ita$ Aut!&ity 'i"e 1775. #!i' 'y'tem !a' bee"

de3$&yed at a$$ t!e 'ite' &f t!e Aut!&ity ?5 !&'3ita$' a"d 1- $i"i'@ a"d i' u'ed by a$$

4 $i"ia$ 'taff &" a dai$y ba'i' )it! a dai$y ta"'ati&" &f u3 t& - mi$$i&"'. #!e

&m3e!e"'i;e e&d' &f + mi$$i&" 3atie"t' ae a;ai$ab$e &"D$i"e i" t!e E$et&"i Patie"t

-7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Medical_Informatics_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Medical_Informatics_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Medical_Informatics_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Medical_Informatics_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Authority


30/39

Re&d ?ePR@ )it! data i"te*ated f&m a$$ 'ite'. Si"e -5 adi&$&*y ima*e ;ie)i"* !a'

bee" added t& t!e ePR )it! adi&*a3!y ima*e' f&m a"y HA 'ite bei"* a;ai$ab$e a' 3at &f

t!e ePR.

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'y'tem' de;e$&3me"t )it! i"3ut f&m !u"ded' &f $i"iia"' bei"* i"&3&ated t!&u*! a

'tutued 3&e''. #!e Hea$t! I"f&mati' Seti&" i" H&"* K&"* H&'3ita$ Aut!&ity !a'

$&'e e$ati&"'!i3 )it! I"f&mati&" #e!"&$&*y (e3atme"t a"d $i"iia"' t& de;e$&3

!ea$t!ae 'y'tem' f& t!e &*a"izati&" t& 'u33&t t!e 'e;ie t& a$$ 3ub$i !&'3ita$' a"d

$i"i' i" t!e e*i&".

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3&m&te t!e u'e &f i"f&mati&" te!"&$&*y i" !ea$t!ae. Ree"t$y t!e eHea$t! C&"'&tium

!a' bee" f&med t& bi"* t&*et!e $i"iia"' f&m b&t! t!e 3i;ate a"d 3ub$i 'et&' media$

i"f&mati' 3&fe''i&"a$' a"d t!e I# i"du'ty t& fut!e 3&m&te I# i" !ea$t!ae i" H&"*

K&"*. #!e I"dia" A''&iati&" f& Media$ I"f&mati' ?IAMI@ )a' e'tab$i'!ed i" 1774. IAMI

!a' bee" 3ub$i'!i"* t!e I"dia" &u"a$ &f Media$ I"f&mati' 'i"e -5.

Hea$t# inor!atic& in Au&tra$ia " Oceania

I" -- t!e Au'ta$ia" C&$$e*e &f Hea$t! I"f&mati' ?ACHI@ )a' f&med a' a 3&fe''i&"a$

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b&ad a"*e &f $i"ia$ a"d "&"D$i"ia$ 3&fe''i&"a$' )&%i"* )it!i" t!e Hea$t! I"f&mati'

'3!ee t!&u*! a &mmitme"t t&


31/39

A$t!&u*! t!ee ae a "umbe &f !ea$t! i"f&mati' &*a"i'ati&"' i" Au'ta$ia t!e Hea$t!

I"f&mati' S&iety &f Au'ta$ia Ltd ?HISA@ i' e*aded a' t!e ma& umbe$$a *&u3 a"d i' a

membe &f t!e I"te"ati&"a$ Media$ I"f&mati' A''&iati&" ?IMIA@. /u'i"* i"f&matiia"'

)ee t!e di;i"* f&e be!i"d t!e f&mati&" &f HISA )!i! i' "&) a &m3a"y $imited by

*uaa"tee &f t!e membe'. #!e membe'!i3 &me' f&m a&'' t!e i"f&mati' '3etum t!at

i' f&m 'tude"t' t& &3&ate affi$iate'. HISA !a' a "umbe &f ba"!e' ?Tuee"'$a"d /e)

S&ut! a$e' it&ia a"d e'te" Au'ta$ia@ a' )e$$ a' '3eia$ i"tee't *&u3' 'u! a'

"u'i"* ?/IA@ 3at!&$&*y a*ed a"d &mmu"ity ae i"du'ty a"d media$ ima*i"*.

Hea$t! i"f&mati&" te!"&$&*y ?Hea$t! I#@ a$$&)' &m3e!e"'i;e ma"a*eme"t &f media$

i"f&mati&" a"d it' 'eue e!a"*e bet)ee" !ea$t! ae &"'ume' a"d 3&;ide'. B&ad u'e

&f !ea$t! I# )i$$:

Im3&;e !ea$t! ae


32/39

Ma0ing Hea$t# Inor!ation Tec#no$og% Per&ona$

Hea$t! i"f&mati&" te!"&$&*ie' a" be t&&$' t!at !e$3 i"di;idua$' mai"tai" t!ei !ea$t!

t!&u*! bette ma"a*eme"t &f t!ei !ea$t! i"f&mati&". Hea$t! I# )i$$ !e$3 &"'ume' *at!e

a$$ &f t!ei !ea$t! i"f&mati&" i" &"e 3$ae '& t!ey a" t!&&u*!$y u"de'ta"d it a"d '!ae it

'eue$y )it! t!ei !ea$t! ae 3&;ide' '& t!ey *et t!e ae t!at be't fit' t!ei i"di;idua$

"eed'. Hea$t! I# a" !e$3 t& im3&;e 3ub$i !ea$t! &"e i"di;idua$ at a time by bui$di"*

3at"e'!i3' bet)ee" !ea$t! ae &"'ume' a"d 3&;ide' a&'' t!e &u"ty

TECHNOLOG(ININD,STR(

Indu&tria$ tec#no$og%i' a fie$d &f 'tudy de'i*"ed t& 3e3ae te!"ia$ a"d& ma"a*eme"t

&ie"ted 3&fe''i&"a$' f& em3$&yme"t i" bu'i"e'' i"du'ty eduati&" a"d *&;e"me"t.

I"du'tia$ te!"&$&*y i' 3imai$y i";&$;ed )it! t!e ma"a*eme"t &3eati&" a"d mai"te"a"e

&f &m3$e te!"&$&*ia$ 'y'tem' )!eea' e"*i"eei"* a"d e"*i"eei"* te!"&$&*y ae

3imai$y i";&$;ed )it! t!e de'i*" a"d i"'ta$$ati&" &f t!e'e 'y'tem'. Ma"y t)&Da"d f&uDyea

&$$e*e' &ffe de*ee' i" t!i' fie$d &fte" i" e$et&"i' 'afety &"'tuti&" &m3ute

'y'tem' ma"ufatui"* CA(CAM ;e!i$e de'i*" a"d *a3!i'.

K"&)$ed*e Ba'e

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ama$*amati&" &f i"du'tia$ e"*i"eei"*a"d bu'i"e'' t&3i' )it! a f&u' &" 3atia$ity a"d

ma"a*eme"t &f te!"ia$ 'y'tem' )it! $e'' f&u' &" atua$ e"*i"eei"* &f t!&'e 'y'tem'.

#y3ia$ uiu$um at a f&uDyea u"i;e'ity mi*!t i"$ude &u'e' &" ma"ufatui"* 3&e''

te!"&$&*y a"d im3at &" '&iety me!a"ia$ a"d e$et&"i 'y'tem'


33/39

&"t&$ mateia$' 'ie"e 3a%a*i"* 3&duti&" a"d &3eati&"' ma"a*eme"t a"d

ma"ufatui"* fai$ity 3$a""i"* a"d de'i*". I" additi&" t!e I"du'tia$ #e!"&$&*i't may !a;e

e3&'ue t& m&e ;&ati&"a$D'ty$e eduati&"i" t!e f&m &f &u'e' &" C/C ma"ufatui"*

)e$di"* a"d &t!e t&&$'D&fDt!eDtade i" ma"ufatui"*. #!i' diffee"tiate' t!e fie$d &f

I"du'tia$ #e!"&$&*y f&m &t!e e"*i"eei"* a"d bu'i"e'' di'i3$i"e'. Gaduate' &f

I"du'tia$ #e!"&$&*y 3&*am' ae 'ee" a' m&deat&' bet)ee" e"*i"ee' t&3 ma"a*eme"t

a"d3&duti&"D$i"e)&%e'.

#e!"&$&*ia$ de;e$&3me"t i" i"du'ty

A ma& 'ubet &f 'tudy i' te!"&$&*ia$ de;e$&3me"t i" i"du'ty. #!i' !a' bee" defi"ed a':

t!e i"t&duti&" &f "e) t&&$' a"d te!"i


34/39

'tudie' ae &fte" ba'ed &" a mitue &f i"du'tia$ fie$d e'ea! a"d de'%Dba'ed data a"a$y'i'

a"d aim t& be &f i"tee't a"d u'e t& 3atiti&"e' i" bu'i"e'' ma"a*eme"t a"d i";e'tme"t

?et.@ a' )e$$ a' aademi'. I" e"*i"eei"* &"'tuti&" teti$e' f&&da"d du*' !emia$'

a"d3et&$eum a"d &t!e i"du'tie' t!e f&u' !a' bee" "&t u't &" t!e "atue a"d fat&'

fai$itati"* a"d !am3ei"* t!e i"t&duti&" a"d uti$izati&" &f "e) te!"&$&*ie' but a$'& &" t!e

im3at &f "e) te!"&$&*ie' &" t!e 3&duti&" &*a"izati&" ?et.@ &f fim' a"d ;ai&u' '&ia$

a"d &t!e )ide a'3et' &f t!e te!"&$&*ia$ de;e$&3me"t 3&e''.6

Indu&tria$ de*e$o'!ent in Ma$a%&ia

#!e de;e$&3me"t &f Ma$ay'ia9' te!"&$&*ia$Di"du'tia$ ba'e 'i"e t!e ea$y 17+' !a' bee"

"& $e'' 3!e"&me"a$ t!a" t!e i"du'tia$ ta"'f&mati&" a"d te!"&$&*ia$ at!Du3 a!ie;ed by

t!e Re3ub$i &f K&ea #ai)a" P&;i"e &f C!i"a H&"* K&"* ?C!i"a@ a"d Si"*a3&e. 0et it'

e3eie"e !a' bee" $e'' )e$$ d&ume"ted 3&bab$y due t& t!e fat t!at t!e 3&e'' 'tated

'&me)!at $ate t!a" i" t!&'e fi'tDtie "e)$y i"du'tia$izi"* e&"&mie' ?/IE'@. #!e b&&% i'

&"e &f a 'et &f t)& &m3a"i&" ;&$ume' de'i*"ed t& fi$$ t!i' *a3. #!e f&u' &f t!e ;&$ume

e;ie)ed !ee i' &" t!e &$e 3$ayed by i"du'ty t!e itia$ a*e"t f& t!e ab'&3ti&"

im3$eme"tati&" a"d eati&" &f i""&;ati&"'. I" t!e &m3a"i&" ;&$ume #e!"&$&*y

C&m3etiti;e"e'' a"d t!e State t!e i"'tituti&"a$ 'etti"* a"d it' &$e i" '!a3i"* i"du'tia$D

te!"&$&*ia$ u3*adi"* ta%e e"te 'ta*e. #!e b&&%9' a"a$ytia$ 3&i"t &f de3atue i' a"

e;&$uti&"ay a33&a! t& te!"ia$ !a"*e i" )!i! te!"&$&*ia$ 3&*e'' i' ;ie)ed a' a"

i"eme"ta$ a"d umu$ati;e a3aityDbui$di"* 3&e'' t!at &u' t!&u*! 'u'tai"ed

i";e'tme"t i" t!e ab'&3ti&" a"d a33$iati&" &f "e) %"&)$ed*e a"d '%i$$'.

(iffee"t a'3et' &f t!at 3&e'' ae u"bu"d$ed i" 14 i"du'tyD a"d fimD$e;e$ 'tudie' ba'ed

&" fie$d)&% &"duted i" t!e ea$y 177'. S&me !a3te' f&u' &" u"a;e$$i"* t!e

6!tt3:e".)i%i3edia.&*)i%iI"du'tia$te!"&$&*y

45
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum


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te!"&$&*ia$ dy"ami' b&tt$e"e%' a"d &m3etiti;e"e'' &f a '3eifi i"du'ty. Ot!e'

&mbi"e a" i"du'tyDf&u' )it! &"e & m&e t!emati t!eme' i"$udi"* t!e &$e 3$ayed by

ta"'"ati&"a$ &3&ati&"' ?#/C'@ i" te!"&$&*y ta"'fe a"d $&a$ te!"&$&*ia$ u3*adi"*

t!&u*! tai"i"* i";e'tme"t i" te!"&$&*ia$ dee3e"i"* a"d $i"%a*e f&mati&" )it! $&a$

fim' fimD$e;e$ ma"a*eia$ 'tate*ie' a"d t!ei effet &" te!"&$&*ia$ $ea"i"* t!e

te!"&$&*ia$ 3&'iti&"i"* &f Ma$ay'ia" affi$iate' i" *$&ba$ #/C "et)&%' te!"&$&*y !&ie

*&;e"me"tDbu'i"e'' e$ati&"' a"d e"tD'ee%i"* t!e &$e &f tu't i" &i"tD;e"tue

&$$ab&ati&"' a"d effet' &f *&;e"me"t 3&$iie'. #!e mai" f&u' &f t!e b&&% i' &"

e$et&"i' a"d aut&m&ti;e 3&duti&" t)& i"du'tie' t!at e!ibit &"ta'ti"* de;e$&3me"t

3atte"'. E$et&"i' &"'titute' Ma$ay'ia9' $eadi"* i"du'ty. It &m3i'e' 6 3e e"t &f t!e

&u"ty9' e3&t' a"d 5- 3e e"t &f it' G(P. F&m it' ea$y yea' it' de;e$&3me"t !a' bee"

d&mi"ated by $eadi"* #/C' f&m t!e U"ited State' Eu&3e a"d a3a". I" &"ta't

aut&m&bi$e ma"ufatui"* i' a ty3ia$ e'u$t &f a" im3&tD'ub'tituti&" 'tate*y bui$t a&u"d

t!e "utui"* &f a !&meD*&)" fim.

It i' !ad t& di'ti$ $ea &;ea$$ fi"di"*' f&m t!i' b&&% e$ati"* t& t!e ete"t a"d de3t! &f

te!"&$&*ia$ 3&*e'' a!ie;ed '& fa 'i"e t!e !a3te' diffe 'ub'ta"tia$$y i" t!ei

a''e''me"t. O"e 3&b$em i' t!at i"di;idua$ )ite' diffe '& mu! i" tem' &f t!ei 'am3$i"*

a"d te!"&$&*yDa''e''me"t met!&d&$&*ie' t!at t!e e'u$t' &f t!ei )&% ae "&t eadi$y

&m3aab$e ee3t i" a ;ey b&ad ma""e. S&me &f t!e 'tudie' a$'& 'uffe f&m 'ma$$ a"d&

!ete&*e"e&u' 'am3$e' a"d ma"y ae !i*!$y


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'emi&"dut& i"du'ty )it! t!at i" t!e fi't tieD/IE' em3!a'ize' t!at t!e ba%)ad

i"te*ati&" a!ie;ed by t!e $atte ame ab&ut a' a e'u$t &f ete"'i;e fi"a"ia$ te!"&$&*ia$

i"fa'tutua$ a"d admi"i'tati;e *&;e"me"t 'u33&t e'3eia$$y f& t!e 3&m&ti&" &f R2(

i"fa'tutue a"d !uma" e'&ue' de;e$&3me"t. #!i' !a' "&t !a33e"ed i" Ma$ay'ia )!ee

$a**i"* i";e'tme"t' i" eduati&" fai$itie' f& te!"iia"' a"d e"*i"ee' !a;e &"tibuted t&

a" aute 'aity &f '%i$$ed te!"ia$ 'taff. M&e&;e Ma$ay'ia9' et!"i mi !a' 3e$uded

effeti;e bu'i"e'' 3&m&ti&" by t!e G&;e"me"t. #!e m&'t 3&mi'i"* e"te3e"eu' ae

et!"iDC!i"e'e a"d 'u33&ti"* t!em )&u$d !a;e e"tai$ed t!e i'% &f a"ta*&"izi"* et!"i

Ma$ay'.

#!e e;&$uti&" &f t!e aut&m&ti;e i"du'ty i' d&mi"ated by t!e G&;e"me"t9' 'tate*y t&

3&m&te i"di*e"izati&" t!&u*! it' "ati&"a$ a 3&et. Kaamudi"* Abdu$'&mad9' a&u"t

&f t!e i"du'ty 'u**e't' t!at t!i' 'tate*y e'u$ted i" ea'&"ab$y 't&"* $&a$ 3&duti&"

a3abi$itie' a"d 'ub'ta"tia$ $&a$izati&" &f 3at' a"d &m3&"e"t' 3&duti&" i" &"ta't )it!

#!ai$a"d9' aut&m&ti;e i"du'ty )!i! i' d&mi"ated by f&ei*" #/C' b&t! i" a''emb$y a"d i"

t!e ma"ufatui"* &f ma& &m3&"e"t'. H&)e;e )!eea' #!ai$a"d9' 3&due' ae

i"te"ati&"a$$y &m3etiti;e t!e Ma$ay'ia" aut&m&ti;e i"du'ty i' 'ti$$ !ea;i$y 3&teted.

P&duti&" $e;e$' ae 'ma$$ by i"te"ati&"a$ 'ta"dad'. Ha"' Ge&* Leutet a"d Ra$f Sud!&ff

da) atte"ti&" t& t!e $a% &f ='y'temi &m3etiti;e"e''= i" t!e i"du'ty. #!ee i' "&

'ub'ta"tia$ dy"ami $u'te &f effeti;e$y i"teati"* a*e"t'. It i'


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!tt3:))).a3di3."et 4.,.-,

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$@ i%i3ediaIndustrial Technology !tt3:e".)i%i3edia.&*)i%iI"du'tia$te!"&$&*y

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m@ R&mi" 2 He""yIndustrial Technology Development in #alaysia: industry and firm

studies8 1.5.-- !tt3:))).a$$bu'i"e''.&mbu'i"e''D3$a""i"*-6,,,5D1.!tm$

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Documents

Technological Development in Asia