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Presented at the 2015 Ferry Safety and Technology Conference
Citation preview
Technical solutions to ensure safe ferries
in developing countries
Content
> Introduction
> Problem identification
> Proposed solution: overview
> Safety aspects
> Financial aspects
> Balancing stakeholders’ interests
> Selected technical issues
Safe ferry for developing countries
DELTAMARIN
company overview
Safe ferry for developing countries
Deltamarin Globally Offices in Finland: Turku (Head Office) Helsinki Rauma
Subsidiaries: Deltamarin Floating Construction Ltd, Finland
Deltamarin Sp. z o.o., Poland
Deltamarin (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai
Deltamarin Brasil Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Deltamarin representative, Singapore
DeltaLangh Ltd, Finland
Associated companies: Brodoplan d.o.o., Croatia (50%)
Delta-AVIC, Singapore (50%)
Shandong Deltamarin, China (50%)
GPS Deltamarin (M) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia (49%)
Turku
Helsinki
Rauma
Deltamarin + subsidiaries: more than 300 persons in total Incl. associated companies: about 350 persons in total
Safe ferry for developing countries
Example project ― Marine
Safe ferry for developing countries
Nissos Mykonos
Safe ferry for developing countries
Nissos Mykonos
Safe ferry for developing countries
Passengers 2,100 Lane meters (trailers on main deck) 530 m LOA 141.0 m Breadth 21.0 m Draught, design 5.3 m Speed, service 26 knots Private cars 409
Customers: Blue Star Ferries; Hellenic Shipyards Co.; Hellenic Seaways Owner: Hellenic Shipyards Shipyard: Hellenic Shipyards Co.
Spirit of Britain
Safe ferry for developing countries
Spirit of Britain
Safe ferry for developing countries
Passengers 1,750 Lane meters 2,800 m LOA 213.0 m Breadth 30.8 m Draught, scantling 6.7 m Max. LSA 2,200 Passenger seats 2,179 Crew 150 2 main ro-ro decks for trailers and other ro-ro vehicles; 3rd ro-ro deck for caravans and private cars
Customers: P&O Ferries, STX Finland Oy Rauma Shipyard Owner: P&O Ferries Shipyard: STX Finland Oy Rauma Shipyard
No platform, no standard Parametric family of ferries
L=120m - 400 lanemeters - 600 passengers L=120m - 700 lanemeters - 1000 passengers
Safe ferry for developing countries
L=108m - 350 lanemeters - 200 passengers L=120m - 400 lanemeters -200 passengers
Problem identification
Safe ferry for developing countries
Ferries sink too often !!!
> How many souls are lost ?
> What ferries are sinking ?
> Why ferries are sinking ?
Safe ferry for developing countries
Number of fatalities
> Source: Lawson/Weisbrod (Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2005)
> Between 01/2000-05/2004:
– 4000 people lost lives
– in 18 large-scale incidents
• 5 in Bangladesh, 3 in Somalia, 2 in Indonesia, 1 in USA and Pakistan,
remaining 6 in Africa
– Over 75/month on average
Safe ferry for developing countries
Fleet age profile (what ferries are sinking?)
Safe ferry for developing countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
Philippines
Indonesia
OLD
Fleet age profile (what ferries are sinking?)
Safe ferry for developing countries
> Typical life of a ferry:
> North Europe/Japan (0-10y)
> South Europe/China (10-20/25y)
> SE Asia/Africa (> 25y)
Causes of accidents (why ferries are sinking ?)
1. Source: Worldwide Ferry Safety Association
2. Four most common reasons: – Vessel quality
– Crew training
– Hazardous weather
– Overcrowding
Safe ferry for developing countries
Proposed solution
Safe ferry for developing countries
SAFE and AFFORDABLE new-built ferry
Obviously contradictory, but we need to know:
> How to design a ferry that is instrictly safe ?
> How to ensure a newbuilding is available for selected markets ?
> How to best satisfy multiple stakeholders:
– Shipyard
– Owner/operator
– Local community
– Natural environment
Safe ferry for developing countries
Designing safe ferry (1)
Safe ferry for developing countries
Accident cause How Designers can help ?
Vessel quality • Simple design (shapes, layouts)
• Easy to maintain (detail design)
Crew training • Layout of control stations
• Crew accomodation
Over-crowding
(leading to loss of stability)
• Main dimensions
• Overall layout (General Arrangement)
• Tank location/shape
• Hullform (‚form’ stability)
Designing safe ferry (2)
Safe ferry for developing countries
Accident cause How Designers can help ?
Rough weather • Main dimensions (resonant motions)
• Hullform (dynamic stability, freeboard)
• Redundant and adequate propulsion
Collision/grounding • Proper subdivision (bulkheads, water-on-deck)
• Protected openings (ramps/visors, vents)
• Robust structure (high crashworthyness)
• Easy evacuation (obvious evacuation ways)
Designing safe ferry - summary
List above suggest that:
– Main dimensions are critical (capacity, stability)
– Overall layout is very important („flows”, flooding)
– Detail layout (control stations, accomod., tanks) is important
– Several other aspects need to be addressed (e.g. passenger
comfort, available docks etc.)
Safe ferry for developing countries
How to ensure low price ? > Simple shape (production-friendly)
> „Basic” but robust equipment type
> Fuel efficiency
> Alternative approach to regulatory compliance (avoid
overdimensioning)
> Interior standard in line with local market expectations (basic)
> Modular layout
– IMC (integrated, modular, customisable) approach (midway between standard
and fully custom-made)
Safe ferry for developing countries
How to ensure finansing ? > Investigate national goverments willingness to support:
> Approach international financing institutions:
– International Monetary Fund
– World Bank
– Asian Developent Bank
– Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (not yet operational)
Safe ferry for developing countries
How to ensure finansing ? > Major shipbuilding players might be willing to support:
– From China (CSIC, CSSC, AVIC)
– From S. Korea (SHI, HHI, DHI)
– From Europe (Fincantieri, Meyer)
– From Singapore/Australia (Austal, SembCorp, Keppel)
> Industry groups (like INTERFERRY) to encourage/coordinate/support
the efforts to ensure finansing
> Consortium of equipment and service suppliers may be the way
forward
Safe ferry for developing countries
Ballancing stakeholders
This project will aim at utilising Competitive Optimum methodology to
ensure that various stakeholders’ interests are accounted for:
– Shipyard ship need to be easy to built
– Owner /Operator ship need to be cheap to buy and
operate
– Local population travel need to be cheap and safe
– Environment ship need to have minimum impact (in
operations and in case of accident)
Safe ferry for developing countries
Selected technical issues
Safe ferry for developing countries
Key technical objective
> A method is needed to find best main dimensions and overall layout
> Such method need to address at least following aspects:
– High initial stability
– Preventing overcrowding (shortage of deck space)
– Damage stability compliance
– Seaworthiness and crashworthiness
– Smooth evacuation and quick (un)loading (i.e. proper flow of passengers
and/or cars)
Safe ferry for developing countries
Features of selected approach
> Selected approach should combine:
– Competitive Optimum approach (for everyones
satisfaction)
– Genetic Algorithm (for quick multicriteria selection)
– Proven layout development method (for funcitonal
layout generation)
Safe ferry for developing countries
Genetic algorithm in optimisation
Safe ferry for developing countries
Layout development > „Packing” approach:
– developed by van Oers from TU Delft
– Currently in use by Dutch Navy
> Functional Building Blocks approach:
– Developed by Andrews/Pawling from UCL
– Integrated in Paramarine software
> Inelligent Ship Arrangements:
– Developed by Nick/Daniels from Univ. Michigan
– Aims at supporting ship design in US Naval Sea System Command
Safe ferry for developing countries
Conclusions
Safe ferry for developing countries
Conclusions
1. Problem is huge and needs solving
2. Both technical and commercial aspects need addressing
3. Best technical solutions need to be modified and applied
4. Operational issues need to be better understood
5. Various financial analysis are needed
6. Industry-wide consortium is needed to effectively solve the
problem
Safe ferry for developing countries