Technical paper on Solar Power Operated Electrical Vehicle

Abstract

This paper focused an attention towards the utilization of solar power which is available

at a very negligible cost. It gives the maximum utilization of cars without using artificial

sources of energies but considering the use of solar based components such as solar cells,

photovoltaic cell which is radially available and mostly suitable for driving as well as

designing of electric cars mainly uses the basic source of chemical energies without being

connected or taking the supply of electrical source such as voltage, frequency or

wavelength. It concentrates on the normal chemical reactions which can be produced by

using the solar source for application. It also gives the information about the present

scenario of automated cars or vehicle, their propulsion rate, burning efficiency as well as

present creation of pollutants caused by the vehicles. It should not only restrict but also

controlled without polluting the normal atmospheric condition. At the same time the

efforts required for an operator must be minimized as compared with present vehicles

without disturbing their working efficiency and this ultimate result can be obtained by

utilizing the solar power as natural source of energy.

Similarly along with considering the normal running conditions of road surfaces on

the basis of their radius of curvature as well as their slope of working in India as well as

other countries differs from each other but by utilizing the different techniques this

system of solar power different race cars operates on the basis of road conditions which

differs at different points can be designed as well as efficiently fabricated on the basis of

the given conditions. It can be done not only by utilizing the present status of automated

vehicles but also helps in the study of maximum running capacity and efficient working

at different conditions, this result can be achieved or obtained by using the battery

sources effectively which also works on the same principle of solar power. This system

also employees the result the effect of aircraft which works on the principle of sonic,

subsonic and supersonic velocities or speed at the different conditions. It also without

using the normal process a basic concept of different methods of applications , it uses a

simple and actual sources of energy which can be developed or created on the basis of

solar power.

INTRODUCTION

Most people in today’s age have heard about solar power. And most everyone

understands the benefits of conserving energy...from the value to the earth to the added

value in your wallet. But not many people understand how solar power works. Not many

people know that there are state and federal tax credits for purchasing solar-powered

vehicles.

More importantly, not many people know that there’s a solar-

powered vehicle that’s stylish, practical and affordable. Cruise Car is here to change all

that... Solar-Powered Kudo SX

Solar Powered Cars traditional are defined as cars which run on energy from the sun. They got their first recognition as a possible transportation method through the series of annual races across Australia.

This definition however is changing, in recent years of the green movement, solar power explosion now allows people to charge plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) through solar panels installed on their homes and in recent history solar panels installed on the roof of the car itself.

There is a very bright future for solar energy to power our transportation needs and we're just scratching the surface of the possibilities.

Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input into the car. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races. Exceptions include solar-powered cars and utility vehicles.

Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. In order to keep the car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which allows the driver's team to monitor the car's energy consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving.

How Solar Cells and Solar Panels Work?

Quite simply, solar cells convert direct sunlight into electricity. A series of cells, such as

the one on the Sunray Solar Top, are connected in series to provide a charge to the 48

volt battery.

The solar cells, built into the panel, convert sunlight to electricity just like a solar calcula-

tor only with a lot more power.

SOLAR PANNELS

Power generated by the solar panel

The solar panel is designed to charge the six 8 volt batteries, which is a 48 volt battery

system. The panel produces 60 volts to charge the 48 volt batteries. The panel produces

up to 180 watts @ 60 volts, so a 3 amp continuous charge is produced from the panel

when exposed to direct sunlight.

Effect of power generated by solar pannel

It increases the range of the vehicle between charges by up to 33%. So if a regular, non-

solar vehicle gets 40 miles between charges, the Sunray Solar vehicle will travel 55 miles

between regular plug in charges. Another benefit is that the solar will extend the battery

life by giving the batteries a continuous charge. If a normal set of batteries last three

years, the Sunray could extend the battery life an additional two years or more. Also, the

vehicle is a portable solar genera- tor. If the regular power goes out, the vehicle has a 12

volt plug so you can plug 12 volt appliances into it such as a small TV, lights and even a

small refrigerator. If you plug an inverter into the 12 volt socket you can operate regular

110 volt appliances off of the batteries. Finally, the Sunray Solar Top has no moving

parts and is designed to last 20 years, assuming it is not damaged by an accident. The

Sunray Solar It increases the range of the vehicle between charges by up to 33%. So if a

regular, non- solar vehicle gets 40 miles between charges, the Sunray Solar vehicle will

travel 55 miles between regular plug in charges. Another benefit is that the solar will

extend the battery life by giving the batteries a continuous charge. If a normal set of

batteries last three years, the Sunray could extend the battery life an additional two years

or more. Also, the vehicle is a portable solar genera- tor. If the regular power goes out,

the vehicle has a 12 volt plug so you can plug 12 volt appliances into it such as a small

TV, lights and even a small refrigerator. If you plug an inverter into the 12 volt socket

you can operate regular 110 volt appliances off of the batteries. Finally, the Sunray Solar

Top has no moving parts and is designed to last 20 years, assuming it is not damaged by

an accident. The Sunray Solar Top will never lose its value and when sold to a new

owner, that owner will be able to take the tax credits if they are still available at that time.

Tax credit work

As of January 1, 2006, an investment tax credit for utilizing solar went into effect. IRS

form 3468 line 5b allows for a 30% tax credit for investing in solar. The solar panel and

the batteries are all part of a solar system on the vehicle. The retail value of this system is

$2,700.00 for the solar panel and $600.00 for the batteries, which equals $3,300.00.

Therefore, the tax credit for our Sunray Solar vehicle is $990.00. Be sure to check with

your state for additional tax credits. For example, in the state of Florida there is a Solar

Energy Systems Sales and Use Tax Exemption, Florida Law section 212.02(26) and

212.08(7). $3,300.00 of the cost of a $6,000.00 Sunray vehicle qualifies as a portable

solar generator. So you only pay state sales tax on $2,700.00 instead of the full

$6,000.00. Therefore, instead of paying $410.00 in sales tax, the customer pays only

$162.00 in state sales tax – an additional savings of $248.00. So, a customer in Florida

will save a total of $1,238.00 on a $6,000.00 Cruise Car solar electric vehicle. Check with

your state for solar incentives.

Solar Tax Credits – Save Money, Save the Earth

We can get credit for buying solar on form 3468, line 5b. Below is an example of the

breakdown for that credit*: Solar Panel = $2,700.00 Batteries = $600.00 $3,300.00 Total

on line 5b of IRS Form 3468 is $3,300.00 x 30% = $990.00. Total savings will vary

depending on additional allowances provided by each state. Check with your particular

state for these allowances.

Solar Powered Autonomous Undersea Vehicles

If we are to understand the impact of the world’s oceans on our environment, we must

gather data

with which to understand that impact. Low cost, unmanned, long endurance mobile

sampling systems are,

in many cases, a desirable alternative to the currently used, oceanographic research

vessels requiring large

investments in manpower and equipment, or by buoyed instrument strings constrained to

a fixed position.

AUV technology has evolved over many years. Many of the technological roadblocks

preventing routine

operational use of these systems have been overcome. Three issues remain as primary

limitations; energy,

navigation over extended times and distances, and communication of a user with the

remote platform on a

relatively real-time basis. Solar powered AUVs begin to overcome all three of these

limitations. They must

surface to recharge the onboard energy system but the available energy is limitless. When

surfacing to recharge, they are able to take advantage of GPS

navigation to update position [GPS]. They are also

able to take advantage of the evolving communication infrastructure [Sat Coms] such as

existing satellite based communications and the soon to be in place Low Earth Orbiting

Satellite (LEOS) communication system. When sampling areas are located near land, it

is possible to take advantage of RF telemetry and communicate directly with a user.

With continually easier access to the Internet, onshore receivers place

data retrieval and mission control within easy reach of geographically dispersed users.

The Development of a Solar Powered AUV

The Autonomous Undersea Systems Institute (AUSI) along with the Institute for Marine

Technology Problems (IMTP) in Vladivostok is investigating the characteristics and

limitations of a solar energy system as an energy source for a long endurance AUV. It

seeks to understand the impact of the unique system components (specifically the

photovoltaic array, the charging system, the energy storage system, and the power

management system) on the design of an AUV. It also seeks to identify constraints that

an AUV system places on the solar energy system components. In parallel with these

activities and experiments, a small prototype, solar powered AUV test-bed has been

developed. This prototype vehicle is being used to evaluate the results of a number of

analyzes related to the use of solar energy to power a long endurance data acquisition

systems. The ultimate

AUSI program objective is to develop a solar powered AUV system for the marine

community with endurance in excess of one year. Solar energy systems allow the

endurance of AUVs to be increased dramatically thereby providing

Sampling systems to acquire needed scientific data over large volumes of ocean and

across long time scales

and to overcome the burden of recovering and recharging vehicles on a daily basis. The

ability to undertake long endurance remote operations without the need for support ships

and platforms and the reduced costs

of acquiring that data make the development of Solar powered AUVs an important goal

for today’s ocean

Community. Inherent communication capability resulting from the need to surface on a

regular basis provides the user/scientist with daily updates of data via satellite telemetry

and an opportunity to change the mission

based on results while the sampling system is at sea. One can envision a scientist sitting

at his/her desk

Studying newly acquired data, and, based on the results of that analysis, modifying

parameters of the data

Acquisition task, and within minutes issuing a new command to the remote system.

Energy system and updates its navigation system via GP

A Need for Long Endurance Autonomous Sampling Systems

Changes to the global environment brought about by both natural forces and man's

activity are a

subject of concern to much of the world's population. A number of international research

programs are focused on developing a better understanding of ocean processes that

impact our environment. A common thread, seen in all of these efforts, is the need to

obtain a significant increase in our ability to acquire data from the ocean. Some estimates

suggest that we must increase our data gathering capability by two to three

or more orders of magnitude in order to meet current needs. This limitation is reflected in

the world-wide concern by research organizations over the lack of sufficient data with

which to understand the dynamics

of chemical, biological and physical characteristics and processes within the earth's lakes,

seas and oceans.

Issues such as physical and biological coupling, biogeochemical processes and cycles

both natural and human

Induced, fisheries, and ecosystem modeling must be better understood. Spatial and

temporal under sampling

in the oceans is generally recognized as one of the more important problems associated

with current sampling

Systems. Although more detailed monitoring of the ocean is necessary, current

instrumentation does not

Provide sufficient capability to collect the required data from the ocean on a continuous

basis. This problem of under-sampling of the ocean is a roadblock to many

investigations. Few sensors exist that allow us to

Remotely sample large volumes of the ocean reliability. We are forced to use sampling

techniques that have

remained relatively the same for over a hundred years. We infer detailed processes by

considering sparse data

sets. If we are to meet this goal of significantly increasing our ability to acquire data and

information, we

must consider new technology.

AUVs have a unique capability in that they are able to transit the ocean in three

dimensions following a pre-defined path. If their endurance is increased to a year or

more, they will allow the data gathering required to better understand global ocean

processes. These autonomous sampling platforms offer the

potential to acquire measurements at any point in the ocean. Current computer

technology and satellite-based navigation and communications provide an opportunity to

create systems that can work autonomously for long periods of time. To obtain the

required endurance (range and duration), an inexpensive energy source

is needed. The only practical method is to extract energy from the environment, and the

most obvious type of environmental energy is solar energy

Solar Powered AUVs future advanced design concept

When considering the development of a solar powered autonomous platform with an

endurance of one year a number of questions must be considered. Most important are

those that are unique to the solar

Powered aspects of the vehicle system. Is there enough solar energy to accomplish

important tasks? Can we acquire and utilize that energy to power an autonomous

sampling system? What is the impact of the solar

array on the design of the vehicle platform and its performance...what are the unique

characteristics of this vehicle? What are other problems that must be overcome..... impact

of the ocean environment? The ongoing program is attempting to answer these questions.

The following paragraphs summarize some of the activities of that program

Enough Solar Energy to Power an Autonomous Vehicle

The amount of solar energy available on the ocean surface varies significantly with

latitude, seasons, and weather. The annual mean daily total horizontal solar radiation

varies from less than 1 to about 12 kWhr/m2/day [Bahm94]. Conversion efficiencies for

commercially available Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are conservatively in the 10% range.

Therefore we can expect energy amounts in the range of 100 to about 1200 Whr/m2/day.

This variation in available energy will have obvious impact on possible tasks that a solar

AUV might perform. If we look at the latitudes roughly comprising the US, and look at

"worst case" numbers

which typically are in December, we see an advancement which varies from 1

kWhr/m2/day (near the Canadian border) to about 4.0 kWhr/m2/day (in the southern US)

[Rein 93]. In order to establish some boundaries as to the range that can be expected

from a solar powered AUV, we consider two levels of solar isolation;

(1) data representing a high level of solar energy off the Hawaiian Islands in June; 6

kWhr/m2/day,

(2) data representing a low level of solar energy available near Vladivostok and Boston,

MA in December; 1.5 kWhr/m2/day .

It is possible to calculate the range of a small, solar powered AUV operating in a low

isolation area

and a high insolation area. With a PV array of .5 M2 (Figure 1, Solar AUV version A)

and a 10% conversion efficiency (PV module), in a low insolation region of 1.5

kWhr/m2/day, this results in a PV array output of about 75 whrs/day. If we consider the

same vehicle in the high insolation area (6.0 kWhr/m2/day), we would

obtain 300 whrs/day. This would result in the capabilities summarized in Table 1 below

when the vehicle was tasked to transit for 12 hours and charge for 12 hours

NOTE: The 10% efficiency for the solar arrays is an appropriate value for today’s

technology and has been validated by experimenting using a Solar panel.

MSX-30 Solar Module. More importantly, data from an NREL report suggests that the

efficiency of PV modules will increase to a level of 15 - 25% by the year 2010.

Impact of the Ocean Environment

The analyzes performed to date emphasize the potential of a solar power AUV as being an ideal sensing platform. There are, however, some questions that remain unanswered and must be resolved. AUVshave been used in the ocean for a couple of decades and their designs are well suited to the oceanenvironment. The addition of solar panels prompts a consideration of the interactions of the oceanenvironment and this technology. There are four potential hazards which impact the design of a solarpowered AUV: corrosion, bio-fouling, collision with boats while recharging, and the mechanical effects ofwave action on the system. Of primary interest are corrosion and. Most serious of these is

the effect of pitting .

Fig.MSX10 Solar Module

Surface fouling of PV-collection surfaces by biological organisms is a serious concern for shallow-water solar-powered AUVs. There is no simple anti-fouling technique proven to be 100% effectiveAgainst all organisms. In order to minimize the impact of marine foulingon solar cell surfaces, a two-pronged approach is being investigated. First, any protective coating or laminate must provide "easy-release"

Advancement of solar cars over the Present.

Solar cars can operate efficiently on an unlimited source  of fuel that causes no pollution, producing maximum rated power. However, solar panels in huge quantities are necessary for the production of useful electricity. Generation of solar power will only be proper in parts of the globe where sunlight is available in abundance. Solar cars presently cannot be used as a mode of transportation, and can be driven for short distances only without the sun. Solar cars cannot be compared in speed or power of the normal cars and its battery will be used too often if sunlight is not available.

Can I make my vehicle street legal?

Yes,in contry like india as per consider the condition of roads it is affordable to drive;. becauseThe height of vehicle is as nomal as other and the angle of banking making with road is also normal.it is most effective vehicle in other contry.

References And Conclusion

1. Ageev, Mikhail, D., "An Analysis of Long-Range AUV, powered by Solar Energy", Institute for Marine Technology Problems, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1995

2.Book on "Photovoltaic Energy Program Review" by Jalbert, J.C., Iraqui-Pastor, P, Miles,

3. "Evaluating Photovoltaic Applications", Sandia National Laboratories, SAND

It is the most conventional and effective way of achieving harmony of working under difficult situation or circumstances .

It gives the maximum utilization of cars without using artificial sources.

It should not only restrict but also controlled without polluting the normal atmospheric

condition.

THANK YOU