Technical Handbook Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

7/27/2019 Technical Handbook Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

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Tech nic a l Handb ook

Valve-RegulatedLead-Ac id Ba t te r ies


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Aerial view of the italian facto ry in Avezzano


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHARACTERISTICS PAGE 51.1 Total absence of maintenance1.2 Sealed construction1.3 High energy density1.4 Recovery after overdischarge1.5 Low self-discharge1.6 Long life1.7 Wide ranging operating temperature1.8 International certifications1.9 Economy of operation

COSTRUCTION PAGE 6

WORKING PRINCIPLES FORVALVE-REGULATED LEAD ACID BATTERIES PAGE 73.1 Basic theory3.2 Theory of Internal Recombination

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PAGE 84.1 Capacity4.2 Discharge4.3 Self-discharge4.4 Open c ircuit tension4.5 Charge

4.5.1 Constant tension charge4.5.2 Fast charge4.5.3 Two -stage charge4.5.4 Parallel charge

4

3

2

1

ll FIAMM-GS batteries have been spec ifically developed to enhance

economy of operation, reliability and energy output .

The values reached in these areas position FIAMM-GS b atteries among the very best p resently

available on the market. They represent the ideal solution fo r all app lications which require a

high- density energy source, that is both reliable and maintenance- free for several years.

A


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LIFETIME PAGE 125.1 Lifetime in cyclic use

5.2 Lifetime in buffer use5.3 Lifetime in deep d ischarge

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS PAGE 136.1 Assembling and connecting6.2 Storage6.3 General comments

HOW TO SELECT THE APPROPRIATETYPE OF BATTERY PAGE 14

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS PAGE 16

7

6

5


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CHARACTERISTICS

Tota l absence o f m a in tenance . The g a s e s w h ic h a re g e ne ra t e d b y t he

electrolysis of water, during the period of overcharge, are completely recombined in the

elements , thereby e limina ting the nee d for the period ic a dd ition o f wa ter.

Sealed c onst ruct ion . The s ea led co ns truction, typ ic a l of a ll FIAMM-GS

ba tteries permits a s a fe use in any po s ition w ithout a ny lea kag e of electrolyte a nd/or red uction

of elec tric c a pa city.

High energy density. The us e o f highly porous g la s s fibre se pa ra tors p ermits

the ma ximum po s sible e nergy de ns ity pe r unit o f volume a nd/or w eig ht.

Reco very after overd ischarge. The glas s f ibre sepa ra tors, c omb ined w ith

s pec ia l elec trolyte a dd itives , a llow FIAMM-GS ba tteries to c ontinue to a cc ept c ha rging c urrent,

even in ca ses of overdisc harge, or after long storag e period s.

Low self-discharge. The perfec t se a ling o f the ba ttery ca se a nd the us e of pure

P b-Ca a lloy g rids keep the se lf-disc ha rge values b elow 3% of ba ttery c a pa city per month.

Long life. B oth the pos itive a nd neg a tive pla tes have b een optimized , to ob tain

excellent results in either cyclic or stand-by use.

Wide rang ing operat ing temperature . FIAMM-GS batteries are special ly

des igned to operate within a w ide tempera ture range .

Internat ional cert i f icat ions. FIAMM-GS bat ter ies are tes ted and cert i f ied

a cc ording to UL 924, se ction 38. The b a ttery types c ommo nly use d in sec urity a pplica tions a re

further cert if ied by the VdS , the G erman insuranc e und erwriters a ss oc ia t ion. The VdS

certification is one of the few product certificates that tests the effective battery capacity.

Moreover, FIAMM-G S ba tte ries meet the req uirements of provis ion A 67 of the IATA Da ng erous

G ood s Reg ula tion a nd c a n therefore be trans ported b y a ircraft.

Economy of operat ion. FIAMM-GS highly automated production and the

ba tteries spec ia l des ign permit ma ny yea rs of s a fe a nd trouble-free us e.

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1


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COSTRUCTION2

1

12

4

5

6

3

Components M aterials

Terminals Tin-plated brass

Safety valve Lubricated synthetic rubber

Separator Glass fibre

Container and cover ABS synthetic resin

Negative plate Lead and lead oxide

Positive plate Lead and lead oxide

Electrolyte Diluted sulphuric acid

6

5

4

3

2

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WORKING PRINCIPLESFOR VALVE-REGULATED LEAD

ACID BATTERIES

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Basic t heory

The follow ing c hemica l rea c tions de sc ribe the

exact transformation which occurs both in the

p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e p l a t e s , d u e t o

electrochemica l proc ess es:

Combining the two formulae one can therefore

obtain:

DischargeDuring discharge, the PbO2 (lead dioxide) of the

posi t ive plate becomes PbSO4 (lea d s ulpha te);

and the Pb (spongy lead) of the negative plate

b ecom es P b S O4 (lea d s ulpha te). This c a use s a

reduction of the specific weight of the electrolyte,

as the sulphuric acid contained in the electrolyte

pa ss es to the pla tes d uring discha rge.

These proc es se s a re reverse d during the c harging

phase.

Charge

D u rin g t h e c h a rg in g p h a s e , t h e P b S O 4 (lead

sulphate) of the positive plate oxidizes and re-

Discharge

P bO2 + 2H2S O4 + P b P b S O4 + 2H2O + P b S O4Charge

Negative plate

Discharge

P b + S O4 P bS O4 + 2e Charge

Positive plate

Discharge

P bO2 + 4H+ + S O4 + 2e P bS O4 + 2H2O

Charge

3.1

3 forms as PbO2, while in the negative plate, theP b S O4 (lead sulphate) re-forms as Pb (spongylead).

The g enera l formula (see be s ide ), c onc erning the

to t a l t r an s f o r m a t i on occu r r i n g d u r i n g th e

ch a rge/d isc h ar ge p h as es , c o r resp o n d s t o a n

e l ec t r i c q u an t i t y o f 2F ( Far ad s ) o r 53 .6 Ah

(Ampere/ho ur).

For a d i scharge reac t ion to occur , one would

therefore require active materials in a ratio of

239.2 grams of PbO2, 207.2 grams of Pb, and

1 9 6 . 2 g r a m s o f S O 4 . Th e s a m e w e i gh t ra t io

likewise holds true for the charge reaction.

Theory of Intern al Recombinat ion

When a tra ditiona l open lea d-ac id ce ll is cha rge d,

a re lea se o f g a s o cc u rs . Th is h a p p en s w h en

w a t e r , t h r o u g h t h e p r o c e s s o f e l e c t r o l y s i s ,

decomposes into its foming elements.

To m a inta in the c hemica l ba la nce in the c ell, the

lost water must therefore be replaced periodically,

involving time consuming verification and refillingof the e lec trolyte.

In the ca se of Va lve-reg ula ted ba tteries , how ever,

the elements in the gases created are combined

anew during the charge phase, through the so-

called cycle of oxygen recombination, thereby

producing water as described in the following cycle:

1) On the positive plates, oxygen is generated by

wa ter electrolysis:

and i s d i f fused through the separa tors to the

negative plates.

2) On the negative plates, the oxygen combines

with a part of the lead contained in these plates

prod ucing lead oxide:

3) The lea d oxide c om bines w ith the s ulphuric

P b + 1/2 O2 P bO

H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e

3.2


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8

acid of the electrolyte, forming lead sulphate and

water:

Water is therefore regenerated on the positive

plates, while lead sulphate is formed from the

pa rtia lly disc harged nega tive pla tes .

4) The c ha rge proc es s rec ha rge s the pa rt ia lly

discharged negative plates, thereby closing the

cycle.

The rec omb ination cyc le, a s d es cribed a bo ve, is

therefore the oretica lly c omp lete (se e a lso Fig .1).

The c ons tituent pa rts of w a ter and sulphuric a cid

in the elec trolyte, a s we ll a s the a mount of lea d o f

the negative plates, reappear at the end of the

process in their or iginal s tate , wi thout having

mod ified the c harge c onditions of the pla tes.

N.B. In everyday circumstances, recombination

yields tend to be s l ight ly less than complete,

giving approximately 98% efficiency.

Necessary conditions

To fa c ilita te the d iffusion o f oxyg en, highly uniform

a nd porous se parators are used .

Furthermore, to avoid saturat ing the avai lable

poros ity of these sa me s epa ra tors, the q uantity of

H2O 2H+

+ 1/2 O2

H2SO4PbSO4 +H2O

Pb + H2SO4

PbOPb

Fig. 1

P b S O4 + 2H+ + 2e P b + H2S O4

P bO + H2S O4 P b S O4 + H2O

electrolyte must carefully be measured, thereby

en su r i n g th a t th e e l ec t r o l y t e i s com p l e te l y

contained inside the plates and the separators,

leav ing no f ree e lec t ro ly te ins ide the ba t terycontainer.

To prevent co ntac t of the lea d o f the nega tive

p l a t e s a n d t h e o x y g e n c o n t a i n e d i n t h e

surrounding a tmosphere , and the consequent

chemical oxidation, the electrical elements must

be held in fully closed containers. At the same

time, it is also necessary to allow the venting of

any overpressurizat ion of gases which may be

generated within the container during anomalous

a nd/or overly ha rsh cha rg ing c ond itions .

Every battery cell is therefore equipped with a

one-wa y valve. This va lve allow s exc es s g a se s to

be vented when required, but does not permit

outs ide a ir to enter. The presenc e o f these one-

way valves therefore gives r ise to the correct

Valve-regulated classification for FIAMM-GS

batteries, instead of the more commonly used,

but inac cura te, sea led cla ss ifica tion.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Capacity

The c a pa c ity of a ba t tery (Ah) is the prod uct

between the d i scharge curren t (expressed in

Amperes) and the t ime that passes before the

final discharge tension is reached (expressed in

hours).

The c a pa city varies a cc ording to the intensity ofthe o utput c urrent . The rat ed c a pa c ity (C ) is

con v en t i on a l y ca l cu l a t ed b y d i s ch ar g i n g th e

ba t tery at a s ta ble tempera ture of 20-25 C, in

such a way as to reach a final discharge tension

of 1.75 V per cell after 20 hours.

Discharge

Figures 2 and 3 represent the discharge curves

with currents from 0.05 C, up to 2 C. In the caseof a 12V-7,2Ah ba ttery, for insta nce , the d isc ha rge

current is expressed according to the following

formula:

4.2

4.1

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Due to the internal resistance of the battery, the

vol tage decreases f as ter when the d i scharge ,

currents a re higher (see figures 2 a nd 3).

In order to avoid shortening the battery life, it is

reco mmended not to discha rge the ba ttery beyond

the indicated minimum tensions (see table 1).

The m a ximum pe rmiss ible c ontinuous disc ha rg e

current depends on the type of terminal which is

use d (fa s ton or s c rew /bo lt te rmina l). As a rule ofth u m b , i t i s gen er a l l y g i v en a s 6 t i m es th e

ca pac ity of the ba ttery.

0.5C

1C

2CC: Rated capacity

Temperature: 25C (77F)

0 8010 20 30 40 50 60

13,0 6,5

12,0 6,0

11,0 5,5

10,0 5,0

9,0 4,5

8,0 4,0

6cells

3cells

Discharge time (minutes)

Terminalvoltage(V)

Discharge time vs. discharge current

70

Fig. 3

0.2C0.1C 0.05C

C: Rated capacityTemperature: 25C (77F)

0 222 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

13,0 6,5

12,0 6,0

11,0 5,5

10,0 5,0

9,0 4,5

8,0 4,0

6cells

3cells

Discharge time (hours)

Terminalvoltag

e(V)

Discharge time vs. discharge current

Fig. 2

0,05 C = 0,05 x 7,2 = 0,36 A

2 C = 2 x 7,2 = 14,4 A

For cable-terminals, the maximum permissible

discharge current is general ly accepted to be

a pproxima tely 3 times the c a pa city of the ba ttery.

Table 1 - Discharge current and final discharge voltage

Battery discharge is an electrochemical reaction

b e tw een th e e l ec t r od es ( th e p l a t e s ) an d th e

diluted sulphuric a c id.

When the discharge current is particularly high, or

the temperature is very low, thereby causing a

greater viscosity of the acid, the diffusion rate of

the a cid through the pla tes ca n no long er keep up

wi th the d i scharge , reducing the capaci ty , as

sho w n in figure 4.

Self-discharge

The los s of ba ttery c a pa city over a period of timeis ca lled se lf-discha rge . Through the use of P b-Ca

alloys, self-discharge caused by the sulphating of

the plates has been great ly reduced. Bat ter ies

4.3

20

40

60

80

100

120

-10 0 10 20 30 40-20

2,0C(A)

1,0C(A)

0,2C(A)

0,1C(A)0,05C(A)

Availablecapacity(%)

C: nominal capacity

Temperature (C)

Fig. 4

Effect of the temperature on capacity

0

Discharge current Final discharge voltage

Less than 0.2 C 1.75 V/cell

0.2 C - 0.5 C 1.70 V/cell

0.5 C - 1.0 C 1.60 V/cell

1.0 C - 2.0 C 1.50 V/cell

2.0 C - 3.0 C 1.35 V/cell

Over 3.0 C 1.00 V/cell


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10

can therefore be stored for long periods, or used

only oc ca sionally.

Under normal condi t ions, at about 20C-25C,sel f-discharge is around 0.1% of the nominal

c a p a c it y p er d a y. Th is i s 25- 30% les s th a n

co nventiona l open lea d-ac id b a tteries .

The re la t ions h ip b etw een s e lf -d i sc ha rg e a nd

temperature is shown in figures 5 and 6. For every

1 0 C i n c r e a s e i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e s e l f -

disc harge ra te do ubles.

Open circui t voltage

In traditional open lead-acid batteries with fillingcaps, where free acid is used, i t is possible to

estimate the residual capacity of the battery by

mea suring the d ensity of the a cid.

4.4

032

1050

2068

3086

40104

50122

60 (C)140 (F)

0,02

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,5

1

2

Temperature

Self-disch

argerate(%

day)

Relation between self-discharge rate and temperature

Fig. 6

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

40C

20C

10C

Storage time (months)

Availablecapacity(%)

Fig. 5

Self discharge rate

0

This is how ever not po ssible with valve-reg ula ted

batteries, thus leaving a comparison of the value

of the open circuit tension as the only method to

a pproxima te the res idua l c a pa c ity. The res ult of ameasurement of the open circuit tension, taken

either 24 hours after a full charge, or at least 10

minutes a f ter d i scharge , when p lo t ted on the

curve found in figure 7 allows an approximation of

the res idua l ca pa city.

Charge

A proper charge is among the most important

elements that help ensure long life to FIAMM-GS

batteries.

Constant tens ion charge

This is the most c ommonly used method of cha rging.

G enera lly, a constant tension charger is used togetherwith a current limiter. In this way, the charging current

cannot pass the suggested limit of 0.25C during the

initial charge phase. When the battery tension

reaches the fixed level (see figures 8 and 9), the

charger switches from constant current to constant

voltage. During this phase, the charging current

begins to dec rea se until it reac hes a level of minimum

charging current, also known as maintenance current

which generally eq uals 0.3 mA/Ah.

The rec omme nde d va lues for cha rg ing voltag e,with a temperature o f 20-25 C, a re the follow ing:

cyc lic us e: 2.40 - 2.45 V/cell - cha rging current 0,25C

stand-by use: 2.25 - 2.30 V/cell - cha rging current 0,25C

4.5.1

4.5

Conditions:24 hours after charge10 minutes after dischargeTemperature 25C (77F)

Opencircuitvoltage(V/cell)

1,9

2,0

2,1

2,2

2 50 100

Remaining capacity (%)

Relation between open circuit voltage and remaining capacity

Fig. 7


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With tempe ra tures low er or hig her than 10 C -

30 C , i t i s n ecessa r y t o m od i f y th e ch ar g i n g

tens ion , by apply ing a thermal compensat ion

f ac to r . O th er w i se , t h e r e i s th e r i sk o f

u n d e r c h a r g i n g a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s , o r

overcharging a t high te mperatures .The therma l co mpensa tion fac tors to be applied a re:

If the temperature is betw een 10 C a nd 30 C, it is

generally not neces sa ry to ta ke the c ompensa tion

fac tor into a cc ount.

Caution: in cyclic use it is recommended to use

either a timer to interrupt charging at the preset

voltage or a sensor.

Fast charg e

Higher than normal tensions and currents are

4.5.2

- 3 mV/cell/ C for sta nd -by- 5 mV/cell/ C for c yc lic use

Charge

Current

Voltage

2,5

2,0

2,4

2,3

2,1

2,2

Voltage(V/cell)

Chargeamount(%)

20

0

120

100

40

80

60

Current(CA)

0

0,25

0,20

0,05

0,15

0,10

Charge time (hours)

(2.30V/cell, 25C (77F))

Constant voltage charging characteristics

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Fig. 9

2,5

2,0

2,4

2,3

2,1

2,2

00

0,25

0,20

0,05

0,15

0,10

20

0

120

100

40

80

60

Chargeamo

unt(%)

Current(CA

)

Voltage(V/c

ell)

2 4 6 8 10

Charge time (hours)

Charge

Current

Voltage

(2.45V/cell, 25C (77F))

Constant voltage charging characteristics

Fig. 8used to fast charge batteries. By increasing the

limit of initial current to 1.5 C, it is possible to

recharge previously 70% discharged batteries in

about 1,5 hours (see f igure 10). In the case ofbatteries with over 10 Ah capacity, it is however

n e c e s s a r y t o k e e p t h e i n i t i a l c u r r e n t t o a

maximum of 1 C in order to avoid a temperature

i n cr ease d u r i n g th e ch ar g i n g p h ase . Bey on d

thermal compensation (see 4.5.1), the installation

o f a t h e r m a l f u s e i s a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d t o

immediately halt the charge should the batteries

reach overly high temperatures.

Two-stage charge

The use of a tw o-stag e cha rger ca n also be used

to a cc elerate the c harge. Figure 11 repres ents the

functioning o f a tw o-sta ge cha rge r.

Charge

Voltage

Current

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

2,5

2,4

2,3

2,2

2,1

2,0

0,25

0,20

0,15

0,10

0,05

0

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Chargeamount(%)

Current(CA)

Voltage(V/cell)

Charge time (hours)

Two-step constant voltages of 2.45 V/cell and

2.30 V/cell at 25C (77F)

Fig. 11

4.5.3

Charge

Voltage

Current

0 30 60 90

2,2

2,3

2,4

2,5

0

0,5

1,0

1,5

100

50

0

Chargeamount(%)

Current(CA)

Voltage(V/cell)

Charge time (minutes)

Battery: 70% dischargedTemperature 25C (77F)

Characteristics of fast charging

Fig. 10


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Parallel char ge

Use only ba tteries of the same type a nd bra nd.

Ensure tha t the connect ing c a b les ha ve the

sa me elec tric resista nce va lue.

Use only ba t teries wi th the sa me product ion

da te and usa ge history.

LIFETIME

After being used for a longer period, the electric

capacity of a battery begins to deteriorate, until it

r e a c h e s a p o i n t w h e r e i t c a n n o l o n g e r b e

res tored through recha rg ing . This indic a tes tha t

th e en d o f th e b a t t e r y s u se f u l l i f e h as b een

reached. It is very difficult to forecast the lifetime

of a bat tery , as many factors can have a great

influence thereon.

The ma in fac tors w hich neg a tively a ffec t ba ttery

life are:

Deep discharge

High quantity of overcharge

Charging current and voltage

During the charging phase, a high initial current

ca n generate exc es sive hea t. This phenome non

may c ause both as sembled a nd non-as sembled

b a t t e r i e s t o s w e l l i f t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n a n

insufficiently ventila ted spa ce . The s a me c a n

hap pen w hen the cha rging tension is to o high.

Surrounding temperature

The highe r the s urround ing t emp era ture, the

more the ba ttery dete riorates .

Lifet ime in cycl ic use

Figure 12 shows the l i f e t ime of FIAMM-GS

batteries in cyclic use. Initially, the capacity tends

t o i nc r e a s e . Th e n u m b e r o f u s a b l e c y c le s

dec rea ses if the de pth of disc harge increa ses .

5.1

5

4.5.4A battery with a higher capacity will have a much

longer lifetime, if compared to a smaller capacity

ba ttery using the sa me loa d.

Lifet ime in stand-by use

Figure 13 shows the l i f e t ime of FIAMM-GS

ba tteries in sta nd-by us e. The w idth of the c urveind ica tes the normal to lerance o f the ba t tery

capacity. As the lifetime is considerably affected

by the charging voltage, it is important to remain

w ithin the limits of 2.25 - 2.30 V/cell (+ the therma l

compensat ion f ac tor) . As can be seen in the

figure, a tremendous reduction of battery lifetime

i s cau sed b y an i n c r ease i n th e su r r ou n d i n g

temperature.

0,5

1

2

5

10

0 20 30 40 50 60

Temperature (C)

Life

(years)

Fig. 13

Lifetime in stand-by use

5.2

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

(100% depthof discharge)

Number of cycles ()

A

vailablecapacity(%)

Temperature 25C



(%) indicates the depth ofdischarge per with nominalc a pa c i t y t a ken a s 100%

Fig. 12

Lifetime in cyclic use


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13

Lifet ime in deep discharge

The lifetime o f a FIAMM-GS ba tte ry is serious ly

reduced if discharged too deeply or if stored in a

disc harged state.

Figure 14 demonstrates the relationship between

the number of overdischarges and the percentage

of ra ted c a pac ity which c a n be ob tained a fter the

recharge of FIAMM-GS batteries.

Figure 15 sho ws the c harge a fter a n overly s evere

discharge.

Voltage

Current

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

2,5

2,4

2,3

2,2

2,1

2,0

0,25

0,20

0,15

0,10

0,05

0

Current(CA)

Voltage(V/cell)

Charging time (hours)

Charging characteristics after deep discharge

1) Totally discharged with resistorover 30 days.

2) Charged at 2.45 V/cell constant voltage(0.25CA max) for 20 hours.

Fig. 15

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Capacity

(%)

Deep discharge cycles

Deep discharge cycle durability

0 2 4 6 8 10

1) Totally discharged with resistorover 30 days.

2) Charged at 2.45 V/cell constant voltage(0.25A max) for 20 hours.

3) Discharged at 0.1CA to check capacityrepeat steps 1) to 3).

Fig. 14

5.3 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

Assembl ing and connect ing

Never put the ba tteries in a se a led c onta inerduring charging.

S e c u re t h e b a t t e ry w e l l, a n d p ro t e c t fro mvibrations and impacts.

If the ba ttery is insta lled inside a ca binet, fas tenit well at the lowest possible level.

Do not install the ba ttery near sources of heat or

sources of pos sible s parks.

It is co mmon for slight te mperature d ifference sto exist between batteries installed in series orparallel. It is however important to avoid thatsuch differences exceed 3C .

Do not pla ce the ba ttery in contac t with objectscontaining plasticizers, organic solvents or softP VC , a s t h e y m a y d a m a g e t h e AB S b a t te rycase .

Do not c ompress a nd/or bend the termina ls,

a n d d o n o t o v e r h e a t t h e m ( d o n o t w e l d o rsolder!).

It is not rec ommend ed to insta ll the ba tteries ina n upside-do wn po sition.

Ba tteries should be insta lled in a dry cool andw ell-ventila ted loc a tion.

Alwa ys lea ve sufficient spa ce betwe en ba tteries(preferably 10 mm).

Alwa ys disc harge a ll batteries co ntempora neously.

Avoid us ing the b a tteries in pla ce s w here, d ueto temperature changes, water may condenseon the ba tteries .

F o r b a t t e r ie s u s e d in s e r ie s , e n s u r e t hei n t e r c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e b a t t e r i e s b e f o r econnecting them to the load.

Due to the se lf-disc ha rge proc es s , it is likelythat batteries will have lower capacity followingtrans po rtation and /or sto rag e, i t is the reforenecessary to recharge the batteries well before

their installation.

N.B. The ma nufa cturing d a te co de is sho w n on allbatteries.

6.1

6


14/19

14

Storage

S torage tempera ture must be betw een -20 C

and + 40C .

B efore sto ring the ba ttery, disc onnec t from a nyelec tric circuit, a nd plac e in a c oo l, d ry pla ce .

During the storag e period , rec harge the ba tteryat least once every six months.

B a tteries a lso a ge d uring s torag e, it is thereforereco mmended to use them as soo n as pos sible.

General comment s

Never short-c ircuit the termina ls .

Use a cloth for the cleaning of the ba tteries .Never use gasoline, oils, or solvents, and neveru s e c l o t h s i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h t h eaforementioned.

Avoid a ny spa rks or fla mes nea r the ba tteries .

6.3

6.2 Do not a t tempt to open the ba t teries . In the

event that the diluted sulphuric acid electrolytehapp ens to co me in co ntac t with skin and /orclothes, wash immediately with water. Shouldthe acid come in contact with eyes, wash themthoroughly, a nd immed ia tely c ons ult a do cto r.

Never incinera te ba tteries, they may e xplode.

N e v e r e m p l o y b a t t e r ie s h a v in g d i ff e re n tc a p a c it ie s a n d /or co m in g f r om d if f e ren tm a n u f a c t u r e r s o r p r o d u c t i o n b a t c h e s .Differences in battery characteristics can caused a m a g e t o t h e b a t t e rie s a n d /o r t o t h eeq uipment they s erve.

Upon reaching the end of their useful life,

bat ter ies should be disposed of us ing

appropr iate col lec t ion and/or recyc l ing

channels (please consult local authorities for

information).

Do not d ispose of with household waste.

HOW TO SELECT THE APPROPRIATE TYPE OF BATTERYTh e req u ired b a t t e r y ca p a c i t y c a n b e d e te rm in ed b y p l o t t in g th e p o i nt w h er e th e need ed

d i s c h a r g e c u r r e n t c o m b i n e s w i t h t h a t o f t h e n e e d e d d i s c h a r g e t i m e o n f i g u r e 1 6 .

Any ba ttery type dep icte d by a curve tha t fa lls to the right o f the va lue c a lcula ted w ill provide the

needed capaci ty .

6

Fig. 16

Minu

tes

How to select the appropriate type of battery

1

10

100

1000

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000

Ampere

FG27004

FG26504

FG24204

FG22703

FG12003FG21803

FG21201

FG10801

FG20086

FG20121

FG20201

FG20301

FG20451

FG20721


15/19

15

Constant power discharge (W)

Time 5' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h

FG20721 29 A 17,8 A 13,2 A 10,7 A 7,8 A 5,7 A 4,6 A 2,6 A 1,86 A 1,21 A 0,66 A 0,38 A

FG21202 48 A 31 A 23 A 18,5 A 13,5 A 9,7 A 7,7 A 4,3 A 3,0 A 1,92 A 1,04 A 0,64 A

FG21803 67 A 41 A 31 A 25 A 18,6 A 13,7 A 11,0 A 6,4 A 4,6 A 3,0 A 1,65 A 0,93 A

FG22703 97 A 60 A 45 A 37 A 27 A 21,5 A 17,2 A 10,7 A 7,4 A 4,8 A 2,67 A 1,43 A

FG24204 156 A 100 A 76 A 63 A 47 A 35 A 28 A 16,1 A 11,6 A 7,5 A 4,09 A 2,16 A

FG27004 246 A 168 A 129 A 106 A 79 A 58 A 46 A 26 A 18,3 A 11,8 A 6,50 A 3,59 A

Final Voltage: 1.6V/Cell

Time 5' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h

FG20721 27 A 17,2 A 13,1 A 10,6 A 7,9 A 5,8 A 4,6 A 2,6 A 1,84 A 1,18 A 0,65 A 0,37 A

FG21202 45 A 29 A 22 A 18,2 A 13,3 A 9,7 A 7,6 A 4,2 A 3,0 A 1,89 A 1,03 A 0,64 A

FG21803 62 A 40 A 30 A 25 A 18,6 A 13,8 A 11,0 A 6,4 A 4,6 A 3,0 A 1,62 A 0,92 A

FG22703 95 A 59 A 44 A 36 A 27 A 21,1 A 16,9 A 10,5 A 7,3 A 4,7 A 2,62 A 1,42 A

FG24204 140 A 96 A 75 A 62 A 47 A 35 A 28 A 16,0 A 11,4 A 7,4 A 4,02 A 2,15 A

FG27004 226 A 160 A 125 A 103 A 78 A 57 A 45 A 26 A 18,1 A 11,7 A 6,44 A 3,58 A


Time 5' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h

FG20721 23 A 15,6 A 12,1 A 10,0 A 7,5 A 5,6 A 4,4 A 2,5 A 1,80 A 1,16 A 0,63 A 0,36 A

FG21202 39 A 27 A 20 A 16,8 A 12,5 A 9,2 A 7,3 A 4,1 A 2,9 A 1,86 A 1,01 A 0,60 A

FG21803 54 A 37 A 29 A 24 A 18,0 A 13,5 A 10,9 A 6,3 A 4,5 A 2,9 A 1,59 A 0,90 A

FG22703 78 A 48 A 39 A 33 A 24 A 19,3 A 15,6 A 9,8 A 6,9 A 4,5 A 2,46 A 1,41 A

FG24204 119 A 86 A 68 A 57 A 44 A 33 A 27 A 15,7 A 11,2 A 7,3 A 3,96 A 2,14 A

FG27004 194 A 142 A 113 A 95 A 73 A 55 A 44 A 26 A 18,3 A 11,9 A 6,48 A 3,58 A


Constant current discharge (A)

Time 5' 7' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h

FG20721 298,3 W 243,2 W 193,8 W 147,7 W 120,9 W 90,2 W 66,5 W 53,2 W 30,4 W 21,6 W 13,9 W 7,5 W 4,0 W







Time 5' 7' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h








Time 5' 7' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h









16/19

16

FG Series

q Batteries produced in Italian factory of Avezzano

Batteries also available with a case that responds to UL-94 V0 flame retardant standards; these models carry an FGV prefix

s VdS homologated batteries

v Under VdS homologation

Discharge20 h rate

1,75V/cell

Discharge10 h rate

1,75V/cell

Discharge5 h rate

1,70V/cell

Discharge1,5 h rate1,60V/cell

L W H THType VdSNominalvoltage

(V)Terminal

Weightgr

CAPACITY (Ah) DIM ENSIONS (mm)

Terminalpositionfigure

Maxdischarge

current(A)

TEMPERAT. (C)Max

chargecurrent

(A)Charge

Discharge

Storage

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 6,3

BOLT+NUT TYPE M5

LEAD WIRE+SOCKET

FASTON 4,8FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 6,3

FASTON 4,8

FASTON 6,3

BOLT+NUT TYPE M5

BOLT+NUT TYPE M5

BOLT+NUT TYPE M5

BOLT+NUT TYPE M6BOLT+NUT TYPE M6

BOLT+NUT TYPE M6

FG10121

FG10301

FG10321

FG10451

FG10721

q FG11201

q FG11202

FG12003

FG20086

q FG20121FG20121A

q FG20201

FG20271

FG20301

FG20451

q FG20721

q FG20722

q FG21201

q FG21202

q FG21503

q FG21803

q FG22703

q FG24204FG26504

q FG27004

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

12

1212

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

1212

12

1,20

3,00

3,20

4,00

7,00

12,00

12,00

20,00

0,80

1,201,20

2,00

2,70

3,00

4,00

7,20

7,20

12,00

12,00

15,00

18,00

27,00

42,0065,00

70,00

1,08

2,70

2,88

3,60

6,30

10,80

10,80

18,00

0,72

1,061,08

1,83

2,43

2,70

3,60

6,50

6,50

10,80

10,80

13,70

16,20

25,00

38,5062,00

66,70

1,00

2,55

2,72

3,40

5,95

9,60

9,60

16,50

0,63

0,981,00

1,65

2,25

2,55

3,40

5,90

5,90

9,60

9,60

12,30

14,76

23,00

34,5055,80

60,00

0,78

1,95

2,08

2,60

4,55

7,50

7,50

13,40

0,53

0,800,78

1,37

1,76

1,95

2,60

4,60

4,60

7,50

7,50

9,90

11,86

18,00

28,5046,10

50,00

97

134

66

70

151

151

151

157

96

9797

178

79

134

90

151

151

151

151

181

181

166

196271

350

24,5

34

33

48

34

50

50

83

25

48,542

34

55,5

68

70

65

65

98

98

76

76

175

163166

166

50,5

60

118

102

94

94

94

125

61,5

50,551

60

102

61

102

94

94

94

94

167

167

125

174190

174

55

65

124

106

98

99

99

125

61,5

5555

65

106

65

106

99

99

99

99

167

167

125

174190

174

300

680

750

890

1380

2100

2100

3700

360

580550

890

1100

1300

1750

2650

2650

4200

4200

6100

6200

9000

1500022600

24000

6

2

3

1

3

2

2

8

7

44

2

3

4

3

4

4

4

4

8

8

8

88

8

7,2

18,0

19,2

24,0

36,0

72,0

72,0

120,0

3,2

7,27,2

12,0

16,2

18,0

24,0

43,2

43,2

72,0

72,0

108,0

156,0

162,0

252,0390,0

420,0

0,300

0,750

0,800

1,000

1,500

3,000

3,000

5,000

0,200

0,3000,300

0,500

0,670

0,750

1,000

1,800

1,800

3,000

3,000

4,500

6,500

6,750

10,50016,250

17,500

0

40

-20

50

-20

50

How to read the code number

The c od e number of FIAMM-GS ba tteries indica tes volta ge , c a pa city and type o f terminal.

Technica

ldatamaybesubjecttovariations

AFGA indicates a different form compared to thestanda rd type of same c apa city and voltage

Termina l type1: faston type 4,82: faston type 6,33: bo lt type M54: bo lt type M66: lead wire with socket

Capacityin tenthsof Ahat 20 hoursrate

Voltage1: 6V2: 12V


17/19

17

TERMINAL POSITION

MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS TERMINAL TYPE

Fig. 8Fig. 7Fig. 6Fig. 5

Fig. 4Fig. 3Fig. 2Fig. 1

Termina l po s ition

Connecto r + wire

Bolt and nut

Front side

Nut M5

2 12

12

Nut M6

2,5 16

17,5

7,5

13,5

5,1

21,8

8

6,3

0,8

6,5

4,8

0,8

L W

HTH

Terminal 1

Termina l typ e

Terminal 2

Termina l typ e

Terminal 3

Bo lt a nd nut type M5

Terminal 4

Bolt and nut type M6

Terminal 6

Lead w ire w ith connecto r

Wire lengt h

105 (D. 4134) 10 (D. 0394)

MALEAMP. INC.N. 1-480318-0

FEMALE

AMP. INC.N. 60617-1


18/19

NOTES:


19/19

V i a l e E u r o p a , 6 336075 Montecchio MaggioreV I C E N Z A - I T A L Y Phone +39 0444 709350F a x + 3 9 0 4 4 4 7 0 9 3 6 0htt // fi 0

978

Documents

Technical Handbook Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries