2 Contents

ContentsUnit/Section Function/Skill Genre/Texttype Grammar/Discourse Lexis/Technology

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ons 1.1Eureka!  p.4  Questioning Talk + Q&A session Past / present perfect 

continuousOil and gas drilling

1.2Smartwells  p.6 Clause linking Technical article Past participle; cohesion Drilling; remote control

1.3Lasers  p.8 Giving a talk Lecture; technical description Section markers in a talk Laser technology

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2.1Spin-offs  p.10 Function of a device Product description Present / past simple passive; to + infin; for + -ing; which

Products from space research

2.2Specifications  p.12 Necessity, ability, recommendation

Design specification; meeting Modals and semi-modals Design; mechanical 

2.3Properties  p.14 Describing properties Brainstorming session Phrases to encourage participation

Construction; synthetic textiles

ReviewUnitA  p.16

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3.1Problems  p.20 Low probability; reassuring Product recall notice Present continuous passive; phrases suggesting low risk

Automotive

3.2Solutions  p.22 Summarising; linking Product recall notice Non-defining relative clause; present participle; although

Automotive; braking systems

3.3Controls  p.24 Contrasting; note-taking Lecture  Linkers of contrast Automotive; aeronautics

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4.1Shutdown  p.26 Past events Engineering article Two-part phrasal verbs  Mechanical; electrical; physics

4.2Overhaul  p.28 Past procedure; instructions Engineering article; instruction manual

Nouns derived from phrasal verbs

Mechanical; maintenance

4.3Instructions  p.30 Instructions and feedback; simultaneous actions

Practical demonstration; instruction manual

Oral vs written instructions; while / as + -ing

Mechanical; electronics

ReviewUnitB  p.32

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5.1Causes  p.36 Cause and effect Brainstorming session; ‘fishbone’ diagram

Verb / noun / prepositional phrases of cause and effect

Metallurgy; chemistry

5.2Steps  p.38 Explaining a process Technical brochure Choosing active or passive Iron and steel making

5.3Stages  p.40 Note-taking; writing up Lecture; flow diagram Gerunds / nouns as captions; lexical cohesion

Aluminium refining / smelting

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g 6.1Risk  p.42 Degrees of certainty Risk assessment tool Phrases expressing degrees of 

certaintyPetroleum; environment

6.2Crisis  p.44 Immediate / long-term plans Critical path analysis; crisis meeting

Future / future perfect passive; about to / on the point of

Petroleum; marine

6.3Projects  p.46 Participating in meetings Project proposal meeting Phrases for chairing a meeting Civil engineering

ReviewUnitC  p.48

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3 Contents

Unit/Section Function/Skill Genre/Texttype Grammar/Discourse Lexis/TechnologyU

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ts 7.1Prototypes  p.52 Describing developments 

and progressTechnology review Range of forms and functions  ICT; smart phones

7.2Comparisons  p.54 Comparing; contrasting Product comparison Phrases / linkers expressing comparison and contrast

Electronics; touch screens

7.3Products  p 56 Explaining technology to non-specialists

Product launch Phrases introducing explanations / analogies

Electrical; materials science

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8.1Theft  p.58  Speculating about past Work memo; work discussion Present perfect passive modal Logistics; warehousing

8.2Security  p.60 Investigating; questioning Incident report; product brochure

Indirect questions and related noun phrases

ICT; telecoms; security 

8.3Emergency  p.62 Degrees of agreement / disagreement

Safety talk; serious incident report

Phrases qualifying ‘yes’ or ‘no’; up to a point / on the contrary

Health and safety; HazMat

ReviewUnitD  p.64

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9.1Proposals  p.68 Proposing; recommending Meeting with client Noun clause / gerund after propose / recommend / suggest

Electronics; wireless controls

9.2Definitions  p.70 Defining a term Definition; glossary Defining relative clause; pre- / post-modifiers in definitions

Sensor technology

9.3Contracts  p.72 Stipulating conditions Contract; pre-contract discussion 

Alternatives to if: on condition / provided that

Work contracts

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10.1Plans  p.74 Concise technical writing  Test plan Nouns / hyphenated phrases used as pre-modifiers

Destructive testing; earthquake proofing

10.2Reports  p.76 Report format; report-writing Test report Grammar / markers associated with report sections

Testing buildings and bridges

10.3Methods  p.78 Collaborative problem-solving

Meeting; pre-meeting briefing documents

Range of language forms  Non-destructive testing

ReviewUnitE  p.80

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11.1Investigations  p.84 Collaborative data organisation 

Raw data for a report Expressions of causation, sequence and speculation.

Hydro-electric power; maintenance

11.2Reports  p.86 Format of report; abstract; writing a report

Investigative report Third conditional, present perfect modal

Accident investigation

11.3Communication  p.88 Assertiveness; summarising; writing an abstract 

Communication guidelines Phrases to signal communicative intent

Aviation; aeronautics

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12.1Projects  p.90 Sequence of events; past necessity 

Project evaluation report Perfect participle; past tense of modals 

Agricultural engineering

12.2Performance  p.92 Past ability; self-evaluation Employee appraisal interview  Three-part phrasal verbs; past tense of modals

IT, robotics, petroleum

12.3Innovations  p.94 Debating; persuading; teamwork 

Team presentation; awards committee

Range of language forms Nanotechnology

ReviewUnitF  p.96

Languagesummary  p.100

Extramaterial  p.110

Speedsearch  p.116

Audioscript  p.118

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4 1 Innovations

1 Eureka!

Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Talkaboutaccidentaldiscoveriesorinventionsinscienceortechnologywhichyouhaveheardabout.

Example:1 Alexander Fleming was growing some bacteria in his lab when some penicillium fungus fell on the bacteria and killed them. That is how he accidentally discovered antibiotics.

Task 2 Workinpairs.Matchthenotes1–6withtheaccidentaldiscoveries.

X-ray inkjetprinter vulcanisedrubber co-ordinategeometry safetyglass antibiotics1

1 AlexanderFleming–growsbacteriainlab–penicilliumfungusfallsonbacteria–funguskillsthem

2 CharlesGoodyear–workswithrawrubberpowdercontainingsulphur–brushespowderoffhands–powderfallsontohotstove–formstoughelasticsubstance

3 ReneDescartes–watchesinsectflyingaroundroom–realiseshecanspecifyinsect’spositionin3Dspaceas–distancefromtwowallsandceiling

4 WilhelmRoentgen–projectslightfromcathoderaygeneratorontowall–seesoutlineofbonesofownhandonwall

5 IchiroEndo,engineer–workswithahotironandasyringefullofink–touchesneckofsyringewithiron–forcesinkout

6 EdouardBenedictus–putsawayglassflask–flaskcontainsliquidplastic–dropsflaskonfloor–flaskdoesn’tbreak–thinplasticfilmholdspiecestogether

3 Describetheaccidentaldiscoveriesoutlinedinthenotesin2.Usethepastcontinuousandthepastsimpletenseswhereappropriate.

Example:1–seetheexamplein1.

Writing 4 Writeaboutthediscoveriesandinventionsyoutalkedaboutin1,usingthepastsimpleandcontinuous.Followtheexamplein1.

Scanning 5 Practiseyourspeedreading.LookfortheinformationyouneedontheSPEEDSEARCHpages(116–117).Trytobefirsttocompletethistext.

Wedon’tknowifArchimedesreallysteppedintohisbathandshouted‘Eureka!’(‘I’vediscoveredit!’)whenthewaterlevel(1) .Butwedoknowthathediscoveredthatabodyimmersedinfluidexperiencesa(2) forceequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplaced.WealsoknowthatArchimedesinventedthe(3) andthe(4) .

1 Innovations

Language

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5 Innovations 1

Listening 6 02 ListentothistalkandchoosethepicturethatillustrateswhatJaap(Will’scolleague)waslookingatwhenhehadhiseurekamoment.

7 Listenagainandanswerthesequestions.

1 WhatisWill’s(thespeaker’s)jobtitleathispetroleumcompanyinBrunei?

2 Whatproblemhasthespeakerbeentryingtosolveforthelastfewyears?

3 WhatwashappeningwhenJaapsuddenlyhadhiseurekamoment?

4 WhatwasthenameofthetypeofdrillthatJaapandhisteaminventedasaresult?

5 HowdoesthisnewdrillsolveWill’sproblem?

Speaking 8 Inthequestionandanswersessionafterhistalk,Willgivestheseanswers.Writedownthequestionsthatwereasked.Thenpractisethequestionsandanswersinpairs.

1 Well,Iwouldsaythatthemainreasonforusingsnakewelltechnologyismainlyeconomic.Snakewellsallowustogetmoreoiloutofasinglefield.

2 Yes,itdoes.Thetechnologyhasaverybigenvironmentalbenefit,becausesnakewellsmeanthatyoucanbuildfeweroilplatformsanddolessdrilling.

3 Yes,weare.We’reusingitrightnow,atthisverymoment.WehaveanumberofsnakewellsinoperationoffthecoastofBrunei.

4 Well,mostoftheoilintheBruneifieldisbetween2,000and4,000metresbelowtheseabed,Ithink.

5 We’vebeendrillingsnakewellsofftheBruneicoastsince2005.

6 Well,ourcompanyfirststartedexploringtheBruneifieldalongtimeago.Ibelievethefirstsurveywasinthe1980s.

7 Yes,wehave.Inadditiontothesnakewell,we’vebeendevelopingasystemofsensorsthattransmitdatafromthedrillbitbacktocomputersonthesurface.

8 Well,Idon’tknowexactlywhatmynextprojectisgoingtobe!MaybeI’lldrillasnakewelloffthecoastofNigeria.

Language Present perfect continuous

How long have youbeen using

snake wells?

Our company  has them  since 2005.

Speaking 9 Workinpairs.Taketurnstoacttherolesofareporterandanoilcompanyrepresentative.Whenyouarethereporter,usethepresentperfectcontinuousinyourfirstquestionabouteachproject,andthenfollowupwithdifferenttypesofquestions.

StudentA:Turntopage115.StudentB:Turntopage113.

Language

page 102

1 Oil sands, Canada: how long? surface / underground mining? area project covers? kind of oil extracted? extracted oil converted into …? expected length of project?

2 Drilling for gas, Russia: how long? based where in Russia? onshore / offshore? gas converted into ...? meaning of ‘LNG’? future exports to ...? expected production (tonnes)?

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6 1 Innovations

2 Smartwells

Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsabouttheillustrationbelow.Makenotes.

1 Whataretheadvantagesofthismethodofoilextractioncomparedwithverticalwells?

2 Howdoyouthinkcomputersareusedinthismethod?

Reading 2 Readthisarticleandcheckthenotesyoumadein1.

‘Snake’ wells connect pocketsof oil that stretch for up to3 miles under the seabed.

Valves and seals are locatedin the oil pockets so they canbe isolated if they start to pumptoo much gas or water. water

oiloil

oil

gas

gas

seabed

‘Snake’ well system below seabed

Ifanoilcompanydiscoversalargesinglereservoir of oil and gas, the solution issimple: drill a vertical well down to thereservoir and bring up the oil. But whatcan be done when an oilfield consistsofhundredsoreven thousandsofsmall,isolated pockets of oil? It would be tooexpensive to drill hundreds of verticalwellstoreachallthesmallpockets.

Theinnovativesolutiontothisproblemisthe‘snakewell’.Unliketheconventionalverticalwell,thisisahorizontalwellthatweaveslaterallybackandforthacrossanumberofoil-containingzones.Guidedbysmarttechnology,asinglesnakewellcan

SMART OIL FIELDS

accessmultiplepocketsofoilandachieveoutput equivalent to several individualwells, which has the dual advantage ofreducingcostandensuringthatnooil isoverlooked.

Asnakewellusessteerabledrillsthatcan be positioned with great accuracy.Special imaging software generatesdetailedcomputermodelsofundergroundgeologyandreservoirs.Thisenablesdrillstohitatargetfarundergroundthatislessthantwometresacross.

Located90kmoffthecoastofBrunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagshipprojectusingSmartFieldstechnology.For30years,ChampionWestlaydormant,itsrichoil reserves locked 2,000 to4,000mbeneaththeseabedinacomplexwebofsmallreservoirs(seeillustrationabove).

In the past, these small pockets ofoil were too expensive to develop. Butnow Champion West has been changedinto one of the world’s most advancedoil and gas fields by means of Smart

Fields  technology and new drillingtechniques.

BurieddeepbeneathChampionWest’sseabed,sensorsrelaydigital informationabout temperature, pressure and otherfactors to control centres on land bymeansofanetworkoffibre-opticcables.

This enables continuous monitoringof production, and engineers can makespeedydecisionsonhowbesttoextractthe maximum amount of oil, monitorits movement within the reservoir andinstantly notice production problems,suchasblockages.

Theycantakeactiontosolveproblems,for example by the remote electronicactivationofhydraulicwellvalves.Ifgasorwaterthreatenstobreakintothewell,forexample,thevalveforthatsectioncanbe closed down using a remote control.Swellable seals are used to isolate thezonesfromoneanother,andpreventfluidfromonezone from flowing intoanotheradjacentzone.

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7 Innovations 1

3 Answerthesequestionsaboutthearticle.

1 Whatarethetwomaineconomicreasonsfordrillingasnakewell?2 Howaccurateisthedrillofasnakewellwhenitisguidedremotely?3 ForhowlongwastheChampionWestoilfieldleftunusedfollowingthediscovery

ofoilthere?Whywasitleftunused?4 Howisdataaboutconditionsinsidethesnakewelltransmittedtothesurface?5 Howdoengineersstoptheoilinthewellbeingcontaminatedwithwaterorgas?

4 Matchthereferencewords1–6fromthearticlewiththecorrectwordsorideasa–jthattheyreferto.

1 this(line12)2 which(line18)3 that(line21)4 This(line25)5 This(line47)6 They(line54)

a) increasedoutputfrommanyoilzonesb) conventionalverticalwellc) engineersd) snakewelle) blockagesf) transmissionofdatag) computermodelgenerationh) undergroundreservoiri) steerabledrillsj) networkofcables

Vocabulary 5 Matchthesewordsorphraseswiththeirsynonyms(inbold)inthearticlein2.

1 capableofbeingexpanded 6 havingtwoparts2 complicated 7 trapped3 capableofbeingguided 8 separatedfromoneanother4 neighbouring 9 horizontallysideways5 normal 10 equalinvalue

Language Linking (past participial phrase)

Thepast participlealonecansometimesreplacesubject + passive verb.Itmakesthetextmoreconcise.• The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship

project …(=The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)

Thepastparticiplecanalsobeplacedatthebeginningofasentence.Findtheseexamplesinthetextin2:• Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagship

project…• Guided by smart technology,asinglesnakewellcanaccesspocketsofoil…• Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed,sensorsrelaydigitalinformation…

Notethattheparticiplemusthavethesamesubjectastheverbinthemainclause.

6 Jointheinformationineachnoteintoasinglesentenceinasimilarway.Begineachsentencewiththepastparticipleinitalics.

Example:1 Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.

1 theoilisisolatedinsmallpockets+itcan’tbeextractedusingverticalwells2 thesensorsareconnectedbyfibre-opticcable+theycollectdatafrominsidethe

snakewell3 thedrillsareguidedbyremotecontrollers+theycanhitatargetonly2mwide4 theoilislocked4,000mbeneaththeseabed+itcouldn’tbeextractedfor30years5 thesensorsareattachedtothedrillbit+theyallowcontrollerstoguidethedrill6 thesoftwarewasdevelopedbyGeoSolutions+itgeneratescomputermodelsof

thegeology

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8 1 Innovations

3 Lasers

Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsandmakenotes.Thenshareyourideaswiththerestoftheclass.

1 WhatdoesLASERstandfor? by Stimulated of2 Studythediagramsbelow.Whatarethethreemaindifferencesbetweenordinary

lightandlaserlight?Usesomeofthewordsandphrasesinthebox.

laser    light amplification    stimulated emission of radiation    organised    disorganised    directional    in one direction    in all directions    coherent    concentrated    photon     colours of the spectrum    wavelength                                                                               03

Listening 2 04 Listentopartofatalkaboutlasers.Matchthewordsintheboxwiththelabels1–8inthediagramonthenextpage.

ruby crystal    atom    light tube    mirror    power source    photon    laser beam    partial mirror

An ordinary light beam

Torch

A laser beam

Laser

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9 Innovations 1

3 Workinpairsorsmallgroups.Beforeyoulistentothenextpartofthetalk,putthesenotesintothebestorder.

Note:Theeightitemsinthenotescorrespondtotheeightpointsinthediagramabove.

A escapingphotonsformapowerfullaserbeamB atomabsorbsphoton–getsexcited–calmsdown–emitsnewphotonC tubeflasheson/offrapidly–pumpsenergy(photons)intocrystalD partialmirrorlets1%ofphotonsescapeE powersourcemakestubeflashon/off1F newphotonhitsexcitedatom–atomemitstwophotons(insteadofone)G photonsarereflectedbymirroralonginsideofcrystalH newphotonstravelinsidecrystalatspeedoflight

4 05 Listentothenextpartofthetalk,andcheckyouranswersto3.

5 Listenagainandtickthephrasesthatyouhear.(Note:Xisanumber,andAissomeone’sname.)

1 Ahasbeenexplaining2 let’smoveontothenextsectionofthetalk3 ifyoulookatpointXonthediagram,youwillsee4 wecannowturntothenextpartofthetalk5 asyoucanseeinpointXonthediagram6 IthinkI’vecoveredthemainpoints7 I’llnowaskAtotakeover8 nowI’mgoingtohandovertoA

6 Groupthephrasesfrom5undertheseheadings.

Movingtothenexttopic Referringtotheprevioustopic(s)Handingovertothenextspeaker Referringtoavisual

Speaking 7 Workingroupstoprepareatalkonlasers.Divideintothreesub-groupsandprepareonesectionofthetalkwithyoursub-group.Thenreturntothemaingrouptofinalisethetalk.

Sub-groupA:Laserlight–abriefexplanationSub-groupB:ThebasiccomponentsofalasermachineSub-groupC:Howalasermachineworks

8 Giveyourtalktoanothergroup.Usephrasesfrom5tosignpostthesectionsofthetalk,torefertothediagramandtohandovertothenextsub-group.Inviteandanswerquestionsfromtheaudience.

Writing 9 Writeadescriptionofhowalasermachineworks,referringtothediagramabove.Usepastparticipialphraseswherepossible.

Begin:Here is a brief outline of how a laser machine works. First of all, the high-voltage power source, located below the ruby crystal, makes the tube flash on and off rapidly. These flashes inject particles of light, known as ‘photons’, into the ruby crystal. …

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