Technical Bases for Technical Bases for Industrial Risk ReductionIndustrial Risk Reduction

Millwright Killed When Pinned Between the Feed Rolls of a Debarker during Machine Maintenance - South Carolina NIOSH In-house FACE Report 2006-02

NATIONAL CENSUS OF FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2014

A total of 4,679 fatal work injuries were recorded in the United States in 2014, an increase of 2 percent over the count of 4,585 fatal work injuries in 2013, according to results from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The rate of fatal work injury for U.S. workers in 2014 was 3.3 per 100,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers; the rate for 2013 was also 3.3.

2012 Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index

WorkersWorkers’’ CompensationCompensation

Workers CompensationWorkers CompensationUnder common law an employer is obligated Under common law an employer is obligated

to provide employees with 5 thingsto provide employees with 5 things– A safe place to workA safe place to work– Safe tools with which to perform the workSafe tools with which to perform the work– Knowledge of any hazards that were not Knowledge of any hazards that were not

immediately apparent but which might be immediately apparent but which might be encountered during performance of workencountered during performance of work

– Competent fellow employees and supervisorsCompetent fellow employees and supervisors– Rules by which all could perform safely and Rules by which all could perform safely and

the means to ensure the rules were observed.the means to ensure the rules were observed.

Workers CompensationWorkers Compensation

Employers could defend themselves Employers could defend themselves successfully in a court case by successfully in a court case by showing that any of the following showing that any of the following conditions existed:conditions existed:– Contributory negligence by the Contributory negligence by the

employeeemployee– Fellow employee had been negligentFellow employee had been negligent– There had been an assumption of riskThere had been an assumption of risk

Workers CompensationWorkers Compensation Employers pay for the cost of Employers pay for the cost of

workersworkers’’ compensation insurance. compensation insurance. The laws call for an employer to have The laws call for an employer to have

either :either :– Insurance coverageInsurance coverage– Show the capability of carrying any Show the capability of carrying any

foreseeable financial burden that could foreseeable financial burden that could be imposed.be imposed.

OHIO PERMANENT PARTIAL AWARDS

Weeks Effective 1-1-2008Thumb 60 $ 45,060.00Index Finger 35 $ 26,285.00Third Finger 30 $ 22,530.00Fourth Finger 20 $ 15,020.00Little Finger 15 $ 11,265.00Loss of Metacarpal 10 $ 7,510.00Hand 175 $ 131,425.00Arm 225 $ 168,975.00Great Toe 30 $ 22,530.00Other Toe 10 $ 7,510.00Foot 150 $ 112,650.00Leg 200 $ 150,200.00Eye 125 $ 93,875.00Hearing (one ear) 25 $ 18,775.00Hearing (total) 125 $ 93,875.00

EXPERIENCE RATING EXPERIENCE RATING

E MODE MOD MEASURES THEMEASURES THE

LOSSES EXPERIENCED LOSSES EXPERIENCED BY THE INDIVIDUAL BY THE INDIVIDUAL

EMPLOYEREMPLOYER AGAINST THEAGAINST THE ENTIRE CLASS OF ENTIRE CLASS OF

SIMILAR EMPLOYERSSIMILAR EMPLOYERS

WORKER COMPENSATIONWORKER COMPENSATIONGOOD SAFETY PROGRAMGOOD SAFETY PROGRAM E MOD = .80 (20% Below Avg E MOD = .80 (20% Below Avg

Losses)Losses) BOOK PREMIUM $200,000 BOOK PREMIUM $200,000 .80 E MOD X .80.80 E MOD X .80 PREMIUM $160,000PREMIUM $160,000 SAVINGS 20 % SAVINGS 20 % OR $ 40,000OR $ 40,000

WORKER COMPENSATIONWORKER COMPENSATION

GOOD SAFETY GOOD SAFETY PROGRAMPROGRAM

E MOD = E MOD = 0 .800 .80 PREMIUM $200,000 PREMIUM $200,000 E MOD X .80 E MOD X .80

PREMIUM $160,000PREMIUM $160,000 SAVINGS 20SAVINGS 20 % %

OR $- 40,000OR $- 40,000

$ 80,000 $ 80,000 BID EDGEBID EDGE

NOT SO GOOD SAFETY NOT SO GOOD SAFETY PROGRAMPROGRAM

E MOD = E MOD = 1.201.20 PREMIUM $200,000PREMIUM $200,000 E MOD X 1.20E MOD X 1.20

PREMIUM $240,000PREMIUM $240,000 20% SURCHARGE20% SURCHARGE OR OR $40,000 $40,000

EXTRAEXTRA

Workers CompensationWorkers Compensation Rates charged for insurance Rates charged for insurance

coverage depend on :coverage depend on :– Number of EmployeesNumber of Employees– Types of work involvedTypes of work involved– The accident experience of the company The accident experience of the company

coveredcovered

Injury Resulting from an Injury Resulting from an AccidentAccident

Injuries are not considered the result Injuries are not considered the result of an accident when :of an accident when :– The employee was intoxicatedThe employee was intoxicated– Intentionally self-inflictedIntentionally self-inflicted– The employee has willfully and The employee has willfully and

deliberately caused his own deathdeliberately caused his own death– The employee initiates an altercation The employee initiates an altercation

resulting in the injuryresulting in the injury

Types of DisabilitiesTypes of Disabilities Temporary-Partial disabilityTemporary-Partial disability

– The employee may be injured, but the The employee may be injured, but the employer considers the injury so minor employer considers the injury so minor he doesnhe doesn’’t report the event because of t report the event because of its effect on the insurance premiumsits effect on the insurance premiums

Temporary-Total disabilityTemporary-Total disability– The employee is incapable of any work The employee is incapable of any work

for a limited time; however, full for a limited time; however, full recovery is anticipatedrecovery is anticipated

Types of DisabilitiesTypes of Disabilities Permanent-Partial disabilityPermanent-Partial disability

– The employee suffers an injury from The employee suffers an injury from which he will not recover totallywhich he will not recover totally

Permanent-Total DisabilityPermanent-Total Disability– The employee suffers an injury that will The employee suffers an injury that will

prevent him from working at all or in prevent him from working at all or in any regular common employment in the any regular common employment in the foreseeable future.foreseeable future.

Action against A Third PartyAction against A Third Party Under the WorkersUnder the Workers’’ Compensation Compensation

laws, the employee gives up most of laws, the employee gives up most of his rights to sue an employer.his rights to sue an employer.

However, the employee does not However, the employee does not give up the right to sue a Third Party.give up the right to sue a Third Party.

Inadequacy of WorkersInadequacy of Workers’’ CompensationCompensation

According to the University of Michigan, According to the University of Michigan, about 500,000 families per year are left about 500,000 families per year are left without income due to disabling without income due to disabling occupational accidentsoccupational accidents

According to Berkowitz and Burton, the According to Berkowitz and Burton, the maximum 1968 benefits didnmaximum 1968 benefits didn’’t meet the t meet the poverty standard for a 4-person familypoverty standard for a 4-person family

Many injured workers receive less than the Many injured workers receive less than the maximum benefit levelsmaximum benefit levels

StandardsStandards

Do not do anything that endangers Do not do anything that endangers your neighboryour neighbor’’s life. s life.

Leviticus 19:16Leviticus 19:16

At the heart of right conduct for At the heart of right conduct for Jains is the great vow of Jains is the great vow of nonviolence (Ahimsa) - not to nonviolence (Ahimsa) - not to cause harm to any living beingscause harm to any living beings

What are standards?

Each employer (1) shall furnish to each of his Each employer (1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees; death or serious physical harm to his employees; (2) shall comply with occupational safety and (2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.health standards promulgated under this Act.

Each employee shall comply with occupational Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.conduct.

1926.451(c)(2)(i) Footings shall be level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the Footings shall be level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold without settling or displacement.loaded scaffold without settling or displacement.1926.451(c)(2)(ii)1926.451(c)(2)(ii) Unstable objects shall not be used to support scaffolds or platform Unstable objects shall not be used to support scaffolds or platform units.units.

Sixteen-Year-Old Hispanic Youth Dies After Falling From A Job-Made Elevated Work Platform During Construction - South CarolinaNIOSH In-house FACE Report 2004-06

Requirements for all machines,

OSHA 1910.212(a)(3)(ii): “…prevent the operator from having any part of his body in the danger zone during theoperating cycle.”

What are standards?

OSHA 1910.217 Safety distance

D(s) = 63 inches/second x T

where:

D(s) = minimum safety distance (inches);

63 inches/second = hand speed constant K;

T = stopping time of the press measured at approximately 90 deg. position of crankshaft rotation (seconds)

ANSI B11.19

Penetration depth factor for light beam devices

Dpf = 3.4 (S - 0.275) in

S = minimum size object detectable by a presence sensing device

This additional distance is added to the other factors resulting in the following safety distance relationship:

Ds =K(Ts + Tc + Tr + Tspm) + Dpf

ConsensusConsensus

Agreements are reached when more Agreements are reached when more than a majority, but not necessarily than a majority, but not necessarily all, of the participants concur on a all, of the participants concur on a proposed solution. proposed solution.

Standards languageStandards language

ShouldShould– examplesexamples

ShallShall– examplesexamples

Reduce the worldwide burden of fire and Reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and and standards, research, training, and education. Currently there are more than education. Currently there are more than 300 NFPA fire codes and standards used 300 NFPA fire codes and standards used throughout the world. throughout the world.

1 Uniform Fire Code1 Uniform Fire Code 70 National Electrical Code70 National Electrical Code 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial

Machinery Machinery

NFPA Codes and Standards NFPA Codes and Standards Development FactsDevelopment Facts

• Codes and standards are wholly revised every 3 to 5 yearsCodes and standards are wholly revised every 3 to 5 years

• More than 7,000 volunteers serve on NFPA Technical More than 7,000 volunteers serve on NFPA Technical CommitteesCommittees

• Each Technical Committee has up to 30 members Each Technical Committee has up to 30 members representing a variety of interestsrepresenting a variety of interests

• Approximately 225 different Technical Committees are Approximately 225 different Technical Committees are responsible for document developmentresponsible for document development

The American National Standards The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit organization (501(c)3) that profit organization (501(c)3) that administers and coordinates the administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standardization and U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. The conformity assessment system. The Institute's mission is to enhance Institute's mission is to enhance both the global competitiveness of both the global competitiveness of U.S. business and the U.S. quality of U.S. business and the U.S. quality of life by promoting and facilitating life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems, conformity assessment systems, and safeguarding their integrity. and safeguarding their integrity. FoundedFounded October 19, 1918 October 19, 1918

Presently, there are more than 280 Presently, there are more than 280 organizations accredited by ANSI to organizations accredited by ANSI to develop standards, including develop standards, including organizations like ASTM International, organizations like ASTM International, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., NFPA Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., NFPA International, ASME International, CSA International, ASME International, CSA America, Inc. and NSF International.America, Inc. and NSF International.

InternationalInternational

Organization Organization

forfor

StandardizationStandardization

In a global marketplace, In a global marketplace,

the objective of standards the objective of standards

development must be one development must be one

globally applied standard globally applied standard

and one globally accepted and one globally accepted

test for each characteristic test for each characteristic

of a product, process or of a product, process or

service.service.

The Objective: One Globally Recognized and Accepted Standard

ISO 45001New International Standard for Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems 

A new ISO standard, ISO 45001, on occupational health and safety management system requirements is being produced by a Project Committee, ISO PC 283, with the intended publication in October 2016. The standard will be aligned with ISO 9001 (Quality Management) and ISO 14001 (Environmental Management), which are themselves undergoing revision and are due for publication in 2015.

Why ISO Standards MatterWhy ISO Standards Matter

Products and services become more Products and services become more efficient, safer and cleanerefficient, safer and cleaner

Easier and fairerEasier and fairer trade between trade between countriescountries

Provide governments with a technical Provide governments with a technical basebase

Aid in transferring technology Aid in transferring technology Serve to safeguard consumersServe to safeguard consumers/users/users

Setting Up a Setting Up a Successful Safety Successful Safety

CommitteeCommittee

Purpose of Safety CommitteesPurpose of Safety CommitteesPurpose of Safety CommitteesPurpose of Safety Committees

To advise and assist management with the To advise and assist management with the operation of the safety program.operation of the safety program.

To promote a safe work environment.To promote a safe work environment. Assess effectiveness of safety program.Assess effectiveness of safety program. Set and communicate goals and objectives.Set and communicate goals and objectives. Assist in accident investigation.Assist in accident investigation. Analyze trends and make recommendations Analyze trends and make recommendations

to improve performance.to improve performance.

Before the MeetingBefore the Meeting Plan carefullyPlan carefully Coordinate the agenda with appropriate Coordinate the agenda with appropriate

partiesparties Send agenda to safety committee members Send agenda to safety committee members

and interested parties at least five days and interested parties at least five days prior to meeting.prior to meeting.

Establish meeting management ground Establish meeting management ground rules.rules.

Review minutes from the last meeting and Review minutes from the last meeting and check on the status of any pending actions.check on the status of any pending actions.

Come early and set up the meeting room.Come early and set up the meeting room.

Meeting Code of ConductMeeting Code of Conduct Arrive on time and end on time. Arrive on time and end on time. Always appoint a facilitator.Always appoint a facilitator. Always appoint a secretary.Always appoint a secretary. Stick to the topic at hand.Stick to the topic at hand. No gossip.No gossip. One person speaks at a time. One person speaks at a time. Always be respectful of committee members.Always be respectful of committee members. EveryoneEveryone’’s opinion is valuable.s opinion is valuable. No whining. No whining. DonDon’’t dominate the meeting. t dominate the meeting. Leave united.Leave united.

Setting the AgendaSetting the AgendaSetting the AgendaSetting the Agenda Approval of previous meeting minutesApproval of previous meeting minutes Old businessOld business Review of recent accidents and near missesReview of recent accidents and near misses Subcommittee reportsSubcommittee reports Report of auditsReport of audits Progress report on safety programsProgress report on safety programs Special presentation (by guest, video, etc.)Special presentation (by guest, video, etc.) New businessNew business Next meeting date and timeNext meeting date and time

Why Safety Committees Fail...Why Safety Committees Fail...Why Safety Committees Fail...Why Safety Committees Fail... Lack of management support (time, Lack of management support (time,

budget, and commitment to safety).budget, and commitment to safety). Usurping the authority of supervisors.Usurping the authority of supervisors. Discussing safety issues - not solving them.Discussing safety issues - not solving them. Expecting safety committee members to Expecting safety committee members to

““policepolice”” the actions of fellow employees. the actions of fellow employees. Not allowing members time away from Not allowing members time away from

routine job to perform committeeroutine job to perform committee duties. duties.

Tips for Smooth Committee Tips for Smooth Committee Operations...Operations...

Tips for Smooth Committee Tips for Smooth Committee Operations...Operations...

Choose committee members carefully.Choose committee members carefully. Assure clear communication with Assure clear communication with

administration.administration. Include non-management employees. Include non-management employees. Perform departmental tours.Perform departmental tours. Keep accurate minutes. Keep accurate minutes.

More Suggestions for Safety More Suggestions for Safety committees...committees...

More Suggestions for Safety More Suggestions for Safety committees...committees...

Serve lunch.Serve lunch. Appoint a Appoint a ““time time

keeperkeeper””.. Provide members Provide members

a copy of the a copy of the agenda prior to agenda prior to the meeting.the meeting.

Give everyone an Give everyone an assignment.assignment.

Establish Establish subcommittees.subcommittees.

Work on the Work on the ““detailsdetails”” in subcommittees.in subcommittees.

Have at least one Have at least one interactive discussion interactive discussion per meeting.per meeting.

Invite guest Invite guest speakers.speakers.