Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only upon presentation of the appropriate

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Project Number: 50159-001 July 2019

Technical Assistance Number: 9461

Regional: Protecting and Investing in Natural Capital in Asia and the Pacific (Cofinanced by the Climate Change Fund and the Global Environment Facility)

Prepared by: Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr. M.A., Prof. Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr. Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr., Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, Khryss V. Pantua, Gerald T. Eduarte, Adriane B. Tobias, Joresa Marie J. Evasco, and Angelica N. Divina.

PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

Asian Development Bank is the executing and implementing agency.

Biodiversity Assessment Study for

New Clark CityNew scientific information on the flora, fauna, and ecosystems in New Clark City

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc.

Final Report

Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City

Project

Contract No.: 149285-S53389

Final Report July 2019

Prepared for: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines T +63 2 632 4444

Prepared by: PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC

C2A Sandrose Place, Ruby St., Umali Subdivision Brgy. Batong Malake, Los Banos, Laguna T (049) 525-1609

© Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. 2019 The information contained in this document produced by Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. is solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Pro-Seeds undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc..


Final Report


Final Report

BIODIVERSITY ASESSMENT STUDY CORE TEAM

Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr., MA, EnP

Urban Biodiversity Specialist / Project Leader

Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr.

Senior Botanist

Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr. PhD

Remote Sensing and GIS Specialist

Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, PhD

Senior Fauna Specialist

Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., MSc, EnP

Freshwater Ecologist

Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, MSc

Entomologist

Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, MSc

Junior Botanist

Khryss V. Pantua, BSc

Junior Fauna Specialist

For. Gerald T. Eduarte, BSc

Project Coordinator

For. Adriane B. Tobias, BSc

Junior Science Research Specialist

For. Joresa Marie J. Evasco, Bsc

For. Angelica N. Divina, Bsc

Project Research Associates


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i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 4

1.1. Background of the Study ................................................................................................... 4

1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 5

1.3. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................... 5

1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................................. 6

2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................... 8

2.1. Geographic Location of New Clark City ........................................................................... 8

2.2. Overview and Condition of Watershed ............................................................................ 8

2.3. Physical Characteristics of New Clark City .................................................................... 11 2.3.1. Elevation................................................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2. Slope ....................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3. Land Cover ............................................................................................................................. 14

2.4. Overview of Socio-economic Activities of Barangays within NCCC ................................. 16

2.5. Climate and Climate Change ............................................................................................... 17

2.6. Brief Overview of the Proposed Development of NCC ................................................. 20

3. BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND DESIGN .......................... 22

3.1. Framework for the Study ................................................................................................ 22

3.2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora ..................................................................................................................... 23

3.2.1.1. Vegetation Survey ............................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1.2. Species Identification ....................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1.3. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.2. Vertebrate Fauna .................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2.1. Area Description ............................................................................................................... 28 3.2.2.2. Faunal Survey .................................................................................................................... 29


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3.2.2.2.1. Herpetofauna ............................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2.2.2. Avifauna ......................................................................................................................... 30

3.2.2.2.2.1. Transect Walk ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2.2.2.2.2. Netting .................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2.2.2.3. Data Analysis for Transect Walk Data ................................................................ 34

3.2.2.2.3. Mammals ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2.2.3.1. Bats ......................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2.2.3.2. Non-volant Mammals ........................................................................................... 34

3.2.2.3. Identification of Species .................................................................................................. 35 3.2.2.4. Conservation Status ......................................................................................................... 35

3.2.3. Invertebrate Fauna ............................................................................................................... 36 3.2.3.1. Sampling Sites ................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.3.2. Sampling Method ............................................................................................................. 36 3.2.3.3. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 38

3.2.4. Freshwater Ecology .............................................................................................................. 38 3.2.4.1. Sampling Station ............................................................................................................... 38 3.2.4.2. Sampling Protocol ............................................................................................................ 39

3.2.4.2.1. Periphyton ..................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.4.2.2. Macrobenthos .............................................................................................................. 40 3.2.4.2.3. Fish ................................................................................................................................. 41

3.2.4.3. Conservation Status ......................................................................................................... 42

4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................... 43

4.1. Terrestrial Flora ................................................................................................................ 43 4.1.1. Vegetation Structure ............................................................................................................ 43 4.1.2. Floristic Composition............................................................................................................ 52

4.1.2.1. Tree Flora ........................................................................................................................... 55 4.1.2.2. Intermediate and Understorey ....................................................................................... 56 4.1.2.3. Ground Cover .................................................................................................................... 57

4.1.3. Diversity Indices .................................................................................................................... 58 4.1.4. Noteworthy Species ............................................................................................................. 62

4.1.4.1. Endemic Species ............................................................................................................... 62 4.1.4.2. Threatened Species ......................................................................................................... 66 4.1.4.3. New Province Records .................................................................................................... 69 4.1.4.4. Economically Important Species ................................................................................... 70

4.2. Vertebrate Fauna ............................................................................................................. 72 4.2.1. Amphibians ............................................................................................................................ 72 4.2.2. Reptiles ................................................................................................................................... 73 4.2.3. Avifauna ................................................................................................................................. 75

4.2.3.1. Species Composition ........................................................................................................ 75 4.2.3.2. Biodiversity Parameters: Species Richness, Abundance and Diversity Indices ....... 77

4.2.4. Mammals ............................................................................................................................... 81


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4.2.5. Noteworthy Species ............................................................................................................. 84

4.3. Invertebrate Fauna .......................................................................................................... 89 4.3.1. Arthropod Composition and Abundance .......................................................................... 89 4.3.2. Arthropod Diversity Indices ................................................................................................. 98

4.4. Freshwater Ecology ........................................................................................................ 103 4.4.1. Site Description ................................................................................................................... 103 4.4.2. Periphyton ........................................................................................................................... 106 4.4.3. Macrobenthos ........................................................................................................................... 108 4.4.4. Fish ........................................................................................................................................ 111 4.4.5. Reptile .................................................................................................................................. 117 4.4.6. Noteworthy Species ........................................................................................................... 118

5. LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URBAN

AREAS IN NCC AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT .............................. 121

5.1. Land Cover Change ......................................................................................................... 121

5.2. Predictive Modeling of Future Urban Scenarios ......................................................... 125

6. SUMMARY OF PRESSURES AND IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY IN NEW

CLARK CITY ....................................................................................................... 132

6.1. Forest Land Degradation ............................................................................................... 132

6.2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation .................................................................................. 132

6.3. Greenhouse Gas Emission ............................................................................................. 133

6.4. Pollution and Local Disturbance ................................................................................... 133

7. LEVERAGING BIODIVERSITY: INITIAL IDEAS FOR NATURE-BASED

SOLUTIONS ....................................................................................................... 134

7.1. Establishment of Priority Conservation Sites ............................................................. 136 7.1.1. Important Plant Areas ........................................................................................................ 137 7.1.2. Important Wildlife Areas .................................................................................................... 138 7.1.3. Important Riverine Ecosystem .......................................................................................... 138

7.2. Mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity ................................. 139

7.3. Promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC .................. 141


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7.4. Engaging Communities as Contract Growers of Native, Indigenous, and Endemic

Seedlings ”or even instant trees ) .......................................................................................... 163

7.5. Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services .................................................................. 164

7.6. Working with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans ................................. 167

7.7. Promote Biodiversity-friendly Technology .................................................................. 167

7.8. Science-Based Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring ............................................... 168

8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD ........................................... 169

9. REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 172

10. APPENDICES ............................................................................................ 175

Appendix 1. Summary of plants recorded within the NCC project site ............................... 175

Appendix 2. List of amphibians and reptiles recorded in NCC .............................................. 213

Appendix 4. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 1 of NCC ........................ 237



Appendix 7. List of mammals recorded in NCC ...................................................................... 243

Appendix 8. Indicative cost and timeline of activities for NCC ............................................. 246


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ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

BAMS Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System

BCDA Bases for Conversion and Development Authority

BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau

CDP Comprehensive Development Plan

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora

CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan

CR Critically Endangered

DAO DENR Administrative Order

DAO 2004-15 DENR Administrative Order No. 2004-15 – Establishing the List of Terrestrial

Threatened Species and their Categories, and the List of Other Wildlife

Species Pursuant to Republic Act No. 9147, Otherwise Known as the Wildlife

Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001

DAO 2017-11 DENR Administrative Order No. 2017-11 – Updated National List of

Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories

DBH Diameter at Breast-Height

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

EN Endangered

EO 247 Executive Order 247 – Prescribing Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory

Framework for the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources, Their By

Product and Derivatives, for Scientific and Commercial Purposes; and for Other

Purposes

EPT Orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera

ETG Environmental Thematic Group

EX Exotic

GIS Geographic Information System

ha hectares

HBW Handbook of the Birds of the World

IAS Invasive Alien Species

IPA Important Plant Area

IRE Important Riverine Ecosystem

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature


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IV Importance Value

IWA Important Wildlife Areas

KBA Key Biodiversity Area

LC Least Concern

LGU Local Government Unit

masl meters above sea level

MH Merchantable Height

MLP Multi-Layer Perception

NA Not Assessed

NbS Nature-based Solutions

NCC New Clark City

NE Non-Endemic

NOx Nitrogen oxide

OPPP Office of Public-Private Partnership

OTS Other Threatened Species

PE Philippine Endemic

PES Payment for Ecosystem Services

PPCC Philippine Plants Conservation Committee

RS Remote Sensing

SDA Spoil Disposal Areas

SPADE Spatial Data Analysis Explorer

SOx Sulfur Oxide

TH Total Height

TSS Total Suspended Solid

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UPLB University of the Philippines Los Banos

VU Vulnerable

WBCP Wild Bird Club of the Philippines


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DEFINITION OF TERMS

A

Amphibians a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders.

B Biodiversity variability among living organisms from all sources, including

terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

C CITES Appendix I species threatened with extinction, which are or may be

affected by trade. International (commercial) trade in wild-taken specimens is generally prohibited.

CITES Appendix II species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but for which trade must be controlled to avoid their becoming so, and species that resemble species already included in Appendix II. International trade is permitted but regulated through appropriate permits/certificates.

CITES Appendix III species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only upon presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.

D Diversity number of different items and their relative frequency

E Endemic plants and animals that exist only in one geographic region. Evenness (J) represents the degree to which individuals are split among

species with low values indicating that one or a few species dominate, and high values indicating that relatively equal numbers of individuals belong to each species.

Exotic also known as alien species, invasive species, non-indigenous species, and bioinvaders, are species of plants or animals that are growing in a non-native environment.

I Indigenous species and communities that occur naturally, not as

accidental or deliberate introductions, in an area Introduced (also known as an exotic species) is an organism that is not

native to the place or area where it is considered introduced and instead has been accidentally or deliberately transported to the new location by human activity.


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M

Mammals warm-blooded higher vertebrates (such as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, and include humans

Margalef simple measure of species richness (for fauna)

N Native species that normally or naturally lives and thrives in an

ecosystem without the influence of humans R

Reptiles any of a class (Reptilia) of cold-blooded, air-breathing, usually egg-laying vertebrates that include the alligators and crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, and extinct related forms (such as dinosaurs and pterosaurs) and that have a body typically covered with scales or bony plates and a bony skeleton with a single occipital condyle, a distinct quadrate bone usually immovably articulated with the skull, and ribs attached to the sternum

S Secondary

Succession

Begins in areas previously covered by vegetation

Shannon-Weiner

Index ”H’) characterize species diversity in a community, provides estimate of species richness and distribution

Simpson Index (D) a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species; gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (without replacement) inside a plot

Species of

Conservation

Concern

species, usually listed as threatened, that requires attention and immediate action for conservation

Species Richness total number of species present in a given area or sample whereas diversity considers how individuals are distributed amongst those species

T Threatened considered as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or

other accepted categories of wildlife whose populations are at risk of extinction.

X Xerosere succession that initiates on a dry, bare land

LIST OF TABLES


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Table 1. Land Classification of O’Donnell Watershed .................................................................................... 10 Table 2. Elevation classes of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds .................................................................. 10 Table 3. Slope of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ...................................................................................... 10 Table 4. Land cover categories of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ......................................................... 11 Table 5. List of barangays and corresponding socio-economic activities covering NCC ........................... 16 Table 6. Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (mm) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and

Tarlac in Region III .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 7. Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (0C) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga

and Tarlac in Region III ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 8. General description of transect established for vegetation survey ............................................... 25 Table 9. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for herpetofauna survey ............... 30 Table 10. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for avifauna survey ..................... 30 Table 11. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of netting areas for avifauna survey ..................... 32 Table 12. Coordinates of the traplines ............................................................................................................ 34 Table 13. Number of individuals per endemism and growth habit ............................................................. 55 Table 14. Top ten trees with highest Importance Value (IV) .......................................................................... 56 Table 15. Ten most abundant understorey species ....................................................................................... 57 Table 16. Ten ground cover species with highest relative cover ................................................................... 58 Table 17. Diversity indices of each transect with number of species and individuals ............................... 59 Table 18. Computed diversity indices of each transect excluding exotic species recorded ...................... 59 Table 19. Percentage abundance of Philippine endemic, native and exotic species per transect ........... 60 Table 20. Summary of species with highest relative density per transect ................................................... 60 Table 21. Summary of species listed as endemic to the Philippines ............................................................ 63 Table 22. Summary of species listed as threatened ....................................................................................... 67 Table 23. Summary of species that are most probably new records in province of Pampanga-Tarlac . 69 Table 24. List of noteworthy vertebrate fauna recorded within the study sites ......................................... 85 Table 25. Summary of arthropod composition and abundance in NCC ..................................................... 89 Table 26. Summary of arthropod composition with information on abundance and feeding guild ...... 90 Table 27. Computed index of similarities (Whittaker’s index) of species composition between and

among the various plots .................................................................................................................................... 93 Table 28. Computed diversity parameters and indices for insects in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23

.............................................................................................................................................................................. 98 Table 29. Computed diversity parameters and indices for spiders in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23

............................................................................................................................................................................ 100 Table 30. Site description of freshwater ecology sampling stations .......................................................... 103 Table 31. Number of individuals of fish fauna recorded from the nine sampling stations .................... 112 Table 32. Status of fish species documented in the study area .................................................................. 115 Table 33. Feeding habit and habitat of species recorded in the study area ............................................. 115 Table 34. Relative change between 2010 and 2015 land cover maps ....................................................... 121 Table 35. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for Cutcut Watershed .......................... 123 Table 36. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for O’Donnell Watershed .................... 123 Table 37. Sensitivity of the model to forcing a single independent variable to be constant ................... 125 Table 38. Sensitivity of the model to forcing all independent variables except one to be constant ...... 126


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Table 39. Urban areas under different time periods ................................................................................... 129 Table 40. Matrix on quantifying the true biodiversity value of each transect .......................................... 138 Table 41. Recommended activities to mitigate impacts .............................................................................. 139 Table 42. Suggested alternative species to be used for landscaping ........................................................ 143 Table 43. native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments ..................... 160

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location map of New Clark City ......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2. The O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds in New Clark City ................................................................ 9 Figure 3. Elevation map of NCC and the two watersheds ............................................................................ 12 Figure 4. Elevation classes in NCC and in the two watersheds .................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Slope map of NCC and the two watersheds .................................................................................... 13 Figure 6. Slope classes in NCC and in the two watersheds ........................................................................... 14 Figure 7. Land cover map of NCC and the two watersheds .......................................................................... 15 Figure 8. Areas covered by different land cover types in NCC and in the two watersheds ....................... 15 Figure 9. Different land use zones in NCC ....................................................................................................... 20 Figure 10. Map showing the locators with contracts in NCC ........................................................................ 21 Figure 11. Framework for the full biodiversity assessment in NCC .............................................................. 22 Figure 12. Location map of established transects for vegetation surveyed ................................................ 25 Figure 13. Modified belt transect method with 1-km transect line established in vegetation surveyed .. 26 Figure 14. Trees, regenerants and percent (%) cover within the sampling quadrat .................................. 27 Figure 15. Location map of selected sites for faunal survey ......................................................................... 29 Figure 16. Location map of selected sites for arthropod collection survey ................................................. 36 Figure 17. Sampling locations for freshwater ecology ................................................................................... 39 Figure 18. Stages of plant succession .............................................................................................................. 44 Figure 19. Total number and percentage of different plant groups ............................................................ 44 Figure 20. Floral diversity per growth habit of recorded plants ................................................................... 52 Figure 21. Abundance of recorded plants based on endemism ................................................................... 53 Figure 22. Dendrogram of 15 transects generated through UPGMA using Bray-Curtis Similarity index.

Bootstrapping was done at n = 1000; correlation = 0.93.............................................................................. 54 Figure 23. Linear relationship of the relative abundance of exotic and native species to diversity indices

.............................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Figure 24. Percent endemism of recorded plant species in NCC. ................................................................. 66 Figure 25. Residency status of bird species in the project site ...................................................................... 76 Figure 26. Habitat association of bird species in the project site ................................................................. 77 Figure 27. Residency status of mammals in NCC ........................................................................................... 81 Figure 28. Comparative arthropod composition in terms of families and species per order and their

abundance .......................................................................................................................................................... 92 Figure 29. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on their general feeding guilds .............. 97 Figure 30. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on the feeding guilds of the various

species sampled from New Clark City, Tarlac ................................................................................................. 97 Figure 31. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for insects in the

different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac .................................................................................. 99


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Figure 32. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and species

evenness index (H/S) for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ............... 99 Figure 33. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders in the

different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac. ............................................................................... 101 Figure 34. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and species

evenness index (H/S) for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ............. 101 Figure 35. Relative composition of periphyton Divisions recorded from the sampling stations ............ 106 Figure 36. Total number of taxa and relative density of periphyton recorded from the sampling

stations .............................................................................................................................................................. 107 Figure 37. Species richness and abundance of macrobenthos recorded from the sampling stations .. 109 Figure 38. Abundance of macrobenthps documented from the sampling stations ................................ 110 Figure 39. Species richness and abundance of fish recorded from the sampling stations ..................... 113 Figure 40. Land cover map of 2010 ............................................................................................................... 122 Figure 41. Land cover map of 2015 ............................................................................................................... 122 Figure 42. Positive and negative trends in the land cover of the two watersheds ................................... 124 Figure 43. Soft prediction models for the different land cover types that will transition into built-up

areas in the future............................................................................................................................................ 127 Figure 44. Built-up areas in 2015 ................................................................................................................... 127 Figure 45. Built-up areas in 2040 ................................................................................................................... 128 Figure 46. Built-up areas in 2060 .................................................................................................................. 128 Figure 47. Trend in urban areas in NCC and in the two watersheds across different periods. ............. 129 Figure 48. A 100-yr flood event over the predicted built-up areas in NCC in 2040 .................................. 130 Figure 49. Pressures and Nature-based solutions vis-avis levels of planting and governance .............. 135 Figure 50. Initial ideas of doable nature-based solutions for NCC ............................................................ 136 Figure 51. Location of transects for the proposed Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and

Important Riverine Ecosystem ........................................................................................................................ 137 Figure 52. Types of ecosystem services or benefits from nature. Adapted from WWF in Roe et al. (2018)

............................................................................................................................................................................ 164 Figure 53. Examples of benefits from biodiversity. Adapted from Biodiversity Management Bureau

(2015) ................................................................................................................................................................. 165 Figure 54. IUCN model flow of PES ................................................................................................................. 166 Figure 55. Sample of geodatabase for flora and fauna of NCC ................................................................. 169


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LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1. Photos during the vegetation survey ................................................................................................. 24 Plate 2. Selected sampling sites for avifauna. ................................................................................................ 31 Plate 3. Selected sampling sites for netting. .................................................................................................... 33 Plate 4. Cage trap used to capture small non-volant mammals .................................................................. 35 Plate 5. Left: insect net for collecting arthropod specimens; right – glass jar for killing and preserving

arthropod specimens ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Plate 6. Net sweeping technique used to collect arthropod fauna from the sampling plots .................... 37 Plate 7. Sorted arthropod specimens prior to identification ........................................................................ 38 Plate 8. Scraping of periphyton on rock surface ............................................................................................ 40 Plate 9. Protocol on collection of microbenthic organisms .......................................................................... 41 Plate 10. Beach seine netting employed to catch freshwater fish ................................................................ 42 Plate 11. General vegetation within the NCC project development site ...................................................... 45 Plate 12. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites ................................................. 46 Plate 13. Photos of some flora species recorded within the sampling sites ............................................... 47 Plate 14. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites ................................................. 48 Plate 15. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. ................................................ 49 Plate 16.Photos of some shrub (A-E) and herb (G-H) species recorded within the sampling sites .......... 50 Plate 17. Photos of some herb, corm and vine species recorded within the sampling sites…………………51 Plate 18. Selected photos of economically important species. ..................................................................... 71 Plate 19.Selected photos of amphibians documented within the sampling sites ...................................... 73 Plate 20.Selected photos of reptiles documented within the sampling sites. ............................................. 74 Plate 21. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites........................................... 78 Plate 22. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites........................................... 79 Plate 23. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites........................................... 80 Plate 24. Selected photos of mammals documented within the sampling sites. ....................................... 83 Plate 25. Selected photos of dragonflies documented in NCC. ..................................................................... 94 Plate 26. Selected photos of lepidopterous insects documented in NCC. ................................................... 95 Plate 27. Other insects documented in NCC. .................................................................................................. 96 Plate 28. Photos of freshwater ecology stations.… ....................................................................................... 105 Plate 29. Dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations...................................................... 108 Plate 30. Photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations. .......... 111 Plate 31. The Chinese softshell turtle documented in Station FW-05......................................................... 117 Plate 32. Riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides .................................................................................. 118 Plate 33. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. ........................................... 119 Plate 34. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. ........................................... 120 Plate 35. Photos of suggested alternative species ........................................................................................ 161 Plate 36. Photos of suggested alternative species. ....................................................................................... 162


Final Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The New Clark City ”NCC) is envisioned to be the country s premier development that will promote a model of sustainable development. Design features of a smart, green,

and disaster resilient city were incorporated in its master plan. To help realize the vision

of NCC, the Asian Development Bank (through its Environment Thematic Group) provided technical assistance including the conduct of full biodiversity assessment. The study

aimed to generate new scientific information to enable NCC build its foundation in

developing nature-based solutions.

The Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. was commissioned by ADB to

undertake the full biodiversity study with the following specific tasks: 1) Select sampling

sites using GIS data and maps, reconnaissance survey, and information from locals; 2) Generate primary data of flora, fauna, and aquatic riverine ecosystem; 3) Analyze

biodiversity and phase of urban development; 4) Provide recommendation on nature-

based solutions; and 5) Provide recommendation on biodiversity monitoring system

suited for NCC.

In terms of plant diversity, the survey accounted a total of 156 native species and

71 exotic species. The latter is mostly common weeds with high abundance in disturbed

areas. Guided by DAO 2017-11 and the IUCN Red List to determine the conservation

status of plant species, it was reported that there are 29 threatened species. Most

noteworthy among the list is the endemic white lauan (Shorea contorta S.Vidal), which is

categorized as critically endangered by IUCN (2019-1). Other notable species include the

endangered molave (Vitex parviflora A. Juss.), kalantas (Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe) and

o-oi (Diospyros philippinensis A.DC) which can be used as banner species for conservation.

There are also new recorded species in the province that are not previously reported in

botanical literature. The inventory of species was further categorized according to its

potential economic uses such as medicinal, landscaping, construction, furniture, source

of extractive products, fuelwood or firewood, source of essential oil, paper making, and

insecticidal properties.

A total of 106 terrestrial wildlife species were recorded consisting of six (6) species

of frogs and a toad, five (5) species of lizards, five (5) species of snakes, seventy seven (77)

species of birds, six (6) species of bats, three (3) species of small non-volant mammals

and four (4) species of medium to large mammals. From these recorded data, it was

concluded that the species richness was generally low. Further, most species recorded

within the sampling sites were common species associated with open (shrublands,

agricultural and human-modified areas) to forested areas of varying degrees of


Final Report

2

disturbances. Sixty two percent (62%) of species are native while 25% are endemic

species, and a few (17%) are introduced. Examples of endemic species are marbled

crested lizard (Bronchocela marmorata), Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis), and

Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis).

The arthropod sampling data revealed that most of the sampling areas had high

similarities on their species composition. There are very few species of butterflies were noted in the sampling areas. Considering the feeding guilds of the arthropods, 40% of the

species are phytophagous as wood borers, leaf feeders and sapsuckers, 12% are

scavenger and 1% blood feeder. On the other hand, the number of natural enemies in

the area totaled 47%, that is, 35% predators and 12% parasitoid. These predators and parasitoids contribute to the natural control of the populations of other arthropods to a

certain level. The study also found that areas that are relatively disturbed and with

patches of grasslands, mango plantation and yemane plantation had low to moderate species diversity level.

For the aquatic/riverine ecosystem, macroinvertebrates were also examined. Nine

stations were designated representing areas with no active development, areas within the active development, areas nearby the active development and those impacted by

various human-related activities outside the project development area. The presence of

macrobenthos in the sampling sites ensures the normal functioning of an aquatic ecosystem as they are very important component of a food web. The pollution-tolerant

dipterans (Order Diptera) were also present but of limited number but generally it

indicates that the streams are in good condition.

There are twelve species of fish comprising 934 individuals from 11 families were

documented the nine sampling stations. These include three Philippine endemic species,

the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis from the family Phallostethidae; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis and Zenarchopterus philippinus from the family

Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae, respectively. The survey also noted three (3) native

species were also collected – walking catfish, Clarias batrachus from the family Clariidae;

and rock goby, Glossogobius illimis from family Gobiidae.

There are also seven introduced species such as wild goldfish, Carassius auratus

(Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cyprinidae; snakehead murrel, Channa striata from the family Channidae; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from the family Cichlidae; wild guppy,

Poecilia reticulata and wild molly, Poecilia sphenops both from the family Poeciliidae;

armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the family Loricariidae and three-spot

gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus from the family Osphronemidae.

The land cover analysis of Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds have been in tremendous decline from 2010-2015 for brush/shrubs areas (16,105 ha) and annual crop


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(4,394 ha). On the other hand, the grassland rapidly expanded to 123% (or 13,833 ha)

during the same period. The built-up areas also increased by 15% or 2,909 ha. In NCC, it

was found that most of its negative trends are situated in the northern and central portions of the area where development is also currently undertaken.

The predictive modelling revealed that there will be increasing trend of built-up areas from 2015 to 2060. Considering the entire area of coverage, it can be observed that

about 24,006 ha and 30,455 ha of built-up areas will increase in 2040 and 2060,

respectively from the 2015 state. In NCC alone, there will be estimated increase of about

3,348 ha of built-up areas in 2040 from the 282 ha in 2015.

The present and future scenarios of New Clark City present complex challenges.

This presents potential risks to current inhabitants of Capas and Bamban, and future residents and locators of NCC. An example of a complex challenge is ensuring water

security. Considered to be one of the scarce resources that will affect all stakeholders,

the management requires looking at the factors and nature-based solutions beyond

boundaries of NCC.

Therefore, the protection of headwaters and remaining biodiversity of the Cutcut

and O Donnell Watersheds require innovative partnership model. Addressing the

pressures should be anchored in biodiversity principles from design, planning and governance framework across different levels – project-level, inter-LGU, and watershed.

BCDA and New Clark City should develop appropriate strategies to avoid future risks and

sustain its natural capital. The findings from the biodiversity assessment of NCC were used to provide some initial ideas of nature-based solutions and initiatives including (but

not limited to) the following: establishment of priority conservation sites (important plant

areas, important wildlife areas, important riverine ecosystem); develop and implement

mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity; promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC; engaging communities as supplier (or

contract growers) of native and endemic species; Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES);

and working with LGUS to achieve synergy in particular to their Comprehensive Land Use Plans and Comprehensive Development Plans. The nature-based solutions can be

further categorized according to Environment, People and Community, and Governance


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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study

The New Clark City ”NCC) is envisioned to be the country s premier development that will promote a model of sustainable development. Its Master Plan, it incorporated in

its design the features of a smart, green and disaster resilient city. In order to realize this

vision, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its various units, viz. Urban Climate

Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF), Office of Public-Private Partnership (OPPP), and

Environmental Thematic Group (ETG) extended technical assistance and advisory services

to Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA).

Several studies have been supported by ADB including review of NCC s Master Plan, River Study and Plan, Resilience Framework and High-level Guidelines. One of the

key recommendations is to identify and develop nature-based solutions. Knowing the

state of ecosystem, watershed and biodiversity covering NCC are key to enhance the

master plan and determine appropriate solutions.

ADB s ETG supported the initial biodiversity scoping study in December 2018. The

study concluded the need for full biodiversity assessment by conducting detailed flora

and fauna survey to provide scientific basis for NCC s development features and

management interventions (e.g. climate resiliency, watershed and biodiversity

management). The data and information from Municipalities of Capas and Bamban, and

Province of Tarlac were also examined vis-à-vis challenges, potential synergy, and

opportunities with NCC. The study also recommended further application of Geographic

Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technology to derive land change

cover analysis in the focus watershed, negative and positive trend analysis, landscape

pattern analysis and predictive modelling to generate future scenarios of development

(Cordova & Tiburan, 2018).

The Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. (Pro-Seeds) was commissioned by

ADB to conduct full biodiversity assessment. Based on the findings of the initial scoping

study, the need for assessment of various components such as flora, fauna (including

arthropods), and aquatic ecosystems was emphasized. Combining the results of the

assessment with GIS/RS technology will enable the analysis on land cover and land use

change, identification of pressures, and modeling future scenarios of urban development.

The firm was also expected to recommend approaches in line with biodiversity-related,

nature-based solutions including appropriate Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring

System (BAMS) for NCC.


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The full biodiversity assessment was envisaged to be beneficial for BCDA in the

development and implementation of NCC s integrated sustainability plan, and

biodiversity management programs. Moreover, it can serve as reference for locators in

their site development plan, and management of landscapes for the parcels, among

others.

1.2. Objectives

The full biodiversity assessment intended to generate new scientific information

to enable NCC build its foundation in developing science-based and nature-inspired

solutions to allow coexistence of sustainable urban development and environmental

preservation. In order to achieve this, the study specifically aims the following:

a) Select sampling sites using GIS data and maps, reconnaissance survey, and information from locals;

b) Generate primary data of flora, fauna, and aquatic riverine ecosystem; c) Analyze biodiversity and phase of urban development; d) Provide recommendation on nature-based solutions; and e) Provide recommendation on biodiversity monitoring system suited for NCC.

1.3. Significance of the Study

The Central Luzon is one of the country s biggest contributors to economic growth.

This growth and urbanization, however, were accompanied with continuous degradation

of the region s remaining forestlands and watersheds. To counter these challenges, the Regional Development Plan (RDP) outlined the following set strategies: a) intensify

sustainable management of natural resources through adoption of ridge-to-reef

approach; b) expand development of resource-based enterprises/industries; c)

mainstream ecosystem valuation into national and local development planning; d)

strengthen enforcement of environmental laws; e) promote sustainable consumption

and production; f) implement risk and climate-sensitive land use; g) strengthen

implementation of prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, particularly at the local

levels across sectors; and h) strengthen implementation of response, recovery, and

rehabilitation efforts (NEDA, 2017).

As the new growth area in the region and a premier development, the NCC s Master Plan embodied most climate and disaster resiliency aspect. However, capitalizing

biodiversity to enable these strategies through nature-based solutions for planning,

management, economic and industry development, and sustainable consumption and


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production have yet to be realized. It should be noted that this is the first scientific study

on flora, fauna, and ecosystems in the premises of NCC. The full biodiversity assessment

can provide the necessary baseline information to guide BCDA and NCC management

craft innovative policies that conform to at least six strategies set by the Local

Government Unit (LGU).

1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study

The full biodiversity assessment of NCC was conducted from April to June 2019. The study was founded based on the findings and recommendations of the scoping study

supported by ADB in 2018. The biodiversity assessment has the following components:

a) terrestrial flora; b) fauna; c) aquatic ecology/riverine ecosystem; (d) application of

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS); and e) analysis of biodiversity vis-à-vis phases of urban development.

The assessment was implemented in different sites within NCC that met the minimum prerequisite for conducting field surveys and assessment of various

ecosystems. Specifically, each component gathered primary data that include the

following: a) species of trees, shrubs, palms, climbers, lianas, hemi-epiphytes, vascular

epiphytes, agricultural ecosystems and invasive species for Flora; b) species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, arthropods and invasive species for Fauna; and

c) species of phytoplankton, zooplanktons, periphytons, water insects, nektons, and

reptiles for Freshwater Ecology. The study also utilized the application of GIS to analyze the interface of biodiversity vis-à-vis phases of urban development including pressures,

and potential environmental challenges.

The findings from the biodiversity assessment enabled the team to recommend possible nature-based solutions, strategies, and measures to conserve and enhance state

of ecosystem, and habitats. Critical areas were also identified and recommended for

exclusion in development. Abundance of threatened and economically valuable species, and species richness within the area of study serve as the main factor for identifying

critical areas. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provides a Red

List of species of conservation concern globally to provide policy makers a basis for

conservation planning. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) and Biodiversity Management

Bureau (BMB) also provides a local list of threatened species (i.e DAO 2017-11, DAO 2004-

15). Both institutions similarly provide information on threatened species but differ with

the scope, procedure and criteria for the assessment. It is important to note that species listed as threatened by DENR-BMB is not automatically included in the IUCN Red List.

Furthermore, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora (CITES) provide three Appendices that list down threatened species according to the degree of protection against international trade. CITES is an international


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agreement between governments that aims to halt overexploitation of wild animals and

plants.

The IUCN Red List and CITES are recognized globally. Hence, international

institutions that handle funds for conservation projects (i.e. Global Environment Facility,

Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Rufford Small Grants Foundation, Whitley Fund for Nature, The Mohamed bin Zayen Species Conservation Fund etc) use these lists as one of

the criteria in approving grants. On the other hand, the list of threatened species under

DAO 2017-11 or DAO 2004-15 has implications on but not limited to utilization of natural

resources following the related national laws and policies in the country such as RA 9147 and EO 247.

The study is envisioned to provide an almost complete checklist of biodiversity in

the area to enhance the masterplan, management and development interventions in NCC.

However, since the timeframe of the study is limited (2.5 months), this assessment will

only cover the biodiversity thriving within NCC during the dry months of April and May

(dry season). For instance, it is likely that different assemblages of periphyton and

macrobenthos are present in the river systems during wet season when different

environmental conditions (e.g., fast flow, deep water, submerged substrates, etc.) exist.

For the terrestrial wildlife species, this period covers the non-migratory season of birds.

In the case of flora, the study provides a preliminary list of plants that are

flowering/fruiting during this season. This phenological event can affect the data on the

species richness of arthropods particularly those that are insect pollinators. Aside from

being constrained by the timeframe of the study, access to sampling areas was also

identified as one of the challenges. This caused undue delay in the conduct of sampling.

Lastly, a predictive modeling was undertaken. This shows the impact of phases

of development to biodiversity based on assumptions using the present available data.

This model may change thru time depending of the level (severity) of development to be

implemented.


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2. Brief Description of the Study Area 2.1. Geographic Location of New Clark City

The NCC is mainly situated in the municipalities of Capas, and Bamban in the

province of Tarlac (Figure 1). It has a total area of approximately 9,780 hectares (ha)

where its centroid is located at 15.299470 N Latitude and 120.487770 E Longitude. The

area is generally bounded on the north by San Jose, Tarlac and Tarlac City; on the east by

Concepcion, Tarlac; on the south by Porac and Mabalacat City of Pampanga; and on the

west bounded by the municipality of Botolan in Zambales.

Figure 1. Location map of New Clark City

2.2. Overview and Condition of Watershed

There are two major watersheds encompassing the NCC area, namely – O Donnell Watershed and Cutcut Watershed (Figure 2). The former has an estimated area of 30,336

ha while the latter covers 17,120 ha. It is estimated that majority of the covered area of

NCC is part of the Cutcut Watershed (around 6,602 ha or 67.5%) while the rest lies in

O Donnell Watershed (3,081 ha or 31.5%).


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The O Donnell Watershed drains into the Agno River Basin where the main outlet

is located along the Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan. This watershed has two main river

systems, viz. O Donnell River and the Bangut River. Between the two, the Bangut River is

directly impacted by the development in the area. While Cutcut Watershed (whose main

river is Cutcut Watershed) is a sub-watershed of the Pampanga River Basin that drains all

the way to Manila Bay.

Figure 2. The O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds in New Clark City

The initial biodiversity scoping study (Cordova & Tiburan, 2018) provided a

comprehensive characteristic of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds. The DENR has

watershed characterization for O Donnell Watershed produced in 2007. Using GIS/RS,

more comprehensive data were produced (including that of Cutcut) in terms of elevation,

slope, land cover, vegetation index, and percent tree cover.

Around eighty three percent (83%) of the O Donnell Watershed was classified as

Forest Land and approximately sixteen percent was classified Alienable and Disposable

(Table 1). Vast vegetation cover of the watershed is characterized as wooded land and

wooded grassland.


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Table 1. Land Classification of O Donnell Watershed

Land Classification Area (Ha) Percentage

Forest Land 24,565.12 83.38 A&D 4,893.53 16.62 Total 29,458.65 100

The O Donnell Watershed has elevation between 0-200 masl and 1,400-1,600 masl

that straddles along the rugged terrain of Mount Pinatubo (Table 2). Almost 40% or

around 12,124 ha belongs to the 0-200 masl class. The Cutcut Watershed has lower

elevation range compared to the O Donnell watershed. It only falls between 0-200 masl

and 400-600 masl. Around 87% or about 14,805 ha has elevation between 0 and 200 masl.

Table 2. Elevation classes of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds

Elevation (masl) O'donnell Cutcut

Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent

0-200 12,123.74 39.97 14,805.00 86.48

200-400 8,842.16 29.15 2,053.60 12.00

400-600 5,235.15 17.26 261.24 1.53

600-800 1,981.03 6.53 - -

800-1000 1,740.19 5.74 - -

1000-1200 303.26 1.00 - -

1200-1400 95.98 0.32 - -

1400-1600 14.10 0.05 - -

In terms of slope (Table 3), Cutcut Watershed (where NCC majority lies) exhibits a

relatively flat terrain (0-8%) covering an area of 10,534 ha or 62% of the watershed.

However, there s only a minimal area (203 ha or 1%) with steep slope (>50%) in this watershed. A large portion of the flat areas in Cutcut Watershed are also within the CGC

area.

The O Donnell Watershed, on the other hand, has the larger area with steep slopes

(>50%) among the two with an estimated coverage of 3,037 ha or 10% of the watershed.

Moderate slopes (30-50%) in the watershed is also estimated around 5,620 ha or 19% of

the area. Most of the steep slopes are situated mostly at the foothills of Mount Pinatubo.

Table 3. Slope of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds

Slope (%) O'donnell Cutcut


0-8 10,150.88 33.46 10,545.60 61.60

8-18 5,673.68 18.70 3,236.17 18.90


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Slope (%) O'donnell Cutcut


18-30 5,737.88 18.91 1,745.18 10.19

30-50 5,617.00 18.52 1,269.33 7.41

>50 3,037.26 10.01 205.77 1.20

With regards to land cover, most vegetation in O Donnell Watershed is classified as brush or shrub areas (12,850 ha or 42%). This is succeeded by annual crop (6,843 ha

or 23%) and grassland areas (3,926 ha or 13%) which are situated mostly in low lying areas

of Capas. About 2,414 ha covering around 8% of the entire watershed is also considered

as open forest and is mostly located in the headwaters of the catchment area. The majority of land cover in Cutcut Watershed is classified as annual crop (48% or 8,216 ha).

This is followed by brush/shrubs with 3,243 ha or about 19% of the total watershed area.

However, only less than 1% (42 ha) is considered as open forest in Cutcut Watershed (Table 4).

Table 4. Land cover categories of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds

Land Cover O'donnell Cutcut

Area (ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent

Annual Crop 6,842.79 22.56 8,216.01 47.99

Brush/Shrubs 12,850.30 42.36 3,243.08 18.94

Built-up 253.48 0.84 1,949.84 11.39

Closed Forest - - - -

Fishpond 1.36 0.00 1.34 0.01

Grassland 3,926.27 12.94 1,684.04 9.84

Inland Water 1,793.58 5.91 79.90 0.47

Open Forest 2,414.31 7.96 41.63 0.24

Open/Barren 1,684.61 5.55 - -

Perennial Crop 568.92 1.88 1,903.99 11.12

2.3. Physical Characteristics of New Clark City

2.3.1. Elevation

The NCC lies at the northern downslopes of Mount Pinatubo. Its elevation

stretches between 0-100 masl and 600-700 masl where about 60% or 5,975 ha belong to

the 0-200 masl (Figure 3). The elevation range of Cutcut Watershed, on the other hand,

falls between 0-100 masl and 500-600 masl (Figure 4). Majority of NCC s property in Cutcut Watershed (61% or 10,497 ha) has an elevation range of 0-100 masl. The elevation

range 100-200 masl comes next with an area of about 4,300 ha or 25% of the entire

watershed. Meanwhile, a large part of NCC s property situated in the O Donnell


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Watershed were located in elevation range of 100-200 masl with an area of 8,846 ha or

29%. It was noted that portions of NCC s property straddles elevation of 0-100 masl up to

1,400-1,500 masl.

Figure 3. Elevation map of NCC and the two watersheds

Figure 4. Elevation classes in NCC and in the two watersheds


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2.3.2. Slope

The slope of NCC is generally considered flat (0-8%) covering an approximate area

of 3,036 ha or 31% of the entire area (Figure 5). This is followed by a rolling or hilly terrain

(8-18%) with an estimated area of 2,678 ha or 27% of NCC (Figure 6). Meanwhile, only

about 5% or 460 ha is considered as steep (>50%) in the area.

Figure 5. Slope map of NCC and the two watersheds


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Figure 6. Slope classes in NCC and in the two watersheds

2.3.3. Land Cover

Majority of the land cover in NCC is classified as brush/shrub areas (4,069 ha or

42%), located mostly at the southwestern portion of the area (Figure 7), followed by

annual crop (2,317 ha or 24%) and grassland areas (1,731 ha or 18%) which are found in

the northern parts of NCC (Figure 8). In addition, about 1,168 ha or 12% of NCC is

classified as perennial crops where majority of these are mango trees. It can also be

observed that around 11% or 1,950 ha of the watershed is already occupied by built-up

areas. However, most of these areas are outside the NCC. Only around 287 ha falls within

the NCC, which are mostly situated in the northern and eastern peripheries.


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Figure 7. Land cover map of NCC and the two watersheds

Figure 8. Areas covered by different land cover types in NCC and in the two watersheds


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2.4. Overview of Socio-economic Activities of Barangays within NCCC

The New Clark City straddles in seven barangays in the Municipalities of Capas and

Bamban. These are considered agricultural barangays engaged in rice production,

sugarcane, vegetables, livestock and poultry raising. While a few are into fish production.

The Department of Agriculture noted that the 5 host barangays (Aranguren, Sta. Lucia,

O Donnell, Maruglo, and Cutcut II) in Capas have a total of 200 ha planted with 11,866 mangoes owned by at least 90 growers.

Communal fishing in creeks can be found in Barangay Sto. Nino and Barangay San

Vicente in Bamban, Tarlac. Areas planted with coffee and cacao under the National

Greening Program can also be found Brgy Sto. Nino. On the hand, Brgy. San Vicente

boosts natural tourism areas. Table 5 provides the details of socio-economic activities in

these barangays.

Table 5. List of barangays and corresponding socio-economic activities covering NCC

Municipality Barangay* Socio-economic Activities**

Capas Aranguren The barangay has one of the largest agricultural land in

Capas with 482.5 hectares of irrigated farms and 335

hectares rainfed farms. It mainly produces mainly rice,

sugarcane, ampalaya and mongo. The residents are also into

swine farming, and contract growing of chicken. The DA-

Capas accounted 2 operators engaged in tilapia fishpond

operation utilizing 0.10 ha. The DA also surveyed 50 hectares

were planted with mango totaling to 2,605 trees.

Sta. Lucia The barangay has a total of 766 hectares of agricultural lands

(558 ha irrigated and 208 ha rainfed) used for rice

production, sugarcane, gabi, vegetables, sweet potato, and

watermelon. Livestocks and tilapia are also being raised in

the area. The latter occupy 0.60 hectares operated by 4

tilapia producers. The DA-Capas recorded 2,137 mango trees

covering 25 hectares

O Donnell The barangay s main produce include rice, sugarcane, gabi, sweet potato, vegetables, and mango. Around 411.7 hectares

are irrigated lands and 263.4 ha are rainfed farms. Mangoes

were planted in 45 ha agricultural land with 2,648 trees.

Maruglo Then barangay only has 47.1 ha agricultural land where 35.3

ha are irrigated and 11.8 ha are rainfed. The inhabitants were

noted to engaged in rice farming, fishing, and other

agricultural crops including sweet potato, taro, mango, and


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Municipality Barangay* Socio-economic Activities**

vegetables. The DA-Capas noted that the barangay has 50

hectares planted with 2,389 mango trees.

Cutcut II Located just half kilometer from poblacion, the barangay has

252 hectares of agricultural land (152 ha irrigated and 99.5

rainfed) that mainly produces rice and sugar cane. The

residents are also into livestock and poultry raising, and fish

production. The DA-Capas recorded 2,087 mango trees

occupying 30 hectares.

Bamban Sto. Nino Communal fishing in creeks, specifically in Sapang Bituka.

The barangay was also noted to have CARPable lands of at

least 117 hectares. Sto. Nino also have areas for National

Greening Program targeted for cacao and coffee. The

barangay was also identified with natural attractions for

tourism such as falls, rivers, and tunnels. There is also a

gravel crushing plant that we classified as light industry.

San Vicente Communal fishing in creeks (specifically in Sapang Kawayan)

with recorded harvest of 450 kg in 2016. There are also

fishponds that produced 432 MT in the same period. It was

also identified with areas of interest for tourism such as Mt.

Tiayag Falls and caves.

Source: *BCDA-Community Relations Team as cited in Comprehensive Master Development Plan of Clark

Green City (now NCC) (2017); ** CDP and CLUP 2011-2020 of LGU Capas; and Socio-Economic and

Physical Profile (SEPP) of LGU Bamban

If fully harnessed, the LGU Capas noted three of the abovementioned barangays

that have food production capability for both agricultural crops and livestock in the long-

term. These are barangays Maruglo, Sta. Lucia, and O Donnell. There are also business establishments in these barangays of Capas majority of which are sari-sari stores.

2.5. Climate and Climate Change

The climate in NCC is considered as Type I based on the Modified Coronas

Classification. Areas under this type are described having two pronounced seasons, dry

from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. In general, maximum rains

are expected during the months of June to September. Based on the latest report of

PAGASA entitled Observed Climate Trends and Projected Climate Change in the Philippines that was published in 2018, the total amount of annual rainfall in Tarlac and Pampanga from 1971 to 2000 is 2,146.6 mm and 2,257.0 mm, respectively. Both sites

revealed that highest seasonal rainfall is observed during the months of June, July and

August followed by the season from September to November (Table 6). In terms of the


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amount of rainfall in the areas in 2036-2065 under different scenarios, it is projected that

there will be wetter dry seasons (December to February and March to May) while less

rainfall during the wet seasons (June to August and September to November).

On the other hand, the mean temperatures in Tarlac and Pampanga across

different seasons are shown in Table 7. Based on this information, the highest mean

temperature is observed from March to May in both areas with 28.3 0C. In terms of the

projection of mean temperatures in 2036-2065, the range of increase in Tarlac and

Pampanga is from 1.1 0C to 1.3 0C under RCP 4.5. Meanwhile, an increase of about 1.6 0C

to 1.7 0C is predicted under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario. The hottest season in the two

provinces is also expected during the months of March, April and May.


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Table 6. Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (mm) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III

OBSERVED (1971-2000) PROJECTED (2036-2065)

DJF MAM JJA SON SCENARIO December to February March to May June to August September to November PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

TARLAC

43.4 265.4 1193.5 644.3 RCP 4.5 7.9 46.8 8.1 287.0 -8.3 1094.7 -4.7 613.9 RCP 8.5 9.9 47.7 5.0 278.6 -5.1 1133.0 1.8 655.8

PAMPANGA

120.8 320.6 1030.4 785.2 RCP 4.5 18.6 143.3 9.0 349.6 -12.3 903.3 -1.9 769.9 RCP 8.5 18.5 143.1 6.5 341.4 -0.8 1022.4 -1.2 776.0

Note: DJF – December, January & February; MAM – March, April & May; JJA – June, July & August; and SON – September, October & November

Table 7. Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (0C) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III

OBSERVED (1971-2000) PROJECTED (2036-2065)

DJF MAM JJA SON SCENARIO December to February March to May June to August September to November PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

PERCENT CHANGE

PROJECTED VALUE

TARLAC

26.1 28.3 27.8 27.3 RCP 4.5 1.3 27.4 1.2 29.5 1.2 29.0 1.1 28.4 RCP 8.5 1.6 27.7 1.7 30.0 1.6 29.4 1.6 28.9

PAMPANGA

26.0 28.3 27.5 27.1 RCP 4.5 1.3 27.3 1.3 29.6 1.3 28.8 1.1 28.2 RCP 8.5 1.6 27.6 1.7 30.0 1.6 29.1 1.6 28.7

Note: DJF – December, January & February; MAM – March, April & May; JJA – June, July & August; and SON – September, October & November


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2.6. Brief Overview of the Proposed Development of NCC

Based on the master plan of NCC, the entire area is divided into several land use

zones (Figure 9). These include zones for residential, commercial, industrial, institution,

and parks and recreation zone, among others. A large portion of NCC was designated as

protected zone (3,904 ha or 40%) and reserved zone (1,601 ha or 16%). The protected

zone is mainly situated in the southwestern portion while the reserved zone is in the

eastern and northwestern portions of NCC. The residential zone covers an estimated total

area of 983 ha or about 10% of the entire area. This zone is subcategorized into low

density residential, medium density residential, high density residential, and mixed-use

residential zone. In addition, commercial zones are estimated at 104 ha, industrial zones

at 678 ha, and institutional zones at 615 ha.

Figure 9. Different land use zones in NCC

Contracts between BCDA and other institutions are already existing as part of the

pioneer developments in NCC. These institutions include Filinvest Land Inc., Office of the

Civil Defense, Earth Day Network Inc. Reforestation Demo Plot, Central Park, Golf Courses

and Solar Farm Companies (e.g. Sindicatum Solar Farm and Sunray Solar Farm).


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Educational institutions such as the Philippine Science High School, Technological

University of the Philippines, and the University of the Philippines – NCC Campus are also

expected to land in NCC (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Map showing the locators with contracts in NCC


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3. Biodiversity Assessment Framework and Design 3.1. Framework for the Study

As previously mentioned, this project generally aims to determine the biodiversity

status of the development areas to enable New Clark City to build its foundation in

developing nature-based solutions. A multi-disciplinary team of experts was tasked to

conduct full biodiversity assessment to determine the current state of ecosystems and

biodiversity in the area. Results of the biodiversity assessment were used as input for the

predictive modeling of the impact of phases of development on biodiversity. These

enabled the team to recommend possible nature-based solutions in both terrestrial and

riverine ecosystems. Science-based strategies and measures including the identification

of important biodiversity areas were recommended to conserve and enhance state of

ecosystem, and habitats.

Figure 11. Framework for the full biodiversity assessment in NCC


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3.2. Methodology

3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora 3.2.1.1. Vegetation Survey

Vegetation survey was conducted in NCC on 27 April to 01 May 2019 (Plate 1)

following the prescribed methodology by the DENR-Biodiversity Management Bureau

(BMB) on plant diversity assessment (Cruz et al., 2017). This method has already been

applied in selected Protected Areas of the Philippines (Malabrigo, Jr.et al., 2016; Malabrigo,

Jr., Tobias, & Boncodin, 2017). A total of 15 transects with 75 quadrats were established

and surveyed, mostly in areas with dense vegetation and patches of forest (Figure 12).

The type of vegetation was also considered in order to identify which areas have

significant value for native plants conservation. Description of the general vegetation of

each transect is presented in Table 8.

The team used a modified belt transect method wherein five quadrats (20 m by

20 m) were laid out along one-kilometer transect at every 250 m interval (Figure 13).

Nested quadrat sampling was employed to assess and characterize the structure and

species composition (Figure 14). Merchantable height (MH) and total height (TH) of all

trees with diameter at breast-height (DBH) of ≥ 10 cm were measured and recorded. For

shrubs, poles and saplings inside the 5 m by 5 m quadrat, number of individuals was

counted to account for the abundance of intermediate species, while percentage cover

of understorey species (grasses and other plants below one-meter height) within the 1 m

by 1m quadrat was determined.

In addition, an opportunistic flora survey involving free walk on different

vegetation types and listing and photo documentation of the different species (outside

the quadrats) encountered was also done to account for the maximum possible species

in the area.


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Plate 1. Photos during the vegetation survey. A. – Site reconnaissance, B. – Identification of plants,

C. & D. – Listing of species and data gathering, E. - Photodocumentation


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Figure 12. Location map of established transects for vegetation surveyed

Table 8. General description of transect established for vegetation survey

Transect Location Description

1 E15.27755, N120.4825 to

E15.28943, N1204794

Secondary forest within a sloping area composed of

open canopy and prominent forest gaps.

2 E15.2821, N120.4811 to

E15.28726, N120.488

Relatively disturbed vegetation with patches of

grassland and forest dominated by ipil-ipil (Leucaena

leucocephala).

3 E15.31255, N120.4887 to

E15.31124, N120.4837

Disturbed secondary forest dominated by

alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) and Trema

tomentosa.

4 E15.30448, N120.4931 to

E15.30354, N120.4903

A patch of forest with trees mostly pioneer species

such as tibig (Ficus nota). Understorey layer is

dominated by wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia)

5 E15.32426, N120.4883 to

E15.32018, N120.4934 Dominated by mango plantation

6 E15.32608, N120.491 to

E15.32101, N120.4938

Scrubland dominated by mango plantations and

patches of agricultural lands.

7 E15.28046, N120.4523 to

E15.27189, N120.451 Scrubland dominated by Bauhinia spp.

8 E15.28299, N120.4564 to

E15.28888, N120.4597

Scrubland with patches of agroforestry areas and

plantations of yemane, mahogany and coconut


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Transect Location Description

9 E15.35059, N120.5265 to

E15.3488, N120.5196

Highly disturbed scrubland within areas of

development near NCC entrance

10 E15.35352, N120.5258 to

E15.34964, N120.5194

Highly disturbed scrubland within areas of

development near NCC entrance

11 E15.35266, N120.5349 to

E15.35425, N120.5441

Highly disturbed areas dominated by gmelina, mango

and mahogany

12 E15.31261, N120.5063 to

E15.30775, N120.505

Relatively disturbed areas with evidence of

agricultural practices

13 E15.32322, N120.5166 to

E15.31661, N120.514

Dominated by gmelina with some parts that are

naturally burned, especially in cogonal area

14 E15.35048, N120.498 to

E15.35443, N120.505 Relatively disturbed areas

15 E15.31017, N120.5221 to

E15.3028, N120.5163

Strip of disturbed forests with mango, gmelina and

mahogany

Figure 13. Modified belt transect method with 1-km transect line established in vegetation surveyed


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Figure 14. Trees, regenerants and percent (%) cover within the sampling quadrat

3.2.1.2. Species Identification

Published books and articles, and repositories of online database were accessed

to acquire the needed information on species identification. Relevant literature ”Co s Digital Flora of the Philippines, Flora Malesiana, Flora of Manila, Enumeration of

Philippine Flowering Plants, Lexicon of Philippine Plants, Blumea, Leaflets of Philippine

Botany among others) were consulted for the initial identification of dried plant materials.

Subsequently, photos of unknown plants were compared using digital images available

online (JSTOR Plant and PhytoImages).

Scientific names of the specimens were verified in the International Plant Names

Index (IPNI) and standardized based from the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org).

Local names were based from the book of Merrill (1922-1926) – An Enumeration of

Philippine Flowering Plants. Distribution and endemism of plants were determined using

online databases such as the Catalogue of Life (http://catalogueoflife.org/), Tropicos

(http://www.tropicos.org/), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (http://GBIF.org).

Conservation status of species was based mainly from the assessment of the

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Philippine Plants

Conservation Committee of DENR-Biodiversity Management Bureau. The IUCN Red List

(2019-1) and the Updated List of Threatened Plants and their Categories (DAO 2017-11)

were accessed.

http://www.theplantlist.org/

http://catalogueoflife.org/

http://www.tropicos.org/

http://gbif.org/


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3.2.1.3. Data Analysis

Data gathered through vegetation survey from 15 transects were collated and

analyzed to characterize the floristic composition of the remaining vegetation and

patches of forest within NCC. The importance values of trees, which is the standard

measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species, were also

computed using the following formula (Kuchler, Mueller-Dombois, & Ellenberg, 2006):

� � = . � � � � / � � � � � = � � / � � � = . � ℎ� ℎ � / . � � � = � / � � � = � / � � � � � = � � / � � � � = � � � � + � � � + � � � �

In addition, the similarity of vegetation composition of each transect was

quantified with Bray-Curtis Similarity index. After assessment of 30 plot combinations (15

transects times 2), a dendrogram was generated through unweighted pair-group method

(UPGMA) to visually present the relation of each transects in terms of species dominance.

Using the Paleontological Statistics (PAST version 3.23) software package for education

and data analysis (Hammer & Harper, 2006), diversity indices (i.e. Shannon, Simpson s and Evenness) of sampling quadrats were computed based on the presence and absence

data of all recorded species per quadrat. For the manual computation of these indices,

listed below are the following formula:

Species Richness Index (S) – refers to the number of species for a given site

Shannon Index (H)

Dominance Index (D) will be mathematically computed using the formula:

D = (Hmax – H), where: H = Diversity; Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (S)

Shannon s Evenness Index ”e) = H / Hmax, where: Hmax = ln (S)

3.2.2. Vertebrate Fauna

3.2.2.1. Area Description

Terrestrial wildlife faunal survey for the NCC Project was conducted in Capas,

Tarlac last 27 April to 05 May 2019. The climatic condition in Tarlac is classified as Type I

(modified Coronas Classification), wherein there are two pronounced seasons, dry from


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November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. The area is further categorized

under Cluster 3 (Corporal-Lodangco & Lance, 2017) wherein rainfall commences in May

coinciding with the early onset of summer monsoon. The sampling period was limited to

the Dry Season. Hence, it is understandable that no migratory birds are within the study

site. During sampling, the weather was generally sunny and hot with temperatures

ranging from 35 ºC to 31 ºC.

Three sampling sites were selected to survey vertebrate wildlife species (Figure

15).

Figure 15. Location map of selected sites for faunal survey

3.2.2.2. Faunal Survey

Standard terrestrial wildlife faunal survey techniques were used to record

amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals present in the area. Different vertebrate

species have different habitats and activity patterns and thus, specific methodologies

were used for each vertebrate group. The following methods were used: strip transect

sampling and opportunistic catching for amphibians and reptiles; line transect walk and


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mistnetting for birds; trapping for small non-volant mammals; and mistnetting for bats.

Ethnobiological interviews were also conducted for all terrestrial vertebrate groups.

3.2.2.2.1. Herpetofauna

Amphibians and reptiles were surveyed through strip transect sampling,

opportunistic catching and ethnobiological interview. Ten strip transects measuring 10 m

by 10 m quadrats per site covered an area equivalent to 1000 m2. Sampling was

conducted from 2000h to 2100h. There were 4 man-hours per site for a total of 12 man-

hours for the whole area. Searches, especially for cryptic species, in potential

microhabitats (e.g. pools, springs, seepage areas, tree holes, burrows, underneath fallen

logs, on leaf litters and tree foliage) were undertaken with the help of local guides.

Individuals were captured using bare hands and/or sticks. Auditory cues were also used

as reference for species identification. Species identification were based on Alcala (1986)

and Alcala and Brown (1998). All captured and identified individuals were released at their

site of capture. Interviews with locals were also performed but limited only to

conspicuous and easily identifiable species (e.g. python, monitor lizard, cobra, turtles,

etc.). Coordinates of the location for herpetofauna transects is presented in Table 9.

Table 9. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for herpetofauna survey

Site No. Elevation Coordinates

1 125 masl to 131 masl N15.35108 E120 to N15.34805 E120. 49948

2 198 masl to 179 masl N15.28171 E120.48254 to N15.28013 E120.48252


3.2.2.2.2. Avifauna

3.2.2.2.2.1. Transect Walk

Bird census was carried along two 2-km transect routes in each site (Plate 2). The

species and number of individuals seen or heard were recorded. Species identification

was based on Kennedy et al. (2000). There were ten man-hours per site for a total of 30

man-hours for whole area. Location per transect route is presented in Table 10.

Table 10. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for avifauna survey

Site No. Elevation Coordinates

1 138 masl to 119 masl N15. 34253 E120. 49986 to N15. 35751 E120. 49651




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Plate 2. Selected sampling sites for avifauna. A ‒ Site 1; B‒ Site 2; and C ‒3

3.2.2.2.2.2. Netting

Mistnets were set individually or in a series near the ground along possible flyways

(clearances) and near feeding trees (Plate 3). This method supplements the Line Transect

method by recording cryptic, silent and nocturnal birds that are difficult to observe during

transect counts. Nets were initially operated from 0900 h to 1800 h and were left open

until the following day for nocturnal species. Species identification was based on Kennedy

et al. (2000). Representatives of species caught were photographed. Individuals were

marked on their claws with nail polish and then released. Fifteen nets per site were set

for three days per site for a total of 135 net days for the whole area. List of location

coordinates of the netting areas is presented in Table 11.


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Table 11. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of netting areas for avifauna survey

Site No. Net No. Elevation Coordinates

1 1 125 masl to 128 masl N15.35108 E120. 49824 to N15. 35054 E120.49818

1 2 126 masl to 132 masl N15.35061 E120. 49911 to N15.35051 E120. 49899

1 3 119 masl to 125 masl N15.35051 E120. 49899 to N15.35066 E120.49934



2 1 177 masl to 182 masl N15.28065 E120.48204 to N15.28113 E120.48251








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Plate 3. Selected sampling sites for netting. A ‒Site 1; B ‒Site 2; and C ‒ Site 3


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3.2.2.2.2.3. Data Analysis for Transect Walk Data

Bird community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula

that considers both species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the

community. Relative abundance refers to the number of individuals of a given species

divided by the total number of all species encountered. The community diversity was

mathematically calculated using the similar diversity indices mentioned in the flora

component (3.2.1.3. Data Analysis).

3.2.2.2.3. Mammals

3.2.2.2.3.1. Bats

Volant mammals (fruit bats and insect bats) were captured using the same mist nets used for birds. Mist nets were tended continuously during the activity peak from

early dusk (about 18000h, net watching) until about 2000h and were left open thereafter.

Bats were removed during net watching until 2100h and in the early morning the following day. Identification was based on Ingle and Heaney (1992). Representatives of

species caught were photographed, claw marked with nail polish and then released.

3.2.2.2.3.2. Non-volant Mammals

For small non-volant mammals (murid rodents and shrews), 60 traps were set for

two nights per site for a total of 360 trap nights for the area. Coordinates of the traplines

are listed in Table 12.

Table 12. Coordinates of the traplines

Site No. Coordinates

1 9°36'2.20"N 125°32'53.29"E to 09° 35.940' N 125° 32.895' E

2 9°38'46.92"N 125°31'49.22"E to 9°38'45.35"N 125°31'47.09"E

Cage traps (Plate 4) baited with roasted coconut meat coated with peanut butter

were set in the late afternoon and positioned 5 to 10 meters apart along possible runways,

near burrow entrances, under root tangles, on top of fallen logs, etc. Important

information such as weight, sex, approximate age category (adult, sub-adult or adult) and

when applicable, reproductive condition, were noted. Representatives of each species

caught were photographed. Identification were based on Heaney et al. (2010) and Aplin

et al. (2003). All individuals caught were released except in cases of commensal rats.

Ethnobiological interviews of locals on the presence and perceived abundance of medium

to large-sized mammals were also conducted during the field work.


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Plate 4. Cage trap used to capture small non-volant mammals

3.2.2.3. Identification of Species

A checklist of all recorded species was made for each vertebrate fauna groups.

Species identification, residency status, and habitat associations were based on Alcala

(1986) and Alcala and Brown (1998) for amphibians and reptiles, Kennedy et al. (2000) for

birds, Ingle and Heaney (1992) for bats, and Heaney et al. (2010) and Aplin et al. (2003)

for non-volant mammals. Taxonomic updates were also noted based on (Diesmos et al.

(2015) for amphibians and Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (2018) for birds.

3.2.2.4. Conservation Status

The conservation status of all recorded wildlife species was identified based on

the IUCN Red List of Threatened species and on the DAO 2004-15 of RA 9147. The IUCN

threatened categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) indicate the

species global status while DAO 2004-15 indicates the local conservation status.

Furthermore, DAO 2004-15 includes other categories such as Other Threatened Species

(OTS) and Other Wildlife Species (OWS). CITES Appendices listing was also included as a

reference for this DAO (Appendix I = Critically Endangered and Appendix II = Endangered).


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3.2.3. Invertebrate Fauna

3.2.3.1. Sampling Sites

A total of 12 sites were sampled for arthropod collection survey. These sites were

within the selected transects established for the vegetation survey (Figure 16).

Figure 16. Location map of selected sites for arthropod collection survey

3.2.3.2. Sampling Method

A standard protocol for arthropod fauna survey was employed. Insect net was used to collect specimens. Collected specimens were then stored in glass jar with 80%

ethyl alcohol (Plate 5). Net sweeping near within the floral sampling plots was done

randomly (Plate 6). For each observation site, a total of 50 sweeps was done to collect arthropods, that is, 10 net sweeps per sampling plot along a one kilometer transect. One

sweep is approximately 1800 or a sweep to the right and a sweep to the left side of the

collector making sure that no two sweeps would be done along the same point.


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Plate 5. Left: insect net for collecting arthropod specimens; right – glass jar for killing and preserving arthropod specimens

Plate 6. Net sweeping technique used to collect arthropod fauna from the sampling plots

After collection, samples were brought to the laboratory for sorting and

identification (Plate 7). Using available literature on arthropods, the specimens were

identified to at least family level. Only few species that are common were identified up

to species. Also, the number of individuals per species were counted and recorded in Microsoft Excel for the purpose of computing the diversity indices.


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Plate 7. Sorted arthropod specimens prior to identification

3.2.3.3. Data Analysis

Species diversity of arthropods was quantified using selected diversity indices

(Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener Diversity index, Simpson s index of Dominance and Diversity, and Pielou s Equitability Index). Margalef index quantifies species richness while

the rest provide measures on species diversity and evenness of the population. Index

values for each parameter were computed using PAST v3.23 software.

3.2.4. Freshwater Ecology

3.2.4.1. Sampling Station

Sampling for freshwater ecology was undertaken along streams adjacent and

within the project areas of the NCC. Periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities

in the nine stations (Figure 17) were assessed to determine the present condition of these

organisms which could potentially be affected by the ongoing development. Selection of

sampling areas considered the year-round availability of water, presence of

microhabitats (e.g., riffle, run and pool), and proximity to development and human

settlements.


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Figure 17. Sampling locations for freshwater ecology

3.2.4.2. Sampling Protocol

3.2.4.2.1. Periphyton

Periphyton samples were collected by scraping rock surfaces using a scalpel (Plate

8). Three sub-samples per station were collected but were all transferred into one bottle

to make a composite sample per station.

The samples were preserved in Lugol s solution, after which were brought to the laboratory for accurate identification and determination of periphyton density.

Photomicrographs of dominant taxa were taken using Carl Zeiss axioscope.


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Plate 8. Scraping of periphyton on rock surface

3.2.4.2.2. Macrobenthos

A D-frame aquatic kick net (Plate 9) was used to collect macroinvertebrate

samples on riffles or the shallow fast-flowing portions of stream ecosystems. Bottom

sediments were dislodged via kicking actions of the operator whilst walking backward

upstream with the net facing upstream for 5 minutes. Two replicates were collected per

station.

Collected samples were sorted on a white tray and then placed inside plastic

containers filled with 70% ethyl alcohol for preservation. Preserved samples were then

brought to the laboratory for accurate identification, if possible, up to the lowest taxa.

Photographs of dominant macrobenthos were also taken.


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Plate 9. Protocol on collection of microbenthic organisms. A. Collection using D-frame aquatic kick

net, and B. sorting of macroinvertebrates

3.2.4.2.3. Fish

Fish samples were collected from the sampling stations with the help of the local

hires using seine netting (Plate 10). Fishes that were identified in-situ were returned alive

onto the water. Photographs of different fish species were taken to aid in the

identification process. However, for accurate identification, minimal samples were

collected for those which cannot be identified readily and were preserved in 70% ethyl

alcohol and brought to the laboratory for accurate identification up to species level.

Interviews were also done on local guides and residents by showing them photo

guide to determine other species that were not captured using various methodologies

employed in this study.


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Plate 10. Beach seine netting employed to catch freshwater fish

3.2.4.3. Conservation Status

The conservation status of documented organisms was based on the assessment

of the IUCN (2018). Local assessment for freshwater species has not yet been established

by the DENR-BMB.


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4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY 4.1. Terrestrial Flora

4.1.1. Vegetation Structure

The New Clark City project site is primarily composed of vegetation with open

canopy, where grassland agroecosystem dominates most of the flat area. In addition,

plantations of fruit trees and tree crops such as manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica),

yemane (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were found to occur at

large extent. A few forest patches scattered across the development site still exist but

mostly in areas with steep slopes and along riverbanks. The forest vegetation in NCC can

be classified as young secondary growth forest with early successional species, which are

usually shade-intolerant and sun-loving species dominating the area.

Secondary growth occurs as a result of secondary succession, which happens after

the land has been exposed to nudation (See Figure 18) or complete depletion of biomass

by disturbance (i.e. fire, volcanic eruption etc.) (Agnew et al., 1993; Cowles, 2002; Green &

Clements, 2007). The volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 had greatly influenced the

present vegetation structure of the study site (de Rose et al., 2011). The colossal ashfall

buried several villages and degraded forestlands of the most affected provinces, namely

– Tarlac, Pampanga and Zambales. The impact of the ashfall was observed to be varied

based on the remotely sensed imagery taken after the eruption (Seitz, 1998). This natural

disaster promoted secondary succession through xerosere (See Definition of Terms).

However, the development of vegetation thru time is probably a result of a combination

of natural disaster and anthropogenic pressures (i.e. logging, land conversion, shifting

cultivation). The supposedly gradual process of vegetation succession in the area may be

disrupted due to human interventions that caused fragmentation. The presence of

grasses, shrubs and shade-intolerant trees provide evidence that the vegetation is

already at the intermediate stage, which is observed at least five years after exposure to

disturbance. It will take about 150 years before the vegetation gets dominated by climax

community given that no disruptions in the succession.

Growth habit of each species recorded, as previously mentioned, reflects the

vegetation structure of NCC. Majority of the species found are trees (68.89%), and a few

shrubs (8.33%) and herbs (7.61%) (Figure 19). Selected photos of flowering and fruiting

plants per growth habit are shown from Plate 12Error! Reference source not found. to

Plate 17Error! Reference source not found.. It is notable that although forestland has a

relatively smaller coverage than the grassland agroecosystem, only few native

herbaceous species were recorded. This can be attributed to the presence of invasive

understorey and ground cover species (i.e. gonoi and coronitas) that inhibit the growth


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of naturally occurring herbs and shrubs. In addition, the vegetation structure is

dependent with the forest management practices being employed within the area. The

NCC is inhabited by the Agta community, who usually obtain food through shifting and

cultivation.

In summary, the NCC is comprised of a mosaic of different vegetations from

grassland to second growth forests (Plate 11) representing different stages of recovery

from the previous human and natural disturbance.

Figure 18. Stages of plant succession

1

1

11

21

5

4

23

189

21

0.36%

0.36%

3.99%

7.61%

1.81%

1.45%

8.33%

68.48%

7.61%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Aquatic Plant

Fern

Grass

Herb

Palm

Sedge

Shrub

Tree

Vine

No. of Individuals

Hab

it


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Figure 19. Total number and percentage of different plant groups

Plate 11. General vegetation within the NCC project development site. A. Agricultural land, B.

Grassland, C. Grassland with plantation of abaca, D. Farmland with mixed stand of manggang-kalabau and cassava, E. Yemane plantation, F. Mahogany plantation, G.

Overview of the forest in NCC, H. Area dominated by water hyacinth


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Plate 12. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Anacardium

occidentale L.; B. -Mangifera indica L.; C. – Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco; D. – Spondias

purpurea L.; E. – Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites.; F. –Telosma sp.; G –Wrightia

candollei Vidal.; and H – Wrightia pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan


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Plate 13.Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Radermachera sp.;

B. – Bulak kastila (Ceiba pentandra); C. – Anonang (Cordia dichotoma); D. – Pagsahingin (Canarium asperum); E. – Panampat (Kleinhovia hospital); F. – Anabion (Trema tomentosa); G. – Panau (Dipterocarpus gracilis); and H. – Bilua (Macaranga tanarius)


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Plate 14.Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Banato (Mallotus

philippensis); B. – Alim (Melanolepis multiglandulos); C. – Alibangbang (Bauhinia

malabarica); D. – Kamot-pusa (Caesalpinia latisiliqua); E. – Kania-pistola (Cassia fistula); F. – Kakauati (Gliricidia sepium).; G. – Millettia sp.; and H. – Daitanag (Pterocarpus

indicus)


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Plate 15. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Salinggogon

(Cratoxylum sumatranum); B. – Yemane (Gmelina arborea); C. – Alagau (Premna

odorata); D. – Lagundi (Vitex parviflora); E. – Maranga (Litsea cordata); F –Tipolo (Artocarpus blancoi); G. – Kubi (Artocarpus nitidus); and H. – Hauili (Ficus nota)


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Plate 16. Photos of some shrub (A-E) and herb (G-H) species recorded within the sampling

sites. A. – Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui); B. – Wild sunflower (Tithonia

diversifolia); C. – Tambalabasi (Callicarpa formosana); D. – Kasupangil (Clerodendrum

intermedium); E. – Bamban (Donax canniformis); F. – Tukod banua (Amorphophallus

paeoniifolius); G. – Begonia sp.; and H. – Higad-higaran (Heliotropium indicum)


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Plate 17.Photos of some herb (A-B), corm (C) and vine (D-H) species recorded within the sampling

sites. A. – Mangkit (Desmodium laxiflorum); B. - Desmodium sp.; C. – Moraea sp.; D. –

Susung-damulag (Uvaria rufa); E. – Malakamote (Camonea umbellate); F. – Apalia (Momordica charantia); G. – Kanasaga (Abrus precatorius); and H. – Suma (Arcangelisia

flava)


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4.1.2. Floristic Composition

Floristic composition of the remaining forested areas within the NCC project site

can be best characterized with abundance (number of individuals) and species richness

(number of species).

A total of 276 morpho-species belonging to 112 genera and 84 families were

recorded through nested quadrat sampling method and opportunistic survey (Appendix

1). Majority of which (160 species) were found outside the sampled quadrats. Genera with

highest species representation were Ficus (10 species), Artocarpus (6 species), Antidesma

(4 species), Clerodendrum (4 species) and Sterculia (4 species). In terms of plant families,

Fabaceae (30 species), Moraceae (20 species), Meliaceae (12 species), Phyllanthaceae (12

species) and Lamiaceae (10 species) had the highest representative species. Most of these

comprise trees. Figure 20 shows the number of families, genera, species and individuals

of recorded plants per growth habit. This clearly illustrates that trees had the highest

species richness and abundance.

Figure 20. Floral diversity per growth habit of recorded plants

Most of the transects are dominated by species that are introduced or not native

to the Philippines (Figure 21). Pantropical and highly invasive species such as gonoi

(Chromolaena odorata) and coronitas (Lantana camara) were found abundant. Exotic trees

such as yemane (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were planted

3 9 11 3116 18 2062

15 20 23

263

53

130188

832

16 20 21 19

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

No. Families No. of Genus No. of Species No. of Individuals

Grass Herb Shrub Tree Vine


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53

for timber production. Furthermore, large extent of manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica)

and abaca (Musa textilis) plantations were observed. These significantly affected the

floristic composition of NCC. Introduced species usually exhibit invasive potential if

suitable environment becomes available. A disturbed area is much susceptible to

successful introduction and establishment of invasive alien species due to the absence of

competition (Burke & Grime, 1996). Plant invasions pose a severe threat to native plant

communities as well as to dependent microorganisms (Bohren, 2017; Hejda et al., 2009;

Litt et al., 2014).

Figure 21. Abundance of recorded plants based on endemism

Aside from species richness, the floristic composition of the remaining forested

areas in NCC can also be characterized with the dominant species per transect. Based

from the dendrogram generated through cluster analysis using UPGMA with Bray-Curtis

index of similarity, the sampled vegetation in each transect can be divided into three

zones (Figure 22). The first zone, located mainly in Barangay San Vicente and Maruglu, is

dominated by manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica), pagsahingin (Canarium asperum),

ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica), mainuma (Bauhinia

monandra), hauili (Ficus septica) and tibig (Ficus nota). The second zone, on the other hand,

is widely covered by santol (Sandoricum koetjape) as well as plantations of yemane

(Gmelina arborea), and manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica). This is similar with the third

zone except that mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) trees were found dominant in

Transect 15.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15

Exotic Non-Endemic Philippine Endemic


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Results from the cluster analysis and dominance provides an interesting overview

on how the different vegetation within the NCC project site were grouped. The central

portion of the NCC is generally covered by pioneer and nitrogen-fixing species from

Moraceae and Fabaceae, respectively. This is where Zone 1 is located. Both Zones 2 and

3 are located on the north-west portion of the NCC. These zones are mostly composed of

plantations of fruit trees (i.e. manggang kalabau and santol) and timber (i.e. yemane and

mahogany).

Figure 22. Dendrogram of 15 transects generated through UPGMA using Bray-Curtis Similarity index. Bootstrapping was done at n = 1000; correlation = 0.93

Table 13 shows the number of individuals of species on different zones based on

endemism and growth habit. The data conforms with the previous discussion. Combined

number of individuals of native and Philippine endemic species in Zone 1 is relatively

higher than exotic species. Manggang-kalabau and ipil-ipil were only found dominant in

Transects 5 and 2, respectively. The rest of the 1st Zone are dominated by native species.


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55

On the other hand, there is a wide gap between the relative number of individuals of

native species and exotic species in both Zones 2 and 3. Zone 2 is heavily dominated by

manggang-kalabau and yemane. Only few native species (i.e. anabion, himbabao, lipa,

panampat, kalantas etc.) were observed mainly in forest patches such as in Transect 1

and 13. Other exotic species recorded in Zone 2 were avocado, mahogany, acacia and

sampalok. In Zone 3, about 1/3 of the total number of individuals was native. This is

understandable because Transects 11, 12 and 15 are composed of exotic trees, viz. teak,

ipil-ipil, acacia, yemane, manggang-kalabau, mahogany, and santol.

Table 13. Number of individuals per endemism and growth habit

Zone Transect Endemism Growth Habit*

PE NE EX Grass Herb Shrub Tree Vine

1

T2 0 37 48 4 0 27 53 1 T3 0 42 24 4 9 17 50 0 T4 4 72 24 1 4 16 81 0 T5 1 26 36 1 6 26 35 0 T6 17 65 2 3 0 7 73 2 T7 1 27 68 3 22 26 69 1 T8 6 28 10 0 1 3 38 3

Total 29 297 212 16 42 122 399 7

2

T1 8 43 14 4 4 3 60 0 T9 1 23 109 2 0 78 50 5

T10 0 8 28 0 1 5 29 2 T13 2 25 67 3 2 32 58 1 T14 0 10 43 0 0 3 49 1

Total 11 109 261 9 7 121 246 9

3

T11 0 3 68 1 5 10 58 0 T12 1 33 41 1 0 5 66 3 T15 2 16 54 4 8 5 63 0

Total 3 52 163 6 13 20 187 3

Note: * - based on the general habit of the species and does not show the actual observation from the field.

Further discussion on this will be present on the succeeding sections.

4.1.2.1. Tree Flora

A total of 59 species with 430 individuals were recorded to have a DBH of ≥10cm.

All transects surveyed except Transect 5 had more than 20 individuals of trees. The

average number of trees per quadrat is 6. If translated to average density, about 0.015 tree/m2 or 2 trees for every 100 m2 can be found in NCC. This signifies the poor forest

vegetation in the development site composed generally of open secondary forest or

riparian forest. Transects with more than 30 individuals are T4, T6, T9, T11, T12, T14 and

T15. Most of which were from Zone 2 and 3 where plantations are located. Transect 12 had the highest number of tree individuals (43) among all surveyed transects. This is

mainly due to the presence of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) with 22 individuals (N).

Yemane (Gmelina arborea), however, is the most represented tree species with 60


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individuals followed by manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica) (N = 59), mahogany

(Swietenia macrophylla) (N = 47), alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) (N = 37), ipil-ipil

(Leucaena leucocephala) (N = 30), and hauili (Ficus septica) (N = 29). Individuals with largest diameter ranging from 11 to 77 cm are manggang-kalabau.

Considering the density, occurrence and dominance of trees in NCC, species with highest Importance Value (IV) were plantation species (i.e. manggang-kalabau, Yemane

and mahogany) (Table 14). Majority of the species listed with highest IV were also found

as dominant species in the three zones. This confirms that the relative dominance of each

species contributed most to their IV, and the floristic composition of NCC project site and vegetation structure are dependent from these species. Table 14 also provides a general

knowledge about the trees that will be greatly affected by any development within the

site, which may cause significant change and alteration of the present vegetation. Alibangbang, a native plant found in Zone 1, can be used for landscaping. Other native

trees were also recorded in this zone. Hence, Zone 1 will be good as source of planting

materials for landscaping in the future.

Table 14. Top ten trees with highest Importance Value (IV)

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Count Rdom RF RD IV

Mangifera indica L. Manggang-kalabau

Anacardiaceae 59 55.29 5.67 13.72 74.68

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae 60 15.19 7.09 13.95 36.24

Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae 37 10.54 6.38 8.60 25.53

Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae 47 8.67 2.84 10.93 22.43

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Ipil-ipil Fabaceae 30 2.28 5.67 6.98 14.93

Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae 29 2.38 5.67 6.74 14.80

Antidesma subcordatum Merr.

Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae 13 0.54 4.26 3.02 7.82

Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae 16 1.15 2.84 3.72 7.70

Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.

Tipolo* Moraceae 9 0.52 3.55 2.09 6.16

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.

Kakauati Fabaceae 12 0.76 2.13 2.79 5.68

Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac

4.1.2.2. Intermediate and Understorey

A total of 677 individuals belonging to 74 morpho-species were recorded within the study site. NCC generally exhibited an abundant and diverse understory species as compared to trees. Its average density is relatively higher with 0.1128 individual/m2 or eleven individuals for every 100 m2. This value reflects a better species composition if and only if this stage (sapling to small pole stage) remains undisturbed. Meanwhile, Lantana

camara was observed to be the most abundant species while Melanolepis multigalndulosa


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and Macaranga tanarius were found to be the most frequently occurring species within NCC. Table 15 revealed the top ten most abundant and most frequently occurring understory species.

Table 15. Ten most abundant understorey species

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Abundance Frequency

Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae 98 8

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Gonoi Asteraceae 83 7

Musa sp. - Musaceae 53 9

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Ipil-ipil Fabaceae 51 8

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae 27 6

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.

Alim Euphorbiaceae 27 10

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Wild Sunflower Asteraceae 25 2

Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae 24 7

Bauhinia monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae 22 1

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. Bilua Euphorbiaceae 22 10

Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga

4.1.2.3. Ground Cover

A total of 33 morpho-species were recorded within the established 1m by 1m

quadrats at NCC. It was found out that litter accounts for 30.6%, of the total percent cover

of the area, followed by soil with 17.04%. This factor generally affects the number of

regenerants within the site. Since the forest floor is covered by litter (i.e. leaf litter of

dominant trees such as mahogany, yemane and manggang-kalabau) and other abiotic

materials (i.e. soil, rocks, roots), fewer number of regenerants is expected to thrive. The

role of leaf litter in facilitating plant growth depends from the species. Other leaf litters

help promote soil fertility through microbial activities that are crucial for plant growth.

However, leaf litters of plantation species especially manggang-kalabau, yemane and

mahogany were found to have an inhibitory effect to growth of wildlings (Ashafa et al.,

2012; Hannan et al., 2013; Ramakrishnan et al., 2014). This is due to the presence of

allelochemicals from phenolic and terpenoid extracts of leaf leachates that interfere the

availability of essential enzymes for the seeds to germinate. In addition, it was also

observed that cogon (Imperata cylindrica) got the highest relative cover among ground

species at 15.27%, followed by gonoi (10.33%). This affects too the species diversity in

ground cover because cogon commonly over dominates the vegetation that are prone to

burning or fire while gonoi are universally found in idle lands. The time or season of

floristic survey can be also another factor since grasses and weeds tend to have low


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density during dry season. The 10 most dominant ground cover species are presented in

Table 16.

Table 16. Ten ground cover species with highest relative cover

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Grand

Total

Relative

Cover

Litter - - 2295 30.60

Soil - - 1278 17.04

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Cogon Poaceae 1145 15.27

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Gonoi Asteraceae 775 10.33

Oplismenus sp. - Poaceae 427 5.69

Centrosema pubescens Benth. Dilang butiki Fabaceae 330 4.40

Paspalum sp. - Poaceae 250 3.33

Rock - - 175 2.33

Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae 140 1.87

Urena lobata L. Dalupang Malvaceae 120 1.60

Saccharum officinarum L. Tubo Poaceae 100 1.33

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.

Yautia Araceae 75 1.00

Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae 50 0.67

4.1.3. Diversity Indices

Based on the number and abundance of recognized morpho-species in surveyed transects, the diversity indices were then calculated. The Simpson s ”D ), Shannon-

Weiner s ”H ) and Evenness (E) diversity indices of the study area were calculated.

Shannon-Weiner index gives an estimate of species richness and evenness of distribution

in terms of abundance of each species, while Simpson s index gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (without replacement) inside

a plot.

The computed values revealed that among the 15 transects surveyed, transect 1

had the highest indices (Simpson Index, Shannon-Weiner Index, and Evenness) as shown

in Table 17. These indices indicate that NCC harbors high diversity in totality to which it does not have much difference when exotics are excluded in the computation (Table 18).

The range of values of indices is almost similar regardless if there are exotics or none.

This clearly shows that exotic species does not have impact on the overall NCC biodiversity values.


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Looking at the values of diversity indices per transect, the exclusion of exotic

species reduced D , H and E. Table 19 shows that transect with high computed H ”i.e. T1, T6, T3, and T8) have high relative abundance of native species while those with lower H values have high relative abundance of exotic species. In the same way, these transects

were dominated by exotic species. Only transects 1,3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 were dominated by

native species with high percentage abundance Table 20. The correlation of the percentage abundance of native and exotic species to diversity indices supports this

relationship Figure 23. The relative abundance of exotic species shows high negative

correlation with diversity indices. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation of the

percent abundance of native species was observed with H and E values.

Table 17. Diversity indices of each transect with number of species and individuals

Transect No. of

Species

No. of

Individuals Simpson (D’) Shannon (H’) Evenness (E)

1 35 71 0.95 3.28 0.76

2 21 85 0.90 2.63 0.66

3 26 80 0.93 2.92 0.72

4 36 102 0.95 3.24 0.71

5 16 68 0.84 2.27 0.60

6 29 85 0.94 3.02 0.71

7 25 121 0.87 2.48 0.48

8 23 45 0.92 2.87 0.76

9 21 135 0.85 2.32 0.48

10 10 37 0.78 1.86 0.64

11 15 74 0.82 2.09 0.54

12 19 75 0.84 2.34 0.55

13 25 96 0.89 2.66 0.57

14 13 53 0.81 2.01 0.57

15 14 80 0.82 2.06 0.56

Grand

Total 116 1207 0.96 3.72 0.36

Table 18. Computed diversity indices of each transect excluding exotic species recorded

Transect No. of Species No. of Individuals Simpson (1-D) Shannon (H) Evenness (e^H/S)

1 29 57 0.94 3.08 0.75

2 14 37 0.89 2.40 0.78

3 22 56 0.91 2.74 0.71

4 30 78 0.94 3.11 0.74

5 11 32 0.87 2.18 0.80

6 27 83 0.93 2.96 0.71

7 17 53 0.80 2.19 0.53

8 18 35 0.90 2.60 0.75

9 11 26 0.82 2.03 0.69


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10 4 9 0.67 1.22 0.84

11 4 6 0.67 1.24 0.87

12 12 34 0.75 1.92 0.57

13 15 29 0.89 2.48 0.80

14 6 10 0.76 1.61 0.83

15 10 26 0.83 1.99 0.73

Grand Total 86 571 0.96 3.69 0.47

Table 19. Percentage abundance of Philippine endemic, native and exotic species per transect

Transect No. of Species No. of Individuals % Abundance

(PE)

% Abundance

(NE)

% Abundance

(EX)

1 35 65 12.31 66.15 21.54 2 21 85 0.00 43.53 56.47 3 26 66 0.00 63.64 36.36 4 36 100 4.00 72.00 24.00 5 16 63 1.59 41.27 57.14 6 29 84 20.24 77.38 2.38 7 25 96 1.04 28.13 70.83 8 23 44 13.64 63.64 22.73 9 21 133 0.75 17.29 81.95

10 10 36 0.00 22.22 77.78 11 15 71 0.00 4.23 95.77 12 19 75 1.33 44.00 54.67 13 25 94 2.13 26.60 71.28 14 13 53 0.00 18.87 81.13 15 14 72 2.78 22.22 75.00

Table 20. Summary of species with highest relative density per transect

Transect Scientific Name Common

Name Family Name Endemism Count RD

1 Macaranga

tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.

Bilua Euphorbiaceae NE 10 15.38

2 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 14 16.47

Leucaena

leucocephala

(Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Fabaceae EX 13 15.29

Tithonia

diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray

Wild Sunflower

Asteraceae EX 12 14.12

3 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 15.15 15.15

Bauhinia

malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae NE 13.64 13.64

4 Tithonia

diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray

Wild Sunflower

Asteraceae EX 13 13.00

Canarium

asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae NE

9 9.00

Ficus nota

(Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae NE

9 9.00


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Transect Scientific Name Common

Name Family Name Endemism Count RD

5 Chromolaena

odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Gonoi Asteraceae EX 24 38.10

6 Artocarpus

rubrovenius Warb. Kalulot Moraceae PE 11 13.10

Ficus septica Burm.f.

Hauli Moraceae NE 10 11.90

Bauhinia

malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae NE 9 10.71

7 Bauhinia

monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae EX 30 31.25

8 Ficus nota

(Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae NE 8 18.18

9 Chromolaena

odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Gonoi Asteraceae EX 37 27.82

Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 30 22.56

10 Mangifera indica L.

Manggang-kalabau

Anacardiaceae EX 15 41.67

11 Swietenia

macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae EX 24 33.80

12 Swietenia

macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae EX 23 30.67

Ficus nota

(Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae NE 16 21.33

13 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 23 24.47

14 Mangifera indica L.

Manggang-kalabau

Anacardiaceae EX 16 30.19

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Yemane Lamiaceae EX 13 24.53

15 Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Yemane Lamiaceae EX 26 36.11

Leucaena

leucocephala

(Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Fabaceae EX 18 25.00


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Figure 23. Linear relationship of the relative abundance of exotic and native species to diversity indices

4.1.4. Noteworthy Species

4.1.4.1. Endemic Species

Information on the geographic distribution of plant species plays an integral basis

for the formulation of conservation and management strategies to avoid species

extinction. Species with narrow distribution or restricted only to a small geographic area

should be given a priority in conservation planning because these species are more

vulnerable to threats. Through the vegetation survey conducted, a total of 20 species that

y = -52.579x + 188.59R² = 0.7437

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00

Rel

ativ

e D

ensi

ty (E

X)

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H')

y = -417.42x + 420.3R² = 0.701

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.00 0.50 1.00

Rel

ativ

e D

ensi

ty (E

X)

Simpson's Index (D')

y = -241.26x + 204.94R² = 0.6785

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.00 0.50 1.00

Rel

ativ

e D

ensi

ty (E

X)

Evenness Index (E)

y = 44.185x - 71.289R² = 0.7589

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00

Rel

ativ

e D

ensi

ty (N

E)

Shannon-Weiner Index (H')

y = -0.0024x + 0.9185R² = 0.0572

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 50 100

Rel

ativ

e D

ensi

ty (N

E)

Simpson's Index (D')

y = 200.73x - 83.784R² = 0.6788

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.00 0.50 1.00

Rel

ativ

e D

ensi

ty (N

E)

Evennes Index (E)


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63

are endemic to the Philippines were found within the NCC project site (Table 21). These

species, as of to date, are known only to occur in the country. On the other hand, there

were 156 native species recorded. These species are naturally occurring in the Philippines

but with wider distribution extending outside the country. A small number of exotics (71

species) were also recorded. These are common weed species with high abundance in

disturbed areas.

It should be emphasized that categorizing species as endemic is very much

dependent on the availability of published data on geographical distribution of species,

recent taxonomic revisions, nomenclatural changes, and new evidences from various

disciplines used in systematics among others. Thus, estimates of endemism should be

interpreted within the context of the methodology and limitations imposed by

contributing factors. In this study, a few specimens were not identified to the species level

due to absence of characters with taxonomic significance. This will influence the percent

endemism of the floristic composition of NCC (Figure 24).

Table 21. Summary of species listed as endemic to the Philippines

No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution

1 Haplosticanthus

lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden.

Anolang Annonaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Sorsogon, POLILLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES, ROMBLON, BOHOL (Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta)

2 Miliusa vidalii

J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree LUZON: Bataan, Sorsogon

3 Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy

Binukau Clusiaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, BURIAS, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS

4 Garcinia mcgregorii Merr

Batuan Clusiaceae Tree LUZON to MINDANAO and BASILAN

5 Shorea contorta S.Vidal

White Lauan Dipterocarpaceae Tree

BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON (in most provinces), POLILLO, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, BASILAN

6 Pterospermum

obliquum Blanco Bayoi Dombeyaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales. Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS,


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GUIMARAS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga

7 Cynometra

inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree

LUZON: La Union, Cagayan, Isabela, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Batangas, PANAY, NEGRO

8 Cynometra

simplicifolia Harms Pingan* Fabaceae Tree

Throughout LUZON, MINDORO, MINDANAO, BASILAN

9 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco

Anobion* Moraceae Tree

LUZON: Abra (Manabo), Kalinga (Lubuagan), Benguet, Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya (near Dupax), Nueva Ecija, Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Pampanga, Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt Angilog, Montalban, Antipolo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Sta Maria, Mabitac), Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban), Camarines Sur (Mt Bagacay, Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay, Manaul & Mt Yagaw), PALAWAN (Irawan), BALABAC (Cape Melville), MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting), MASBATE, TICAO, PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Danao; Cadiz), Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU

10 Artocarpus

rubrovenius Warb. Kalulot Moraceae Tree

BATAN (Basco), LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Aurora (Casiguran, Baler), Bataan (Lamao, Mt Mariveles), Pampanga (Mt Pinatubo), Rizal (San Mateo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban, Sampaloc), Camarines, Albay (Guinobatan, Banao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO

11 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr.

Pakiling Moraceae Tree BATANES, LUZON, NEGROS, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO


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12 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco

Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree

LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO

13 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the Philippines

14 Glochidion

gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.

Bagnang laparan

Phyllanthaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga

15 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl

Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDANAO: Davao

16 Ziziphus talanae Merr.

Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO

17 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco

Malaseresa* Salicaceae Tree

LUZON, MINDORO, TICAO, MASBATE, SIBUYAN, SAMAR, DINAGAT, MINDANAO, TAWI-TAWI

18 Palaquium

philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.

Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree

LUZON: Isabela, Bataan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite), PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo)

19 Dendrocnide

luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew

Lipa Urticaceae Tree Throughout the Philippines

20 Tetrastigma

sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine

LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan

Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac


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Figure 24. Percent endemism of recorded plant species in NCC. PE – Endemic to the Philippines;

NE – Native to the Philippines; EX – Exotic, introduced or naturalized; - Unknown

4.1.4.2. Threatened Species

Species of conservation concern are those with unfavorable conservation status, usually listed as threatened by the IUCN and the DENR-BMB. Considering the occurrence

of these species within the NCC project site is a crucial step in crafting sustainable species

conservation practices, and effective forest management strategies. Thereby, reducing

the negative impact of the ongoing development to biodiversity.

This study revealed that NCC is home to a total of 29 threatened specie (Table 22).

Following the list of DAO 2017-11, one is endangered; 16 are vulnerable; and five are other threatened species. On the other hand, IUCN listed one critically endangered; three

endangered; 13 vulnerable; and 2 near threatened species. Majority of the species listed

under the IUCN Red List are threatened because of population reduction. The high

economic value of these species (i.e. timber production) serves as the primary reason for extraction and utilization of these plants. Logging, shifting cultivation, massive conversion

of forests into agricultural land, and urban expansion were seen to be the main

contributing factors of categorizing the species as threatened.

The NCC shall be able to create and implement a species-specific conservation

program for the listed threatened species found within the study site. This is to at least

help avert extinction of these globally important species. These species can be regarded as flagship species for conservation in the whole province. Appropriate conservation

efforts are needed to ensure the continues survival of the species population.

20

156

71

29

7.25%

56.52%

25.72%

10.51%

PE

NE

EX

-

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

End

emis

m

No. of Individuals


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Table 22. Summary of species listed as threatened

No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 LOCATION COUNT

1 Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr.

Amugis Anacardiaceae Tree OTS NA T1Q0 1

2 Adonidia merillii (Becc.) Becc. Manila palm Arecaceae Palm VU NT NCC 2

3 Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume

Anahau Arecaceae Palm VU NA T2Q2 3

4 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree VU VU A2cd T1Q0 5

5 Shorea contorta S.Vidal White Lauan Dipterocarpaceae Tree VU CR A1cd T1Q0 3

6 Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae Tree VU NA T1Q2 20

7 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae Tree VU EN A1c,

B1+2abc T1Q0, T3Q0, T4Q4,

T6Q3 9

8 Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree VU VU A1d T3Q1, T4Q1 1

9 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe

Batete Fabaceae Tree VU NA NCC 2

10 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae Tree VU EN A3cd+4cd T2Q0, T11Q4, T12Q3,

T13Q2, T15Q0 3

11 Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.

Banuyo Fabaceae Tree VU NA T3Q4 1

12 Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.

Bakauak-morado

Lamiaceae Shrub VU NA NCC 6

13 Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae Tree EN VU A1cd T3Q0 1

14 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae Tree OTS NT T1Q0, T7Q2 15

15 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker

Salakin Meliaceae Tree OTS LC T1Q0, T1Q1, T4Q1,

T4Q2 2

16 Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas Meliaceae Tree VU NA T1Q0 1

17 Artocarpus rubrovenus Warb. Kalulot Moraceae Tree OTS VU A1d T4Q2, T4Q3, T6Q2,

T12Q4, T13Q3 1

18 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree VU VU A1cd T1Q2, T4Q1, Flora 2

19 Ziziphus talanai Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree OTS VU A1cd T2Q2 1

20 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae Tree VU NA T3Q1, T4Q1 2


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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 LOCATION COUNT

21 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree VU LC NCC 10

22 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.

Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree VU VU A1d NCC 1

23 Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae Tree - VU A1d T2Q1, T3Q1 1

24 Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume

Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Tree - VU A3cd T3Q1, T8Q0, Flora 59

25 Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.

Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae Tree - VU A1cd T1Q0, Flora 2

26 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae Tree - VU A1cd+2cd

T3Q2, T7Q3, T9Q4, T10Q0, T11Q1, T11Q2, T11Q4, T12Q1, T12Q3, T13Q1, T13Q2, T14Q0, T15Q0

1

27 Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.

Tipolo* Moraceae Tree - VU A1d

T2Q0, T3Q0, T3Q3, T4Q1, T4Q2, T5Q0,

T6Q3, T7Q4, T12Q2, T12Q4, T13Q0, T13Q1, T14Q2

2

28 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree - VU A1cd

T3Q1, T4Q2, T5Q0, T5Q3, T8Q0, T8Q1,

T9Q1, T10Q0, T12Q4, T13Q0, T13Q2, T15Q1

1

29 Coffea arabica L. Kape Rubiaceae Tree - EN A3b NCC, River (inside

NCC) 2

Note: * - local names used in Pampanga-Tarlac; IN – Recorded within the sampled quadrats, OPP – recorded through opportunistic survey; DAO 2017-11 – The Updated

National List of Threatened Plants and their Categories, IUCN 2019-1 -The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development

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4.1.4.3. New Province Records

Forty (40) noteworthy species are most probably new province records (Table 23),

based on published botanical literature. This is understandable due to the absence of

floristic exploration and documentation in Central Luzon. Furthermore, the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Pinatubo that wiped out the forest vegetation in nearby provinces,

contributes to the paucity of botanical information of Pampanga (Boquet, 2017). Most of

the floral studies in Pampanga are focused on forested mountains such as in Mount Arayat National Park (Suba, Arriola, & Alejandro, 2019).

It is important to note that although the species presented in Table 23 were

labeled as new province records in this study, there are probabilities that these were already recorded before but not formally reported. Nonetheless, the presence of these

new records should be appreciated with much optimism.

Table 23. Summary of species that are most probably new records in province of Pampanga-Tarlac

No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit

1 Semecarpus longifolius Blume Anagas Anacardiaceae Tree 2 Haplosticanthus lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden. Anolang Annonaceae Tree 3 Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree 4 Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae Tree 5 Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae Tree 6 Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae Tree 7 Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana Bitanghol Calophyllaceae Tree 8 Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. Matang ulang Celastraceae Vine 9 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Combretaceae Tree 10 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree 11 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae Tree 12 Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree 13 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe Batete Fabaceae Tree 14 Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe Balok Fabaceae Tree

15 Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer

Salinggogon Hypericaceae Tree

16 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae Tree 17 Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae Tree 18 Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat Moraceae Tree 19 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree 20 Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. Malananka Moraceae Tree 21 Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam. Tambalau Myristicaceae Tree 22 Antidesma montanum Blume Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae Tree 23 Antidesma subcordatum Merr. Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae Tree 24 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. Matang hipon Phyllanthaceae Tree

25 Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm. Bagnang laparan

Phyllanthaceae Tree

26 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Bolo Poaceae Grass 27 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree 28 Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Tinaang pantai Putranjivaceae Tree 29 Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae Tree


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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit

30 Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae Tree 31 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco Malaseresa* Salicaceae Tree 32 Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill. Oonog Salicaceae Tree 33 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk. Bayag-daga Sapindaceae Tree 34 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree 35 Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f. Duklitan Sapotaceae Tree 36 Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Tiesa Sapotaceae Tree 37 Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr Mabunot Stemonuraceae Tree 38 Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae Tree

39 Sterculia cordata Blume Tapinag bundok

Sterculiaceae Tree

40 Tetrastigma sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac

4.1.4.4. Economically Important Species

Economic importance of species recorded within NCC is presented in Appendix 1.

Uses were based on available literature (Singh, 2011, 2016; Suba et al., 2019) and

categorized into: M – medicinal; L – landscaping; C – construction; F – furniture; E – source

of extractive products; O – source of other derived products; FW – fuelwood or firewood;

EO – source of essential oil; PM – paper making; and I – with insecticidal properties.

Majority of the species listed were found to have medicinal uses, and commonly used for

timber productions, construction and manufacturing furniture.


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Plate 18. Selected photos of economically important species. A - Albizia saman (M, C, F, E, FW); B

- Aphanamixis polystachya (M, C, F, I, O); C - Bambusa vulgaris (M, C, F, FW, P); D -

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (M, C, F, FW, P, O); E - Gliricidia sepium (M, C, F, FW, I); F -

Macaranga tanarius (M, C, FW, E, O); G - Pterocarpus indicus (M, C, F, E, O) and H - Vitex

negundo (M, EO, I, FW, O)


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4.2. Vertebrate Fauna

A total of 106 terrestrial wildlife species were recorded consisting of six species of

frogs and a toad, five species of lizards, five species of snakes, 77 species of birds, six

species of bats, three species of small non-volant mammals and four species of medium

to large mammals. From these recorded data, it was concluded that the species richness

was generally low. Further, most species recorded within the sampling sites were

common species associated with open (shrublands, agricultural and human-modified

areas) to forested areas of varying degrees of disturbances.

4.2.1. Amphibians

A total of 15 species of amphibians and reptiles was recorded within the project

area (Appendix 2). Six species recorded in the sampling sites are amphibians (Plate 19)

recorded within the sampling sites. This number represents 40% of recorded species in

Tarlac (15 species based on iNaturalist1). The area hosts three native species such as

common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax), common puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis) and

Asian brackish water frog (Fejervarya cancrivora); two introduced species, giant marine

toad (Rhinella marina) and Taiwanese frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus); and one endemic

species slender-digit chorus frog (Kaloula picta). No threatened species were recorded.

Among the three sites, Site 1 has been highly modified as this has been stripped

of forest tree species and is mainly agricultural. Five of the six species (83%) were

recorded here, consisting of native and introduced species. Sites 2 and 3 had some forest

cover albeit already disturbed and consisted of open areas as well. Native and introduced

species were also recorded within these sites. However, the only endemic species was

only recorded in Site 3.

1 Accessed from http://inaturalist.org

http://inaturalist.org/


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Plate 19.Selected photos of amphibians documented within the sampling sites. A – Asian brackish water frog (Fejervarya cancrivora); B – Taiwanese frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus); C – Slender-digit chorus frog (Kaloula picta); D – Common puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis); E – Common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax); and F – Giant marine toad (Rhinella marina)

4.2.2. Reptiles

Reptilian species richness was also (Plate 20). The 10 species observed represent

26% of recorded reptiles in Tarlac (38 species based on iNaturalist). Endemicity was also

low with only one endemic lizard, Bronchocela marmorata and one endemic snake, Naja

philippinensis. Both species are widely distributed throughout the Philippines.


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All reptile species recorded in the area are adapted to human habitats and

agricultural areas and may also be found in forests of varying degrees of disturbances.

Site 1 which is an open area of scrub and predominantly planted with mango trees had a

slightly higher species richness (8 species) than Sites 2 and 3 (both with 7 species) which

had forest patches. However, species composition was 60% similar.

Plate 20.Selected photos of reptiles documented within the sampling sites. A – Marbled

crested lizard (Bronchocela marmorata); and B - Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)


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Four species are of conservation concern, namely – monitor lizard (Varanus

salvator), reticulated python (Malapython reticulatus), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

and Philippine cobra. The Philippine cobra is categorized as Near Threatened while O.

hannah is categorized as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of Threatened species.

These cobras are listed under CITES Appendix II and thus are Endangered under DAO

2004-15 of the Philippine Wildlife Act. Among the five species of snakes, three are native

while two are endemics. The monitor lizard and reticulated python are listed under

Appendix II of CITES and as Other Threatened Species (OTS) in DAO 2004-15. These

reptiles experience public persecution most especially the venomous snakes. The

monitor lizard and python, in addition, are hunted for food.

4.2.3. Avifauna A total of 77 species of birds represented by 13 Orders and 41 Families were

recorded (Error! Reference source not found.) for the three sampling sites. This

represents 22% of birds recorded in Tarlac (344 species2). This value only reflects the bird

species recorded during the non-migratory season of birds. The transect walk recorded

a total of 71 species (92%) while netting alone recorded six species (8%). The combined

transect walk and netting yielded 21 species (27%). Overall, the birds recorded within the

project area were resident species associated with open as well as forested areas. There

were five threatened bird species recorded. Plate 21, Plate 22 and Plate 23 show some

of the bird species recorded in the area.

4.2.3.1. Species Composition

The 77 bird species were distributed within the three sites: 46 species for Site 1,

47 species for Site 2 and 56 for Site 3. Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the bird species in the

area are resident species or birds that are distributed here in the Philippines as well as in

other countries. They breed or are suspected of breeding in the Philippines and normally

live here throughout the year. Endemic species which are only found in the Philippines

comprised 26% (20 species). Endemic species are associated with forested areas. The

predominantly common resident species composition may be due to the generally open

areas within and surrounding the project area. Although endemic species were recorded,

most of these are species well distributed throughout the Philippines and can tolerate

certain degrees of disturbances. Among the three sites, Site 2 is an important area for

endemic as well as Threatened species. This may be due to the presence of forest

patches in the area which may be important sources of food as well as roosting areas for

endemic birds. Site 3, on the other hand, is near O Donnel River and results suggest that

2 Based on Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World


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it may be an important area for migratory species. Migratory species are predominantly

carnivorous and are usually associated with wetlands. Wetlands are rich with fishes and

invertebrates that are fed upon by migratory bird species. An introduced bird species

( crested myna or Acridotheres cristatellus) in the Philippines was recorded in Sites 1 and

3. Figure 25 shows a chart representation of the residency status of recorded bird species.

Figure 25. Residency status of bird species in the project site

Majority (72 or 94%) of the bird species recorded within the sampling sites are not

listed under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, DAO 2004-15 of the Philippine

Wildlife Act or CITES Appendices. These species are considered as widespread and/or

abundant. There were, however, five species that are of conservation concern. The ashy

ground-thrush (Zoothera cinerea) is categorized as Vulnerable under IUCN and under DAO

2004-15. Deforestation is the chief threat and some populations in Luzon also suffer from

hunting. The other four species are considered as Endangered under DAO 2004-15

because they are listed under Appendix II of CITES. These are members of Order

Strigiformes (owls) and Accipitriformes (eagles). These species may be threatened by the

illegal pet trade. Site 2 is an important area for threatened species.

The variety of bird species recorded within the sampling sites reflects the habitat

types available within the immediate project area and its vicinity. Birds are highly mobile

species and their presence in an area may be due to various uses such as foraging,

roosting or breeding sites. In some cases, the area may just be their flyway. Habitat

association of bird species recorded concurs with the available habitat types. There were

20

2

44

5

5

1

25.97%

2.60%

57.14%

6.49%

6.49%

1.30%

Philippine Endemic

Near Endeic

Resident

Migratory

Migratory with Resident Populations

Introduced

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

No. of Individuals


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more species associated with open areas (34%) which was the predominant habitat type

in Site 1 although also present in the other two sites. There were also forest-associated

birds (31%) which were more prevalent in Sites 2 and 3. There were some species

associated with forested areas to open areas (19%) and with wetlands (16%). There was

32% similarity among the three sites. Site 2 had the highest number of endemic bird

species since this had a better forest cover than the two other sampling sites. Site 3 is an

important site for wetland-associated species. Figure 26 shows a chart representation of

the habitat association of bird species recorded.

Figure 26. Habitat association of bird species in the project site

4.2.3.2. Biodiversity Parameters: Species Richness, Abundance and Diversity Indices

The Line Transect Method recorded a total of 77 bird species with 41 species for

Site 1, 44 for Site 2 and 54 for Site 3 (see Appendix 3, Appendix 4 and Appendix 5 for

the transect results and biodiversity indices). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H )

values obtained were high (3.26 – 3.45) for all sites with the highest for Site 3 (3.45). For

Site 1, the striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris) was the most abundant comprising 11%

of the total number of birds. For Site 2, the endemic Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes

philippinus) was the most numerous comprising 15% of the total while for Site 3, the scaly-

breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) predominated comprising 10% of the total. The

high H values obtained for all three sites indicate that although bird species richness was

relatively low, no species tended to dominate in terms of abundance.

24

12

26

15

31.17%

15.58%

33.77%

19.48%

Forested Areas

Forested to Open Areas

Open Areas

Wetlands

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

No. of Individuals


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Plate 21. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. A – Philippine nightjar

(Caprimulgus manillensis); B – spotted buttonquail (Turnix ocellata); C – barred buttonquail (Turnix suscitator); D – common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica); E – zebra dove (Geopelia


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striata); F– white-eared brown dove (Phapitreron leucotis); G. – indigo-banded kingfisher (Alcedo cyanopecta); and H. – white-collared kingfisher (Halycon chloris)

Plate 22. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. I – white-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis); J – Philippine coucal (Centropus viridis); K – Philippine hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); L – large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos); M – mangrove blue flycatcher (Cyornis rufigastra); N – golden-bellied fly eater (Gerygone


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sulphurea); O– Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes philippinus); and P – brown shrike (Lanius

cristatus)

Plate 23. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. Q – long-tailed shrike (Lanius

schach); R – striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris); S – hooded pitta (Pitta sordida); T – yellow-


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vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier); U – Philippine pied fantail (Rhipidura javanica); V – ashy ground thrush (Zoothera cinereal); W – black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax); X – Luzon hawk-owl (Ninox philippensis); Y – Philippine scops owl (Otus megalotis); and Z – grass owl (Tyto capensis)

4.2.4. Mammals

Mammals are morphologically diverse and dispersal abilities differ. Bats are the

only flying mammals and like birds, may use habitats variably. Their presence in an area

may be short-term as a foraging, drinking area or as a flyway. Other areas may be used

regularly as roosting or breeding sites in which bats exhibit site fidelity. There was a total

of 13 species of mammals recorded consisting of five species of fruit bats, one species of

insectivorous bat, three species of small non-volant mammals and four species of

medium to large-sized mammals (Appendix 6). This represents 25% of mammals that

have been recorded for the province of Tarlac (53 species based on iNaturalist. Plate 24

shows some of the mammal species recorded in the sampling sites.

Most mammals (62%) are native species while 25% are endemic species and a few

(17%) are introduced species (small non-volant mammals only). Residency status of

recorded mammals is presented in Figure 27.

Figure 27. Residency status of mammals in NCC

There was 33% similarity between the sampling sites in terms of bat species

composition and 29% similarity in terms of non-volant mammals. Overall netting success

8

3

2

61.54%

23.08%

15.38%

Native

Philippine Endemic

Introduced

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

No. of Individuals


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was 4 bats/ net night. Abundance was dominated by the native species, common short-

nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) which comprised 91% of the total captures. This

species was present in all sites. The endemic species, greater musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus

jagori), was present in Sites 1 and 2. This species is well-distributed throughout the

Philippines and has a broad range of habitat association. Cave-roosting bats such as

common rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) and common nectar bat (Eonycteris

spelaea) were also recorded in the area. There were no recaptures among the bats

indicating low probablity of site fidelity for bats, even with the most abundant species

(common short-nosed fruit bat). The predominance of this species suggests a highly

disturbed area. The species is associated with agricultural and disturbed forests as well

as urbanized areas.

Trapping success for rodents was 15%. Abundance was dominated by the invasive

rat species, oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi), which comprised 74% of the total

captures. This species was present in all sites. The predominance of the invasive oriental

house rat also suggest a severely disturbed habitat (P. S. Ong & Rickart, 2008)

An endemic rodent, lowland striped shrew-rat (Chrotomys mindorensis), was

present in Site 2. The species is endemic to Mindoro and Luzon islands. This species is

found in forests and in adjacent agricultural areas. Four medium to large-sized mammals

were recorded in the area via interview of locals. These species are perceived to be more

abundant in forested areas such as Sites 2 and 3. The record of the wild pig needs further

verification since locals may only have seen feral pigs.

Two mammal species are of conservation concern. The long-tailed macaque

(Macaca fascicularis) has a global decreasing population trend but is not listed as

Threatened under IUCN. However, the subspecies, M. f. philippinensis, is listed as Near

Threatened. The major threat to the species is hunting (P. Ong & Richardson, 2008). The

species is included in Appendix II of CITES and is listed as OTS under DAO 2004-15. The

Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis) is categorized as Vulnerable both under IUCN and

DAO 2004-15. The main threats to the species are habitat loss and hunting (Heaney, L. &

Meijaard, 2017; Oliver, W.L.R., Heaney, 2013). The locals hunt wild pig using snares for

food.


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Plate 24. Selected photos of mammals documented within the sampling sites. A – commo short-

nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis); B – common dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea); C – lesser long-tounged fruit bat (Macroglossus minimus); D – greater musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus

jagori); E – lesser asiatic yellow house bat (Scotophilus kuhli); F– lowland striped shre rat


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(Chrotomys mindorensis); G – Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans); and H – Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi)


Noteworthy species were identified based on endemicity and conservation status.

A total of 32 species (amphibians and reptiles – 6; bird species – 21; and mammals – 5)

were listed as shown in Table 24. Seventy-eight percent (78%) were found to be Philippine

endemics while 22% are native or resident species. Five Philippine endemics were categorized as threatened. Therefore, it should be prioritized for conservation and

protection. All these five species were recorded in Site 2. Sites 1 and 3 are also important

for some native or resident threatened species.

The presence of these noteworthy species varied across the three sites, mainly

due to the difference in their habitat types. Site 1 is characterized mainly grasslands from

abandoned rice paddies and a strip of planted mango trees. Sites 2 and 3 are comparatively more vegetated compared to site 1, with still existing forest fragments or

patches. Site 2, however, has a larger and more continuous forest patch with bananas

and mango trees planted within. These fruits serve as food for the wildlife species present

in the area. In comparison, site 3 has smaller disconnected patches, mainly composed of mahogany, yemane, ipil-ipil and others tree species. Grasses and shrubs, such as

coronitas (Lantana camara), fill the large gaps between these forest patches. Higher

relative bird species richness can be observed with larger forest fragments and lesser disturbances (van Weerd, et. al, 2003). This concurs with the study s findings wherein the highest endemic species richness was found in Site 2. Sites 1 and 3 are also important for

some native or resident threatened species.

With the increased rate of deforestation, forest patches serve as good sources of

food and shelter for wildlife species. It also serves as corridors for passage of wildlife. The

presence of forest patches increases the chances of survival of wildlife species. van Weerd et. al (2003) also stated that forest fragments are important in conserving wildlife species

and can also be used as a source of seedlings for reforestation projects.


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Table 24. List of noteworthy vertebrate fauna recorded within the study sites

No. Species Common Name Residency Status

Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

Family Microhylidae

1 Kaloula picta Slender-digit Chorus Frog

Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x

Class Reptilia

Order Squamata Family Agamidae

2 Bronchocela marmorata Marbled Crested Lizard Philippine Endemic DD NA NA x Family Varanidae 3 Varanus salvator Monitor Lizard Native LC Appendix II OTS x x x Family Elapidae 4 Naja philippinensis Philippine Cobra Philippine Endemic NT Appendix II EN x x x 5 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Native VU Appendix II EN x x x Family Boidae 6 Malayopython reticulatus Reticulated Python Native LC Appendix II OTS x x x Class Aves

Order Passeriformes

Family Dicaeidae 7 Dicaeum australe Red-keeled

Flowerpecker Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

Family Rhipiduridae 8 Rhipidura javanica Philippine Pied Fantail Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

Family Muscicapidae


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IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

9 Copsychus saularis Philippine Magpie Robin Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

Family Cisticolidae 10 Orthotomus chloronotus Green-backed Tailorbird Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

Family Sturnidae

Family Pycnonotidae

11 Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x x

Family Turdidae 12 Zoothera cinerea Ashy Ground-thrush Philippine

endemic

VU NA VU x

Family Paridae 13 Parus elegans Elegant Tit Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae

14 Treron pompadora Philippine Green Pigeon Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x

15 Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown Dove

Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x x

Order Caprimulgiformes Family Caprimulgidae

16 Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x

Order Coraciiformes Family Alcedinidae


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IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

17 Alcedo cyanopecta Indigo-banded Kingfisher

Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae

18 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident LC Appendix II EN x x Order Cuculiformes

Family Cuculidae

19 Phaenicophaeus cumingi Scale-feathered Malkoha Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x

20 Cuculus fugax Philippine Hawk-Cuckoo Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x x

21 Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x x

Order Piciformes Family Picidae

22 Dendrocopos maculatus Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker

Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x

Order Gruiformes Family Rallidae

23 Amaurornis olivaceus Plain Bush-Hen Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x

Order Strigiformes Family Strigidae

24 Ninox philippensis Luzon Hawk-Owl Philippine

endemic

LC Appendix II EN x

25 Otus megalotis Philippine Scops Owl Philippine

endemic

LC Appendix II EN x


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IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family Tytonidae 26 Tyto capensis Grass Owl Resident LC Appendix II EN x Family Turnicidae

27 Turnix ocellata Spotted Buttonquail Philippine

endemic

LC NA NA x x x

Class Mammalia Order Chiroptera

Family Pteropodidae

28 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x Order Rodentia

Family Muridae

29 Chrotomys mindorensis Lowland Striped Shrew-rat

Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x

Order Primates

30 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Native LC Appendix II OTS x Order Carnivora

Family Viverridae

31 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet Native LC Appendix III NA x x x Order Cetartiodactyla

Family Suidae

32 Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Philippine Endemic VU NA VU x x TOTAL 18 25 18


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4.3. Invertebrate Fauna

4.3.1. Arthropod Composition and Abundance

Based on net sweeping method, a total of 111 arthropod species representing Class

Insecta and Class Arachnida in nine orders and 68 families were sampled from all the

sampling stations (Table 25). Among these species, 103 were insects belonging to eight

orders and 62 families. Only one Arachnid order comprised of eight species in six families

was sampled from the entire area. The list of families for each arthropod order including

their common names, number of families and species, and their feeding guilds is

presented (Table 26). The order Hemiptera, being one of the largest insect orders which

includes bugs, treehoppers, planthoppers, cicada, mealybugs, aphids, and scale insects,

appeared as the most abundant and dominant group among the insects (Figure 28). It

consists of 17 families and 25 species with a total abundance of 392 individuals based on

net sweep sampling from the different transects in NCC. It was followed by insect orders

Diptera (true flies) with 12 families and 16 species, Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps)

having 11 families and 17 species and Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies and skippers) with

11 families and 20 species. The rest of the arthropod orders including the order of spiders

(Aranea) were relatively composed of fewer families and species with low population

abundance.

Among the arthropod families, Cicadellidae (planthoppers) was found to be the

most abundant with a total of 276 individuals from the different samples. Of these

individuals, 250 belong to the species of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp. In every sampling

plot with mango trees, this species was collected. Arthropod samples from Transect 12

and 14 which are relatively disturbed areas with patches of mango and yemane

plantations gave high population abundance of Idioscopus having 113 and 98 individuals,

respectively. Furthermore, the two species of ants, the black ant Polyrachis sp. and the

weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina locally called kara kara , also appeared comparatively

abundant over other species although their population based on the samples still

seemed relatively low at 33 and 22 individuals, respectively. These species of ants are

mutualistic species where they feed on the fecal honey dew of Hemipterans while

providing protection from their natural enemies and assisting dispersal of immatures.

The weaver ants were observed to have nests on the foliage of most mango trees due to

presence of mango hopper Idioscopus sp. In general, however, it was noted that most of

the arthropod species in the area had low population abundance.

Table 25. Summary of arthropod composition and abundance in NCC

Calss/Order No. of Families No. of Species Total Abundance

INSECTA


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Calss/Order No. of Families No. of Species Total Abundance

Hemiptera 17 25 392 Hymenoptera 11 17 99 Diptera 12 16 59 Lepidoptera 11 20 56 Orthoptera 3 7 51 Coleoptera 5 12 46 Odonata 2 5 22 Mantodea 1 1 1

ARACHNIDA

Aranea 6 8 46 TOTAL 68 111 772

Table 26. Summary of arthropod composition with information on abundance and feeding guild

Arthropod

Class/Order Family

Common

Name

No. of

Species

Total

Abundance

/Family

Feeding Guild

INSECTA

Coleoptera

Cerambycidae Long-horned beetles

1 1 Phytophagous

Chrysomelidae Leaf beetles 6 24 Phytophagous Cicindellidae Tiger beetles 1 10 Predatory Coccinelidae Lady beetles 3 9 Predatory

Curculionidae Snout beetles, weevils

1 2 Phytophagous

Diptera

Asilidae Robber fly 1 5 Predatory Culicidae Mosquitoes 1 7 Blood feeder Muscidae Housefly 1 13 Scavenger Drosophilidae Vinegar flies 2 6 Scavenger Calliphoridae Blowflies 1 4 Scavenger Chloropidae Grassflies 2 3 Scavenger Phoridae Phorid flies 1 4 Scavenger

Pipunculidae large-headed flies

1 1 Scavenger

Rhagionidae Snipe flies 2 4 Scavenger Syrphidae Hoverflies 2 4 Predatory Tachinidae Tachinid flies 1 6 Parasitoid Tipulidae Cranes flies 1 2 Scavenger

Hemiptera

Alydidae Broad-headed bugs

2 19 Phytophagous

Cicadellidae Planthoppers 5 276 Phytophagous Cicadidae Cicadas 1 15 Phytophagous Cixiidae Cixiids hoppers 1 1 Phytophagous Cercopidae Froghoppers 1 1 Phytophagous

Coreidae Leaf-footed bugs

1 5 Phytophagous

Delphacidae Leafhoppers 1 4 Phytophagous Issidae Issid bugs 1 1 Phytophagous Lygaeidae Leaf bugs 1 6 Phytophagous Membracidae Treehoppers 1 7 Phytophagous Miridae Plant bugs 3 32 Phytophagous


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Arthropod

Class/Order Family

Common

Name

No. of

Species

Total

Abundance

/Family

Feeding Guild

Pentatomidae Shield bugs 1 2 Phytophagous Plataspidae Plataspids 1 3 Phytophagous Pseudococcidae Mealybugs 1 4 Phytophagous Pyrrhochoridae Red bugs 1 20 Phytophagous Reduviidae Assassin bugs 2 4 Predatory Tropiduchidae Tropiduchids 1 2 Phytophagous

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae Tiger moths 1 7 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Crambidae Harlequin moths

1 1 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Erebidae Tussock moths 2 5 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Geometridae Geometer moths

2 5 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Hesperiidae Skippers 3 4 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Lycaenidae Blues butterflies

1 6 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Noctuidae Owlet moths, cutworms

2 3 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Nymphalidae Brush-footed butterflies

2 4 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Pyralidae Grass moths 4 20 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Yponomeutidae Ermine moths 1 1 Phytophagous;

adult pollinators

Hymenoptera

Apidae Honey bees 1 5 Pollinators

Braconidae Braconid wasps 2 8 Parasitoid; pollinator

Chalcididae Chalcid wasps 1 5 Parasitoid; pollinator

Chrysididae Cuckoo wasps 1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator

Evaniidae Ensign wasps 1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator

Formicidae Ants 3 66 Parasitoid; pollinator

Ichneumonidae Ichneumon wasps

1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator

Pteromalidae Pteromalid wasps

1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator


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Arthropod

Class/Order Family

Common

Name

No. of

Species

Total

Abundance

/Family

Feeding Guild

Scoliidae Scoliid wasps 2 8 Predatory; pollinator

Sphecidae Sand wasps, muddaubers

1 1 Predatory; pollinator

Vespidae Paper wasps, hornets

3 3 Predatory; pollinator

Mantodea Mantidae Preying mantis 1 1 Predatory

Odonata

Coenagrionidae Narrow-winged damsels

1 1 Predatory

Libellulidae Skimmers, perchers

4 21 Predatory

Orthoptera

Acrididae Short-horned grasshoppers

2 15 Phytophagous

Gryllidae Crickets 3 14 Phytophagous

Tettigoniidae Long-horned grasshoppers

2 22 Phytophagous

ARACHNIDA

Aranea

Salticidae Jumping spiders

2 9 Predatory

Agelenidae Grass spider 1 24 Predatory Lycosidae Wolf spiders 1 4 Predatory

Araneidae Orb-weaver spiders

2 5 Predatory

Thomisidae Crab spiders 1 2 Predatory Clubionidae Sac spiders 1 2 Predatory

Figure 28. Comparative arthropod composition in terms of families and species per order and their abundance

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

HEMIPTERA

HYMENOPTERA

DIPTERA

LEPIDOPTERA

ORTHOPTERA

COLEOPTERA

ARANEA

ODONATA

MANTODEA

TOTAL ABUNDANCE NO. SPECIES NO. FAMILIES


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Furthermore, the arthropod sampling data revealed that most of the sampling areas

had high similarities on their species composition. The highest index of similarity of 1.0

(100%) was obtained at Transects 6, 7, 9 which means that all these three areas contained

the same species richness and composition. The lowest index of similarity was noted in Transects 8 and 10 with approximately 46% of their species composition were similar

(Table 27). The other sampling transects had index of similarity ranging from 54% to 91%.

Table 27. Computed index of similarities ”Whittaker s index) of species composition between and among the

various plots

Transect 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

2 0 0.68 0.83 0.79 0.74 0.85 0.71 0.73 0.83 0.80 0.75 0.69

4 0.68 0 0.81 0.91 0.61 0.77 0.65 0.54 0.60 0.73 0.58 0.62

6 0.83 0.81 0 1.00 0.83 0.76 0.95 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.72

7 0.79 0.91 1.00 0 0.83 1.00 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.78 1.00 0.82

8 0.74 0.61 0.83 0.83 0 0.80 0.46 0.59 0.57 0.68 0.61 0.55

9 0.85 0.77 0.76 1.00 0.80 0 0.82 0.64 0.79 0.79 0.71 0.61

10 0.71 0.65 0.95 0.86 0.46 0.82 0 0.68 0.63 0.68 0.57 0.46

11 0.73 0.54 0.79 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.68 0 0.76 0.81 0.74 0.55

12 0.83 0.60 0.78 0.91 0.57 0.79 0.63 0.76 0 0.63 0.60 0.61

13 0.80 0.73 0.77 0.78 0.68 0.79 0.68 0.81 0.63 0 0.78 0.48

14 0.75 0.58 0.71 1.00 0.61 0.71 0.57 0.74 0.60 0.78 0 0.66

15 0.69 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.55 0.61 0.46 0.55 0.61 0.48 0.66 0

In terms of endemism and conservation status of the different arthropod species

surveyed from the area, the lack of database despite numerous but fragmented research

works on these aspects prevented the means to categorize them on their status. The

Philippine Red Data Book listed 16 species of butterflies that are endemic and threatened,

but none of these species were observed in the area. Very few species of butterflies were

noted in the area. However, further taxonomic works on arthropods may reveal several

if not many endemic species which might be threatened by habitat destruction. Plate 25

shows some of the species of dragonflies observed in the area. Several species of

dragonflies were very noticeable in areas with aquatic habitat which serves as their

breeding sites. Other insect species present in the area are presented in Plate 26 and

Plate 27.


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Plate 25. Selected photos of dragonflies documented in NCC. A – Chalky Percher (Diplacodes trivialis); B –

Straight-edged Red Parasol, male (Neurothemis terminate); C – Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk, female (Orthetrum pruinosum); D – Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk, male (Orthetrum pruinosum); E – Green Marsh Hawk (Orthertrum sabina); F – Crimson Marsh Glider (Tritemis aurorae)


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Plate 26. Selected photos of lepidopterous insects documented in NCC. A –Tiger beetle (Family

Cincidellidae); B – Luzon grass dart, Taractrocera luzoniensis (Hesperiidae); C – Wasp moth, Amala

huebneri (Family Erebidae); D – Pyralid moth (Family Pyralidae)


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Plate 27. Other insects documented in NCC. A –Molted cuticle of a species of cicada; B – Colony of weaver ant, Oecophylla smargadina; C –Group of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp. (Family Cicadellidae); D – Common housefly, Musca domestica (Family Muscidae)

Considering the feeding guilds of the arthropods, Figure 29 shows that 40% of the

species are phytophagous as wood borers, leaf feeders and sap-suckers, 12% are

scavenger and 1% blood feeder. On the other hand, the number of natural enemies in

the area totaled 44 species (47%), that is, 33 species (35%) of predators and 11 species (12%) of parasitoids. Among these natural enemies, 16 spcies of 14.4% belong to the

Order Hymenoptera, either as predator or parasitoid. These predators and parasitoids

contribute to the natural control of the populations of other arthropods to a certain level. Moreover, based on specific feeding guilds of the various species (Figure 30), 24% of the

species are phytophagous ones being sap-suckers, 14% are phytophagous leaf-feeders,

12% are scavengers, and 18% are primarily predators of other insects. In addition, the

Hymenopterans which are primarily pollinators especially the adults consisted of 12% that are parasitic and 9% as predatory but at the same time pollinators of flowering plants

and trees.


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Figure 29. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on their general feeding guilds

Figure 30. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on the feeding guilds of the various species sampled from New Clark City, Tarlac

40%

35%

12%

1% 12%

phytophagous

predator

parasitoid

blood feeder

scavenger

24%

18%

14%

12%

12%

9%

7%

1%

1% 1%1%

phytophagous; sap sucker

predatory on insect

phytophagous; leaf feeder

parasitoid; pollinator

scavenger

predatory on otherarthropod

predatory on insect;pollinator

phytophagous; wood borer

pythophagous; twig borer,leaf feeder

nectar & pollen feeder;pollinator


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4.3.2. Arthropod Diversity Indices

Table 28 shows these different species richness and diversity index values for the

sampled insects from the area while Figure 31 and Figure 32 illustrate the comparison

of Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson s index of diversity and Shannon evenness index for the different sampling transects. Arthropod survey data revealed that Transects

2, 4, 10 and 15, despite that they are disturbed areas, had high species diversity having

Shannon-Wiener index values of 3.28, 3.12, 3.16 and 3.19, respectively. On the other

hand, transects 9, 12 and 14 had low species diversity with H-values of 1.8, 1.93, and 1.62. Studies had shown that an area with Shannon-Wiener index of 3.5 and above is

categorized to have very high species diversity. Similarly, Figure 31 shows same pattern

based on Simpson s index of diversity. Those areas that are relatively disturbed and with patches of grasslands, mango plantation and gmelina plantation had low to moderate

species diversity level. Figure 32 also indicates that as species evenness increases,

species diversity also increases. Thus, the figure graphically shows that Transects 12 and

14 had low evenness index values. As stated earlier, the abundance of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp., in these two mango-dominated transects had resulted to the strongly

uneven populations of the different insects in the area, hence, low evenness index values

for Transects 12 and 14.

Table 28. Computed diversity parameters and indices for insects in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23

Transect Taxa_S No. of

Individuals

Simpson

(1-D)

Shannon

(H)

Evenness

(e^H/S) Margalef Chao-1

T2 31 50 0.96 3.28 0.85 7.67 58

T4 26 37 0.95 3.12 0.87 6.92 55

T6 16 37 0.8 2.2 0.56 4.15 34

T7 17 27 0.88 2.53 0.74 4.86 37

T8 31 87 0.91 2.96 0.62 6.72 35

T9 9 30 0.8 1.85 0.71 2.35 15

T10 25 32 0.96 3.16 0.95 6.93 44

T11 13 23 0.84 2.21 0.7 3.83 36

T12 30 192 0.64 1.93 0.23 5.52 40

T13 19 26 0.93 2.81 0.88 5.53 54

T14 26 146 0.54 1.62 0.19 5.02 39

T15 27 39 0.95 3.19 0.9 7.1 46


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Figure 31. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for insects

in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac

Figure 32. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson s index of diversity ”1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac

3.28

3.12

2.20

2.53

2.96

1.85

3.16

2.21

1.93

2.81

1.62

3.19

T 2 T 4 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 1 0 T 1 1 T 1 2 T 1 3 T 1 4 T 1 5

IND

EX V

ALU

E

SAMPLING TRANSECT

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15

IND

EX V

ALU

E

SAMPLING TRANSECT

Simpson_1-D Evenness_e^H/S


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For Class Arachnida particularly spiders (Order Aranea), the computed diversity

indices are presented in Table 29 and graphical comparison of these indices are shown in Figure 33, and Figure 34. Based on arthropod sampling, species of spiders were

collected only in six (6) sampling transects (T2, T9, T10, T11 and T15). The data show very

few spider species sampled from the area with very low abundance. Thus, Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders indicates very low species diversity, transect 2 having

only an index value of H = 1.41 but notably highest among the six transects. The lowest

index value was observed in Transect 10 with H=0.64, that is, very low spider diversity.

Apparently, spider species richness in the area sampled was really very low which can be attributed to the very dry condition in the area and the low plant diversity in the

understory of the vegetation where the arthropod samples were taken. Many spiders

especially the non-web formers find shelter in the foliage of vegetation.

Table 29. Computed diversity parameters and indices for spiders in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23

Transect Taxa_S No. of

Individuals

Simpson

(1-D)

Shannon

(H)

Evenness

(e^H/S) Margalef Chao-1

T2 6 13 0.66 1.41 0.68 1.95 9

T4 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3

T9 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3

T10 2 3 0.56 0.64 0.94 0.91 2

T11 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3

T15 3 3 0.67 1.10 1.00 1.82 6


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Figure 33. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac.

Figure 34. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson s index of diversity ”1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15

Ind

ex V

alu

e

Sampling Transect

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15

Ind

ex v

alu

e

Sampling Transect

Simpson_1-D

Evenness_e^H/S


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4.4. Freshwater Ecology

4.4.1. Site Description

Nine stations were designated representing areas with no active development, areas within the active development, areas nearby the active development and those

impacted by various human-related activities outside the project development area. The

general characteristics of the sampling stations are presented in Table 30 while photos are shown in Plate 28.

Table 30. Site description of freshwater ecology sampling stations

Station

Code

River System/

Location

Coordinates Site Description

Latitude Longitude

FW-01 Bangut River, Flora, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac

15.27158 120.44677 Pool portion about 197 masl with larg boulder on one side just up upstream where off road vehicle passes through. Clear water moderately flowing on sandy substrate. Width about 9.5 m with average depth of 1.03 m. Large Shorea palosapis present on top of the boulder. Right floodplain sandy and rocky and further bounded by tall grasses. The area is being utilized for bathing both for humans and carabaos. Run located a bit downstream of this pool area.

FW-02 Bangut River, Patling, Malabayukan, Capas, Tarlac

15.32312 120.46747 Downstream of FW01 about 128 masl. Width about 6.15 m and an average depth of 0.15 m. Clear water slow flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts. Scouring of the right riverbank noted as well as farming on the left side. Left floodplain sandy and dominated with grasses while riparian vegetation on the right predominantly planted with Gmelina arborea. The station characterized of a run or part of stream with smooth unbroken flow.

FW-03 Bangut River, Patling, Malabayukan, Capas, Tarlac

15.34456 120.47144 Station located about 118 masl and about 7.2 km downstream of Station FW-02. Water clear and slow flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds. Width about 14.53 m and average water depth of 0.20 m. Presence of water hyacinth, Eichhornia

crassipes, was documented which serves as hiding place for various aquatic organisms. Further downstream portion of the river being utilized as bathing area for carabaos and adjacent to it piles of garbage were observed. The station as in the previous station is considered a run.

FW-04 Cutcut River, Kanuman, Capas, Tarlac

15.28243 120.48851 Station after on-going development about 137 masl. Width 5.09 m and an average depth of 0.13 cm with moderately flowing clear water. Large


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Station

Code

River System/

Location


Latitude Longitude

populations of two endemic species, Gulaphallus

mirabilis and Nomorhamphus pectoralis were noted in the area as it provides moderately and shallow flowing water over boulders and cobbles which is a riffle-like which is connected to a pool. Banks adorned with grasses. A large antipolo tree, Artocarpus blancoi, was noted on the right riverbank.

FW-05 Maruglu Creek, Kanuman, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac

15.31798 120.50597 Tributary to Cutcut River. Station before merging with the river, a bit up of the damaged round culverts. Elevation about 78 masl. Width about 5.77 m and an average depth of 0.36 m. Water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds. Water turbid during the time of sampling due to presence of bathing carabao further upstream. Bank vegetation primarily perennial grasses. Station hosts ten fish species making it the most species-rich area.

FW-06 Cutcut River, Kawayanan, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac

15.31475 120.50189 Station located before merging with Maruglu Creek about 93 masl. Width about 3.9 m and depth of 0.14 m. Clear water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts and muds. Floodplain covered with grasses. Trees such as rain tree, Albizia lebbeck, Indian almond tree, Terminalia catappa and madre de cacao, Gliricidia sepium were noted on the area. As with FW-04, this portion hosts large populations of two endemic species, G. mirabilis and N. pectoralis.

FW-07 Cutcut River, Kawayanan, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac

15.32157 120.50587 Station located after the merging with Maruglu Creek. Width 6.15 m and depth of 0.15 m. Clear water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts and occasionally rocks and cobbles. Embankment predominantly covered with perennial grasses. Gmelina arborea, Premna odorata and bamboo planted on the upper portion of the banks. Mass of algae evident on the area smothering cobbles and stones. Scouring evident on embankment.

FW-08 Cutcut River, Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac

15.34413 120.53699 Station located below the on-going construction of NCC Stadium with an elevation of 65 masl. Width 4.16 m and depth about 0.13 m. Turbid water flowing on substrate predominantly thick muds coming from active road works further upstream of the station. Upstream embankment covered with grasses but downstream bare on both sides with slips on the left part primarily due to precipitation. Upper left embankment lined with Gmelina arborea.

FW-09 Cutcut River, Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac

15.34309 120.54849 Station located after the active area of development traversing to areas impacted by various human-related activities just after the


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Station

Code

River System/

Location


Latitude Longitude

bridge. Width about 4.78 m and an average depth of 0.56 m. Water very turbid and moderately flowing on muddy substrate. Water emitting foul odor attributable to piggery and poultry located upstream. Water observed being pumped to water rice paddies located on top of the embankment. Riverbanks with grasses, shrubs and mango trees.

Plate 28. Photos of freshwater ecology stations. A – FW-01, B – FW-02, C – FW-03, D – FW-04, E – FW-05, F – FW-06, G – FW-07, H – FW-08, -I – FW-09


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4.4.2. Periphyton

Periphyton, also known as benthic algae or phytobenthos are important

components of a stream ecosystem (Stevenson & Bahls, 1999). They are important

contributors to the primary production in aquatic ecosystems, sitting at the bottom of the

food chain. These organisms are attached to substrate. Their characteristics are affected

by physical, chemical, and biological disturbances that occur in the stream ecosystem

during the time in which the assemblage developed (Stevenson & Bahls, 1999). They are

mostly algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms and water mosses which serve as food for small

organisms such as macroinvertebrates; thus, their presence is of extreme significance to

support the normal functioning of a stream ecosystem. In this study, this group of

organisms was considered as they occupy a position of the same importance as the

phytoplankton wherein both are quite sensitive to environmental stresses.

Sixteen species of periphyton from three Divisions were documented in the study

area. These include Bacillariophyta (Diatoms), Chlorophyta (Green Algae), and

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) with 58%, 31% and 11%, respectively (Figure 35). Diatoms

are eukaryotic algae which are either unicellular or filamentous colonies are good

indicators of the environmental integrity. The last two groups constitute most the diet of

macrobenthos especially those having filter feeding habits.

Figure 35. Relative composition of periphyton Divisions recorded from the sampling stations


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In terms of species richness or the number of taxa present in the community

(Figure 36) Stations FW-01 had the most with eleven. This was followed by FW-05 with six

and FW-03, FW-04 and FW-07, all with five. The most taxa-deficient on the other hand

were seen in Stations FW-03 and FW-09 as the two stations were heavily silted during the

time of sampling.

As regards to relative density or the ratio of individuals present in an area over the

total recorded individuals, FW-01 had the highest with 24.87% followed by FW-03 and FW-

07 with 18.46% and 16.92%, correspondingly.

Figure 36. Total number of taxa and relative density of periphyton recorded from the sampling stations

Synedra sp. from the Division Bacillariophyta was the most abundant with mean

density of 1,400 cells/ml and a relative density of 32.31% followed by Spirogyra sp.

(Division Chlorophyta) and Fragilaria sp. (Division Bacillariophyta) with relative density of

27.18% (1,178 cells/ml) and 12.83% (556 cells/ml), respectively.


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Plate 29 shows the photographs of dominant periphyton recorded from the

sampling stations.

Plate 29. Dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations. A. – Synedra sp., B. – Spirogyra sp. and C. – Fragilaria sp. Observed with 100x magnification.

4.4.3. Macrobenthos

Macroinvertebrates are animals that have no backbone but can readily be seen by

the naked eye. They are also known as macrobenthos or benthic macroinvertebrates for

they live on the bottom of water bodies underneath benthic sediment. This group

generally includes a vast range of organisms like annelids (segmented worms), arachnids

(mites and spiders), crustaceans (crabs and shrimps), mollusk-like gastropods (snails and

slugs) and monovalves and bivalves, and insect larvae. They spend all or portion of their

lives that need an aquatic environment; hence, water quality is vital to ensure their

continued survival.

These organisms have various tolerance levels to pollution that is why they are

being used as indicator that would more or less give an estimate of the current status of

an aquatic ecosystem s health. They are also important components of both the aquatic and terrestrial food webs as they serve as food sources for other forms of organisms such

as predatory insects, birds, and fish. Their presence ensures the normal functioning of an

aquatic ecosystem as they are very important component of a food web.

Macroinvertebrate groups belonging to Orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and

Trichoptera (EPT) are widely used as pollution sensitive wherein their richness can

provide estimate of the condition of a water body.

Macroinvertebrate structuring in an aquatic ecosystem is determined by both

natural and anthropogenic factors. But the latter has tremendous effect on the

ecosystem as most of the stressors came from human-related activities that lead to

habitat alteration and deterioration of water quality.


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In this study, with the exceptions of Stations FW-01 and FW-04, other orders

dominated the 13 orders of macrobenthos documented in the study areas which

comprised 72.16% of the total macroinvertebrate organisms recorded.

Macroinvertebrate assembly in Station FW-01, has something to do with availability of

water and surface area just in the case of Station FW-04. Larger area and more available

water would indicate a larger space that macrobenthos could occupy. Macrobenthos rely

on loose substrate preferably coarse-bedded riverbeds with loose cobbles, pebbles,

stones and rocks where they could attach and fit in between spaces enabling them to

take advantage of higher dissolved oxygen from moderate flowing, shallow river sections

(ripples) compared to slow flowing river sections (pools). Absence of such riverbed setting

could limit presence and abundance of microbenthic organisms.

In terms of species richness (Figure 37), Station FW-04 had the highest with 17

followed by Stations FW-02, FW-01 and FW-05 with 14, 13 and 11, respectively. Stations

FW-06 and FW-07 both had 11 each and Station FW-03 had only 8 while the most taxa-

deficient station was FW08 with only 1. There were no documented macroinvertebrates

in Station FW-09 as the station had high water level and substrate comprised of silt and

muds. As to relative abundance, Station FW-04 also had the highest with 24.26 % followed

by FW-06 with 23.33 % while the lowest was seen in Station FW-02 with only 6.07 % share

of all the recorded individuals, whereas none was recorded for Station FW-09.

Figure 37. Species richness and abundance of macrobenthos recorded from the sampling stations


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The pollution-tolerant dipterans (Order Diptera) were also present but of limited

number as shown in Figure 38 which indicates that generally, the streams are in good

condition. In other stations, EPT was not documented as the substrates are

predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds which do not provide adequate

habitat to this group of organisms.

Figure 38. Abundance of macrobenthps documented from the sampling stations

Gerris sp. from the Order Hemiptera and Family Gerridae was the most abundant

with relative abundance of 20.22% followed by Macrobrachium latidactylus (Decapoda:

Palaemonidae), Ephemerella sp. (Ephemeoptera: Emphemeridae), Ischnura sp. (Odonata:

Coenagrionidae), and Corbicula fluminea (Venerida: Cyrenida) with relative abundance of

12.75%, 10.89%, 6.99%, and 5.44%, respectively.

Plate 30 shows the photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from

the sampling stations.


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Plate 30. Photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations.

A. – water strided (Gerris sp.), B. – freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium latidactylus), C.

– spiny crawler mayfly (Ephemerella sp.), D. – forktail damselfly (Ischnura sp.) and E.

– asian clam (Corbicula fluminea).

4.4.4. Fish

Twelve species of fish comprising 934 individuals from 11 families were

documented in the nine sampling stations (Table 31). These includes three Philippine

endemic species, the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis Herre 1925 from the family

Phallostethidae; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler 1934) and

Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868) from the families Hemiramphidae and

Zenarchopteridae, respectively.


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Two native species were also collected, walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus

1758) from the family Clariidae; and rock goby, Glossogobius illimis Hoese & Allen 2012 from

the family Gobiidae.

The remaining seven are all introduced species composed of wild goldfish,

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cyprinidae; snakehead murrel, Channa

striata (Bloch 1793) from the family Channidae; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus

1758) from the family Cichlidae; wild guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 and wild molly,

Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes 1846 both from the family Poeciliidae; armoured catfish,

Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855) from the family Loricariidae and three-spot

gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas 1770) from the family Osphronemidae.

Table 31. Number of individuals of fish fauna recorded from the nine sampling stations

Scientific name Sampling station

FW-01 FW-02 FW-03 FW-04 FW-05 FW-06 FW-07 FW-08 FW-09

Endemic

Gulaphallus mirabilis 40 59

Nomorhamphus pectoralis 173 43 3

Zenarchopterus philippinus 50 13 10 23 1 1

Native

Clarias batrachus 1 1

Glossogobius illimis 35 27 3 13 4 6 2

Introduced

Carassius auratus 2

Channa striata 1

Oreochromis niloticus 2 12 1 4 5

Poecilia reticulata 1 78

7 57 28 1

Poecilia sphenops 11 1 84 1 1 24 1

Pterygoplichthys pardalis 1 3

Trichopodus trichopterus 3 2

Total 96 17 199 218 64 189 38 11 7

In terms of relative abundance (Figure 39), the most abundant was Station FW-04

while the most depauperate was Station FW-09. The most species-rich area was Station

FW-05 which hosts 10 various species of freshwater fish. This may be attributed to surface

area and availability of vegetation on both embankments and the presence of damaged

box culverts where predatory species could hide. Additionally, most non-native species are

confined in this area including the two poecilids species and janitor fish.


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Large populations of two endemic species, N. pectoralis and G. mirabilis were noted

in Station FW-04 as it provides moderately and shallow flowing water over boulder and

cobbles which is connected to a pool. The presence of these microhabitats provides ideal

condition for these organisms to thrive. N. pectoralis is the most dominant species with

relative abundance of 23.66% followed by G. mirabilis with relative abundance of 20.45%.

Station FW-06 is located downstream of FW-04; hence, these two endemic species were

also noted in large number in the area.

Figure 39. Species richness and abundance of fish recorded from the sampling stations

The occurrence and conservation status of the documented fish in the study area

are presented in Table 32. The wild goldfish, the Asian catfish, and the Nile tilapia are all

registered as Least Concern (LC) while the rest are classified as Not Evaluated (NE) on the

Red List Category of the IUCN (2019).

In terms of economic importance, the gobies (family Gobiidae) are important part

of the ipon fishery wherein the young fry of various species of this group are being

harvested for fish paste making which is known as bagoong in Tagalog. Other economically important species documented includes the wild goldfish, the Asian catfish,

Nile tilapia and snakehead murrel, and to some extent, the three-spot gourami.

Different fish species requires different habitat depending on their feeding habit

and other factors which affects their distribution. Fish also requires good area for spawning

and areas to hide from predators. Some also have specific water quality requirement;

hence, some fish species are considered as indicator of stream health.


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Table 32. Status of fish species documented in the study area

Family Scientific name Occurrence

status IUCN 2019-1

Economically

Important?

Cyprinidae Carassius auratus

(Linnaeus 1758) Introduced Least Concern Yes

Clariidae Clarias batrachus

(Linnaeus 1758) Native Least Concern Yes

Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys pardalis

(Castelnau 1855) Introduced Not Evaluated No

Poeciliidae

Poecilia reticulata

Peters 1859 Introduced Not Evaluated No

Poecilia sphenops

Valenciennes 1846 Introduced Not Evaluated No

Gobiidae Glossogobius illimis

Hoese& Allen 2012 Native Not Evaluated Yes

Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus

(Linnaeus 1758) Introduced Least Concern Yes

Phallostethidae Gulaphallus mirabilis

Herre 1925 Endemic Not Evaluated No

Hemirhamphidae Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler 1934)

Endemic Not Evaluated No

Zenarchopteridae Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868)

Endemic Not Evaluated No

Channidae Channa striata

(Bloch 1793) Introduced Least Concern Yes

Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas 1770)

Introduced Least Concern Yes

The viviparous halfbeak, Nomorhamphus pectoralis, was the most dominant species with relative abundance of 23.66 % followed by the endemic priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis with relative abundance of 20.45 %. This was followed by two recognized invasive poecilids, P. reticulata and P. sphenops with 18.63 % and 13.17 %, respectively.

Other fish species determined through interview based on provided descriptions

include the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 and the loach goby Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes 1837).

The feeding habit and habitat of fishes documented in the sampling stations are presented in Table 33.

Table 33. Feeding habit and habitat of species recorded in the study area

Family Scientific name IAS? Feeding habit Habitat

Anguillidae Anguilla mormorata1 No carnivores fw, br, ma

Cyprinidae Carassius auratus Yes omnivores fw

Clariidae Clarias batrachus Yes omnivores fw

Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys pardalis Yes detrivores fw


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Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Yes detrivores fw

Poecilia sphenops No detrivores fw, can tolerate br

Gobiidae Glossogobius illimis2 No omnivores fr, br, ma

Eleotridae Rhyocicthys aspro1 No Omnivores fw

Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Yes omnivores fr, can tolerate br

Phallostethidae Gulaphallus mirabilis2 No detrivores fw

Hemirhamphidae Nomorhamphus pectoralis2 No detrivores fw

Zenarchopteridae Zenarchopterus philippinus2 No detrivores fw

Channidae Channa striata No omnivores fw

Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus No detrivore fw

Note: 1based on interview; 2new record; fw – freshwater; br – brackish; ma - marine


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4.4.5. Reptile

A single specimen of introduced invasive alien species, the Chinese softshell turtle,

Pelodiscus sinensis (Plate 31), was documented in Station FW-05. Residents that were

interviewed said that sometimes they can catch larger specimens in the Cutcut River

which they said are being cooked and eaten. The documentation of small specimen

indicates presence of breeding population in the area.

Plate 31. The Chinese softshell turtle documented in Station FW-05.

On 22 February 2013, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (now the

Biodiversity Management Bureau) released a Technical Bulletin No. 2013-02 which

prohibits introduction of the said species to wetlands and other areas of the country.

Despite its status as an IAS in the country, it is considered as Vulnerable under the IUCN

Red List Assessment due to decreasing population trend in its natural habitat which is

limited to China, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam because of poaching.

Another species, the native Asian box turtle, Cuora amboinensis was used to get

caught in the area according to locals but nowhere to be seen nowadays. The Chinese

softshell turtle might have caused the displacement of the native turtle as the former

competes with available resources and space as habitat, and due to overharvesting.


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A species of riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides (Plate 32) from Order

Decapoda and Family Potamidae, originally described from Pampanga by H. Mile

Edwards in 1853, was documented in Station FW-04. This species has since been known

to occur only in Bulacan and Pampanga. Finding population of this species in Cutcut River

expanded the natural geographic distribution of this species, which now includes Tarlac.

Plate 32. Riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides

Three Philippine endemic freshwater fishes - the priapium fish, Gulaphallus

mirabilis Herre 1925; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler

1934) and Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868) were documented in the project areas.

The three are considered diminutive species which can easily be affected by even

slight changes in their environment. There is limited knowledge on their geographic

distribution but given that they are only limited to freshwater, it is expected that they are

only restricted to Luzon; hence, finding them thriving with good population in Cutcut River

would be a good starting point for their conservation to ensure their continuous survival.

Photographs of all the freshwater fishes documented in the area is shown in Plate

33 & Plate 34Error! Reference source not found..


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Plate 33. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. A. – Cypriniformes:

Cyprinidae (Carassius auratus); B. – Siluriformes: Clariidae (Clarias batrachus); C. - Siluriformes: Loricariidae (Pterygoplichthys pardalis); D. - Gobiiformes: Gobiidae (Glossogobius illimis); E. - Cichliformes: Cichlidae (Oreochromis niloticus); and F. - Atheriniformes: Phallostethidae (Gulaphallus mirabilis)


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Plate 34. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. A. - Beloniformes:

Hemirhamphidae (Nomorhamphus pectoralis); B. - Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae (Zenarchopterus philippinus); C. - Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae (Poecilia reticulata); D. - Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae (Poecilia sphenops); E. - Anabantiformes: Channidae (Channa striata); and F. - Anabantiformes: Osphronemidae (Trichopodus trichopterus)


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5. LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URBAN AREAS IN NCC AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Land Cover Change

Land cover change studies play a significant role in decision making and in

formulating policies that are vital in sustainably managing the natural resources. It also

evaluates the content of the earth s surface and how such changes in the environment

affect the condition and functions of the ecosystem. This part of the study aims to

monitor changes of the land cover in the area and generate future scenarios highlighting

the expansion of urban areas not only within NCC and the two watersheds, but also to its

neighboring areas using various transition potential modeling.

Initially, two land cover maps (2010 and 2015) were used to analyze changes in the

study area (Figure 40 & Figure 41). A 50 km x 50 km grid covering an area of 250,000 ha

was utilized to include neighboring areas around NCC. Based on the analysis,

brush/shrubs, annual crop, closed forest, and inland water decreased from 2010 to 2015

(Table 34). Majority of this decline was observed in brush/shrubs areas (16,105 ha) and

annual crop (4,394 ha). On the other hand, increases were observed in built-up, grassland,

fishpond, open forest, open/barren, and perennial crop. Grassland (13,833 ha),

open/barren (3,251 ha) and built-up areas (2,909 ha) had the highest increases among

the different land cover types.

Table 34. Relative change between 2010 and 2015 land cover maps

Land Cover 2010 2015 Gain or Loss

Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%)

Annual Crop 94,990 38.0 90,596 36.2 (4,394) (4.6) Brush/Shrubs 87,527 35.0 71,422 28.6 (16,105) (18.4) Built-up 18,720 7.5 21,629 8.7 2,909 15.5 Closed Forest 953 0.4 795 0.3 (158) (16.5) Fishpond 283 0.1 835 0.3 552 195.4 Grassland 11,188 4.5 25,022 10.0 13,833 123.6 Inland Water 7,512 3.0 5,866 2.3 (1,646) (21.9) Open Forest 19,850 7.9 21,414 8.6 1,564 7.9 Open/Barren 2,175 0.9 5,426 2.2 3,251 149.4 Perennial Crop 6,802 2.7 6,996 2.8 94 2.9 TOTAL 250,000 100.0 250,000 100.0


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Figure 40. Land cover map of 2010

Figure 41. Land cover map of 2015


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Land cover change in the two watersheds was also analyzed. In Cutcut Watershed,

it was found that annual crop, brush/shrubs, and open forest declined between 2010 and

2015 (Table 35). Majority of the agricultural areas was converted into built-up areas (514

ha), perennial crop (382 ha), and into brush/shrub areas (177 ha) in 2015. In terms of

brush/shrub areas, about 472 ha were converted from 2010 to 2015 into annual crop and

approximately 1,182 ha into grassland areas. On the contrary, built-up areas, grassland,

and perennial crop increased over the same period. From 2010 to 2015, a significant loss

of brush/shrub areas into grassland (1,182 ha) was observed.

Table 35. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for Cutcut Watershed

Land Cover 2010

Land Cover 2015

Annual Crop

Brush/ Shrubs

Built-Up Fishpond Grassland Inland Water

Open Forest

Perennial Crop

Grand Total

Annual Crop 7,287.59 177.26 514.35 73.92 58.43 1.28 382.24 8,495.06 Brush/Shrubs 472.07 2,789.41 29.79 1,181.92 16.02 13.14 474.85 4,977.21

Built-up 223.90 40.95 1,287.40 1.35 28.19 2.53 1.59 98.57 1,684.48 Grassland 69.04 136.43 16.15 225.23 1.55 10.06 458.46

Open Forest 15.29 6.81 0.79 4.67 1.17 24.20 52.93 Perennial

Crop 133.17 370.99 99.30 33.98 1.49 812.76 1,451.70

Grand Total 8,201.06 3,521.86 1,947.77 1.35 1,547.91 79.64 41.76 1,778.49 17,119.84

Meanwhile, the O Donnell Watershed exhibited decrease in brush/shrub areas as

well as in its open forest (Table 36). About 2,324 ha of brush/shrubs were converted into

grassland areas in 2015. In addition, about 544 ha and 193 ha of it were transformed into

annual crop and open/barren areas, respectively. Moreover, it can be observed that

about 1,200 ha of inland water was already classified into open/barren areas in 2015. This

change may have affected the water supply in the downstream areas of the watershed.

However, in terms of areas that increased, annual crop, built-up, grassland, and perennial

crop have gained over this period.

Table 36. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for O Donnell Watershed

Land Cover 2010

Land Cover 2015

Annual Crop

Brush/ Shrubs

Built-Up

Fishpond Grassland Inland Water

Open Forest

Perennial Crop

Grand Total

Annual Crop 5,754.93 128.97 56.83 128.13 205.16 98.24 217.87 Brush/Shrubs 543.75 11,710.86 3.59 2,324.02 250.30 429.59 192.99 65.55

Built-up 21.37 2.60 172.18 0.95 0.01 1.28 2.04 8.89 Grassland 190.60 643.70 7.86 849.08 91.95 0.48 139.14 1.58

Open Forest 259.41 69.41 4.38 0.46 389.92 1,231.13 12.68 1,199.57 3.73 Perennial

Crop 525.18 18.47 21.62 1,954.61 0.71

Grand Total 45.10 70.00 9.03 1.90 1.00 0.63 272.19


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Apart from this, the land cover maps were also used to generate the positive and

negative trends in the watersheds and NCC. The nature of the trend is mainly based on

the vegetation cover. This means that if the vegetation is converted from a dense canopy

to an open area (e.g. forest to open/barren or to built-up areas), this is considered as a

negative trend. However, if the change is from less vegetated area to a dense canopy

cover (e.g. grassland to brush/shrubs or to forest) then this change is regarded as a

positive trend. The analysis also includes areas that have been persistent through time

which means that a land cover type did not change from 2010 to 2015.

Figure 42 shows these different trends in the area and majority of these are

considered as negative trends. In NCC, it was found that most of its negative trends are

situated in the northern and central portions of the area where development is also

currently undertaken. But there are also areas with positive trends that can be observed

in the southern part of the O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds.

Figure 42. Positive and negative trends in the land cover of the two watersheds


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5.2. Predictive Modeling of Future Urban Scenarios

The maps depicting trends together with the drivers of change are then used to

create transition potentials that are significant in generating future urban scenarios.

These drivers of change or variables can be classified as static or dynamic. Static variables

express aspects of basic suitability for the transition and are unchanging over time while

dynamic variables are time-dependent drivers such as proximity to existing development

of infrastructure. In this study, eight variables were used, and these include: a) elevation;

b) distance from roads; c) evidence likelihood of land cover; d) distance from annual crop;

e) distance from rivers; f) slope; g) population; and h) distance from built-up areas. The

models for the different transitions were implemented using the Multi-Layer Perceptron

(MLP) Neural Network. MLP provides valuable information about the contributions of

explanatory variables and it can be used to model multiple transitions in just one sub-

model.

After running about 80,000 iterations, the model generated around 85.38%

accuracy rate with a skill measure of 0.8406. One output of the model is an information

that provide the sensitivity of the model. Table 37 shows what happens when you force

a single variable to be constant and gives the results for all combinations. The results

showed that holding variables 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover), 8 (distance from built-

up areas) and 2 (distance from roads) constant have the biggest effect on the skill of the

model. Among all variables, variable 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover) is found to be

the most influential variable while variable 6 (slope) is considered as the least influential.

Table 37. Sensitivity of the model to forcing a single independent variable to be constant

Model Accuracy (%) Skill Measure Influence Order

With all variables 85.38 0.8406 N/A

Var. 1 constant 84.62 0.8322 7

Var. 2 constant 59.23 0.5552 3

Var. 3 constant 18.46 0.1105 1 (most influential)

Var. 4 constant 71.54 0.6895 4

Var. 5 constant 76.15 0.7399 5

Var. 6 constant 85.38 0.8406 8 (least influential)

Var. 7 constant 80.00 0.7818 6

Var. 8 constant 37.69 0.3203 2

Meanwhile, Table 38 shows what happens when you hold all variables constant except one. This again exhibits the importance of variables 3 (evidence likelihood of land

cover) and 8 (distance from built-up areas) in the model.


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Table 38. Sensitivity of the model to forcing all independent variables except one to be constant

Model Accuracy (%) Skill Measure

With all variables 85.38 0.8406

All constant but Var. 1 8.46 0.0014








Since the accuracy rate in running the model is already deemed acceptable

(85.38%), the transition potentials were created (Figure 43). These were then employed

to determine the future scenarios of the area. In the process, there are two basic models

that can be generated. These are the soft prediction model and the hard prediction model.

The soft prediction produces a map of susceptibility to change for the collected set of

transitions or simply pertaining to a comprehensive assessment of change potentials. On

the other hand, a hard prediction model is mainly based on the competitive allocation

model similar to a multi-objective decision process. In the study, 2040 and 2060 future

urban scenarios were modeled using the different eight explanatory variables.


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Figure 43. Soft prediction models for the different land cover types that will transition into built-up areas in

the future.

Based on the results of the models, an increasing trend of the built-up areas was

observed from 2015 to 2060 (Figure 44 to Figure 46). Table 39 also shows these future

extents of urban areas in NCC and its surrounding environment. Considering the entire

area of coverage, it can be observed that about 24,006 ha and 30,455 ha of built-up areas

will increase in 2040 and 2060, respectively from the 2015 state. In NCC alone, there s an increase of about 3,348 ha of built-up areas in 2040 from the 282 ha in 2015. In 2060,

there s an estimated total built-up area of 4,040 ha in NCC already, that s about 41% of the entire NCC area. Apart from the planned land use zones in the area, it can also be

noticed that there s a sudden increase of built-up areas in the southern portion of NCC.

Appropriate strategies can be crafted to prevent eventual conversion of the site into built-

up or to protect the headwater of the watershed and conserve the remaining important

biodiversity in the area.

Figure 44. Built-up areas in 2015


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Table 39. Urban areas under different time periods

Area of Coverage Area (ha)

2015 2040 2060

Total Area Coverage 21,628.90 45,634.40 52,083.70

Cutcut Watershed 1,947.77 6,153.41 6,741.14

O'Donnell Watershed 253.86 1,325.75 1,703.20

New Clark City 281.86 3,629.77 4,039.98

Among the two watersheds, Cutcut Watershed will be mostly affected by the

increase of built-up areas (Figure 47). In the 2015 land cover map, it was estimated that

about 1,948 ha is classified as built-up areas. However, this is projected to further

increase into 6,153 ha and 6,741 ha in 2040 and 2060, respectively. Increase in the urban

areas will surely put pressure on the use of various resources such as water but also on

the biodiversity of the area. On the other hand, the O Donnell Watershed has only minimal increase in built-up areas when compared to Cutcut Watershed. It is projected

that future scenarios of urban areas in this watershed will increase by 1,072 ha and 1,449

ha in 2040 and 2060, respectively. The results from this modeling can be utilized to

formulate policies that can ensure sustainability of the resources in the area and at the

same time to warrant the protection and conservation of important species in the area.

Figure 47. Trend in urban areas in NCC and in the two watersheds across different periods.

As the trend in urban areas continue to increase in the future in NCC, it is also

important to consider during planning the climate-related hazards in the area such as


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flooding. Figure 48 shows a flood event with a 100-year return period over the predicted

urban areas in NCC in 2040. The flood hazard map was generated by the UP-DREAM Program under Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) and was

downloaded through the LiPAD website (www.lipad.dream.edu.ph). It can be observed

on the map that large built-up areas in the northern part of NCC will be greatly affected. Some areas in the eastern and southern portions are also susceptible to such kind of

hazard. This map is also archived in ADB s web-based platform SPADE (Spatial Data

Analysis Explorer) – a cloud-based server that contains various geospatial data. This

initiative of ADB is a good venue where data coming from various sources are being integrated and are utilized to draw different kinds of queries, generate analyses and

visualize outputs.

Figure 48. A 100-yr flood event over the predicted built-up areas in NCC in 2040

Moreover, the projected rainfall in Tarlac under RCP 8.5 scenario in 2036-2065 is

expected to further increase in different seasons except for the month of June to August where a decrease in rainfall is predicted. From December to February, there will be an

increase of 9.9%; 5.0 % from March to May has 5.0%; and 1.8% from September to

November. Pampanga, on the other hand, will experience increase in both emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) from December to February and March to May. With

http://www.lipad.dream.edu.ph/


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these in mind, flood events in the area may be further aggravated in the future. Hence

the need to craft strategic measures to address potential issues and problems on climate-related hazards.


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6. SUMMARY OF PRESSURES AND IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY IN NEW CLARK CITY

The project will have direct effects on the environment resulting to forest land

degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation and disturbance of species population. In

addition, pollution caused by the project s operation will affect the behavior and

interactions of local species, and the natural processes within the forest ecosystem.

6.1. Forest Land Degradation

Forest land degradation is defined as a state of anthropogenically induced arrested succession, where ecological processes that underlie forest dynamics are

diminished (Ghazoul, Burivalova, Garcia-Ulloa, & King, 2015). With the advent of

development in NCC, the remaining forest land within the area will most likely be affected

resulting to reduced quality of habitat, species population, and net primary productivity.

Clearing of vegetation for the establishment of facilities will cause degradation of forest.

Hence, the natural succession of vegetation as well as the growth of novel species within

the area will be interrupted. Furthermore, this will also affect the inhabiting communities

that depend on forest resources.

Indirect effect of forest land degradation includes the increased vulnerability of

the area to the introduction of invasive alien species. Once the forest was cleared, the

area will become more suitable for the growth of introduced species (Morgera, Razzaque,

& Burgiel, 2017).

6.2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

Aside from forest land degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation are among the

potential impacts of the project. Habitat loss includes deterioration of habitat quality,

which has consistent negative effects to both flora (i.e. inbreeding, dispersal and seedling

establishment and reduced seed shadows) and fauna (i.e. breeding success, dispersal

success, predation, and animal foraging). Alteration of species interaction may also be

included as a result of habitat loss. In addition, this will expose the species that thrives

within the area to imminent risk of population decline and/or extinction. The project site

provides home to at least 276 species of plants from the area.


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6.3. Greenhouse Gas Emission

Deforestation and forest degradation enhance the atmospheric greenhouse gas

emission. Decay of plant materials and operation of machinery during construction

contribute to increased carbon emissions. Based from the result of vegetation survey in

this study, at least 431 trees with a total of 10,322 DBH will be cut to give way for the

development.

6.4. Pollution and Local Disturbance

The development of NCC will incur disturbance to wildlife particularly during the

pre-construction/construction/operation activity. Pollution, which includes waste (solid

and wastewater), air and noise will greatly affect biodiversity especially the fauna.

Additionally, the increase in the number of persons in an area and the presence of

pollutants during activities are factors to biodiversity disturbance. These pollutants may

come from man-made hazards such as ongoing activities, vehicles and in unpaved

secondary roads that produces emanating particles which contributes to the

concentration of NOx, SOx and air-borne particulate matter. Thus, a decrease in the

number and/or frequency of species observed in the area is expected with this kind of

disturbances.


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7. LEVERAGING BIODIVERSITY: INITIAL IDEAS FOR NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

The result of the biodiversity assessment and modeling for NCC and the

watersheds showed an alarming loss of natural capital. If unabated, it may lead to

environmental crisis and missed opportunities for future development. The continuing

biodiversity loss may have implications to threats in food security, water security, climate

change adaptation, disaster risk, pollution control and human health, and reduced

options for future innovations (Roe, Seddon, & Elliott, 2018).

Therefore, NCC should be prepared to address the alarming rate of decline in land

and vegetation cover, and anticipated increase in built-up areas in Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds. Efforts should be made to enhance the state of biodiversity within NCC and

its immediate surrounding areas to ensure a stable, productive, and resilient ecosystems.

Exploring the potential of Nature-based solutions (NbS) for New Clark City is being

put forward to address the above-mentioned challenges. NbS are broadly defined as

solutions to societal challenges that are inspired by and supported by nature (Raymond

et al., 2017). IUCN defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore

natural or modified ecosystems which address societal challenges (e.g. climate change,

human health, food and water security, or natural disasters) effective and adaptively,

while simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits (Cohen-

Schacham et al., 2016).

The IUCN further categorize NbS according to ecosystem-related approaches such

as: a) ecosystem restoration approaches (e.g. ecological restoration, ecological

engineering, forest landscape restoration); b) issue-specific ecosystem-related

approaches (e.g. ecosystem-based adaptation, ecosystem based mitigation, climate

adaptation services; ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction); c) green infrastructure and

natural infrastructure approaches; and d) ecosystem-based management approaches.

For New Clark City, the present and future scenarios present complex challenges.

These are in the form of loss of natural capital, projected rapid increase in population,

various anthropogenic pressures in the watershed combined with potential high

conversion rate to built-up areas. This presents potential risks to current inhabitants of

Capas and Bamban, and future residents and locators of NCC.

An example of a complex challenge is ensuring water security. Considered to be

one of the scarce resources that will affect all stakeholders, the management requires


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looking at the factors and nature-based solutions beyond boundaries of NCC from

restoration and management of watersheds, coordination and synergy with local

governments, determining appropriate partnership model, finance solutions, policies,

among others.

Therefore, determining appropriate nature-based solutions to address the

pressures should be anchored in planning and governance framework across different

levels – project-level, inter-LGU, and watershed. The nature-based solutions can be

further categorized according to Environment, People and Community, and Governance

(49).

Figure 49. Pressures and Nature-based solutions vis-avis levels of planting and

governance

In consideration of the findings of this study, Figure 50 provide a list of initial ideas

of doable Nature-based Solutions for NCC that will enable BCDA to effectively manage

the watershed, its various ecosystems and species, thereby sustaining its natural capital.

The BCDA found that the biodiversity assessment and nature-based solutions are

envisaged to inform the integrated sustainability plan of NCC, planning and management

of landscapes for the parcels, and as reference that may be shared to locators in coming

up with their detailed development plans. Futhermore, the report is a good reference

document BCDA in crafting Biodiversity Management Program and provide entry points

for developing partnership model for governance.


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Figure 50. Initial ideas of doable nature-based solutions for NCC

7.1. Establishment of Priority Conservation Sites

The findings of the biodiversity assessment raise the need to establish Priority

Conservation Sites. These are locations or areas in the NCC that may be designated for the protection of natural habitats and are important to maintain ecosystem health. The

study identified Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine

Ecosystem.

Overlaying the data and land use using GIS, it was found out that the areas

recommended to be earmarked as Important Plant Area, Important Widlife Areas, and

Important Riverine Ecosystem are located near the Southwest portion of the proposed golfcourse. There are already ongoing developments in the area during the assessment

period. On the other hand, one of the sampling areas for riverine ecosystem (FW-06) was

located in a proposed mixed used residential zone.

Collectively considered as Important Biodiversity Areas, several measures need to

be in place to maintain the level of diversity to avoid further loss of habitat and

fragmentation. BCDA with its locators and developers of NCC should revisit the design guidelines for golfcourses and other infrastructures to factor in ecologically-sound

principles.

The diversity of wildlife species is directly associated with the quality of habitat

such as forest cover. The Important Biodiversity Areas areas are where the threatened

and endangered flora species are found. It should be noted that these species are


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protected by law. These areas can be excluded for development and 100% tree inventory

is required. The tagging of threatened species is necessary in this regard to implement appropriate management actions. Other mitigation measures are detailed in the

succeeding section.

Figure 51. Location of transects for the proposed Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine Ecosystem

7.1.1. Important Plant Areas

A matrix to obtain the true biodiversity value of each transect was developed to

determine the most important plant area in NCC prior to delineating priority areas for

conservation (Table 40). The assessment takes into consideration three factors involving

the number of species (richness), the number of threatened species, and the number of

endemics. A 3-point scale was used to rank each category (species richness, number of

threatened species, and number of endemics) integrating the generated range of values

for each criterion. The derived values were then summed up across transects obtaining

the biodiversity values to which it equates with the conservation importance of the

surveyed transect in the whole area.


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It was observed that the topmost important plant areas were transects 1 and 4.

Thus, it implies that these transects should be prioritized for conservation and protection.

Table 40. Matrix on quantifying the true biodiversity value of each transect

Transect No. of

Species Ranking

No. of

Endemic Ranking

No. of

Threatened Ranking

Biodiversity

Value

1 61 3 8 3 10 3 9

4 47 3 6 3 7 2 8

13 56 3 5 2 6 2 7

3 37 2 3 2 10 3 7

2 39 2 2 2 4 2 6

5 15 2 1 2 2 2 6

14 14 2 0 2 2 2 6

7 39 2 2 2 3 2 6

11 13 2 0 2 2 2 6

12 22 2 2 2 5 2 6

15 21 2 1 2 3 2 6

8 35 2 3 2 2 2 6

9 20 2 1 2 2 2 6

10 20 2 1 2 2 2 6

6 27 2 3 2 3 2 6

Note: The ranges used in ranking each criterion are the following: number of species (13 to 29 = 1, 30 to 45 = 2, 46 to 61 = 3); number of endemic species (0 to 3 = 1, 4 to 5 = 2, 6 to 8 = 3); and number of threatened species (2 to 5 = 1, 6 to 7 = 2, 8 to 10 = 3)

7.1.2. Important Wildlife Areas

Site 2 in Sitio Canuman, Brgy. Dapdap is an important area for endemic and

Threatened wildlife species. This is due to the remaining forest fragments in the area.

Most endemic species are associated with forested areas. Endemic species have varying

tolerances to habitat disturbances. Specialists are less tolerable while generalists have

broad habitat ranges. Site 3 is an important area for wetland-associated wildlife species

and migratory birds.

7.1.3. Important Riverine Ecosystem

The upstream and midstream section of Cutcut River harbor good population of Philippine endemic freshwater fishes such as G. mirabilis, N. pectoralis and Z. philippinus.

Additionally, two native species were also documented in the area such as G. illimis and

C. batrachus. Other species, although non-native but with economic importance that were

also documented include C. auratus, C. striata, O. niloticus and T. trichopterus. The same is


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true in the case of macroinvertebrates where good community structures were also

documented in Station FW-04 and Station FW-06.

7.2. Mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity

An appropriate mitigation and offsetting plan based from the findings of this study

is needed by the NCC. Activities that aim to reduce the impact from forest degradation,

habitat loss and fragmentation, greenhouse gas emission and pollution should be

considered and incorporated to project s mitigation plan. These will ensure that while the

project is being undertaken, the impacts will not exacerbate the present environmental

condition of the area. Identifying the potential impacts of the project is the first step to

formulate a sustainable and relevant management and offsetting plan. Recommended

activities to be included in the mitigation plan are listed in Table 41.

Table 41. Recommended activities to mitigate impacts

Impact Activities

Forest land degradation • Allocation of area for transplanting of native and threatened species

• Progressive rehabilitation of degraded areas • Establishment of nursery sites for production of

planting materials Habitat loss and fragmentation • Provision of offset sites for areas that will be

subjected to vegetation clearing • Formulation of Biodiversity Management Program

that will focus on the maintenance and improvement of species richness within the area

• Establishment of biodiversity park to house the threatened species in the project site

River siltation • Limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance.

• Haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated Spoil Disposal Areas (SDA).

• Installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/traps near waterways.

• Maintain riparian vegetation to serve as buffers along natural waterways.

• Preserve natural gullies/drainage patterns, if possible and practicable.

• Provide drainage canals and similar storm water conveying systems along roads which will also prevent soil slips and erosion


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Impact Activities

• Ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment.

• Avoid washing vehicle on surface water to prevent contamination of water.

• Designate wash bays with oil and water separator.

• Provision for spill kits and drip pans in all mobile equipment.

Greenhouse gas emission • Transplanting of selected trees • Conversion of cut trees to furniture to avoid carbon

emissions Disturbance of the local population of species

• Manage pollution from the project s operation

Increased susceptibility from invasive alien species

• Weed control and restrict planting of introduced species

• Use of native species in landscaping Pollution • Limit the speed of vehicles while within the project

site • Sprinkling of areas that accumulate dust • Revegetation of bare areas • Formulation of dust management plan • Reduction and regulation of noise from machineries

and vehicles

For native and endemic wildlife species, despite their resiliency, their continued

existence depends on forests (Lawrence Richard Heaney, Balete, & Rickart, 2016). Thus,

practices minimizing habitat disturbance and promoting the regeneration of second-

growth native or endemic forest species would be an effective management action to

further recruit native and endemic wildlife species and repel the proliferation of invasive

species. A caveat though is that once a wildlife refuge becomes established in the area,

this will also become attractive to hunters. Thus, the area should be protected either

through the establishment of a physical barrier or through regular surveillance.

Since there are already on-going and upcoming developments, many of the

abovementioned mitigation measures can be implemented through immediate

issuances of policy by BCDA. These policies range from procurement (e.g. only endemic

and native plant species for landscaping will be procured), planning and operations

guidelines, among others. Policy-related measures only entail minimal cost for the part

of BCDA. While the other mitigation measures can be borne from operational cost of

contractor.

The policy-related measures include: limit clearing activities to minimum soil

disturbance; haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated spoil disposal;


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installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/ traps near waterways; preserve

natural gullies/ drainage patterns, of possible and practicable; ensure routine preventive

maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment; avoid washing of vehicle on

surface water to prevent contamination of water; designate wash bays with oiland water

separator; provision for spill kits and drip pans; among others. Mitigation measures and

incorporation of biodiversity principles can be also incorporated in the contract between

BCDA with its locators/developers/contractors.

7.3. Promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC

To promote sustainable species conservation, tree planting of any purpose

(landscaping and/or reforestation) must prioritize the use of locally available plants

especially those identified as species of conservation concern (threatened and endemics)

instead of introducing exotic species. This will not only promote conservation but will also

ensure higher seedlings survival and better growth performance as local species have

been proven more resilient and adapted to local environmental condition.

The SGS Landscapes Consultants have already provided a list of trees for planting for specific purposes (i.e. river park, building vicinity, streetcaps). However, majority of

the trees recommended are not naturally growing in NCC and some are even exotic

species. Listed in Table 42 are the tree species recorded inside the NCC area, and their corresponding ornamental use/s based on the need of SGS. Photos of some of the trees

with beautiful architecture and flowers were presented to better appreciate their

ornamental values (Plate 36).

While SGS provided their preferred list of trees for landscaping, there is no

recommendation for hedges, shrubs, and vines. It should be noted that the horticulturists

were considered the main culprits in the proliferation of invasive plant species (i.e., Thunbergia grandiflora, Asystasia, Crossandra, etc.) in the forests all over the world,

primarily due to introduction of ornamental species without knowing first their biology.

The team noticed that most of the non-tree ornaments initially planted in NCC are exotic

ones (i.e. Canna spp., Heliconia spp. etc.). The list of some native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments is shown in Table 43. The use of some of

these native species (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui, Schefflera elliptica, Combretum

indicum, and Murraya paniculata) is now being popularized in the country (Plate 36).

The selection of plant species for urban green development and landscaping

should be based on the following criteria: a) endemic and native species naturally

occurring in the area (species recorded during the inventory); b) available in the market; and c) highly valued economically and ecologically. To maintain a more climate-resilient


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forest/environement, these naturally occurring species should be mainstreamed in urban

planting. This way, NCC would also be contributing to the conservation of these Philippine plants.


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Table 42. Suggested alternative species to be used for landscaping

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO

2017-11

IUCN

2019-1 Endemism Trans-Quad Uses

Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume

Balinghasai Anacardiaceae - NA NE T3(Q3);T4(Q3);

T7(Q0);Opp (NCC)

river park, streetcaps

Semecarpus cuneiformis

Blanco Ligas Anacardiaceae - NA NE

T1(Q0Q3);T2(Q2Q4);T3(Q0Q3);T4(Q1Q2Q3);T5(Q0);T6(Q2Q3);T9(Q0);T12(Q4);T13(Q0Q4);T14(Q1Q2);Opp (Flora, NCC, River)

river park

Semecarpus longifolius Blume

Anagas Anacardiaceae - NA NE OPP river park

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr.

Amugis Anacardiaceae OTS NA NE T1(Q0); river park, streetcaps, open space

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Ilang-ilang Annonaceae - NA NE T1(Q2);Opp (NCC, River)

river park, building vicinity,

streetcaps Haplosticanthus lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden.

Anolang Annonaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park

Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae - NA PE OPP (Flora)


streetcaps


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Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites

Indian lanontan

Annonaceae - NA EX T10(Q0);OPP

(NCC)

river park, building vicinity

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita Apocynaceae - LC NE T1(Q1);T2(Q0);

T7(Q0);Opp (Flora, River)


streetcaps

Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T6(Q1Q2);T8(Q3Q4);

Opp (River)


streetcaps

Wrightia

pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan

Laniti Apocynaceae - LC NE

T1(Q4);T13(Q2Q4);T15(Q0Q1

Q3);Opp (Flora, NCC,

River)


streetcaps

Ilex cymosa Blume Malagidia Aquifoliaceae - NA NE T4(Q3);T6(Q3); river park

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Pingka-pinkahan

Bignoniaceae - NA NE T15(Q3);Opp (Flora, NCC,

River)


Cordia dichotoma G.Forst Anonang Boraginaceae - NA NE OPP (River) river park

Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae - LC NE OPP (Flora)


streetcaps

Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae - LC NE

T1(Q0);T2(Q0);T3(Q0Q3);T4(

Q1Q2Q3);T6(Q2Q3);T7(Q0Q2


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);T8(Q0);T13(Q0);Opp (Flora)

Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Burseraceae - LC NE T1(Q0);Opp

(Flora)


streetcaps

Kleinhovia hospita L. Panampat* Byttneriaceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T4(Q1);T6(Q3);T13(Q2);Opp (River)


streetcaps

Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana

Bitanghol Calophyllaceae - NA NE T3(Q0);


streetcaps

Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Cannabaceae - LC NE T1(Q2);T7(Q3); river park, building vicinity

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hinlalaong* Cannabaceae - LC NE

T1(Q0);T8(Q0);T10(Q0Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC,

River)

river park

Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara

Anabion Cannabaceae - NA NE

T2(Q2);T3(Q0Q2Q4);T4(Q3);T5(Q4);T7(Q0);T13(Q3);T15(Q

3);


Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy

Binukau Clusiaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park, building


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vicinity, streetcaps

Garcinia mcgregorii Merr Batuan Clusiaceae - NA PE T4(Q2); river park

Terminalia catappa L. Dalasa* Combretaceae - NA NE T9(Q2Q3);T15(

Q0);Opp (River)


streetcaps

Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Combretaceae - NA NE T8(Q2);T14(Q0Q0);Opp (NCC)


streetcaps

Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae - VU NE T2(Q1);T3(Q1);


streetcaps Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume

Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae

- VU NE T3(Q1);T8(Q0);

Opp (Flora) river park, streetcaps

Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae

VU VU NE T1(Q0); river park, streetcaps

Shorea contorta S.Vidal Lauan Dipterocarpaceae

VU CR PE T1(Q0); river park, streetcaps

Pterospermum diversifolium Blume

Bayog Dombeyaceae - NA NE

T1(Q1);T3(Q1);T4(Q1);T8(Q0);T13(Q2);Opp

(Flora)


Pterospermum obliquum Blanco

Bayoi Dombeyaceae - LC PE T3(Q1); river park, building vicinity


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Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae VU NA NE T1(Q2);


streetcaps

Diospyros philippinensis

A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae VU EN NE

T1(Q0);T3(Q0);T4(Q4);T6(Q3);

Opp (Flora, NCC)


streetcaps

Cleidion javanicum Blume Agipos Euphorbiaceae - LC NE OPP river park Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.

Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae - VU NE T1(Q0);Opp

(Flora) river park

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.

Bilua Euphorbiaceae - NA NE

T1(Q0Q3Q4);T2(Q0Q1Q2Q4);T3(Q2);T4(Q0

Q2);T5(Q0Q3Q4);T6(Q2);T8(Q0Q3);T10(Q0Q0Q2);T12(Q0Q1Q4);T15(Q1);

Opp (Flora, NCC, River)

river park

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.

Banato Euphorbiaceae - NA NE

T1(Q2);T2(Q2);T3(Q3);T4(Q1Q2);T7(Q2);T1

3(Q2);Opp (Flora, River)


Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.

Alim Euphorbiaceae - NA NE T1(Q1Q3);T2(

Q0Q4);T3(Q2Q3);T4(Q2);T7(Q

river park


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3Q4);T8(Q0Q1Q3);T9(Q2Q4);T10(Q0Q0Q2);T13(Q0Q1);T14(Q0Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC,

River)

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Anitap* Fabaceae - LC NE T3(Q1);T7(Q0);T13(Q3);T14(Q2);Opp (Flora)


streetcaps

Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. Malatuku* Fabaceae - NA NE T4(Q2);T6(Q1); river park

Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae - LC NE

T2(Q0Q4);T3(Q1Q2Q3);T4(Q1);T5(Q1Q4);T6(Q0Q0Q1);T7(Q0Q1);T8(Q3);T12(Q2);T13(Q0Q4);T14(Q1Q2Q3);T15(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC, River)


streetcaps

Cynometra simplicifolia Harms

Pingan* Fabaceae - NA PE T1(Q0);T13(Q2

);


streetcaps Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe

Balok Fabaceae - NA NE T1(Q1); river park, building


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Millettia pinnata L. Bani Fabaceae - LC NE OPP (NCC)


streetcaps

Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Kupang Fabaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q1);T6(

Q3);


streetcaps

Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray

Olod* Fabaceae VU VU PE T3(Q1);T4(Q1);

Opp (River)


streetcaps

Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe

Batete Fabaceae VU NA NE T13(Q2);Opp

(Flora)


streetcaps

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae VU EN NE

T2(Q0);T11(Q4);T12(Q3);T13(Q2);T15(Q0);O

pp (Flora, NCC, River)


streetcaps

Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.

Banuyo Fabaceae VU NA NE T3(Q4);


streetcaps Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer

Salinggogon Hypericaceae - LC NE T12(Q4);Opp

(River) river park, building


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Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume

Paguringon Hypericaceae - LC NE T4(Q3);T7(Q0);

T13(Q2);


streetcaps

Premna odorata Blanco Tangli* Lamiaceae - NA NE

T2(Q2Q4);T4(Q1);T8(Q0);T9(Q4);T13(Q0);T15(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC,

River)

river park

Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae EN VU NE T3(Q0);Opp

(Flora)


streetcaps

Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f. Marang Lauraceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T5(Q0);T7(Q4);T13(Q2

); river park

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.

Puso-puso* Lauraceae - NA NE

T1(Q1);T3(Q0);T4(Q0Q2Q3);T6(Q1Q2Q3);T7(Q0Q1Q2);T8(Q0);T10(Q1);T12(Q4);T13(Q0);T14(Q0Q0Q2);T15(Q1);Opp

(Flora, NCC, River)



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Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.

Putat Lecythidaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);


streetcaps

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

Mitla* Lythraceae - NA NE

T1(Q2);T6(Q1);T8(Q0Q2);T13(

Q0);Opp (Flora, River)


streetcaps

Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr.

Taluto Malvaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);T4(Q1

Q2);T8(Q0);Opp (Flora)

river park

Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms

Balukanag Meliaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park, building vicinity

Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq.

Kalimutain Meliaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q1);


streetcaps

Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A.Juss.) Miq.

Malabaga* Meliaceae - NA NE OPP (NCC)


streetcaps

Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae OTS NT NE T1(Q0);T7(Q2); river park

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker

Salakin Meliaceae OTS LC NE T1(Q0Q1);T4(Q1Q2);Opp

(Flora)


Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas Meliaceae VU NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building


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Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg

Rimas Moraceae - NA NE T8(Q1);Opp

(NCC)


streetcaps

Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.

Tipolo* Moraceae - VU NE

T2(Q0);T3(Q0Q3);T4(Q1Q2);T5(Q0);T6(Q3);T7(Q4);T12(Q2Q4);T13(Q0Q1);T14(Q2);Opp (Flora, NCC)


streetcaps

Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae - NA NE OPP


streetcaps

Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anobion* Moraceae - NA PE

T1(Q0Q2);T2(Q0);T6(Q3);T7(Q0);T8(Q0);Op

p (Flora)


streetcaps

Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau

Himbabao Moraceae - NA NE

T1(Q0);T2(Q3);T4(Q2Q4);T7(Q0);T8(Q0);T13(Q0Q4);Opp (Flora, River)


streetcaps

Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat Moraceae - LC NE T13(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC)

river park

Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Moraceae - NA NE OPP river park


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Ficus callosa Wild. Kalukoi Moraceae - NA NE T2(Q2); river park

Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese)

Hagimit Moraceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park

Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae - NA NE

T1(Q0);T2(Q1Q4);T4(Q0Q3Q4);T5(Q0);T6(Q2);T7(Q2Q3);T8(Q0Q1Q2);T9(Q0);T12(Q2);T13(Q0Q4);Opp

(Flora, NCC, River)

river park

Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Moraceae - NA PE T13(Q0); river park

Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae - NA PE T4(Q3);T7(Q0);

T8(Q0);Opp (Flora)


Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae - NA NE

T1(Q0);T2(Q1Q4);T3(Q3);T4(Q0Q2);T5(Q2);T6(Q2);T7(Q2Q3);T8(Q0Q2);T13(Q2);T15(Q4);Opp (Flora,

NCC, River)

river park

Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae - VU PE

T3(Q1);T4(Q2);T5(Q0Q3);T8(Q0Q1);T9(Q1);T10(Q0Q0);T1

river park


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2(Q4);T13(Q0Q2);T15(Q1);

Parartocarpus venenosa Becc.

Malananka Moraceae - NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building vicinity

Streblus asper Lour. Ampas* Moraceae - NA NE

T4(Q1Q2);T13(Q3);Opp

(Flora, NCC, River)

river park

Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb.

Kalulot Moraceae OTS VU PE

T4(Q2Q3);T6(Q2);T12(Q4);T13(Q3);Opp (Flora, NCC,

River)


streetcaps

Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam.

Tambalau Myristicaceae - LC NE T1(Q0);


streetcaps

Syzygium calubcob (C.B.Rob.) Merr.

Kupkup* Myrtaceae - NA NE T6(Q1);Opp

(NCC)


Olax imbricata Roxb. Biton Olacaceae - NA NE OPP river park

Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.

Karaksan Oleaceae - NA NE T3(Q1);T6(Q2);

Opp (NCC)


Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.

Isip* Phyllanthaceae - NA NE

T4(Q1Q2);T8(Q0);Opp

(Flora, NCC, River)


streetcaps


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Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.

Binayuyu Phyllanthaceae - NA NE OPP


streetcaps

Antidesma montanum Blume Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae - LC NE

T3(Q1);T4(Q1Q2Q3);T7(Q0);T12(Q4);Opp (Flora, NCC)


streetcaps

Antidesma subcordatum Merr.

Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae - NA NE

T2(Q1);T3(Q2Q3);T6(Q2);T7(Q0);T8(Q3Q4);T12(Q4);T13(Q3);T15(Q1Q4);

Opp (Flora, NCC, River)

river park

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch.

Matang hipon Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T13(Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC)


streetcaps

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Dugaron* Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T7(Q2);

T9(Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC)

river park

Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.

Bagnang laparan

Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T6(Q2); river park

Phyllanthus albus (Blanco) Müll.Arg.

Kalnag Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T6(Q1); river park

Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll.Arg.

Mousetail plant

Phyllanthaceae - NA NE OPP (River) river park, building vicinity


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Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.

Mamalis Pittosporaceae - NA NE T3(Q1);T4(Q3);T7(Q4);T12(Q4

);


Ardisia pyramidalis Roth Aunasin Primulaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q2);


streetcaps

Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae VU VU PE T1(Q2);T4(Q1);

Opp (Flora)


streetcaps

Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm.

Tinaang pantai

Putranjivaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);


streetcaps

Ziziphus talanae Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae OTS VU PE T2(Q2);


streetcaps Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae - NA NE T4(Q3); river park

Canthium monstrosum (A.Rich.) Merr.

Tadiang-anuang

Rubiaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park, building vicinity

Mussaenda philippica A.Rich. Kahoi-dalaga Rubiaceae - NA NE T9(Q4);T13(Q2);Opp (Flora)


streetcaps

Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bagkal Rubiaceae - NA NE OPP (NCC,

River) river park, building


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Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr.

Uisak Rubiaceae - NA NE T10(Q0Q0);Op

p (NCC)


streetcaps

Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T3(Q4);


streetcaps Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco

Malaseresa* Salicaceae - NA PE T1(Q1);T13(Q2

); river park

Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill. Oonog Salicaceae - NA NE T8(Q1);T11(Q0

); river park

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.

Barotongol Sapindaceae - NA NE T8(Q0);T12(Q4

); river park

Ganophyllum falcatum Blume

Gogolingin* Sapindaceae - LC NE T1(Q2); river park, building vicinity

Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr.

Alahan Sapindaceae - NA NE T2(Q0);T7(Q2); river park

Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.

Uas Sapindaceae - LC NE OPP river park

Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk.

Bayag-daga Sapindaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora)


streetcaps

Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae VU NA NE T3(Q1); river park, building


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Sapindus saponaria L. Malapalitpit* Sapindaceae VU VU PE T4(Q1);OPP


streetcaps

Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.

Malakmak* Sapotaceae - NA NE OPP


streetcaps

Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f.

Duklitan Sapotaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);


streetcaps

Grewia multiflora Juss. Aplit* Sparmanniaceae - NA NE T2(Q1);T13(Q2

);Opp (NCC, River)

river park

Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr

Mabunot Stemonuraceae - NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building vicinity

Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);T4(Q3); river park, building vicinity

Sterculia cordata Blume Tapinag bundok

Sterculiaceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T6(Q3);


streetcaps

Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Sterculiaceae - NA NE T4(Q1);T15(Q1

); river park, building


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Sterculia oblongata R.Br. Malabuho Sterculiaceae - NA NE T3(Q0);T6(Q3);

T7(Q2);Opp (Flora)


streetcaps

Strombosia philippinensis S.Vidal

Tamayuan Strombosiaceae - NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building vicinity

Dendrocnide luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew

Lipa Urticaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park

Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob.

Dalunot Urticaceae - NA NE T7(Q2); river park

Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali* Vitaceae - NA NE T4(Q0Q2Q3);T

7(Q0);Opp (Flora)


Note: Endemism: PE – Philippine edemic, NE – Native to the Philippines; IUCN & DAO: NA – Not Assessed, LC – Least Concern, OTS – Other Threatened Species, VU –

Vulnerable, EN – Endangered & CR – Critically Endangered.


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Table 43. native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 Trans-Quad Endemism

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Pandakaki Apocynaceae - NA T9(Q0Q1);T10

(Q0Q2Q3);T13(Q0 NE

Aglaonema sp. - Araceae - - T1(Q1Q2) -

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolso

Tukod-banua* Araceae - LC OPP NE

Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms Galamai-amo Araliaceae - NA OPP NE

Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin

lalake Aspleniaceae - NA OPP NE

Begonia sp. - Begoniaceae - - OPP -

Capparis micracantha DC. Kasuit* Capparaceae - NA T4(Q0); OP NE

Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Rangoon creeper

Combretaceae - NE - NE

Tacca sp. - Dioscoreaceae - - T3(Q1) -

Callicarpa formosana Rolfe Tambalabasi Lamiaceae - NA T13(Q4) NE

Clerodendrum intermedium Cham. Kasupangil Lamiaceae - NA OPP NE

Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.

Bagauak Lamiaceae - NA T14(Q2) NE

Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.

Bakauak-morado

Lamiaceae VU NA OPP NE

Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. Liyong-liyong Opiliaceae - NA OPP NE

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Pandan

mabango Pandanaceae - NA OPP EX

Pavetta sp. - Rubiaceae - - OPP -

Psychotria sp. - Rubiaceae - - OPP -

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamuning* Rutaceae - NA OPP NE


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Plate 35. Photos of suggested alternative species. A – Manila palm (Adonidia merillii); B. –

Aunasin (Ardisia pyramidalis); C. – Panampat (Kleinhovia hospita); D. – Kahoi-dalaga

(Mussaenda philippica); and E. – Laniti (Wrightia candollei)


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Plate 36. Photos of suggested alternative species. A. – Kamuning (Murraya paniculata); B to C.

Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui); D. – Rangoon creeper (Combretum indicum);

E. – Galamai-amo (Schefflera elliptica)


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7.4. Engaging Communities as Contract Growers of Native, Indigenous,

and Endemic Seedlings ”or even instant trees )

Contract growing of native trees is being done in many countries globally. The

range of native plant types (e.g. shrubs, seedlings, trees), maturity, and quantity varies

but it remains the most effective way to ensure availability of plants when needed. It is

also considered highly economical while maintaining the provenance of seed sourcing,

and the quality of hardened seedlings to survive climatic conditions. Contract

arrangements can be for specific number of years with earmarked minimum number of

plants/trees each year provided these are readily available and meet the specifications.

One of the principles of New Clark City is to bring about inclusive growth and

development. This can be further realized by continuing to engage the local communities

(can be former residents of NCC or communities in surrounding barangays, forest

communities, people organizations, and NGOs) to ensure steady supply of native,

indigenous, and endemic species. One of the reasons that discourage landscapers to use

native plant species in planting is the lack if not absence of available materials available

in commercial nurseries. To ensure enough planting propagules of native species, it is

best to partner with the local communities. Aside from promoting native species

conservation, local seedling sourcing will also provide additional livelihood for the local

people which will eventually translate to increase appreciation on native plants and most

likely better protection and conservation of the remaining species populations. Having

instant trees on the hand also commands higher market value and greater chance of

survival, especially for right species used in restoration projects.

NCC is anticipated to require continuous supply of various plant species and types

for landscaping, restoration, and other economic uses. This study provides a

comprehensive list of native, endemic, and indigenous species from NCC. Akleng parang

(Albizia procera), binayuyu (Antidesma ghaessembilla), and laneteng pula (Wrightia candolii)

are among the native species recently being used in road planting and urban greening.

These three species were found abundantly growing in the area and were observed

flowering/fruiting during the survey.

Fostering partnership for this kind of initiative is envisioned to provide

communities with livelihood, promote biodiversity conservation, reduce impact of climate

change, and sustainable development in the locality.


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7.5. Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits provided by the ecosystems to

humans . The range of ecosystem services derived from nature and biodiversity may be

classified according to provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural (Figure 52).

Figure 52. Types of ecosystem services or benefits from nature. Adapted from WWF in Roe et al. (2018)

The DENR provided some examples on the importance of valuing ecological and

economic benefits of biodiversity (as illustrated in Figure 53) in terms of water supply,

pharmaceuticals, food, and biomass fuels.


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Figure 53. Examples of benefits from biodiversity. Adapted from Biodiversity Management Bureau (2015)

The continuing decline of the state of biodiversity and ecosystem health in the

watersheds covering NCC necessitate the development of schemes and mechanisms to

secure long-term protection of forest ecosystems. The PES is one the mechanisms that

have potential to be implemented in NCC and the watersheds. The PES occurs when a

beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to the

provider of the service, and the one who preserves or maintains ecosystem service

should be paid (UNDP). The IUCN further defined PES as incentives offered to farmers or

landowners in exchange for managing nature resource to provide some sort of ecological

service.


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Figure 54. IUCN model flow of PES

CIFOR (2014) identified PES options based on the following ecosystem service or

bundles: 1) carbon sequestration and storage; 2) biodiversity protection; 3) watershed

protection; and landscape beauty (e.g. for ecotourism).

Some examples PES schemes were tried in various country in South America including Brazil and Mexico. The PES in Brazil aimed to compensate landowners to

voluntary accept to consereve natural forest areas associated with watershed protection.

The scheme combined the opporuntity cost and the indices for quality and quantity of

consservation (Young and Backker, 2014). In Mexico, its National Payment for Hydrological Environmental Services Program was designed to target peasant

communities (peasant communical properties) to pay forest owners for the benefits of

watershed protection and aquifer recharge. Economic incentivies were provided to avoid deforestation in areas where water problem is generally severe (GEF, 2014). Some

challenges identified in implementing PES include involvement of local authorities in

terms of ownership of the intitiave and obtaining sustainable sources of funding

necessary for the payments. However, opportunities exist in areas where water is considered of high demand. Furthemore, this is most beneficial for private sector into

agribusiness and utilities. It should be noted that PES schemes may differ depending on

the to contract agreement, payment modes, compliance, and cross-institutonal arramangements (Hejnowicz et.al., 2014).


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The NCC have the opportunity to establish a model PES where the owner or

manager of the natural resources in the whole development is BCDA (or NCC management). The other possible partners to be given with incentives in safeguarding

and maintaining critical resource for NCC (upper portion of watershed outside the

property) are the local communities (which may also include indigenous people) within the municipalities of Bamban and Capas. In which case, the locators and resident of NCC

(who are the ecosystem services beneficiaries) will pay appropriate fees.

7.6. Working with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans

The Biodiversity Scoping Study already emphasized the need to collaborate and align NCCs Master Plan and with the thrust of the LGUs (Capas, Bamban and Provincial

Government) in order to promote an enhanced local environmental governance. The

Local Government Code encourages inter-LGU cooperation to leverage resources and

expertise to attain common development objectives.

Both Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds are important to NCC and to the municipalities and Tarlac. Province. With NCC as the new growth area, the predicted urban development raises concern for the high conversion of lands into built-up areas.

The counter future challenges of unhealthy ecosystem and declining biodiversity needs

to be coupled with development controls within and outside NCC. The latter will require

co-planning and co-management with LGUs starting with the mandated Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Comprehensive Development Plan, and Environment Code.

The cooperation with and among LGUs is also expected to result to longer term measures such as development of Watershed Management Plans (containing measures

for restoration, protection, conservation, and sustainable use) for Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds. This may be further strengthened by creating governance mechanism

through the Watershed Management Council.

7.7. Promote Biodiversity-friendly Technology

The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan identified the promotion of

biodiversity-friendly technologies in urban areas. This include bioremediation and/

phytoremediation technologies to address pollution in inland wetlands.

Phytoremediation include direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms

to extract, concentrate, stabilize, metabolize, reduce contamination in soils, sludge,

sediments, surface water, or ground water. There are universities (e.g. UPLB, Benguet

State University) that have existing studies on phytoremediation. In consideration of

results from water quality study, the NCC may look into the possibility on venturing for a

study on appropriate phytoremediation technology and strategies for its development.


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Other biodiversity-friendly technology to enhance forest protection is the

application of LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity Monitoring System that integrates forest,

biodiversity, threats monitoring, implementation of interventions to address threats and

monitoring of the responses to management interventions (DENR, 2016). NCC may enter

into partnership with DENR for the utilization of LAWIN to monitor its uplands or areas

priority conservation sites. This is also beneficial should both the LGU and NCC foster its

partnership in the sustainable management of Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds.

The other technology to look into is the Biosentinel Monitoring System that can

monitor and analyze ecological information. In 2017, Smart Communications, who

supported the development of the app, entered into partnership with ASEAN Center for

Biodiversity to pilot user-friendly solution in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve. Biosentinel have

components such as dashboard that allows authorized users to set up and define

conservation areas, designated patrollers, flora and fauna archives, and possible

ecological threat. The app also has feature to store information such as relevant wildlife,

threat, or geographic information. It also has analytics features to analyze the collected

and uploaded information3.

7.8. Science-Based Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring

Considering the massive construction works the NCC development requires,

particularly during the construction phase, the project development will definitely cause

some negative impacts on overall biodiversity of the area. However, some mitigating

measures can be adopted to minimize its effects and somehow maintain the ecological

status and live by its brand of smart, greenm and resilient city. Apart from the nature-

based solution strategies previously discussed, a sound biodiversity monitoring system

should be developed to ensure biodiversity protection and conservation all throughout

the different phases of project development. While the surveyed sampling sites for this

assessment can be used as the same monitoring sites, the monitoring system must be

completely synchronized with the different phases of development. Hence, there is a

need to look deeper into the environmental impact statement report for the NCC

development and harmonized it with the results of this full biodiversity assessment

report to determine what, where, when, and how biodiversity monitoring should be

conducted. At the minimum, biodiversity monitoring should be done semi-annually to

cover both the dry and wet seasons and determine the seasonal variations of biodiversity

composition.

3 https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/full-news/2017/12/11/smart-asean-biodiversity-center-

pilot-environmental-monitoring-system

https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/full-news/2017/12/11/smart-asean-biodiversity-center-pilot-environmental-monitoring-system

https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/full-news/2017/12/11/smart-asean-biodiversity-center-pilot-environmental-monitoring-system


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As development continues to take place in NCC, it is important also to generate an

updated land cover map of the area to account recent changes and expansions. This is

significant for the continuous monitoring of impacts, for resource management, and for

planning activities. A geodatabase integrating the different outputs from the biodiversity

assessment in NCC should also be done to ensure that data are properly consolidated

into a manner that can be utilized for monitoring and decision making.

Figure 55. Sample of geodatabase for flora and fauna of NCC

8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD

NCC is encouraged to be strategic and pro-actively make nature-based solutions

operational to address the pressures of biodiversity loss and urban development (in

particular to proliferation of built-up areas). The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and

Action Plan (PBSAP) 2015-2028 further highlights the need to foster models for urban

biodiversity conservation and enhancement which also consider holistic approach to

water resources development (including tapping of groundwater and rainwater for water

supply), and the development of standards for regulation of service efficiency. Some of

the key steps to be undertaken are as follows:

1) Formulate policy to establish Priority Conservation Sites – Important Plant Area;

Important Wildlife Area; Important Riverine Ecosystems, Local Conservation Areas,

Critical Habitat Areas. The forest at the southwest portion of the golf course turned

out to be the most important biodiversity area for all wildlife groups (flora, fauna,

and aquatic diversity). Unfortunately, that area is already set for golf course

development. Hence, forest as well as biodiversity degradation is inevitable. To

minimize the degradation, patches of forest, particularly those containing the

restricted species (those listed in Table 22) should be left as green spaces. Faunal

species are mobile, and therefore can move easily from one patch to another, as

long as there is enough corridor (green spaces). For plants, a 100% inventory of all


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trees is required by DENR prior to the issuance of cutting permit. The team was

informed that the 100% inventory of trees was already completed and the

contractor is just waiting for the cutting permit. However, there was no single

marking for the restricted trees to spare them from cutting. BCDA must be

reminded that cutting of restricted trees is prohibited by law (DENR-DAO 2017-11),

and therefore those trees should be retained in the area or earthballed

(transferred to another place) if necessary. But the first step is to mark them on

the ground and see whether the endangered trees can be incorporated in the golf

course design. Additionally, each tree that will be cut should be replaced by 100

planted seedlings. Therefore, BCDA must have reforestation sites for biodiversity

off-setting. Considering the huge amount of seedlings needed for replacement,

community engagement for seedling/nursery production and planting became

more important.

2) Conduct biodiversity survey during the wet season as the status of the biodiversity

between dry and wet season is significantly different. The wet season has a

different environmental condition that may be more favorable for some species

that were not observed during the dry season. For fauna in particular, survey

shoud coincide with the migratory period of birds (September to October). This

will not only provide an opportunity to observe additional bird species especially

migratory birds but also other amphibians, reptiles and mammals. For plants, wet

season sampling will allow us to observe the phenology/flowering of other species

that were not identified to species level. The faunal invertebrates (insects) are also

dependent to the variety of flowers exhibited by plant species. Wet sampling is

critically important for the aquatic ecosystem. It is interesting to find whether the

aquatic organisms observed on this study will able to withstand the stronger and

more silted water during the dry season.

3) Issue a policy adopting the DENR-BMB Technical Bulletin 2018-02 on urban

biodiversity. The management may develop a tailor-fitted policy for NCC. This also

includes regular conduct of biodiversity assessment vis-à-vis the benchmark with

reference to the output of this study.

4) Consider the integration of the recommended mitigation measures in the

development design standards of NCC. Furthermore, consider biodiversity

concerns (e.g. protection of iconic wildlife, prevention of IAS) are incorporated in

public parks and gardens, public buildings, commercial spaces, and the like in

model urban areas.


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5) Other development partners of BCDA in NCC should likewise consider the

promotion and planting of endemic and indigenous species. The list species for

the development of Central Park may utilize the list of flora species validated for

SGS.

6) The above policy and measures to address biodiversity pressures are envisioned

to be institutionalized only if a Sustainability Unit within the NCC management

will be created. This proposed unit is also expected to conduct regular biodiversity

assessment, develop and implement nature-based solutions.

7) Sustaining ecosystem benefits and services for NCC necessitates to go beyond is

property. Thus, it is recommended for NCC to collaborate with LGUs to enhance

their mandated plans (both programs/ projects and investments). Critical for NCC

is to maintain and safeguard the upper part of the watersheds. For one, this will

ensure that NCC will be able meet its goals for water security and at the same time

avoid future incidents due to degraded watersheds).

8) Conduct valuation studies to assess the value of ecosystem services in preparation

for sustainable financing schemes that may also complement watershed

management strategies.

9) Explore possible application of biodiversity-technologies suited for NCC from

monitoring, protection, and remediation.

10) While this paper put forward some ideas for nature-based solutions, further steps

needs to be undertaken such as development of holistic framework for assessing

co-benefits and costs of NBS considering not only biodiversity but also socio-

cultural and socio-economic systems, ecosystems and climate.

Appendix 8 detailed the recommended activities to be undertaken in the NCC and

indicative timeline and indicative cost in the next 12 months. As discussed in earlier

sections of this report, BCDA can work on internal policies to be put in place for mitigation measures. Moreover, development of new guidelines and contract provisions

incorporating biodiversity principles. The total estimated cost for all the recommended

actions is USD 1.97 million. Majority of which will be spent for restoration, protection,

and mitigating measures.


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10. APPENDICES Appendix 1. Summary of plants recorded within the NCC project site

No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL

NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION

ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

1 Family indet 1 - - - - - -

2 Amaranthus spinosus L. Ayantoto* Amaranthaceae Tree - M, O Dye producing plant

3 Cyathula prostata (L.) Blume

Dayang Amaranthaceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines M, O For soap making

4 Anacardium occidentale L. Kasui Anacardiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, O

Gum and resin producing plant

5 Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume

Balinghasai Anacardiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines - -

6 Koordersiodendron

pinnatum Merr. Amugis Anacardiaceae Tree

N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and

MINDANAO - -

7 Mangifera indica L. Manggang-

kalabau Anacardiaceae Tree - M, E Dye producing plant.

8 Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco

Ligas Anacardiaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra,

Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union,

Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan,

Zambales, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga,

Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon,

MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, ROMBLON,

PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE,

M -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Davao

9 Semecarpus longifolius

Blume Anagas Anacardiaceae Tree

LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet,

Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna,

Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO (Mindoro

Oriental), MINDANAO (Zamboanga peninsula)

- -

10 Spondias purpurea L. Sineguelas Anacardiaceae Tree - M -

11 Annona muricata L. Guayabano Annonaceae Tree - M, C, FW -

12 Annona reticulata L. Anonas Annonaceae Tree - M, E, O, I Dye producing plant

13 Annona squamosa L. Atis Annonaceae Tree - M, I, FW -

14 Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Ilang-ilang Annonaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, EO, FW -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

15 Haplosticanthus lanceolata

(S. Vidal) Heusden. Anolang Annonaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt

Makiling), Batangas, Sorsogon, POLILLO,

ALABAT, CATANDUANES, ROMBLON, BOHOL

(Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt

Urdaneta)

- -

16 Haplosticanthus sp. - Annonaceae Tree - - -

17 Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree LUZON: Bataan,

Sorsogon - -

18 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites

Indian lanontan

Annonaceae Tree - O Used for making barrels

19 Uvaria rufa Blume Susung-damulag

Annonaceae Vine N LUZON to PALAWAN

and MINDANAO M, EO, F, O Used for handicraft

20 Allamanda cathartica L. Kampanero Apocynaceae Vine - M, L -

21 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita Apocynaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to

PALAWAN and MINDANAO

M, C, O, EO Cotton producing plant

22 Genus indet 1 - Apocynaceae Tree - - -

23 Nerium sp. - Apocynaceae Shrub - - -

24 Tabernaemontana

pandacaqui Lam. Pandakaki Apocynaceae Shrub

Throughout the Philippines

M, O Used as bleaching agent

25 Telosma sp. - Apocynaceae Tree - - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

26 Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae Tree

LUZON: Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales,

Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, PALAWAN (Taytay,

Irawan River Valley), LANGEN

- -

27 Wrightia

pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan

Laniti Apocynaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN,

NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga

M, F, P Used for musical instrument

28 Ilex cymosa Blume Malagidia Aquifoliaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija,

Pangasinan, Zambales, Quezon, Camarines,

MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, LEYTE,

MINDANAO: Lanao, Agusan del Norte,

Agusan del Sur (Agusan Marsh), BUCAS GRANDE

- -

29 Aglaonema sp. - Araceae Herb - - -

30 Amorphophallus

paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolso

Tukod-banua*

Araceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines M -

31 Xanthosoma sagittifolium

(L.) Schott. Yautia Araceae Herb


- -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

32 Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms

Galamai-amo

Araliaceae Shrub BATANES and N LUZON

to PALAWAN, MINDANAO and BASILAN

M -

33 Adonidia merillii (Becc.) Becc.

Manila palm Arecaceae Palm

CORON, CALAMIANES, LANGEN, PALAWAN:

Taytay (Apulit and Brookes Point)

L, O Used for ornamental

necklaces

34 Calamus sp. - Arecaceae Palm - - -

35 Cocos nucifera L. Niyog Arecaceae Palm Throughout the

Philippines M -

36 Ptychosperma macarthurii (H.Wendl. ex H.J.Veitch) H.Wendl. ex Hook.f.

McArthur's Palm

Arecaceae Palm - - -

37 Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry

Raphis Arecaceae Tree - L -

38 Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume

Anahau Arecaceae Palm

LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Pampanga,

Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Albay,

POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Davao

M, L -

39 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak

lawin lalake Aspleniaceae Fern


M -

40 Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Sambong Asteraceae Herb

LUZON, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, BALABAC, NEGROS,

LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, SIARGAO,

M, EO, I -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

MINDANAO, BASILAN, SULU, TAWI-TAWI

41 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Gonoi Asteraceae Shrub - M -

42 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.

Tamburakan

Asteraceae Vine - M -

43 Packera franciscana (Greene) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve

San Francisco

Asteraceae Tree - L -

44 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray

Wild Sunflower

Asteraceae Tree - FW, L -

45 Begonia sp. - Begoniaceae Herb - - -

46 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Pingka-

pinkahan Bignoniaceae Tree

N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and

MINDANAO M, O, P Dye & tannin producing plant

47 Radermachera sp. - Bignoniaceae Tree - - -

48 Spathodea campanulata

P.Beauv. African tulip Bignoniaceae Tree - E,P Dye producing plant

49 Bixa orellana L. Atsuete Bixaceae Shrub - M, EO, O Dye producing plant, used for

cosmetic production

50 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bulak-

kastila* Bombacaceae Tree - M, C, P -

51 Cordia dichotoma G.Forst Anonang Boraginaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

52 Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae Tree

LUZON: La Union, Batangas, Quezon,

Camarines, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS, MINDANAO,

C, F, O Dye & fiber producing plant


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

TAWI-TAWI, JOLO, BASILAN

53 Heliotropium indicum L. Higad-

higaran Boraginaceae Tree - M -

54 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Pinya Bromeliaceae Herb - M, O Cloth producing plant

55 Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae Tree LEYTE, MUNDANAO:

Lanao, Davao C, FW, O Latex producing plant

56 Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Burseraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, O Resin producing plant

57 Kleinhovia hospita L. Panampat* Byttneriaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, FW, L, O Fiber producing plant

58 Theobroma cacao L. Cacao Byttneriaceae Tree - M, C, FW, O Fiber for cloth, seeds for

chocolate production, skin creams, cosmetics.


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59 Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana

Bitanghol Calophyllaceae Tree

BATANES (ITBAYAT), CAMIGUIN DE

BABUYANES, CALAYAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain

Province (Bontoc), Ifugao (Banawe, Mt Taggutu;

Liwang, Poitan), Benguet, Pangasinan, Cagayan

(Peñablanca), Isabela (Mt Moisés; San Mariano;

Palanan), Aurora (Baler), Nueva Ecjia (Mt

Umingan), Zambales (Subic; Botolan), Bataan

(Lamao River; Mt Mariveles), Rizal (Mt

Lumutan; Montalban, San Mateo; Antipolo; Boso-boso; Morong)

Laguna (Mt Makiling; San Antonio; Pangil; Sta.

Maria), Quezon (Real, Llavac; Guinayangan;

Kinatakutan), Camarines Sur (Pasacao; Sipaco,

Lagonoy); Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), AMBIL,

PALAWAN, MANGSI, MASBATE, PANAY: Capiz

(Macosolon), LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao),

SAMAR: (San Jose,

M -


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Catubig River), TAWI-TAWI (Tarawakan),

MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River); Zamboanga

del Sur (Port Banga), Lanao del Sur (Lake

Lanao, Camp Keithley); Lanao: (Maria Cristina

Falls; Siggapod; Kulasinan), Bukidnon

(Quilayong; Mt Camates) Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya),

Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta; Butuan, San Mateo, Tungao; Diwata

Mtns), Surigao del Norte (Mt Kabatuan)


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

60 Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Cannabaceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO

and PALAWAN C, F, FW, O Seed oil producing plant

61 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hinlalaong* Cannabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, P, E Tannin producing plant

62 Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara

Anabion Cannabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines E,P Tannin producing plant

63 Canna flaccida Salisb Bandera espanola

Cannaceae Herb - L -

64 Canna indica L. Tikas-tikas Cannaceae Herb - M, O, P Dye producing plant. Seeds used for rosary & necklace

production

65 Capparis micracantha DC. Kasuit* Capparaceae Shrub Throughout the

Philippines - -

66 Carica papaya L. Papaya Caricaceae Shrub - M -

67 Siphonodon celastrineus Griff.

Matang ulang

Celastraceae Vine

LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Cagayan,

Isabela, Tarlac, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, TICAO, NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns),

LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Cotabato,

Agusan, Surigao, SIARGAO

- -

68 Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy

Binukau Clusiaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO,

BURIAS, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS

C -

69 Garcinia mcgregorii Merr Batuan Clusiaceae Tree LUZON to MINDANAO

and BASILAN - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

70 Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps

Tangulo Combretaceae Vine Throughout the

Philippines M -

71 Terminalia catappa L. Dalasa* Combretaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, E

Gum & tannin producing plant

72 Terminalia foetidissima Griff.

Talisai-gubat

Combretaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Quezon,

Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao

C, F, E Dye producing plant

73 Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae Tree LUZON (throughout) to


C, F, E Tannin producing plant

74 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Alikangon Commelinaceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines M, O Dye producing plant

75 Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples

Malakamote*

Convolvulaceae Vine Throughout the

Philippines - -

76 Momordica charantia L. Apalia* Cucurbitaceae Vine - M -

77 Cyperus involucratus Rottb. Umbrella

grass Cyperaceae Sedge - - -

78 Cyperus rotundus L. Malaapulid* Cyperaceae Sedge - M -

79 Cyperus sp. - Cyperaceae Sedge - - -

80 Scleria scrobiculata Nees & Meyen

Arat* Cyperaceae Sedge Throughout the

Philippines - -

81 Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr.

Malakatmon*

Dilleniaceae Vine Throughout the

Philippines M, O

Young stem used as rough cordage

82 Tacca sp. - Dioscoreaceae Herb - - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

83 Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume

Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Tree

BABUYAN: Calayan, LUZON: Widespread in

most provinces, MINDORO, TICAO,

MASBATE, SIBUYAN, PANAY, NEGROS

C, O Resin producing plant

84 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume

Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree

LUZON: Zambales, Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao River), Bulacan

(Sibul Forest, Sitio Binalangoan), Rizal

(Bosoboso; Antipolo), Quezon (Umiray),

POLILLO, MINDORO, MARINDUQUE,

PALAWAN (Pagdanan Range, Ibangley

Brookside Hill; Quezon, Barangay Tuangan;),

NEGROS: Negros Occidental, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (Duhinid), Cotabato,

Davao, Surigao

M, C, O Resin producing plant

85 Shorea contorta S.Vidal White Lauan

Dipterocarpaceae Tree

BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON (in

most provinces), POLILLO, MINDORO,

SIBUYAN, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, NEGROS,

LEYTE, SAMAR,

C -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, BASILAN

86 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume

Bayog Dombeyaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Camarines, MINDORO,

PALAWAN, TICAO, MASBATE, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO,

BASILAN

M, C, F, E Dye producing plant

87 Pterospermum obliquum Blanco

Bayoi Dombeyaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, La

Union, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales.

Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna,

Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS, GUIMARAS, SAMAR,

MINDANAO: Zamboanga

C, F, E Dye producing plant

88 Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae Tree BATAN, N LUZON to

PALAWAN C, F, O Used for musical instrument

89 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC.

O-oi Ebenaceae Tree

LUZON: Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal,

Laguna, Camarines, MINDORO, MINDANAO

M -

90 Cleidion javanicum Blume Agipos Euphorbiaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN

and MINDANAO M -

91 Euphorbia hirta L. Malis-malis* Euphorbiaceae Herb - M, I -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

92 Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.

Buta-buta Euphorbiaceae Shrub - M -

93 Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.

Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae Tree

LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Cagayan,

Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Batangas,

Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO

M, O Used fo fishing spears

94 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.

Bilua Euphorbiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, FW, E, O

Used for musical instruments. Gum producing

plant.

95 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.

Banato Euphorbiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, FW, E Dye producing plant

96 Manihot esculenta Crantz Kamoting-

kahoi Euphorbiaceae Shrub - - -

97 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.

Alim Euphorbiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines FW, O Used for making shoes

98 Omalanthus sp. - Euphorbiaceae Grass - - -

99 Abrus precatorius L. Kansasaga Fabaceae Vine - M, O Used as tying material &

beads for necklace making

100 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Anitap* Fabaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to

Batangas, MINDORO, BUSUANGA

M, C, F -

101 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Acacia Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, E, FW Gum producing plant

102 Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq.

Malatuku* Fabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines O

Produces saponins for soap making

103 Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.

Mani-mani Fabaceae Grass - - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

104 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang

* Fabaceae Tree


M -

105 Bauhinia monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae Tree - M, FW, O Dye producing plant

106 Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink

Kamot-pusa Fabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines - -

107 Cassia fistula L. Kaña-pistola Fabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, O Dye & tannin producing plant

108 Centrosema pubescens

Benth. Dilang butiki

Fabaceae Vine - - -

109 Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard

Pukinggan kahoi

Fabaceae Vine - C -

110 Cynometra inaequifolia

A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree

LUZON: La Union, Cagayan, Isabela,

Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite,

Batangas, PANAY, NEGRO

C, FW -

111 Cynometra simplicifolia Harms

Pingan* Fabaceae Tree Throughout LUZON,

MINDORO, MINDANAO, BASILAN

- -

112 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fire tree Fabaceae Tree - M, EO, I, O Gum producing plant

113 Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Mangkit Fabaceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines - -

114 Desmodium sp. - Fabaceae Herb - - -

115 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.

Kakauati Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, FW, I -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

116 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe

Batete Fabaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon (Guinayangan; Mulanaw; San Narciso),

Camarines, Albay, MASBATE, TICAO,

PANAY: Iloilo (Miag-ao), NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga

del Sur (Port Banga)

C, F, O Gum producing plant, used

for incense

117 Leucaena leucocephala

(Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, E Gum producing plant

118 Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe

Balok Fabaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan,

Zambales, Rizal, Cavite, Quezon

- -

119 Millettia pinnata L. Bani Fabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines - -

120 Millettia sp. - Fabaceae Tree - - -

121 Mimosa pudica L. Makahia Fabaceae Vine Throughout the

Philippines M -

122 Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Kupang Fabaceae Tree LUZON: La Union,

Pampanga to Laguna, PALAWAN

M, O Used as hair shampoo

123 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.

Kamachile Fabaceae Tree - M, E Gum, dye & tannin producing

plant

124 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, F, E, O

Dye producing plant. Leaf infusion used as shampoo.

125 Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.

Basi Fabaceae Vine BATANES and N LUZON

to MINDANAO M, O

Used to make ropes, cables, coarse, cordage and texiles

126 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Pakayomko

m-kastila Fabaceae Tree


- -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

127 Tamarindus indica L. Sampalok* Fabaceae Tree - M, F, FW, O Used for sugar mills, wooden

utensils

128 Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.

Banuyo Fabaceae Tree

BABUYAN ISLS (CAMIGUIN), LUZON:

Benguet (Baguio), Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora,

Quezon, Camarines, BURIAS, MASBATE,

NEGROS, CEBU, SAMAR

C, F -

129 Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer

Salinggogon Hypericaceae Tree

LUZON, POLILLO, MINDORO, BUSUANGA,

CULION, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO

M, C, FW, O Dye & resin producing plant

130 Cratoxylum sumatranum

(Jack) Blume Paguringon Hypericaceae Tree


C, FW -

131 Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb.

Blackberry lily

Iridaceae Herb - M, E Tannin producing plant

132 Moraea sp. - Iridaceae Corm - - -

133 Callicarpa formosana Rolfe Tambalabas

i Lamiaceae Shrub


M -

134 Clerodendrum intermedium Cham.

Kasupangil Lamiaceae Shrub Throughout the

Philippines M -

135 Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.

Bagauak Lamiaceae Shrub Throughout the

Philippines M -

136 Clerodendrum

quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.

Bakauak-morado

Lamiaceae Shrub

LUZON: Pangasinan, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya,

Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, MINDORO,

TICAO, PANAY, NEGROS,

- -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

SIARGAO, BUCAS GRANDE

137 Clerodendrum sp. - Lamiaceae Shrub - - -

138 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae Tree - M, C, F, O Used for musical instrument

& carving images

139 Premna odorata Blanco Tangli* Lamiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

140 Tectona grandis L.f. Teak Lamiaceae Tree - M, C, F, E Dye producing plant

141 Vitex negundo L. Lagundi Lamiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, EO, I, FW, O

Used for basket making anf making wattles

142 Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, E

Resin and tannin producing plant

143 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f. Marang Lauraceae Tree N LUZON Cagayan) to


C, F -

144 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.

Puso-puso* Lauraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, FW, O Seed oil for soap making.

145 Persea americana Mill. Avocado Lauraceae Tree - M -

146 Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.

Putat Lecythidaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

147 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito Lygodiaceae Vine Throughout the

Philippines M, O

Splints are used for manufacturing baskets, hats,

and fancy boxes.

148 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

Mitla* Lythraceae Tree LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE,

MINDANAO, SAMAR M, L -

149 Pachira aquatica Aubl. Malabar chestnut

Malvaceae Shrub - - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

150 Pterocymbium tinctorium

Merr. Taluto Malvaceae Tree

ABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (widespread from at

least Cagayan to Camarines Sur),

PALAWAN, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO

C, O Fiber producing plant

151 Urena lobata L. Dalupang Malvaceae Shrub Throughout the

Philippines M, P -

152 Donax canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum.

Bamban Marantaceae Shrub Throughout the

Philippines - -

153 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr.

Busilak Meliaceae Tree

Y'AMI, BATAN, BABUYAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Pangasinan,

Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva

Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite,

Batangas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon,

ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, ROMBLON,

SIBUYAN, TICAO, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, SIBUTU, MINDANAO:

Davao, Agusan

M, C, F -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

154 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker

Salakin Meliaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet (Sablan), Cagayan, Isabela, Pampanga (Mt.

Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Laguna (Mt. Makiling), Sorsogon (Pocdol Mountain Range), POLILLO,

MINDORO, PALAWAN: Irawan, LEYTE, SAMAR, BASILAN, MINDANAO:

Davao del Sur (Mt. Apo, Todaya), Agusan del

Norte (Mt. Urdaneta), Surigao

M, C, F, I, O Seed oil producing plant

155 Azadirachta indica A. Juss Neem tree Meliaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, I -

156 Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms

Balukanag Meliaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines - -

157 Chisocheton sp. - Meliaceae Tree - M, F, O, P Seed oil producing plant

158 Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq.

Kalimutain Meliaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN, MINDANAO and SULU

ARCHIPELAGO C, F -

159 Dysoxylum

gaudichaudianum (A.Juss.) Miq.

Malabaga* Meliaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MASBATE,

NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO

M, C, I -

160 Genus indet 2 - Meliaceae Tree - - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

161 Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet

Lansones Meliaceae Tree LUZON: Laguna, Quezon,

etc., CAMIGUIN, BASILAN, MINDANAO

M, I -

162 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.

Santol Meliaceae Tree

LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines,

Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO

M, EO, E,I Dye producing plant.

163 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae Tree - M, C, E Gum producing plant

164 Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe

Kalantas Meliaceae Tree

BATANES, LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, SAMAR,

MINDANAO

M, C, F -

165 Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. Suma* Menispermaceae Vine BATANES to PALAWAN

and MINDANAO M -

166 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg

Rimas Moraceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO M, F, I, O Gum and latex producing

plant

167 Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.

Tipolo* Moraceae Tree

BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN,

NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO

M -

168 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Nangka Moraceae Tree - M, O, F, FW Latex & resin producing plant


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

169 Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Burgos), Abra,

Pangasinan, Bataan (Lamao), Laguna (Mt

Makiling; CaWhite Lauan), Cavite

(Maragondon), Batangas (Balayan; Lobo), Albay, TABLAS, PANAY: Iloilo (Miag-ao), GUIMARAS

(Buenavista, Barrio Salvacion, Sitio Lande),

CEBU.

C, F, O Latex producing plant


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

170 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anobion* Moraceae Tree

LUZON: Abra (Manabo), Kalinga (Lubuagan),

Benguet, Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya

(near Dupax), Nueva Ecija, Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan

(Lamao), Pampanga, Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt

Angilog, Montalban, Antipolo, Bosoboso),

Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Sta Maria, Mabitac), Quezon

(Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban),

Camarines Sur (Mt Bagacay, Mt Isarog),

Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES,

MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay,

Manaul & Mt Yagaw), PALAWAN (Irawan),

BALABAC (Cape Melville), MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN

(Mt Giting-giting), MASBATE, TICAO,

PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental

(Danao; Cadiz), Negros

- -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU

171 Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb.

Kalulot Moraceae Tree

BATAN (Basco), LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Aurora

(Casiguran, Baler), Bataan (Lamao, Mt

Mariveles), Pampanga (Mt Pinatubo), Rizal (San

Mateo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt Makiling),

Batangas, Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre

Burgos, Lucban,

C, F -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

Sampaloc), Camarines, Albay (Guinobatan,

Banao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO

172 Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau

Himbabao Moraceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO,

BASILAN O Fiber producing plant

173 Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat

Moraceae Tree

BATANES, LUZON: Abra, Ifugao (Mt Polis),

Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija,

Zambales, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Albay,

PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR,

CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo),

Agusan

- -

174 Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Moraceae Tree BATAN, LUZON,

MINDORO - -

175 Ficus callosa Wild. Kalukoi Moraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines F, O Fibrous bark for cloth making

176 Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese)

Hagimit Moraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, O For utensil making


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

177 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

178 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Moraceae Tree BATANES, LUZON,

NEGROS, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO

M -

179 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree

LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province,

Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO,

PANAY, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE,

SAMAR, MINDANAO

M -

180 Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

181 Ficus sp. - Moraceae Tree - - -

182 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, O Substitute for sandpaper

183 Morus alba L. Mulberry Moraceae Tree - M, P, O -

184 Parartocarpus venenosa Becc.

Malananka Moraceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela (San Mariano), Aurora

(Baler, mtns E of Castillo River), Bataan, Rizal (Mt

Oriud), Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, CaWhite Lauan, San Antonio), Camarines

Norte, Camarines Sur (Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt

Bulusan), RAPU-RAPU, LEYTE (Dagami), SAMAR,

- -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

MINDANAO: Surigao, DINAGAT, BUCAS

GRANDE

185 Streblus asper Lour. Ampas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

186 Moringa oleifera Lam. Kamalungai

* Moringaceae Tree - M, O Tannin producing plant

187 Muntingia calabura L. Datiles Muntingiaceae Tree - M, C, FW -

188 Musa sp. - Musaceae Herb - - -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

189 Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam.

Tambalau Myristicaceae Tree

BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN), LUZON: Ilocos Norte,

Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales,

Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,

Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,

Albay, Sorsogon, POLlLLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES,

MINDORO, PALAWAN, MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN,

TICAO, PANAY: Capiz, Aklan, Iloilo, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN,

LEYTE, SAMAR (Catarman, Mt

Cansayao), TAWI-TAWI., BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte,

Zamboanga del Sur, Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Cotabato

(Carmen), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo; Sta Cruz), Davao

Oriental (Mati), Agusan del Norte, Surigao del

Norte

- -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

190 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

River red gum

Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, F, FW, P, O Gum producing plant

191 Psidium guajava L. Bayabas Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, FW, O For cosmetic & soap making

192 Syzygium calubcob

(C.B.Rob.) Merr. Kupkup* Myrtaceae Tree

BATAN ISLS and N LUZON to PALAWAN and

MINDANAO M, O For wine production

193 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Duat-nasi* Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, F, O Used for musical

instruments, tool handles

194 Syzygium samarangense

(Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry Makopa Myrtaceae Tree - C, F,O

Used for musical instruments, tool handles

195 Bougainvillea spectabilis Wild.

Bougainvillea

Nyctaginaceae Shrub - M -

196 Olax imbricata Roxb. Biton Olacaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines - -

197 Chionanthus ramiflorus

Roxb. Karaksan Oleaceae Tree


- -

198 Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr.

Liyong-liyong

Opiliaceae Shrub BATANES to MINDANAO

and PALAWAN M -

199 Averrhoa bilimbi L. Kamias Oxalidaceae Tree - M, FW, O Dye producing plant

200 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.

Makahiang-lalaki

Oxalidaceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines M -

201 Pandanus amaryllifolius

Roxb. Pandan

mabango Pandanaceae Herb - M, EO, I -

202 Passiflora foetida L. Kurunggut Passifloraceae Vine - M, I -

203 Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.

Isip* Phyllanthaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C -

204 Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.

Binayuyu Phyllanthaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C -


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204



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

205 Antidesma montanum Blume

Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Zambales,

Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon,

Camarines, Rizal, Sorsogon, Isabela,

BATANES, BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BASILAN,

MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE,

MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte,

Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, PALAWAN

- -

206 Antidesma subcordatum Merr.

Malabinayuyu

Phyllanthaceae Tree LUZON: Laguna,

CORREGIDOR, CORON, PALAWAN, MASBATE

M, C, FW -

207 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch.

Matang hipon

Phyllanthaceae Tree BATAN and N LUZON to


M -

208 Bridelia glauca Blume. Baroan Phyllanthaceae Vine Throughout the

Philippines except PALAWAN

C, FW -

209 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Dugaron* Phyllanthaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna and Quezon,

MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO, PANAY, CEBU,

BOHOL

M, FW, O Dye & tannin producing plant


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205



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

210 Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.

Bagnang laparan

Phyllanthaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Pangasinan,

Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon,

NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga

- -

211 Glochidion luzonense Elmer Kakadli Phyllanthaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet,

Nueva Vizcaya, La Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Rizal,

Bataan, Laguna.

- -

212 Glochidion sp. - Phyllanthaceae Tree - - -

213 Phyllanthus albus (Blanco) Müll.Arg.

Kalnag Phyllanthaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO,

PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, DINAGAT,

MINDANAO

- -

214 Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll.Arg.

Mousetail plant

Phyllanthaceae Tree - - -

215 Pittosporum pentandrum

(Blanco) Merr. Mamalis Pittosporaceae Tree


M, L, EO, FW -

216 Bambusa blumeana Schult.f.

Kawayan tinik

Poaceae Grass N LUZON to PALAWAN

and MINDANAO C, F, FW, P -

217 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Kawayan

kiling Poaceae Grass

N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO

M, C, F, FW, P -

218 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr.

Bolo Poaceae Grass

LUZON: Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon,

POLILLO, CULION, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN

M, F -


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Final Report

206



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

219 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.

Cogon Poaceae Grass Throughout the

Philippines M, O, P

Used for making mats, bags and raincoats

220 Oplismenus sp. - Poaceae Grass - - -

221 Paspalum sp. - Poaceae Grass - - -

222 Saccharum officinarum L. Tubo Poaceae Grass - M, P, O Produced wax, sugar and

fiber for paper making

223 Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib Poaceae Grass Throughout the

Philippines M, O

Used for production of ropes, mats, and brooms

224 Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr.

Buho Poaceae Grass

LUZON: IIocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Benguet,

Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO,

PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO,

BASILAN

O,P Used to make baskets,

fences, spears, fish pens, flutes, handicrafts.

225 Podocarpus sp. - Podocarpaceae Tree - - -

226 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

Water hyacinth

Pontederiaceae Aquatic

Plant - M, O Used for handicraft

227 Portulaca oleracea L. Ulisiman Portulacaceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines M -

228 Ardisia pyramidalis Roth Aunasin Primulaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to Albay, PALAWAN,

MINDANAO M -

229 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela,

Pangasinan, Tayabas, Cavite, Batangas,

MINDORO, PALAWAN,

M -


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

PANAY, MINDANAO: Davao

230 Drypetes maquilingensis

(Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Tinaang pantai

Putranjivaceae Tree

LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), MINDANAO:

Zamboanga, Davao, Agusan del Norte

- -

231 Ziziphus talanae Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN

and MINDANAO - -

232 Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae Tree LUZON: Pangasinan,

Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, Sorsogon

M -

233 Canthium monstrosum (A.Rich.) Merr.

Tadiang-anuang

Rubiaceae Tree

LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Sur, Ilocos

Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union, Apayao,

Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan,

Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales,

Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, LEYTE,

MINDORO, NEGROS

- -

234 Coffea arabica L. Kape Rubiaceae Tree - M -

235 Mussaenda philippica

A.Rich. Kahoi-dalaga

Rubiaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to


M -

236 Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bagkal Rubiaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C -


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208



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

237 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr.

Uisak Rubiaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal,

Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, MINDORO, PANAY, GUIMARAS,

MINDANAO

- -

238 Pavetta sp. - Rubiaceae Shrub - - -

239 Psychotria sp. - Rubiaceae Shrub - - -

240 Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae Tree

LUZON: Abra, Pangasinan, Mountain

Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya,

Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, MINDANAO:

Bukidnon

- -

241 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Lukban Rutaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, EO -

242 Citrus x microcarpa Bunge Kalamansi Rutaceae Tree - M, EO, I -

243 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamuning* Rutaceae Herb Throughout the

Philippines M, L, EO, O For cosmetic

244 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco

Malaseresa*

Salicaceae Tree

LUZON, MINDORO, TICAO, MASBATE, SIBUYAN, SAMAR,

DINAGAT, MINDANAO, TAWI-TAWI

- -

245 Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.

Governor's plum

Salicaceae Tree - - -


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209



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

246 Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill.

Oonog Salicaceae Tree

LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Quezon),

CATANDUANES, TABLAS, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR,

MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, Surigao,

DINAGAT

C -

247 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.

Barotongol Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, F, FW -

248 Cardiospermum

halicacabum L. Paltupaltuk

an* Sapindaceae Vine - - -

249 Ganophyllum falcatum Blume

Gogolingin* Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines C, O Source of Arangan oil

250 Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr.

Alahan Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, O Used for tool handles

251 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.

Uas Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, C, F -

252 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk.

Bayag-daga Sapindaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva

Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas,

Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO:

Zamboanga, Agusan

M, F -

253 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae Tree LUZON, SIBUYAN,

SAMAR, MINDANAO M, E Tannin producing plant

254 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree PALAWAN, BASILAN,

JOLO M -

255 Sapindus saponaria L. Malapalitpit

* Sapindaceae Tree - - -


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210



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

256 Chrysophyllum cainito L. Caimito Sapotaceae Tree - M, C, O, P Dye producing plant

257 Manilkara zapota Van Royen

Chico Sapotaceae Tree - - -

258 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.

Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree

LUZON: Isabela, Bataan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal,

Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO:

Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite), PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, LEYTE (Ormoc,

Lake Danao), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt

Apo)

- -

259 Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f.

Duklitan Sapotaceae Tree

BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan,

Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN,

MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato

- -

260 Pouteria campechiana

(Kunth) Baehni Tiesa Sapotaceae Tree

BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan,

Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN,

MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato

M, C, E Latex producing plant

261 Smilax sp. - Smilacaceae Vine - - -

262 Solanum torvum Sw. Talimbolo Solanaceae Shrub - M, O Used as rootstock


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ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

263 Grewia multiflora Juss. Aplit* Sparmanniaceae Tree

LUZON: Cagayan to Quezon, MINDORO,

PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO

- -

264 Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr

Mabunot Stemonuraceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union,

Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna,

Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO,

MARINDUQUE, PALAWAN

- -

265 Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae Tree

LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Camarines

Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon,

CATANDUANES, MINDORO, SIBUYAN,

PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, SAMAR

O Fiber producing plant

266 Sterculia cordata Blume Tapinag bundok

Sterculiaceae Tree

CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON:

Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna

C, F -

267 Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Sterculiaceae Tree N LUZON (Cagayan) to


- -


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Final Report

212



ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE REMARKS

268 Sterculia oblongata R.Br. Malabuho Sterculiaceae Tree

ATAN, BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (Cagayan to

Sorsogon), MINDORO, BUSUANGA, CULION,

NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao

C, O Fiber producing plant, used for hats, handbags, place-

mats and wallet

269 Strombosia philippinensis S.Vidal

Tamayuan Strombosiaceae Tree

LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, SIBUYAN,

LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO

C, FW -

270 Dendrocnide luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew

Lipa Urticaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines - -

271 Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob.

Dalunot Urticaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M, O Fiber producing plant

272 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae Shrub - M, FW, I, P -

273 Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali* Vitaceae Tree Throughout the

Philippines M -

274 Leea sp. - Vitaceae Tree - - -

275 Tetrastigma sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet,

Bataan M, C, FW, O

Fiber, latex & tannin producing plant

276 Tetrastigma sp. - Vitaceae Vine - - - Note: M – medicinal; L – landscaping; C – construction; F – furniture; E – source of extractive products; O – source of other derived products; FW – fuelwood or firewood; EO – source of essential oil; PM – paper making; and I – with insecticidal properties


Association, Inc.

Final Report

213

Appendix 2. List of amphibians and reptiles recorded in NCC

No. Species Taxonomic

Updates

Common

Name

Residency

Status

Habitat

Association

Conservation Status

Method

Sampling

Sites

IUCN CITES

DAO

2004-

15 1 2 3

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

Family Bufonidae

1 Rhinella marina

Giant Marine

Toad Introduced

Common in

agricultural

areas,

grasslands,

forests,

urban parks

and

residential

areas LC NA NA

Opportunistic

Catching/Strip

transect

x x x

Family Microhylidae

2 Kaloula picta

Slender-digit

Chorus frog

Philippine

Endemic

Present in

agricultural

areas,

agricultural

ponds and

lakes LC NA NA Strip transect

x

Family Ranidae


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Updates

Common

Name

Residency

Status

Habitat

Association

Conservation Status

Method

Sampling

Sites

IUCN CITES

DAO

2004-

15 1 2 3

3 Polypedates leucomystax

Common

Tree Frog Native

Present in

human

habitats,

agricultural

areas, and

forests LC NA NA Strip transect

x x x

Family Dicroglossidae

4 Occidozyga laevis

Common

Puddle Frog Native

Commonly

found in

human

habitats and

puddles

found near

streams

along forest

edges LC NA NA Strip transect

x

5 Fejervarya cancrivora

Fejervarya

moodiei (1)

Asian

Brackishwater

frog Native

Common in

swamps,

estuarine,

mangrove

areas, and

rice fields. LC NA NA Strip transect

x x


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Updates

Common

Name

Residency

Status

Habitat

Association

Conservation Status

Method

Sampling

Sites

IUCN CITES

DAO

2004-

15 1 2 3

6 Hoplobatrachus rugulosus

Taiwanese

Frog Introduced

Present in

various wet

areas such

as rich

paddies,

forest pools,

and fish

ponds LC NA NA

Opportunistic

Catching/ Strip

Transect

x

Order Reptilia

Order Squamata

Family Gekkonidae

1 Hemidactylus frenatus

Common

House Gecko Native

Commonly

found in

human

habitats and

agricultural

areas LC NA NA Strip transect

x

2 Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko Native

Present in

human

habitats,

agricultural

areas, and LC NA NA

Opportunistic

Catching/Strip

transect

x x x


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Final Report

216


Updates

Common

Name

Residency

Status

Habitat

Association

Conservation Status

Method

Sampling

Sites

IUCN CITES

DAO

2004-

15 1 2 3

lowland

forests

Family Scincidae

3 Eutropis multifasciata

Common

Mabouya Native

Present in

agricultural

areas and

lowland

forests LC NA NA Strip transect

x x x

Family Agamidae

4 Bronchocela marmorata

Marbled

Crested

Lizard

Philippine

Endemic

Present in

forests and

agricultural

areas. DD NA NA Strip transect

x

Family Varanidae

5 Varanus salvator

Monitor

Lizard Native

Common in

forests and

mangrove

swamps,

also present

in

agricultural

areas. LC

Appendix

II OTS Interview

x x x


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Final Report

217


Updates

Common

Name

Residency

Status

Habitat

Association

Conservation Status

Method

Sampling

Sites

IUCN CITES

DAO

2004-

15 1 2 3

Family Elapidae

6 Naja philippinensis

Philippine

Cobra

Philippine

Endemic

Present in

agricultural

areas, urban

areas, and

forests NT

Appendix

II EN

Opportunistic

Catching/Interview

x x x

7 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Native

Present in

agricultural

areas,

swamps,

and forests VU

Appendix

II EN Interview

x x x

Family Boidae

8 Malayopython reticulatus

Reticulated

python Native

Present in

forests and

adjacent

grassland

areas LC

Appendix

II OTS Interview

x x x

Family Colubridae

9 Dendrelaphis caudolineatus

Gray

Bronzeback Native

Present in

forests and

adjacent LC NA NA Strip transect

x


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218


Updates

Common

Name

Residency

Status

Habitat

Association

Conservation Status

Method

Sampling

Sites

IUCN CITES

DAO

2004-

15 1 2 3

grassland

areas

Family Typhlopidae

10 Ramphotyphlops braminus

Brahminy

Blind Snake Native

Common in

urban and

agricultural

areas

Not

Evaluated NA NA

Opportunistic

Catching

x

Total 13 10 10


Association, Inc.

Final Report

219

Appendix 3. List of birds recorded in NCC


Updates Common Name

Residency

Status

Conservation Status Habitat

Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Order

Pelecaniformes

Family Ardeidae

1

Nycticorax

nycticorax

Black-crowned

Night Heron Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s

Transect,

Netting x x

2 Butorides striatus

Butorides striata

(WBCP and

IUCN) Striated Heron

Migratory with

resident

populations LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x

3

Ixobrychus

cinnamomeus

Cinnamon

Bittern Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x

4 Egretta garzetta Little Egret

Migratory with

resident


Wetland

s Transect x x

5 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x


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220


Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

6 Bubulcus ibis

Bubulcus

coromandus

(WBCP) Cattle Egret

Migratory with

resident


Wetland

s Transect x

Order

Accipitriformes

Family

Accipitridae

7 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident LC

Appen

dix II EN

Foreste

d to

open

areas Transect x x

Order

Galliformes

Family

Phasianidae

8 Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x

Order Gruiformes


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Final Report

221


Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family Rallidae

9

Gallirallus

philippensis

Hypotaenidia

philippensis

(IUCN) Buff-banded Rail Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x x

10

Amaurornis

phoenicurus

White-breasted

Waterhen Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x x x

11

Gallirallus

torquatus

Hypotaenidia

torquata (IUCN) Barred Rail Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x x x

12

Amaurornis

olivaceus

Amaurornis

olivacea (WBCP

and IUCN) Plain Bush-Hen

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x

Order

Charadriiformes

Family

Charadriidae

13 Charadrius dubius

Little Ringed

Plover

Migratory with

resident


Wetland

s Transect x


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222


Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family

Scolopacidae

14 Actitis hypoleucos

Common

Sandpiper Migratory LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x

Family Turnicidae

15 Turnix ocellata

Turnix ocellatus

(WBCP and

IUCN)

Spotted

Buttonquail

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

16 Turnix suscitator

Barred

Buttonquail Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Netting x

Order

Columbiformes

Family

Columbidae

17 Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x


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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

18

Streptopelia

chinensis

Spilopelia

chinensis

(WBCP, IUCN,

HBW) Spotted Dove Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x

19 Chalcophaps indica

Common

Emerald Dove Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

netting x x

20

Streptopelia

tranquebarica Red Turtle-Dove Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x

21

Ptilinopus

leclancheri

Rhamphiculus

leclancheri

(IUCN)

Black-chinned

Fruit Dove Near Endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x

22 Treron pompadora

Treron axillaris

(WBCP and

IUCN)

Philippine Green

Pigeon

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x

23 Phapitreron leucotis

White-eared

Brown Dove

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

netting x x x

Order

Cuculiformes


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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family Cuculidae

24

Phaenicophaeus

cumingi

Dasylophus

cumingi (WBCP)

Lepidogrammus

cumingi (IUCN)

Scale-feathered

Malkoha

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x x

25 Cuculus fugax

Hierococcyx

pectoralis

(WBCP and

IUCN)

Philippine Hawk-

Cuckoo

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

26 Centropus viridis

Philippine

Coucal

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

27

Centropus

bengalensis Lesser Coucal Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas Transect x x

Order

Strigiformes


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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family Strigidae

28 Ninox philippensis Luzon Hawk-Owl

Philippine

endemic LC

Appen

dix II EN

Foreste

d areas Netting x

29 Otus megalotis

Philippine Scops

Owl

Philippine

endemic LC

Appen

dix II EN

Foreste

d areas Netting x

Family Tytonidae

30 Tyto capensis

Tyto

longimembris

(WBCP and

IUCN) Grass Owl Resident LC

Appen

dix II EN

Open

areas Netting x

Order

Caprimulgiforme

s

Family

Caprimulgidae

31

Caprimulgus

manillensis

Philippine

Nightjar

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Open

areas Netting x


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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Order

Apodiformes

Family Apodidae

32 Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x x

Order

Coraciiformes

Family

Alcedinidae

33 Halcyon chloris

Todiramphus

chloris (WBCP

and IUCN)

White-collared

Kingfisher Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

34 Halcyon smyrnensis

Halcyon gularis

(IUCN)

White-throated

Kingfisher Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

35 Alcedo cyanopecta

Ceyx

cyanopectus

(WBCP and

IUCN)

Indigo-banded

Kingfisher

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Wetland

s

Transect,

Netting x x


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family

Meropidae

36 Merops viridis

Merops

americanus

(IUCN)

Blue-throated

Bee-eater Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x

37 Merops philippinus

Blue-tailed Bee-

eater Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x

Order Piciformes

Family Picidae

38

Dendrocopos

maculatus

Picoides

maculatus

(IUCN)

Philippine

Pygmy

Woodpecker

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x

Family

Megalaimidae

39

Megalaima

haemacephala

Psilopogon

haemacephalys

(IUCN)

Coppersmith

Barbet Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open



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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Order

Passeriformes

Family Pittidae

40 Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x

Family

Hirundinidae

41 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Migratory LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x x x

42 Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Resident LC NA NA

Foreste


43 Riparia paludicola

Riparia

chinensis

(WBCP)

Gray-throated

Martin Resident LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x

44 Hirundo daurica Cecropis

striolata (WBCP,

Red-rumped

Swallow Migratory LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

HBW)

Cecropis daurica

(IUCN)

Family

Campephagidae

45 Lalage nigra Pied Thriller Resident LC NA NA

Foreste


Family

Pycnonotidae

46 Pycnonotus goiavier

Yellow-Vented

Bulbul Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

47

Hypsipetes

philippinus Philippine Bulbul

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

Family Oriolidae

48 Oriolus chinensis

Black-naped

Oriole Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect, x x x


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family Corvidae

49

Corvus

macrorhynchos

Large-billed

Crow Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

Netting x x

Family Paridae

50 Parus elegans

Periparus

elegans (WBCP)

Pardaliparus

elegans (IUCN) Elegant Tit

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste


Family Turdidae

51 Zoothera cinerea

Geokichla

cinerea (WBCP,

IUCN, HBW)

Ashy Ground-

thrush

Philippine

endemic VU NA VU

Foreste

d areas Netting x

Family

Cisticolidae

52 Cisticola exilis

Golden-headed

Cisticola Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

53

Orthotomus

chloronotus

Green-backed

Tailorbird

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste


Family

Monarchidae

54 Hypothymis azurea

Black-naped

Monarch Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

Netting x x

Family

Rhipiduridae

55 Rhipidura javanica

Rhipidura

nigritorquis

(WBCP and

IUCN)

Philippine Pied

Fantail

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

Netting x x

Family

Motacillidae

56

Anthus

novaeseelandiae

Anthus rufulus

(WBCP and

IUCN) Paddyfield Pipit Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

57 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Migratory LC NA NA

Wetland

s Transect x

Family

Locustellidae

58 Megalurus palustris

Striated

Grassbird Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

59

Megalurus

timoriensis

Cincloramphus

timoriensis(IUC

N) Tawny Grassbird Resident LC NA NA

Open


Family

Acrocephalidae

60

Acrocephalus

stentoreus

Clamorous Reed

Warbler Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x

Family

Phylloscopidae

61

Phylloscopus

borealis Arctic Warbler Migratory LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas Transect x


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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Family

Acanthizidae

62 Gerygone sulphurea

Golden-bellied

Flyeater Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

Family

Muscicapidae

63 Cyornis rufigastra

Mangrove Blue

Flycatcher Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d areas

Transect,

Netting x x

64 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushcat Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect

65 Copsychus saularis

Copsychus

mindanensis

(WBCP, HBW,

IUCN)

Philippine

Magpie Robin

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas Transect x x

Family Artamidae

66

Artamus

leucorychus

Artamus

leucorhyn

(IUCN, HBW)

White-breasted

Woodswallow Resident LC NA NA Foreste

d to Transect x x x


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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

open

areas

Family Laniidae

67 Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike

Migratory with

resident


Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

68 Lanius schach

Long-tailed

Shrike Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas

Transect,

Netting x x x

Family Sturnidae

69

Acridotheres

cristatellus Crested Myna Introduced LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x

70 Sarcops calvus Coleto Near Endemic LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas Transect x

Family

Nectarinidae


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

71 Nectarinia jugularis

Cinnyris

jugularis (WBCP

and IUCN)

Olive-backed

Sunbird Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open


72

Anthrepthes

malacensis

Brown-throated

Sunbird Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas Transect x

Family Dicaeidae

73 Dicaeum australe

Red-keeled

flowerpecker

Philippine

endemic LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x x

Family

Zosteropidae

74 Zosterops meyeni

Lowland White-

eye

Philippine

endemic

Foreste


Family

Estrildidae


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Final Report

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Updates Common Name

Residency

Status


Associa

tion

Method

Used

Sampling

Sits

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

75

Lonchura

leucogastra

White-bellied

Munia Resident LC NA NA

Foreste

d to

open

areas Transect x

76 Lonchura malacca

Lonchura

atricapilla

(WBCP, IUCN,

HBW) Chestnut Munia Resident LC NA NA

Open

areas Transect x

77

Lonchura

punctulata

Scaly-breasted

Munia Resident LC NA NA

Open


Total

4

6

4

7

5

7


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Appendix 3. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 1 of NCC

No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)

1 Halcyon chloris 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797

2 Lanius cristatus 14 0.0324074 0.0010502 -3.4293683 -0.1111369

3 Artamus leucorychus 17 0.0393519 0.0015486 -3.2352122 -0.1273116

4 Megalurus palustris 48 0.1111111 0.0123457 -2.1972246 -0.2441361

5 Rhipidura javanica 12 0.0277778 0.0007716 -3.5835189 -0.0995422

6 Gerygone sulphurea 27 0.0625000 0.0039063 -2.7725887 -0.1732868

7 Centropus viridis 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797

8 Pycnonotus goiavier 28 0.0648148 0.0042010 -2.7362211 -0.1773477

9 Megalurus timoriensis 14 0.0324074 0.0010502 -3.4293683 -0.1111369

10 Cisticola exilis 8 0.0185185 0.0003429 -3.9889840 -0.0738701

11 Lanius schach 24 0.0555556 0.0030864 -2.8903718 -0.1605762

12 Galliralus torquatus 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722

13

megalaima

haemacephala 11 0.0254630 0.0006484 -3.6705303 -0.0934626

14 Oriolus chinensis 21 0.0486111 0.0023630 -3.0239032 -0.1469953

15 Haliastur indus 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855

16

Centropus

bengalensis 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000

17 Zosterops meyeni 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722

18 Ardea purpurea 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087

19 Halcyon smyrnensis 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000

20 Collocalia esculenta 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722

21 Streptopelia chinensis 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087

22

Streptopelia

tranquebarica 12 0.0277778 0.0007716 -3.5835189 -0.0995422

23 Lalage nigra 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797

24 Gallus gallus 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855

25

Amaurornis

phoenicurus 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087

26 Phapitreron leucotis 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855

27

Gallirallus

philippensis 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722

28

Corvus

macrorhynchos 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087

29

Anthus

novaeseelandae 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087

30 Hirundo tahitica 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087

31 Geopelia striata 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000

32

Copsychus

mindanensis 4 0.0092593 0.0000857 -4.6821312 -0.0433531

33 Lonchura punctulata 3 0.0069444 0.0000482 -4.9698133 -0.0345126

34 Hirundo rustica 17 0.0393519 0.0015486 -3.2352122 -0.1273116

35 Cinnyris jugularis 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855


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No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)

36 Treron pompadora 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000

37 Merops philippinus 9 0.0208333 0.0004340 -3.8712010 -0.0806500

38 Egretta garzetta 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855

39 Saxicola caprata 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855

40

Acridotheres

cristatellus 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000

41 Turnix ocellata 1 0.0023148 0.0000054 -6.0684256 -0.0140473


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No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)

1 Hypsipetes

philippinus 71 0.152360515 0.023213727 -1.881505757 -0.286667186


3 Megalurus

timoriensis 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543


5 Copsychus saularis 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091

6 Cinnyris jugularis 11 0.023605150 0.000557203 -3.746290361 -0.088431747



9 Parus elegans 7 0.015021459 0.000225644 -4.198275485 -0.063064224


11 Hypothymis azurea 15 0.032188841 0.001036121 -3.436135433 -0.110605218

12 Orthotomus

chloronotus 14 0.030042918 0.000902577 -3.505128305 -0.105304284

13 Phaenicophaeus

cumingi 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822

14 megalaima

haemacephala 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862

15 Sarcops calvus 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232

16 Cyornis rufigastra 10 0.021459227 0.000460498 -3.841600541 -0.082437780

17 Lanius schach 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948



20 Halcyon chloris 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232

21 Artamus

leucorhychus 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822

22 Dendrecopos

maculatus 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862


24 Amaurornis

phoenicurus 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822

25 Gallirallus

torquatus 19 0.040772532 0.001662399 -3.199746655 -0.130461773


27 Pitta sordida 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862

28 Phylloscopus

borealis 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091

29 Cuculus fugax 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091

30 Rhipidura javanica 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948


32 Chalcophaps indica 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948


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No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)

33 Ptilinopus

leclancheri 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948

34 Collocallia esculenta 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543

35 Alcedo cyanopecta 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232

36 Hirundo rustica 18 0.038626609 0.001492015 -3.253813876 -0.125683798

37 Anthrepthes

malacensis 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948

38 Amaurornis

olivaceus 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948

39 Dicaeum australe 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014

40 Merops viridis 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232


42 Turnix ocellata 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232

43 Lonchura

punctulata 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014

44 Hirundo daurica 2 0.004291845 0.000018420 -5.451038454 -0.023395015


No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)

1 Ixobrychus

cinnamomeus 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054

2 Butorides striatus 8 0.0149533 0.0002236 -4.2028252 -0.0628460

3 Motacilla cinerea 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054

4 Saxicola caprata 20 0.0373832 0.0013975 -3.2865345 -0.1228611

5 Megalurus

timoriensis 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656


7 Hirundo daurica 14 0.0261682 0.0006848 -3.6432094 -0.0953363

8 Corvus

macrorhynchos 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054

9 Artamus

leucorhynchus 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939


11 Lonchura

punctulata 55 0.1028037 0.0105686 -2.2749336 -0.2338717

12 Halcyon chloris 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672

13 Centropus

bengalensis 12 0.0224299 0.0005031 -3.7973601 -0.0851744

14 Hypsipetes

philippinus 35 0.0654206 0.0042798 -2.7269187 -0.1783965



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No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)


17 Gallirallus

torquatus 14 0.0261682 0.0006848 -3.6432094 -0.0953363

18 Egretta garzetta 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426

19 Amaurornis

phoenicurus 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656


21 Acrocephalus

stentoreus 12 0.0224299 0.0005031 -3.7973601 -0.0851744


23 Lanius schach 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608

24 Acridotheres

cristatellus 8 0.0149533 0.0002236 -4.2028252 -0.0628460

25 Orthotomus

chloronotus 10 0.0186916 0.0003494 -3.9796817 -0.0743866

26 Nectarinia jugularis 10 0.0186916 0.0003494 -3.9796817 -0.0743866

27 Riparia paludicola 21 0.0392523 0.0015407 -3.2377443 -0.1270890

28 Lonchura

leucogastra 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713

29 Actitis hypoleucos 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426

30 Lonchura malacca 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939

31 Parus elegans 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713



34 Hypothymis azurea 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672

35 Cuculus fugaz 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713

36 Megalaima

haemacephala 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939


38 Anthus

novaeseelandae 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608

39 Streptopelia

chinensis 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054

40 Cyornis rufigastra 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939


42 Collocalia esculenta 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608


44 Phaenicophaeus

cumingi 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054

45 Haliastur indus 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426

46 Gallirallus

philippensis 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939

47 Turnix ocellata 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426

48 Merops viridis 9 0.0168224 0.0002830 -4.0850422 -0.0687203

49 Dicaeum australe 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939


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No. Species

No. of

individuals

(ni)

Relative

Frequency

(ni/N)

Proportional

Dominance

Index (ni/N)2

ln (ni/N)

Proportional

Species

Diversity

Index (ni/N)

ln(ni/N)

50 Charadrius dubius 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713

51 Cisticola exilis 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426

52 Nycticorax

nycticorax 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426

53 Lalage nigra 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939

54 Bubulcus ibis 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939


Association, Inc.

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243

Appendix 6. List of mammals recorded in NCC

No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association

Conservation Status Sampling Sites

IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Order Chiroptera

Family Pteropodidae

1 Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed

fruit bat Native

Present in agricultural

areas and disturbed

forests

LC NA NA x x x

2 Rousettus

amplexicaudatus Common Rousette Native

Common in caves

adjacent to forests LC NA NA x x

3 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Philippine

Endemic

Common in secondary

forest, often present in

cropland and urban

parks and residential

areas

LC NA NA x x

4 Macroglossus minimus Lesser Long-tongued

Fruit Bat Native

Common in secondary

forest, often present in

cropland and urban

parks and residential

areas

LC NA NA x x x

5 Eonycteris spelaea Common Nectar Bat Native Common in caves

adjacent to forests LC NA NA x

Family

Vespertillionidae


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IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

6 Scotophilus kuhli Lesser Asiatic Yellow

House Bat Native

Present in forests,

agricultural lands, and

human habitats

LC NA NA x x

Order Rodentia

Family Muridae

1 Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Introduced Human Commensal LC NA NA x x x

2 Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Introduced Human Commensal LC NA NA x

3 Chrotomys mindorensis Lowland Chrotomys Philippine

Endemic

Present in primary and

secondary forests as

well as adjacent

agricultural areas

LC NA NA x

Order Primates

4 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Native

Present in mangrove

and swamp forest as

well as agricultural

areas near forests

LC Appendix

II OTS x

Order Carnivora

5 Viverra tagalunga Malay Civet Native



well as adjacent

agricultural areas

LC NA NA x x x

6 Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet Native



well as adjacent

agricultural areas

LC Appendix

III NA x x x


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IUCN CITES DAO

2004-15 1 2 3

Order

Cetartiodactyla

7 Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Philippine

Endemic Found in remote forests VU NA VU x x

Total 9 11 7


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Appendix 7. Indicative cost and timeline of activities for NCC

Summary of activities and indicative cost Activities Indicative Cost (USD)

Environment

Establish important biodiversity & conservation areas 2,600

Promote use of indigenous, native & endemic species 10,000

Biodiversity-friendly technology in monitoring, protection and remediation 60,000

Wet season biodiversity study 50,000

People & Community

Engage community as supplier (or contract growers) of native & endemic species, even instant trees 60,000

Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme 60,000

Governance

Integrate recommended mitigation measures to NCC design & operation guidelines, and implementation 1,331,200

Synergy of NCC with LGU mandated plans & dev’t programs 130,100

Policy to adopt DENR-BMB Tech Bulletin 2018-02 on urban biodiversity 100

Create NCC Sustainability Management Unit 200,000

Biodiversity Management Program Development 70,000

TOTAL $ 1,974,000


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Recommended Activities in NCC 2019 2020

ONWARDS

Indicative

Cost

(USD)

Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun

Formulation of policy to establish

priority conservation sites

Drafting of policy (e.g.

administrative order) to earmark

biodiversity areas

2,500 Consultant Fee @

USD250 x 10

person-days

Review and approval of the policy 100 meeting cost

Biodiversity Survey (wet season) 50,000 Lump sum

Policy adopting DENR-BMB Technical

Bulletin 2018-02

100 meeting cost

Mitigate measures to address

pressures to biodiversity

Mitigate forest degradation

- Allocaton of transplant area of

native and threatened species

100 lump sum;

internal cost of

BCDA

-Establishment of nursery sites for

production of planting materials

250,000 assume PhP2,500

sqm dev cost ;

target 0.5 hectare

-Progressive rehabilitation of

degraded areas

300,000 est PhP30,000 per

ha; target 500

hectares per year

Prevent habitat loss &

fragmentation

-Earthballing and transplanting of

protected species

20,000 assume PhP

5,000/tree; target

200 trees

-Provision of offset sites for areas

that will be subjected to vegetation

clearing

100 meeting/

planning cost


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.


ONWARDS

Indicative

Cost

(USD)


-Formulation of Biodiversity Management Program

60,000 Lump sum Consultant fee

-Establishment of biodiversity park to house the

threatened species

300,000 Lump sum

Mitigating measure of river siltation

-Limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance

1,000 Cost for mitigating measures

for river siltation

-Haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated

Spoil Disposal Areas (SDA).

cost c/o contractors

-Installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/traps

near waterways


-Maintain riparian vegetation to serve as buffers along

natural waterways.

estimated maintenance cost

-Preserve natural gullies/drainage patterns, if possible

and practicable

-Provide drainage canals and similar storm water

conveying systems along roads which will also prevent

soil slips and erosion


-Ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and

other mobile equipment


Policy

issuance;

operation

guidelines

Policy issuance; operation guidelines



Infrastructure

Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring activity


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ONWARDS

Indicative

Cost

(USD)


-Avoid washing vehicle on surface water to prevent

contamination of water.


-Designate wash bays with oil and water separator cost c/o contractors

-Provision for spill kits and drip pans in all mobile

equipment.


Mitigate greenhouse gas emission

-Conversion of cut trees to furniture to avoid carbon

emissions

Disturbance of local population of species

-Ma age pollutio fro the project’s operatio

Prevent spread of IAS

-Weed control and restrict planting of introduced species

100,000 Operation cost

-Use of native species in landscaping

300,000

Estimated Annual allocation

for native species for

landscaping

Mitigate Pollution

Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring

activity


activity


activity

Policy

issuance;


Can be included in Biodiversity

Management Program;recurring actvity

Can be included in Biodiversity Management Program;recurring actvity


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ONWARDS

Indicative

Cost

(USD)


-Limit the speed of vehicles while within the project site

-Sprinkling of areas that accumulate dust operational cost;

-Revegetation of bare areas

Included above in

progressive rehabilitation

-Formulation of dust management plan c/o contractors

-Reduction and regulation of noise from machineries and

vehicles

Promotion of use of indigenous species 10,000 annual budget for CEPA

Engaging communities as contract growers

Development of business and partnership model

60,000 Consultant fee

Identification of community partners

part of business and

partnership model

development

Implement contract growing arrangements

included in annual budget

for native species for

landscaping

Develop Model of Payment for Ecosytem Services Scheme 60,000 Consultant fee

Work with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans



activity


activity

Policy issuance;

operation guidelines;

Ongoing & recurring



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ONWARDS

Indicative

Cost

(USD)


Convening of LGUs, BCDA and other stakeholders

10,000 Lump sum

Develop partnership model & Organize Watershed

Management Council

60,000 Consultant fee

Develop Watershed Management Plans 60,000 Consultant fee

Development & issuance of policies for watershed

management

100

meeting cost; other cost

included in Consultant in

partnership modeling

Sustainability Unit 200,000 estimate, lump sum

Biodiversity Management Program Development

70,000 Consultant Fee; Planning

sessions

Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring 60,000 estimate, lump sum

Grand Total 1,351,100


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Documents

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only upon presentation of the appropriate