GROWTH OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA INTRODUCTION: Technical Education plays a vital role in human resource development of the country by creating skilled manpower, enhancing industrial productivity and improving the quality of life. Technical Education covers courses and programmes in engineering, technology, management, architecture, town planning, pharmacy and applied arts & crafts, hotel management and catering technology. The technical education system in the country can be broadly classified into three categories Central Government funded institutions, State Government/State-funded institutions & Self-financed institutions. The 65 Centrally funded institution of technical and science education are as under:

IITs IIMs IISc., Bangalore IISERs NITs IIITs NITTTRs Others (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, NITIE & NIFFT, CIT) TOTAL

15 7 1 5 20 4 4 9 65

Besides the above, there are four Boards of Apprenticeship Training (BOATs). The Central Government is also implementing the following schemes/programmes: (i) Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP) assisted by the World Bank. (ii) Indian National Digital Library for Science & Technology (INDEST). There is one Public Sector Undertaking, namely, Educational Consultants India Ltd. (Ed.CIL) under the Ministry. There are also Apex Councils, namely the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and Council of Architecture (COA). Technical Education From the first Five Year Plan onwards India's emphasis was to develop a pool of scientifically inclined manpower. India's National Policy on Education (NPE) provisioned for an apex body for regulation and development of higher technical education, which came into being as the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) in 1987 through an act of the Indian parliament.[49] At the level of the centre the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Information Technology are deemed of national importance. The Indian Institutes of Management are also among the nation's premier education facilities.[49] Several Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) have been converted into National Institutes of Technology.[49]The UGC has interuniversity centres at a number of locations throughout India to promote common research, e.g. the Nuclear Science Centre at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. In addition to above institutes, efforts towards the enhancement of technical education are supplemented by a number of recognized Professional Engineering Societies like: (i) the Institution of Engineers (India); (ii) The Institution of Chemical Engineering (India); (iii) The Institution of Electronics and Tele-Communication Engineers (India); (iv) The Indian Institute of Metals; (v) The Institution of Industrial Engineers (India); (vi) The Institute of1

Town Planners (India); (vii) The Indian Institute of Architects, etc., who conduct Engineering/Technical Examinations at different levels(Degree and diploma) for working professionals desirous of improving their technical qualifications Education in India has a history stretching back to the ancient urban centres of learning at Taxila and Nalanda. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitutionprovide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are Union or State Government controlled. India has made a huge progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population.[2] India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India.[3] Much of the progress in education has been credited to various private institutions.[4] The private education market in India is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68 billion by 2012.[4] However, India continues to face challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 35% of the population is illiterate and only 15% of the students reach high school.[5] As of 2008, India's postsecondary high schools offer only enough seats for 7% of India's college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master's or PhD degree.[6] As of 2007, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000,[7] plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education.[8] A multilingual web portal on Primary Education is available with rich multimedia content for children and forums to discuss on the Educational issues. India Development Gateway Primary Education [9] is a nation wide initiative that seeks to facilitate rural empowerment through provision of responsive information, products and services in local languages. Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the worlds top 200 universities Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005 and 2006.[10] Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by Asiaweek.[11] The Indian School of Business situated in Hyderabad was ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by theFinancial Times of London in 2010[12] while the All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognized as a global leader in medical research and treatment.[13] HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: 1) Pre Independence Scenario: Engineering and Technological Education in India up to 1920 The Beginnings of Engineering Education in India.-The impulse for creation of centres of technical training came from the British rulers of India, and it arose out of the necessity for the training of overseers for construction and maintenance of public buildings, roads, canals, and ports, and for the training of artisans and craftsmen for the use2

of instruments, and apparatus needed for the army, the navy, and the survey department. The superintending engineers were mostly recruited from Britain from the Cooper's Hill College, and this applied as well to foremen and artificers; but this could not be done in the case of lower grades- craftsmen, artisans and sub-overseers who were recruited locally. As they were mostly illiterate, efficiency was low. The necessity to make them more efficient by giving them elementary lessons in reading, writing, arithmetic, geometry, and mechanics, led to the establishment of industrial schools attached to Ordnance Factories and other engineering establishments. While it is stated that such schools existed in Calcutta and Bombay as early as 1825, the first authentic account we have is that of an industrial school established at Guindy, Madras, in 1842, attached to the Gun Carriage Factory there. A school for the training of overseers was known to exist in Poona in 1854. Meanwhile in Europe and America, Colleges of Engineering were growing up, which drew to them men having good education, and special proficiency in mathematical subjects. This led to discussions in Government circles in India, and similar institutions were sought to be established in the Presidency Towns. The first engineering college was established in the U.P. in 1847 for the training of Civil Engineers at Roorkee, which made use of the large workshops and public buildings there that were erected for the Upper Ganges Canal. The Roorkee College (or to give it its official name, the Thomason Engineering College) was never affiliated to any university, but has been giving diplomas which are considered to be equivalent to degrees. In pursuance of the Government policy, three Engineering Colleges were opened by about 1856 in the three Presidencies. In Bengal, a College called the Calcutta College of Civil Engineering was opened at the Writers' Buildings in November 1856; the name was changed to Bengal Engineering College in 1857, and it, was affiliated to the Calcutta University. It gave a licentiate course in Civil Engineering. In 1865 it was amalgamated with the Presidency College. Later, in 1880, it was detached from the Presidency College and shifted to its present quarters at Sibpur, occupy in the premises and buildings belonging to the Bishop's College. Proposals for having an Engineering College at Bombay city having failed for some reasons, the overseers' school at Poona eventually became the Poona College of Engineering and affiliated to the Bombay University in 1858. For a long time, this was the only College of Engineering in the Western Presidency. In the Madras Presidency, the industrial school attached to the Gun Carriage Factory became ultimately the Guindy College of Engineering and affiliated to the Madras University (1858). The educational work in the three Colleges of Sibpur, Poona, and Guindy has been more or less similar. They all had licentiate courses in civil engineering up to 1880, when they organised degree classes in this branch alone. After 1880, the demand for mechanical and electrical engineering was felt, but the three Engineering Colleges started only apprenticeship classes in these subjects. The Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute, which was started at Bombay in 1887, had as its objective the training of licentiates in Electrical, Mechanical and Textile Engineering In 1915, the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, opened Electrical Engineering classes under Dr. Alfred Hay, and began to give certificates and associateships, the latter being regarded equivalent to a degree. In Bengal, the leaders of the Swadeshi Movement organised in 1907 a National Council of Education which tried to organise a truly National University. Out of the many institutions it started, only the College of Engineering and Technology at Jadavpur had survived. It started granting diplomas in a mechanical and engineering course in 1908, and in chemical engineering in 1921. The Calcutta University Commission, debated the pros and cons for the introduction of degree courses in mechanical and electrical engineering. One of the reasons cited, form the recommendations of the Indian Industrial Commission (1915, under the Chairmanship of Sir Thomas (Holland) against the introduction of electrical engineering courses is given in the following quotation from their report*1: "We have not specifically referred to the training of electrical engineers, because electrical manufactures have not yet been started in India, and there is only scope for the employment of men to do simple repair work, to take charge of the running of electrical machinery, and to manage and control hydroelectric and steam-operated stations. The men required for these three classes of work will be provided by the foregoing proposals for the training of the various grades required in mechanical engineering. They will have to acquire in addition, special experience in electrical matters, but, till this branch of engineering is developed on the constructional side, and the manufacture of electrical machinery taken in hand, the managers of electrical undertakings must train their own men, making such use as they can of the special facilities offered for instruction at the engineering colleges and the Indian Institute of Science".3

The credit of first starting degree classes in mechanical and electrical engineering and in metallurgy belong to the University of Banaras, thanks to the foresight of its great founder, Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya (1917). About fifteen years later, in 1931-32, the Bengal Engineering College at Sibpur started mechanical engineering courses, electrical engineering courses in 1935-36, and courses in metallurgy in 1939-40. Courses in these subjects were also introduced at Guindy and Poona about the same time. Quite a number of engineering colleges have been started since August 15, 1947. It is due to the realisation that India has to be come a great industrial country, and would require a far larger number of engineers than could be supplied by the older institutions. In some cases, existing lower type institutions have been raised to the status of degree-giving colleges. CENTRALLY FUNDED INSTITUTIONS: 1) Centrally Institutions in Technology a) INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IITS): These are apex institutions for engineering education and research. At present, there are fifteen Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) viz. at Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati, Roorkee, Hyderabad, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Ropar, Jodhpur, Gandhinagar, Indore and Mandi. Out of these first seven are governed by The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 which has declared them as institutions of national importance, and lays down their powers, duties, framework for governance etc. Remaining eight new IITs are registered as society under Society Act. The new Institutes are in various stages of consolidation and development. The main objective of IITs is to impart world class education in engineering and technology; to conduct research in the relevant fields, and to further advancement of learning and dissemination of knowledge. These Institutes are also contributing significantly to education and research in basic sciences and humanities. As part of the national plan of science and technology, five Centers of Advanced Study and Research have been set up in the Indian Institutes of Technology in Energy Studies (Delhi), Material Science (Kanpur), Cryogenic Engineering (Kharagpur), Ocean Engineering (Madras) and Resource Engineering (Bombay). The IITs offer undergraduate programmes in various branches of engineering and technology; postgraduate programmes with specialization and Ph.D. programmes in various engineering and science disciplines, interdisciplinary areas; and conduct basic, applied and sponsored research. At present, IITs offer B. Tech., B.Arch, M.Sc., M. Design, M.Phil., M.Tech, MBA, and Ph.D. Degrees. The quality of teaching and research in IITs is of international standards. The Institutes are continuously evaluating and modifying curricula as per the emerging trends in the industry. They also contribute to updating the knowledge of faculty of other Engineering Colleges through Quality Improvement Programmes. As host institutions under the Early Faculty Development Programme (EFDP), IITs act as nuclei to cater to the technical requirements of the respective regions. Students into UG programmes in IITs are admitted on the basis of Indian Institute of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) and in PG programmes through Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). y Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IIT Kgp) The Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IIT Kgp) was set up in 1951 in a green sprawling campus spread over 2100 acres. The Institute has 19 academic departments, 15 multi-disciplinary centres and schools, and a number of research and development units of excellence in addition to laboratories and central research facilities. The Institute is presently offering B.Tech (Hons) courses in different branches of engineering, B.Arch (Hons) course in Architecture, Dual Degree programs, Integrated M.Sc. programs in science streams, two-year M.Sc. programs, postgraduate degree courses leading to M.Tech/MCP/MBM/MMST degrees besides an LLB Degree and one Post-graduate Diploma and research programs leading to PhD degree. For details click here (www.iitkgp.ernet.in) y Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB)4

The Indian Institute of Technology (IITB) was established in 1958 with the co-operation and participation

of the then Government of USSR under UNESCO technical assistance programme. The Continuing Education Programme (CEP) has significantly contributed to the industry by running tailor made programme for their new recruits. The Institutes Centre for Distance Engineering Education Programme (CDEEP) provides quality Engineering Education to students, college teachers and working professionals and from industries within the country and abroad. For details click here (www.iitb.ac.in) y Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) located in a beautiful wooded land of about 250 hectares, was established in 1959. The Institute has fifteen academic departments and a few advanced research centres in various disciplines of engineering and pure sciences, with nearly 100 laboratories organised in a unique pattern of functioning. The Institute offers Ph.D, M.S., M.Tech, M.Sc., B.Tech, Dual Degree programme, M.B.A. and M.A. Integrated programme besides a preparatory course for SC/ST students. User oriented programmes in pavement Engineering is in collaboration with Border Roads Organization (BRO), and in Ocean Technology and Management is sponsored by the National Institute of Ocean Technology. It has launched a novel dual degree programme, with a B.Tech in Engineering Design and a M.Tech specialization in Automotive Engineering. It has established itself as a premier centre for teaching, research and industrial consultancy in the country. A faculty of international repute, a brilliant student community, excellent technical & supporting staff and an effective administration have all contributed to the pre-eminent status of IIT Madras. An important milestone was the launch of the pedo-power graph and diabetics footwear developed by IITM in collaboration with Sundaram Medical Foundation and Brakes India Ltd. The Centre for Continuing Education (CCE) has been very active in promoting activities for the benefit of working professionals in industries and faculty members of other technical institutions. For details click here (www.iitm.ac.in) y Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK) Set up in 1960, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur has a Campus of 1100 acres. The Institute awards Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees in various branches of technology and science. It has been making special efforts to recruit talented faculty on a world-wide basis and to admit bright students from all over the country by a careful selection process (JEE/GATE/JMET/JAM). It has one of the finest scientific & technological library with an online information retrieval system over the campus LAN. The Institute has started the Summer Undergraduate Research Programme (SURGE) to encourage undergraduate student research. For details click here (www.iitk.ac.in)y Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IITD) Established as a College of Engineering in 1961, this institute was declared an Institute of National

Importance under the Institute of Technology (Amendment) Act, 1961 and renamed as Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1963. The institute offers a wide range of academic programmes in science and engineering disciplines both at Undergraduate and Postgraduate level. The central Library has a large collection of books and journals. To facilitate close cooperation in teaching and research, the institute has on file Memoranda of Understanding with various National and International Institutes & R&D organizations The Administrative Unit of the Institute has developed web-based systems for students registration, grading attendance etc., for the students community as well as a Web-based information, restricted system for the employees of the Institute. For details click here (www.iitd.ac.in) y Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati (IITG) Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, established on September 1, 1994 under the Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 1994, is located on a picturesque lush green area of 285 hectares on the northern bank of the mighty Brahmaputra.5

At present the Institute has eleven departments covering all the major engineering and science disciplines,

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offering B. Tech., B. Des., M. Tech., Ph.D. and M.Sc. programmes. The Institute also has four service centres, namely, Computer and Communication Centre, Central Instruments Facility, Centre for Educational Technology, and Centre for Mass Media Communication. Research is carried out by the faculty members with PhD, Masters and also some B.Tech students. The Institute is well poised to make major contributions in R&D. In addition to R&D projects sponsored by the government agencies, the Institute also offeres consultancy services to various State Government departments, N.E. Railway, National Highway Authority of India, oil and gas sector organisations, construction and infrastructure companies, power sector units, educational institutions, health and pharmaceutical industries and financial institutions. To encourage entrepreneurship among the students and faculty members of the North-East, the Institute has started a Technology Incubation Centre in the Institute. For details click here (www.iitg.ac.in) Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee IIT Roorkee, was converted from the University of Roorkee in September 2001. The Institute has its main campus at Roorkee (365 acres) and a smaller campus at Saharanpur (25 acres), 50 kms away from Roorkee. IIT Roorkee offers a wide range of academic programmes. The Institute presently offers B.Tech./B.Arch, dual degrees (B.Tech. + M.Tech) programmes, Postgraduate programmes (M.Tech./MBA/MCA/ M.Sc.), and Ph.D. programmes in various branches of Engineering & Science. There is one academic centre (AHEC) and three centres of excellence (Nanotechnology, Disaster Mitigation and Management, and Transportation system). MoUs have been signed with National and International organizations/Institute, and with Multinational Company for collaboration. For details click here (www.iitr.ac.in) Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad IIT, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh has started functioning from the academic year 2008-09 through its temporary campus at Ordnance Factory, Medak, Hyderabad. IIT, Madras is the mentoring IIT of the Institute. The various academic departments in the institute offer course based degree programmes and also degree programmes that are inclined towards research. For details click here (www.iith.ac.in). Indian Institute of Technology, Rajasthan IIT, Rajasthan at Jodhpur has started functioning from the academic year 2008-09 from the Campus of IIT, Kanpur. IIT, Kanpur is the mentoring IIT of the Institute. For details click here (www.iitk.ac.in/iitj) Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar IIT, Ropar, Punjab has started functioning from the academic year 2008-09 from the Campus of IIT, Delhi. The Institute currently operates from the premises of Government Polytechnic College for Girls (Ropar). IIT, Delhi is the mentoring IIT of the Institute. The institute is committed to providing state-of-the-art technical education in a variety of fields and also for facilitating transmission of knowledge in keeping with latest developments in pedagogy. For details click here (www.iitrpr.ac.in) Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi IIT, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh has started functioning from the academic year 2009-10 from the Campus of IIT, Roorkee. IIT, Roorkee is the mentoring IIT of the Institute. The foundation stone of the permanent campus of the IIT, Mandi was laid on 24th February, 2009. It was registered as a Society on June 20, 2009. The vision of the Institute is to spearhead cutting edge research and development of technologies needed by the world in the years to come. For details click here (www.iitmandi.ac.in) Indian Institute of Technology, Indore IIT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh has started functioning from the academic year 2009-10 through its temporary campus at Institute of Engineering & Technology, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Inodre.6

IIT Indore aims to play an active role in this task of propelling India on her growth-trajectory by focusing on education, research and development. For details click here (www.iiti.ac.in) y Indian Institute of Technology, Patna IIT, Patna, Bihar has started functioning from the academic year 2008-09 through its temporary Campus at Government Polytechnic, Patliputra. IIT, Guwahati is the mentoring IITs of the Institute. The classroom teaching facilities in IIT, Patna are comparable with those available in any high class Institute in the country. Each classroom is well equipped with LCD, white screen, white board and audio visual facilities. For details click here (www.iitp.ac.in) y Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhi Nagar IIT, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat has started functioning from the academic year 2008-09 through its temporary campus at the Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad. IIT, Bombay is the mentoring IIT of the Institute. The Institute has excellent facilities in terms of classrooms, laboratory spaces, faculty offices, etc. The various academic departments in the institute offer course based degree programmes and also degree programmes that are inclined towards research. For details click here (www.iitgn.ac.in) y Indian Institute of Technology, Bhuvaneshwar IIT, Bhuvaneshwar, Orissa was established on July 22, 2008 under the mentorship of IIT Kharagpur, from the campus of IIT, Bhuvaneshwer. Exactly a year later the institute started functioning at the temporary campus of IIT Bhubaneswar in Samantapuri, Bhubaneswar. The Institute has fully fledged facilities for academic endeavors of all kind with help from Central Tool room and Training Centre, Bhubaneswar. Moreover, there are video conferencing rooms equipped with modern technology to ensure interactive teaching between students and eminent faculties from other premier institutes. A library with a wide collection of books, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias ensures the academic environment is complete in all regard. The various academic departments in the institute offer course based degree programmes and also degree programmes that are inclined towards research. For details click here (www.iitbbs.ac.in) b) INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (IIMs) Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), are graduate business schools in India that also conduct research and provide consultancy services in the field of management to various sectors of the Indian economy. They were created by the Indian Government[1] with the aim of identifying the brightest intellectual talent[1] available in the student community of India and training it in the best management techniques available in the world, to ultimately create a pool of elite managers to manage and lead the various sections of the Indian economy. IIMs play a leadership role in the nation's managerial manpower development and carry out research in emerging areas.[1] These Institutes are recognized as premier management institutions, comparable to the best in the world for teaching, research and interaction with industries. IIMs have shared knowledge and skills with other institutions to improve their quality and standards in management education. IIMs have earned an international reputation for the quality of their alumni. The IIMs are considered the top business schools in India.[2] All the IIMs are completely autonomous institutes owned and financed by the Central Government of India. In order of establishment, the IIMs are located at Calcutta (Kolkata), Ahmedabad, Bangalore,Lucknow, Kozhikode (Calicut), Indore, and Shillong. They offer post-graduate courses in management (equivalent to an MBA), fellowship programmes in management (equivalent to PhD), executive MBA and industry based programmes. IIMs actively carry out research and consultancy for the7

industry, including the needs of non-corporate and under-managed sectors such as agriculture, rural development, public systems management, energy, health education, habitat, etc. The IIMs also offer various other management training programs as well as part-time MBA programmes for various organisations and individuals.

c) INSTITUTIONS OF SCIENCE EDUCATION:y Institutions of Science Education: Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore.

The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore came into existence in 1909. The Institute has been engaged in higher learning and advanced research in the fields of science and Engineering. The institute started functioning in 1911 with two Departments and over a period of nine decades, has grown steadily to occupy its present leading position among the institutions of higher learning in the country. The Institute is a post graduate Institution providing quality education and excelling in research and development at the cutting edge of several disciplines in Science, Engineering and Technology. There are now over 40 Departments and Centers of Sciences, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Electrical Sciences, Mechanical Sciences and Information Science and Services. The ratio of students to teaching faculty is an enviable one. The Institute has introduced many innovations in teaching and research that have contributed to the growth

of science and technology in the country. The traditional programmes are ME, M.Tech., M.Des., MBA, M.Sc. (Engg.) and Ph.D. degrees. The Integrated Ph.D. (post B.Sc) program in Biological, Physical, Chemical and Mathematical Sciences attracts the bright students of the country and is very popular. The other innovative programs are Young Fellowship Program in Science and the Young Engineering Fellowship Program. In addition, courses are offered under the Quality Improvement program, the Continuing Education and PROFICIENCE Programs. The faculty of the Institute also undertake a large number of research projects funded by different

agencies/organizations, both in the public and in the private sector. The interactions between the Institute and industry are strengthened through the Centre for Scientific and Industrial Consultancy (CSIC), the Society for Innovation and Development (SID) and the Advanced Bio-residue Energy Technologies Society (ABETS). The Institute houses one of the largest computing facilities in any academic institution in the country and

also holds the best library collections in the fields of science and engineering. The Institute has set up a digital library to meet the requirements of its faculty and the campus community also has access to a huge selection of e-journals and e-resources. For details click here (www.iisc.ernet.in)y

Indian Institutes of Science Education & Research (IISERs) The Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (SAC-PM) under the Chairmanship of Prof. C.N.R.

Rao, recommended creation of five new institutions devoted to science education and research to be named Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research broadly on the lines of IISc., Bangalore. Five such Institutes have already been established at Kolkata, Pune, Mohali, Bhopal and Thiruvananthapuram. The vision of these institutes encompasses creation of research centres of the highest caliber in which teaching and education in basic sciences will be totally integrated with state-of-the-art research. These Institutions are devoted to under-graduate and post-graduate teaching in sciences in an intellectually vibrant atmosphere of research and make education and career in basic sciences more attractive by providing opportunities in integrative teaching and learning of sciences. The goals of these institutes, inter alia, are: 1. To create quality education and research in basic sciences. 2. To attract and nurture high-quality academic faculty.8

3. To create integrated Masters Programme in sciences, in order to provide entry into research at a younger age. In addition, the Institutes will have integrated programmes leading to Masters and Ph.Ds to those who hold a Bachelors degree in science. 4. To make possible a flexible borderless curriculum in sciences. 5. To actively forge strong relationship with existing universities and colleges and network with laboratories and institutions. 6. To establish advanced Research Laboratories and Central facilities. Admission in undergraduate courses in IISERs is through extended merit list of IIT-Joint Entrance

Examination, Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) and Direct Admission based on class X & XII performance in science stream.y Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata

IISER Kolkata was established in August 2006. The central theme of the IISER - K is to integrate education with research so that undergraduate teaching as well as doctoral and postdoctoral research work could be carried out in symbiosis.

IISER K offers the Integrated B.S - M.S Programme , 2-Year M.S Programme, Integrated Ph.D Programme, Ph.D Programme & Post-Doctoral Programme. For details click here (www.iiserkol.ac.in)

y Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune

The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune is a premier institute dedicated to research and teaching in the basic sciences was established in 2006. As a unique initiative in science education in India, IISER aims to be a Science University of the highest caliber devoted to both teaching and research in a totally integrated manner, with state-of-the-art research and high quality education, thus nurturing both curiosity and creativity.

Integrated Masters (M.S.) program aims to integrate the conventional bachelors and masters programs into a more holistic science education experience, bringing together conventional disciplines in the biological, chemical, mathematical and physical sciences. The program focuses on the unified nature of science and aims to train some of the brightest young minds of our country, through some of the best practitioners of science in India. For details click here (www.iiserpune.ac.in).

y Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali has been established as an autonomous academic institution in 2007, to carry out research in frontier areas of science and provide quality science education at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. The broad focus of IISER Mohali is to integrate excellence in scientific research with education. The academic activity of IISER Mohali is interdisciplinary in nature, with a focus on the basic sciences. The emphasis is on expanding the frontiers of knowledge while focusing on the fundamentals of science. IISER Mohali's major thrust areas are: Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematics & Computer Science, Material Science and Environment & Earth System Science. IISER Mohali offers the Integrated Master's level (M.S.) Programme, Doctoral Program (PhD) and Integrated Doctoral Program (Int. PhD). For details click here (www.iisermohali.ac.in)9

y Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Bhopal was established in 2008, with a mission to provide high quality science education to Undergraduate and post-graduate students. The prime focus is to integrate science education and research with a motive of attracting bright students and world class faculties. The institute is committed to impart high moral and ethical values and create concern for social and environment awareness.

Currently, IISER Bhopal offers BS-MS (Dual Degree) programme and Ph.D. programme in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and Earth and Environmental Sciences. For details click here (www.iiserbhopal.ac.in)

y Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram was established in August 2008, and is dedicated to scientific research and science education of international standards. IISER-TVM is an autonomous institution awarding five year integrated MS degree in addition to Ph.D degrees in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and inter-disciplinary areas. The emphasis is to develop a spirit of research cutting across disciplines. For details click here (www.iisertvm.ac.in)

d) National Institutes of Technology (NITs)

The National Institutes of Technology (NITs), are prestigious engineering and technology oriented colleges in India. They were originally called Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs). In 2002, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, decided to upgrade, in phases, all the original 17 Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) as National Institutes of Technology (NITs). There are currently 30 NITs. 10 new NIT's are introduced in the year 2010 raising the numbers from 20 to 30[citation needed]. The Government of India has introduced the National Institutes of Technology (NIT) Act 2007 to bring 30 such institutions within the ambit of the Act and to provide them with complete autonomy in their functioning. The NITs are deliberately scattered10

throughout the country in line with the government norm of an NIT in every major state of India to promote regional development. The individual NITs, after the introduction of the NIT Act, have been functioning as autonomous technical universities and hence can draft their own curriculum and functioning policies.

History It was the dream of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to see India emerge as a leader in science and technology. In order to serve the growing demand for trained quality technical manpower, the Government Of India started fourteen RECs between 1959 and 1965 (NITs located at Bhopal, Allahabad, Calicut, Durgapur, Kurukshetra, Jamshedpur, Jaipur, Nagpur, Rourkela,Srinagar, Surathkal, Surat, Tiruchirappalli, and Warangal). One was established in Silchar in 1967 and two other NITs were added between 1970 and 1990 (NITs located at Hamirpur, andJalandhar). Each college was a joint and cooperative enterprise of the central government and the concerned state government. Recently, MHRD issued NIT status to three more colleges which are located at Patna (Bihar Engineering College - a 110 year old college), Raipur (Government Engineering College),[1] and Agartala (Tripura Engineering College).[1]Based on the request of respective state government and feasibility, future NITs shall be either converted from the existing government institutes or can be setup as brand-new (Greenfield) NIT. The 21st (and the first brand-new) NIT is coming up at Imphal in the north-eastern state of Manipur at an initial cost of Rs. 500 crores. All the twenty NITs now offer degree courses at bachelors, masters, and doctorate levels in various branches of engineering and technology. The entire non-recurring expenditure and expenditure for post-graduate courses during the REC times were borne by the central government. On the other hand, the entire recurring expenditure on undergraduate courses was shared equally by the central and the state government. However, since being upgraded to NITs, the central government manages the entire funding for these institutes. The REC system served well initially, but as time passed, some state governments did not shoulder proper responsibility to steer the institutes in the right direction. Following the long standing demand for more IITs, the then MHRD Minister Murli Manohar Joshi decided to upgrade the RECs to National Institutes of Technology (NITs). In 2003, all the RECs were upgraded and the central government took control to run these institutions More Introduction: On the recommendation of Engineering Personnel Committee (EPC) set up by the Planning Commission in 1955, eight Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) (two in each regions - east, west, north & south) were set up in early sixties as joint and co-operative ventures of the Central and State Governments concerned with a view to providing the required technical manpower for the industrial projects being contemplated during the 2nd Five-Year Plan (1956-61). These institutes were registered as autonomous bodies under the Society Registration Act 1860 and affiliated to the State Universities in their respective regions. Gradually Seventeen Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) were established in various States as a joint and cooperative enterprise of the Central and the State Governments concerned. Each REC was to function as an allIndia institution admitting students and recruiting faculty from all parts of the country. Fifty percent of the admissions of these institutions (each of which was be meant to equipped for a total annual student intake of 250) was reserved for students from States other than the one in which they are located in addition to under-graduate courses, these colleges also offered Post-graduate courses in various fields.

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The main aim of setting up these RECs was to create the required technical manpower by providing undergraduate education and training in different branches of engineering & technology. Further, the RECs were also envisaged to function as pace setters and to provide academic leadership to the technical institutions in their respective regions. Some of the common features of these NITs are as follows: In 2003, the Seventeen erstwhile Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) were rechristened as National Institute of Technology (NITs) and taken over as fully funded institutes of the Central Government and granted deemed university status. In addition, Central Government has also taken over 3 other Institutes namely Bihar Engineering Colleges, Patna, Government Engineering College, Raipur and Tripura Engineering Colleges, Agartala, and converted them into National Institute of Technology (NITs) on 28th January 2004, 1st December, 2005 and 1st April, 2006 respectively. Thus the total number of NITs has gone up to 20. These institutes are expected to be at par with other national level technical institutes and be able to fulfill the demand of high quality undergraduate and postgraduate level of education in engineering and technology. An Act, namely the National Institute of Technology Act, 2007 has since been enacted by Parliament so as to provide a common statutory framework for all NIT. 10 new NITs are also proposed to be set up during XI Plan. Admission to NITs is through the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). y National Institute of Technology, Agartala Tripura Engineering College, Agartala was established in 1965 and has been taken over as a fully funded

Institute of the Central Government and made National Institute of Technology, Agartala with effect from 1st April 2006. The Institute offers seven courses at undergraduate level. For details click here (www.tec.nic.in)y Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College, Allahabad was established in 1961and converted into

National Institute of Technology (NIT) on 26th June 2002. The Institute offers four-year undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Production and Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering, BioTechnology and information technology. The Institute also offers M.Tech. & Master of Computer Application (MCA) programmes and Master of Management Studies (MMS). For details click here (www.mnnit.ac.in)y Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal Maulana Azad College of Technology, Bhopal was established in 1960 and converted into an NIT on 26th

June, 2002. The Institute has eight Departments. The Institute offers four years B.Tech. Courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology and a five-year B.Arch. course. The Institute also offers M.Tech. courses in 24 different specializations under regular and part-time mode and also MCA and MBA courses. The Institute is maintaining a good library with about one lakh books. For details click here (www.manit.ac.in)y National Institute of Technology, Calicut Regional Engineering College, Calicut was established in 1961 and converted into National Institute of

Technology on 26th June 2002. The Institute offers four-years undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering and Management, Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology and a five-year B.Arch. course. The Institute also offers M.Tech. Degree in different specializations. In addition, three-year (six-semester) MCA programme is also offered. Four new PG courses have also been started in the areas of Civil, Information12

Security, VLSI Design and computer controlled Industrial power. The Institute offers Ph.D. programme in all its departments. The Institute has a well-equipped library. For details click here (www.nitc.ac.in)y National Institute of Technology, Durgapur Regional Engineering College, Durgapur was established in 1960 and converted into an NIT, on 3rd July

2003. The Institute offers four-year undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Bio Technology and Information Technology. The Institute also offers M.Tech. courses in nine disciplines along with MBA and MCA. The Institute also offers a 120 seater boys hostel for foreign students, three number of 120 seater lecturer galleries, computer centre extension, electrical machine lab and high power lab. For details click here (www.nitdgp.ac.in)y National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur Regional Engineering College, Hamirpur was established in 1985 and converted into an NIT on 26 June

2002. It offers undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering. B.Arch. course was started during 2000-2001. The Institute also offers postgraduate courses and Ph.D. in all its Departments. The Institute has a well-equipped library. For details click here (www.nith.ac.in)y Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur Malaviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur was established in 1963 and converted into an NIT on 26

June 2002. The Institute offers nine undergraduate courses and ten full time and five part time postgraduate courses. The Institute offers four-year undergraduate courses in Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering and a five-year B.Arch. course. The Institute offers three-semester full time and five-semester part-time (self-financing) postgraduate degree programmes in ten disciplines. The institute is implementing the Project IMPACT for manpower development in Electronics and Computer Engineering funded by the World Bank, Swiss Development Corporation and Government of India. For details click here (www.mnit.ac.in)y Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Regional Engineering College, Jalandhar was established in 1986 and converted into an

NIT on 17 October 2002. It offers four-year undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Chemical and BioEngineering, Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering and Construction Management), Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Leather Technology, Mechanical engineering (Mechanical Machine Design and Automation), Sugar and Textile Technology. There are five boys and one girls hostel. The Institute has a well-equipped library. National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Cell were established in The Institute for promoting Entrepreneurial culture among students by arranging various programmes. For details click here (www.nitj.ac.in)y National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur Regional Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur was established in 1960 and converted as an NIT on 27th

December 2002. The Institute has 13 Departments. It offers undergraduate courses, in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering and Computer Science & Engineering. The Institute also offers postgraduate courses and MCA. There are nine boys and one girls hostel. The Institute has a well-equipped library. For details click here (nitjsr.ac.in/nitjsr/)y National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra

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Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra was established in 1963 and converted into an NIT on 26 June

2002. The Institution is running seven undergraduate courses in discipline of Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Information Technology and Computer. Institute also runs postgraduate courses in these disciplines. The Institute has well developed campus with fiber optic computer networking. For details click here (www.nitkkr.nic.in)y Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur Visvesvaraya Regional Engineering College, Nagpur was established in 1960 and converted into an NIT on

26th June 2002. The Institute offers B.Tech. courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Structural Engineering and five-year B.Arch., courses. The Institute offers M.Tech. courses under both regular and part-time mode. The Institute also offers one-year diploma in Industrial Management. The Industry-Institute interaction Cell of The Institute strives to promote and nurture closer interaction with the industrial sector and to play a significant role in its growth. For details click here (vnit.ac.in)y National Institute of Technology, Patna The National Institute of Technology, Patna is the Eighteenth National Institute created by the Ministry of

Human Resource Development, Government of India upon rechristening a new name to the erstwhile Bihar College of Engineering, Patna. The Institute offers undergraduate courses in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil

Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering Architecture and Post Graduate courses in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering. The Institute is partially residential in nature providing limited facilities for accommodation to some of its students as well as the teaching staff. The Institute runs seven essential services in the campus, namely 24 hours electric supply, suitable drinking

water, sanitation and maintenance of cleanliness, security arrangement, Ambulance service for medical emergency help, EPABX and internet facilities. Institute has a modern library with e-library facility. For details click here (www.nitp.ac.in)y National Institute of Technology, Raipur Government Engineering College, Raipur has been taken over as a fully funded Institute of the Central

Government and converted into an NIT with effect from 1st December 2005. Presently the Institute offers courses at the undergraduate level and post-graduate courses. The Institute has the facility of imparting distance education. The Institutes has 82 laboratories, which are very spacious. The Institute also undertakes research and developments activities. The Institute has a well equipped library. For details click here (www.nitrr.ac.in)y

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Regional Engineering College, Rourkela was started in 1961 and converted into an NIT on 26 June 2002.

The Institute offers undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Applied Electronics and Instrumentations Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering and Ceramic Engineering. The Institute also offers postgraduate courses and a three-year MCA. NIT, Rourkela is the nodal centre for the National Technical Manpower Information System in Orissa. The Institute after being upgraded to the National Institute of Technology has adopted academic and

evaluation processes similar to that followed in IITs from the 1st semester students admitted in 2004-2005. For details click here (www.nitrkl.ac.in)14

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National Institute of Technology, Silchar Regional Engineering College, Silchar was established in 1976 and converted into an NIT on 28 June 2002.

After transformation into National Institute of Technology, the institute has set up the Senate, Board of undergraduate Studies and Department Undergraduate Programme Committees. The Institute is offering undergraduate courses leading to B.E./B.Tech. degree in various engineering disciplines like Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering, etc. The Institute has a well equipped Library, with 62050 books and 114 Indian Journals. The Hostel accommodation is also available for needy students. This area needs further strengthening. For details click here (www.nits.ac.in)y

National Institute of Technology, Srinagar Regional Engineering College, Srinagar was established in 1960 and converted into an NIT on 7th August

2003. The Institute offers undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering and M.E. course in Communication and Information Technology and Mechanical Systems Design. The Institute offers M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes in all its science departments and some of the engineering departments. Various departments, and also the Library and administration have been networked. For details click here (www.nitsri.net)y

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat. Sardar Vallabhbhai Regional Engineering College, Surat was established in 1961 and converted into an

NIT on 4th October 2002. The Institute offers B. Tech. course in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Production Engineering, Computer Engineering Information Technology and Chemical Engineering. The Institute also offers M.Tech. courses in different specializations. All departments have facilities for Ph.D. programmes. For details click here (www.svnit.ac.in)y

National Institute of Technology, Surathkal Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal was established in 1960 and converted into an NIT on

26th June 2002. The Institute offers undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Computer Engineering and Information Technology. The Institute also offers PG & Ph.D. programme. For details click here (www.nitk.ac.in)y

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirapalli was established in 1964 and converted as an NIT on 28th July

2003. The Institute offers four-year undergraduate courses in the disciplines of Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Metallurgical Production Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Instrumentation and Control Engineering and a five year B.Arch. course This Institution has also been recognized for enrolling teacher from other educational institutions for the various postgraduate courses and doctoral programmes under the Quality Improvement Programme (QIP) a scheme of AICTE. For details click here (www.nitt.edu)y

National Institute of Technology, Warangal Regional Engineering College, Warangal was established in 1959 and converted into an NIT on 10

September 2002. The Institute was the first among the chain of RECs. The Institute offers eight undergraduate programmes, postgraduate programmes and Ph.D. programmes in all branches of15

engineering, sciences and humanities. The central library of this Institute is considered to be one of the best among the technical libraries in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Institute campus is networked and Internet facilities are available for all staff and students. Residential

accommodation is provided to all the students and to the majority of the staff on the campus. For details click here .(www.nitw.ac.in) e) Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) Information Technology is an important tool for development of different areas of knowledge economy. India is emerging as a global player in the field of Information Technology. There has been a steady rise of software and IT sector in India since 1990s. As the IT industry is expanding rapidly, manpower requirement is growing exponentially. In order to develop manpower for different areas of the knowledge economy, education and training of information technology is a core prerequisite. The Central Government has established four IIITs at Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Kanchipuram. These institutions are meant provide undergraduate as well as postgraduate education. The IIIT at Gwalior is for IT in Management. The IIITs at Jabalpur and Kanchipuram are for IT in Design as well as Manufacturing. In addition, the Eleventh Five Year Plan envisages the establishment of twenty more IIITs in the country as far as possible, in the Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. Admissions into undergraduate programmes in IIITs are through the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE). y Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad. The Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad was established in 1999 and got conferred

Deemed-to-be-University Status in 2000. The Institute has Undergraduate Programmes (B. Tech in Information Technology and Electronics & Communication), Postgraduate programmes (M. Tech in Bioinformatics, Intelligent Systems, Wireless Communication & Computing and Software Engineering, Human Computer Interaction, Robotics and Microelectronics), MBA (IT), Master of Science in Cyber Law and Information Security, MS (CLIS) and Ph.D. programmes in cutting edge areas. In addition to the teaching, research and research activities in focused areas, the Institute has 13 projects in

various fields. Two Patents have been granted and more software copyrights were also filed. The IIIT, Allahabad has an Extension Campus at Amethi. The B.Tech (IT) Course and B.Tech (EC)

Courses

have

already

been

started

from

July

2005.

For details click here (www.iiita.ac.in)y Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology (ABV- IIITM), Gwalior. Atal Bihari Vajpayee- Indian Institute of Information Technology (ABV-IIITM), Gwalior, a Deemed

University, is an apex Information Technology and Management Institute established by the Government of India in January, 1996. The Institute has a well-defined campus on 160 acre of land on the foothills of the Gwalior Fort. The Institute has all basic facilities for all round development of students personality. The Institute has been contributing towards research and education, producing technology and business

leaders. The educational programme of the Institute integrates management as a concept with technology as a platform to create a synergic approach for solving emerging industry problems. Presently, the Institute is having a five-year dual degree programme, MBA programmes and M. Tech

programmes. The Institute also has a Ph. D. programme. The academic programmes are delivered through many pedagogic innovations, including peer learning, mentoring, case tools, group learning and cooperative learning. For details click here (www.iiitm.ac.in)16

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Dwarka Prasad Mishra Indian Institute of Information, Technology, Design and Manufacturing (IIITDM), Jabalpur. Due to globalization and opening up of Indian economy, our manufacturing sector has to compete

globally even for the domestic market. This requires strong products with leading technology/quality and compelling cost advantage. India has huge and diverse trained manpower. The need for developing a new academic programme exists therefore to integrate the knowledge of a given discipline with design as well as manufacturing considerations. In order to meet these requirements, the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing at Jabalpur was established in 2005. The Institute is envisioned as an academic institution of excellence that facilitates and promotes the competitive advantage of Indian products and manufacturing in global markets. The Institute serves as an inter-disciplinary institution for education and research in the area of product life cycle management, encompassing design and manufacturing using state of the art concepts, tools, processes and practices of the industry world over. It would meet the requirement in different sectors like automobile, aerospace and defense, industrial machinery, engineering services, high-tech electronics, consumer durables etc. The Institute offers B.Tech. M.Tech, M.Des, and Ph.D. Programmes in the disciplines of Computer

Science & Engineering (CSE), Design, Electronics and Communications Engineering (ECE), and Mechanical Engineering (ME). For details click here (www.iiitdmj.ac.in)y

Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing (IIITD & M), Kanchipuram The Government of India has entrusted Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) with the responsibility of setting up of IIITD&M Kanchipuram. The academic session of IIITD&M has commenced from August, 2007 at the IIITM Campus with the support of staff and faculty members of the IITM until new campus is set up on the land identified by the Government of Tamil Nadu for setting up of the Campus. IIITD&M Kanchipuram offers 4 year B.Tech. (Design & Manufacturing) programme, which is designed for the future needs of engineering industries. This branch is unique and offered first time in India and in the world itself. For details click here (www.iiitdm.iitm.ac.in)

2) Vertically Integrated Technical Education Institutions: Sant Longowal Inst. of Engg. & Technology (SLIET), Longowal, Punjab The institute was established by the Govt. of India in 1989 in the memory of Late Sant Harchand Singh Ji Longowal with an objective to provide technical education in emerging areas of Engineering and Technology. SLIET offers certificate, diploma, degree and PG Courses in various disciplines. In the year 2007-08, the Institute has been accorded with Deemed University Status. For details click here (www.sliet.ac.in) North Eastern Regional Inst. of Sc. & Technology (NERIST), Itanagar Established in the year 1985 to cater the educational needs of North Eastern Region. Accorded Deemed University Status in the year 2005 and the Institute started functioning as Deemed University from December, 2005. It Offers Certificates, Diploma, Degree courses & PG programmes. The courses are of modular pattern having multiple entry and exit system. For details click here (www.nerist.ac.in) 3) Management Education: The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) located at Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, Lucknow, Indore, Kozhikode and Shillong are institutions of excellence, established with the objectives of imparting high quality management education and training, conducting research and providing consultancy services in the field of management to various sectors of the Indian economy. These Institutions are recognized as premier management institutions, comparable to the best in the World for teaching, research and interaction with industries. All the17

IIMs are registered Societies governed by their respective Board of Governors. Six new IIMs are proposed to be set up during XI Plan in Jhakhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttrakhand, Tamil Nadu, Haryana and Rajsthan. IIMs conduct Post-graduate Diploma Programmes in Management (equivalent to MBA), fellowship Programmes in Management (equivalent to Ph.D), Short-term Management Development and Organization based programmes as well as carry out Research and Consultancy for the industry. These Institutions also conduct research to cater to the needs of non-corporate and under-managed sectors, viz. Agriculture, Rural Development, Public Systems Management, Energy, Health Education, Habitat, etc. IIMs being role models have shared knowledge and skills with other institutions to improve their quality and standards in management education. IIMs have earned an international reputation for the quality of their alumni.y

Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad.

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad was established in 1961. The Institute has now established its presence in all major segments of management education by offering various Post Graduate Programmes (PGP) and doctoral programme in management (FPM) catering to different segments. The Institute also undertakes Research and Consultancy Projects. The Post Graduate Programme in Agri-Business Management (PGP-AMB) is an innovative programme to prepare managers, decision-makers, leaders, and entrepreneurs in the food and agri-business sector. IIM Ahmedabad also conducts regular six months management programme for Armed Forces Officers to facilitate their resettlement in civilian life after their retirement from the Forces. For details click here (www.iimahd.ernet.in) Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Bangalore:

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Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Bangalore was established in 1973. The Institute offers Fellowship Programme in Management (FPM), Postgraduate Programme in Management (PGP), Postgraduate Programme in Software Enterprise Management (PGSEM), Executive Education Programmes and Research and Consultancy Services. Under the Students Exchange Programme, the PGP students are sent to reputed business schools outside India and in turn, students from overseas business schools also attend a term at the Institute. Under the executive education Programmes, different types of Programmes like Open Programmes, Customized Programmes and International Programmes are organized for practicing Managers. For details click here (www.iimb.ernet.in). Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Calcutta

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Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Calcutta was established in 1961. The Institute currently offers diploma programmes catering to different segments of management education. The Institute is equipped with an excellent library and state-of-the-art hardware and software resources capable of providing support for diverse computing requirements. For details click here (www.iimcal.ac.in). Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Lucknow

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Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Lucknow was established in 1984. The Institute offers Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP), Management Development Programme (MDP), Fellow Programme in Management (FPM), Three year Post Graduate Programme (working Managers Programme) at Noida Campus, Research Programme and International Exchange Programme. The Institute has Information Technology and Software Management Laboratory to provide the state-of18

the-art software development methodologies including net-based application to the students. For details click here (www.iiml.ac.in).y

Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Indore Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Indore was established in 1996. The Institute offers two years Post Graduate Programme (PGP), an 18 month Executive Post-Graduate Programme (Exe-PGP); a four/five years Fellow Programme in Management(FPM), a six month General Management Programme for Defence Officers(GMP), Short term Management Development Programme(MDP) targeted at developing the managerial skills of the executives/managers from the industry, Broad Band Based Management Programme (a) PG Certificate in Management (b) PG Certificate Programme in Sales and Marketing. To promote entrepreneurship, the Institute has set up a Business Incubator Unit (BIU) in the campus. The unit provides the necessary infrastructure facilities to enable conversion of new business ideas into viable business ventures. For details click here (www.iimidr.ac.in). Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Kozhikode

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Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Kozhikode was established in 1997. The Institute offers Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) (equivalent to MBA) and Fellow Programme in Management (FPM). In addition to these programmes, the Institute is conducting executive education programmes undertaking consulting assignments and research projects. IIM, Kozhikode also conducts custom designed Faculty Development Education Programme of one-two weeks duration for teachers of various academic institutions. The Institute offers Executive Management Education Programme(EMEP), the first of its kind to be offered in Asia-pacific region through Interactive Distance Learning mode (IDL) conceived in the year 2001, it is a new model of Management education for practicing executives who are unable to join long duration residential programmes. For details click here (www.iimk.ac.in). Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management, (RGIIM), Shillong

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The Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management (RGIIM has commenced its academic session from 2008-09 in the temporary accommodation at Mayurbhanj Palace, Shillong. The course has been designed to provide a holistic approach towards addressing business problems of the new millennium and beyond. The institute aims to develop unbeatable leaders for an economically and ecologically sustainable society, with the help of a unique curriculum that comprises a mix of compulsory and elective courses, supplemented by specialised courses on industry sectors. For details click here (www.iimshillong.in).

f) NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNICAL TEACHERS TRAINING & RESEARCH Four National Institutes of Technical Teachers Training and Research located at Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai and Kolkata were established in mid 1960s for training of polytechnic teachers to undertake activities in the areas of Education, Planning & Management, Curriculum Development for implementation and Research etc. for overall improvement of polytechnic education. The Institutes offer long term training programmes of 12/18 months duration to degree and diploma level teachers of Polytechnic in addition to providing short term training courses, designing of curriculum and providing consultancy services to the industry. For Details click below: NITTTR, Chandigarh (www.nitttrchd.ac.in)19

NITTTR, Kolkata (www.nitttrkol.ac.in) NITTTR, Chennai (www.nitttrc.ac.in) NITTTR, Bhopal (www.nitttrbhopal.org) 4) Other Central Institutions of Technical Education: a) School of Planning & Architecture (SPA), New Delhi The School was established by the Government of India in 1955 in the name of School of Town and Country Planning, to provide facilities in education and training in the fields of rural planning, urban planning and human settlement. The School was renamed as the School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), New Delhi in 1959 after the Department of Architecture was included in it. The School was conferred the status of Deemed University in 1979. SPA provides undergraduate and post-graduate education and training in the fields of architecture, planning, design and management of different aspects of human habitat and environment. For details click here (www.spa.ac.in) y School of Planning & Architecture (SPA), Bhopal School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal was established in the year 2008. This school is committed to produce best Architects and Planners of the Nation to take up the challenges of physical and socioenvironmental development of global standards. This will be developed as 'University of imagination', where a sense of enquiry will prevail amongst all stake holders- students, researchers, professors and society at large. School of Planning and Architecture will strive for social sustenance through universal design, cultural sustenance through conservation and environmental sustenance through the discipline of Architecture, Planning and Design. For details click here (www.spabhopal.ac.in) School of Planning & Architecture (SPA), Vijayawada School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada was established in the year 2008 temporarily through campus of SPA, New Delhi. It aims to provide education in architecture and planning, while also fostering research of a high order in these areas.

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b) Indian School of Mines University (ISMU), Dhanbad The Indian School of Mines University was established in 1926 for providing instructions and research in mining and allied fields. In 1967, ISM was converted into an autonomous Institution with Deemed University status. The University offers B.Tech, 5 years Dual Degree Programme; Integrated M.Sc., Integrated M.Sc. (Tech), M.Sc Tech, M.Sc., Management Courses and M.Tech/M.Phil Programmes. The ISMU also offers Executive Development programmes catering to the needs of mining, mineral and oil industries. For details click here (www.ismdhanbad.ac.in) c) National Institute of Industrial Engg. (NITIE), Mumbai National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai is a National Institute set up by the Government of India in 1963 with the assistance of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through International Labour Organisation (ILO). Fully funded by the Government of India and registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, NITIE, an autonomous body, is governed by a Board of Governors comprising eminent personalities from the government, industry and academies. Since its inception, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE) has been providing solutions to the complex problems of industry and business. NITIE, Mumbai conducts Post-Graduate Diploma and also a large number of Management Development Programmes (MDPs) in Productivity Science and Management for the benefits of senior and middle level executives drawn from the Government, public and private sector organizations. It also conducts a fellowship programme equivalent to Ph.D. in the area of Industrial Engineering and Management. The institute is also20

N a t i o n a l I n s t

engaged in applied research in various fields of industrial engineering, energy, safety, environment, marketing, information technology, behavioral science, etc. The Institute conducts Unit Based Programmes (UBPs) which are tailor-made to suit the specific requirements of the industry either at their premises or in the Institute. For details click here (www.nitie.edu) d) National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology (NIFFT), Ranchi The National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology (NIFFT), Ranchi was established in the year 1966 in collaboration with UNESCO-UNDP, taking into cognizance the pivotal role of foundry & forge industries in the development of core sector in the country. NIFFT is an autonomous body, fully funded by the Government of India and registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The Institutes mission is to provide highly specialized training to personnel for operation and management of the industries. The Institute offers courses at different levels to achieve this goal. These are M. Tech. Course in Foundry and Forge Technology and Manufacturing Engineering; B. Tech. Course in Manufacturing Engineering and Metallurgy and Material Engineering; Advanced Diploma Courses in Foundry and Forge Technology; short term refresher courses in specified areas for participants sponsored by the industries and unit based programme of short duration on request from the industries, R&D organizations and institutions. It also offers consultancy services to the Industry in the form of preparation of feasibility report; evaluation of equipment and machinery; Testing of Raw materials and quality control products. For details click here (www.nifft.ernet.in) e) Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar As per the Memorandum of settlement signed between Government of India, the Govt. of Assam and BLT on 10th Feb. 2003, with the approval of the Cabinet, a Central Institute of Technology (CIT) has been established at Kokrajhar, Assam in year 2006. The Institute is a fully funded Autonomous Organization under Ministry of HRD. However, Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), which is a duly selected body has been given the overall responsibility of supervision of CIT Project. At present, CIT is offering Diploma programmes in i) Computer Science, ii) Electronics & Communication, iii) Food Processing & iv) Instrumentation Technology. For details click here (www.cit.kokrajhar.in)

i t u t e o f I n d u s t r i a l E n g g .

( N I NATIONAL LEVEL COUNCILS T I y All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) E The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), is the statutory body and a National-level council for ) technical education, underDepartment of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development [2]. , Established in November, 1945 first as an advisory body and later on in 1987 given statutory status by an Act of M Parliament, AICTE is responsible for proper planning and co-ordinated development of thetechnical u education and management education system in India. The AICTE accredits postgraduate and graduate programs m b under specific categories at Indian institutions as per its charter [3]. a It is assisted by 10 Statutory Boards of Studies, namely, UG Studies in Eng. & Tech., PG and Research in Eng. i and Tech., Management Studies, Vocational Education, Technical Education, Pharmaceutical Education, Architecture, Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Information Technology, Town and Country Planning. The AICTE has its Headquarters in Indira Gandhi Sports Complex, Indraprastha Estate,New Delhi, which has the offices of the Chairman, Vice-Chairman and the Member Secretary, plus it has regional offices located at Kolkata, Chennai, Kanpur, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Guwahati, Bhopal and Bangalore, Hyderabad and Gurgaon [4].21

In 2009, the Union Minister of Education formally communicated his intentions of closing down AICTE and related body, the University Grants Commission - due to corruption and inefficiency charges against the bodies in favour of a larger regulatory body.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The AICTE will be superseded by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA). The NBA which currently operates under the wing of AICTE will be converted into an independent body. Objectives :The AICTE Act of 1987

I n s t i t u t e

AICTE is vested with statutory authority for planning, formulation and maintenance of norms and standards, o quality assurance through school accreditation, funding in priority areas, monitoring and evaluation, maintaining f parity of certification and awards and ensuring coordinated and integrated development and management of I technical education in the country as part of the AICTE Act No. 52 of 1987. n The AICTE Act, stated verbatim reads: d u To provide for establishment of an All India council for Technical Education with a view to the proper planning s and co-ordinated development of the technical education system throughout the country, the promotion of t qualitative improvement of such education in relation to planned quantitative growth and the regulation and r i proper maintenance of norms and standards in the technical education system and for matters connected a therewith. l Current Objective E In order to improve upon the present technical education system, the current objectives is to modify n g the engineering curriculum as follows: i n 1. Greater emphasis on design oriented teaching, teaching of design methodologies, problem solving approach. e 2. Greater exposure to industrial and manufacturing processes. e r 3. Exclusion of outmoded technologies and inclusion of the new appropriate and emerging technologies. i 4. Greater input of management education and professional communication skills. n AICTE Bureaus g The AICTE comprises nine Bureaus, namely:

Faculty Development (FD) Bureau Undergraduate Education (UG) Bureau Postgraduate Education and Research (PGER) Bureau Quality Assurance (QA) Bureau Planning and Co-ordination (PC) Bureau Research and Institutional Development (RID) Bureau Administration (Admin) Bureau Finance (Fin) Bureau Academic (Acad) Bureau22

( N I T I E ) , M u m b a

i For each Bureau, Adviser is the Bureau Head who is assisted by technical officers and other supporting staff. The multidiscipline technical officer and staff of the Council are on deputation or on contract from various i s Government Departments, University Grants Commission, academic institutions etc. Approved colleges a

In 2004 there was 1,346 engineering colleges in India approved by the AICTE with a seat capacity of 4,40,000. In N 2008 there was 2388 engineering colleges with a total student intake capacity of 8.2 lakh students and 1231 a t management institutes with an annual intake of 1.5 lakh students. i Other than engineering and MBA colleges there was 1137 MCA, 1001 Pharmacy, 86 HMCT, 11 Applied arts and o n crafts, 285 PGDM approved by AICTE. By the end of December 2008, number of applications pending to seek a AICTE approval were 886 engineering and technology, 250 MBA, 834 MCA, 120 Pharmacy, 124 HMCT, 1 l Applied arts and crafts (Total 2237). Hope, out of these 2237 applications, more than 70% will get approval in I 2009. n s Introduction of AICTE t The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) was set up in 1945 as an advisory body and later i on in 1987 given statutory status by an Act of Parliament. The AICTE grants approval for starting new t technical institutions, for introduction of new courses and for variation in intake capacity in technical u institutions. The AICTE has delegated to the concerned state governments powers to process and grant t approval of new institutions, starting new courses and variations in the intake capacity for diploma level e technical institutions. It also lays down norms and standards for such institutions. It also ensures quality development of technical education through accreditation of technical institutions or programmes. In s additional to its regulatory role, the AICTE also has a promotional role which it implements through e schemes for promoting technical education for women, handicapped and weaker section of the society t promoting innovations, faculty, research and development, giving grants to technical institutions.

The technical institutions under the AICTE include post-graduate, under-graduate and diploma in the whole spectrum of technical education covering engineering/technology, pharmacy, architecture, hotel management and catering technology, management studies computer applications and applied arts and crafts. The AICTE has its headquarters in New Delhi and seven regional offices located at Kolkata, Chennai, Kanpur, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Bhopal and Bangalore. A new regional office at Hyderabad has been set up and is to be operationalised soon. The jurisdiction of the regional offices is as follows: Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 5. Region Head Quarters Kanpur Chandigarh Bhopal Mumbai Hyderabad States

u p b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t

Northern NorthWestern Central Western SouthCentral

Bihar, UP, Uttaranchal Chandigarh, Haryana, New Delhi, HP, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan MP. Gujarat Maharashtra, Goa, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli AP, Chhattisgarh23

6. 7. 8.

South Bangalore Western Southern Chennai Eastern Kolkata

Kerala, Karnataka, Lakshadweep TN, Pondicherry WB, Orissa, Andaman & Nicobar, Jharkhand, Assam and seven smaller North Eastern States o f I n d i a i n 1 9 6 3 w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f U n i t e d N a

The Council discharges its functions through a 21 member Executive Committee. The Council is

assisted by 10 Statutory Boards of Studies, namely, UG Studies in Eng. & Tech., PG and Research in Eng. and Tech., Management Studies, Vocational Education, Technical Education, Pharmaceutical Education, Architecture, Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Information Technology, Town and Country Planning. For details click here (www.aicte-india.org.)y

Council of Architecture. The Council of Architecture (COA) has been constituted by the Government of India under the

provisions of the Architects Act, 1972, enacted by Parliament, which came into force on 1st September, 1972. The Act provide for registration of Architects and matters connected therewith. The COA, besides maintaining a Register of Architects, oversees the maintenance of standards periodically of recognized qualifications under the Act by way of conducting inspection through Committees of Experts. Based on the inspections, the COA can make representation to appropriate Governments with regard to inadequacy of standards maintained by the institutions. The Central Government after further inquiry as deemed fit and keeping in view the comments of the appropriate Governments and the architecture institutions is required to take decision regarding notifying derecognition of the architectural qualification. The recommendations of the COA are taken before any architectural qualification is notified as recognized under the Act by the Central Government. For details click here (www.coa.gov.in) The Council of Architecture (COA) has been constituted by the Government of India under the provisions of the Architects Act, 1972, enacted by the Parliament of India, which came into force on 1st September, 1972. The Act provides for registration of Architects, standards of education, recognized qualifications and standards of practice to be complied with by the practicing architects. The Council of Architecture is charged with the responsibility to regulate the education and practice of profession throughout India besides maintaining the register of architects. For this purpose, the Government of India has framed Rules and Council of Architecture has framed Regulations as provided for in the Architects Act, with the approval of Government of India. Any person desirous of carrying on the profession of 'Architect' must have registered himself with Council of Architecture. For the purpose of registration, one must possess the requisite qualification as appended to the Architects Act, after having undergone the education in accordance with the Council of Architecture (Minimum Standards of Architectural Education) Regulations, 1983. The registration with Council of Architecture entitles a person to practice the profession of architecture, provided he holds a Certificate of Registration with up-to-date renewals. The registration also entitles a person to use the title and style of Architect. The title and style of architect can also be used by a firm of architects, of which all partners are registered with COA. Limited Companies, Private/Public Companies, societies and other juridical persons are not entitled to use the title and style of architect nor are they entitled to practice the profession of architecture. If any person falsely claims to be registered or misuses title and style of architect, such acts tantamount to committing of a criminal offence, which is punishable under section 36 or 37 (2) of the Architects Act, 1972. The practice of profession of an architect is governed by the Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989 (as amended in 2003), which deals with professional ethics and etiquette, conditions of engagement and scale of charges, architectural competition guidelines etc. Pursuant to these Regulations, the Council of Architecture has framed guidelines governing the various aspects of practice. An architect is required to observe professional conduct as stipulated in the Regulations of 1989 and any violation thereof shall constitute a24

professional misconduct, which will attract disciplinary action as stipulated under section 30 of the Architects Act, 1972. There are 135 institutions, which impart architectural education in India leading to recognized qualifications. The standards of education