Teamwork, Communication, Teamwork, Communication, Change, InnovationChange, Innovation

H Edu 4790/6790H Edu 4790/6790

Teams in OrganizationsTeams in Organizations

Informal groupsInformal groups CommitteesCommittees Task forcesTask forces Cross-functional teamsCross-functional teams Quality circlesQuality circles

Self-Managed Work TeamsSelf-Managed Work Teams

Collectively accountableCollectively accountable Distribute tasksDistribute tasks Scheduling workScheduling work Perform more than one jobPerform more than one job Develop multiple job skillsDevelop multiple job skills Evaluate each otherEvaluate each other Responsible for total qualityResponsible for total quality

Team DevelopmentTeam Development

FormingForming StormingStorming NormingNorming PerformingPerforming (Adjourning)(Adjourning)

Team Effectiveness and DiversityTeam Effectiveness and Diversity

Lost at SeaLost at Sea Pros and cons of group decisionsPros and cons of group decisions Importance of diversityImportance of diversity

Building normsBuilding norms

Role modelRole model Reinforce behaviorsReinforce behaviors ControlControl Train and orientTrain and orient Recruit good peopleRecruit good people Regular reviewsRegular reviews Good decision makingGood decision making

CohesivenessCohesiveness

Building CohesivenessBuilding Cohesiveness

Induce agreementInduce agreement Increase homogeneityIncrease homogeneity Increase interactionIncrease interaction Decrease sizeDecrease size Introduce competitionIntroduce competition Reward team workReward team work Isolate from other teamsIsolate from other teams

Groupthink symptomsGroupthink symptoms

InvulnerabilityInvulnerability RationalizingRationalizing Group moralityGroup morality Stereotyping competitorsStereotyping competitors Reject deviant behaviorReject deviant behavior Self-censorshipSelf-censorship Illusions of unanimityIllusions of unanimity Mind guardingMind guarding

Avoiding groupthinkAvoiding groupthink

Critical evaluatorCritical evaluator Look to more than one optionLook to more than one option Discuss issues with outsidersDiscuss issues with outsiders Invite outside experts to participateInvite outside experts to participate Assign “devil’s advocate”Assign “devil’s advocate” Hold “second-chance” meetingHold “second-chance” meeting

CommunicationCommunication

The creation or exchange of understanding The creation or exchange of understanding between sender(s) and receiver(s).between sender(s) and receiver(s).

ModelModel

Sender

Receiver

Receiver

Sender

Message

Feedback

Encode and DecodeEncode and Decode

ExamplesExamples Environmental barriersEnvironmental barriers Personal barriersPersonal barriers

SymbolsSymbols

UniformsUniforms PicturesPictures Smile or pat on the backSmile or pat on the back WordsWords

Mixed messagesMixed messages

Words communicate one message while Words communicate one message while actions, body language, or appearance actions, body language, or appearance communicate something else.communicate something else.

ExampleExample

My neighbor gets up early every morning.My neighbor gets up early every morning. My cousin plans on being very successful My cousin plans on being very successful

some day.some day. My friend reads a lot of books each summer.My friend reads a lot of books each summer. I hope to live to a ripe old age.I hope to live to a ripe old age. My friend comes from a big family.My friend comes from a big family.

ModelModel

Sender

Receiver

Receiver

Sender

Message

Feedback

FeedbackFeedback

Give feedback directly and with feelingGive feedback directly and with feeling Make feedback specificMake feedback specific TimingTiming Make sure feedback is validMake sure feedback is valid Give in small dosesGive in small doses

Communication typesCommunication types

BodyBody MindMind HeartHeart ShadowsShadows

Active listeningActive listening

Listen for contentListen for content Listen for feelingsListen for feelings Respond to feelingsRespond to feelings

Perception and communicationPerception and communication

StereotypesStereotypes Halo effectHalo effect Selective perceptionSelective perception ProjectionProjection

PathsPaths

DownwardDownward UpwardUpward HorizontalHorizontal DiagonalDiagonal

InformalInformal

GrapevineGrapevine Formal follows corporate channelsFormal follows corporate channels Informal—interpersonal relationsInformal—interpersonal relations

How to improveHow to improve

MBWAMBWA Open office hoursOpen office hours Staff advisory councilsStaff advisory councils Suggestion boxesSuggestion boxes EmailEmail

The incident!The incident!

ConflictConflict

SubstantiveSubstantive EmotionalEmotional FunctionalFunctional DysfunctionalDysfunctional PersonPerson InterpersonalInterpersonal

Conflict management styleConflict management style

AvoidanceAvoidance Accommodation or smoothingAccommodation or smoothing Competition or authoritative commandCompetition or authoritative command CompromiseCompromise Collaborative (win-win)Collaborative (win-win)

Conflict resolutionConflict resolution

Appeal to higher goalsAppeal to higher goals Expand resourcesExpand resources Alter one or more human variablesAlter one or more human variables Alter physical environmentAlter physical environment Use integrating devicesUse integrating devices Change the reward systemChange the reward system Policies and proceduresPolicies and procedures

Results of conflict managementResults of conflict management

Lose-loseLose-lose Win-loseWin-lose Win-winWin-win

Planned changePlanned change

Response to performance gapResponse to performance gap Targets for changeTargets for change

TasksTasks PeoplePeople CultureCulture TechnologyTechnology StructureStructure

Process of changeProcess of change

Stage 1 – Change identificationStage 1 – Change identification Stage 2 – Implementation planningStage 2 – Implementation planning Stage 3 – ImplementationStage 3 – Implementation

UnfreezingUnfreezing ChangingChanging RefreezingRefreezing

Stage 4 – Evaluation and feedbackStage 4 – Evaluation and feedback

Why do we hate change?Why do we hate change?

Why do people resist change?Why do people resist change?

Resistance to changeResistance to change

Fear of the unknownFear of the unknown Disrupted habitsDisrupted habits Loss of confidenceLoss of confidence Loss of controlLoss of control

Resistance to changeResistance to change

Poor timingPoor timing Work overloadWork overload Loss of faceLoss of face Lack of purposeLack of purpose

Overcoming resistance to changeOvercoming resistance to change

Force-coercionForce-coercion Rational persuasionRational persuasion Shared powerShared power

Organization Development (OD)Organization Development (OD)

StressStress

ConsequencesConsequences Constructive stressConstructive stress Destructive stressDestructive stress Job burnoutJob burnout Workplace rageWorkplace rage

Stress management strategiesStress management strategies

CreativityCreativity

Style of learning and thinkingStyle of learning and thinking

CreativityCreativity

CreativityCreativity

___________ program___________ program

r \ e \ a \ d \ i \ n \ g r \ e \ a \ d \ i \ n \ g

ECNALGECNALG

CreativityCreativity

StandStand

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CreativityCreativity

10 Ways to enhance creativity10 Ways to enhance creativity

Look for more than one “right” answerLook for more than one “right” answer Avoid too much logicAvoid too much logic Challenge rulesChallenge rules Ask “what if” questionsAsk “what if” questions Make ambiguity work for youMake ambiguity work for you

10 Ways to enhance creativity10 Ways to enhance creativity

Look on the positive side of errorLook on the positive side of error Take time to playTake time to play Break out of your specializationBreak out of your specialization Support nonconformitySupport nonconformity Believe in your creativityBelieve in your creativity

IntuitionIntuition

Your intuitive abilityYour intuitive ability

How managers deal with problemsHow managers deal with problems

System thinkingSystem thinking Intuitive thinkingIntuitive thinking Multidimensional thinkingMultidimensional thinking Strategic opportunismStrategic opportunism

InnovationInnovation

Innovation is change, but change is not always Innovation is change, but change is not always innovationinnovation

Innovation is the process of taking a new idea Innovation is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practiceand putting it into practice Process innovationProcess innovation Product innovationProduct innovation

Four steps in innovationFour steps in innovation

Idea creationIdea creation Initial experimentationInitial experimentation Feasibility determinationFeasibility determination Final applicationFinal application

Innovation rolesInnovation roles

Idea generatorsIdea generators Information gatekeepersInformation gatekeepers Product championsProduct champions Project managersProject managers Innovation leadersInnovation leaders Change agentsChange agents