Team 13 presentation

Confidential Presentation

Project REBIRTH YGHCC Team #13 Cynthia Chan Bernice Qi Tammie Kwong Sisi Wang Joshua Lyons November 10, 2012

Introduction Final Presentation

Introduction

Our goals:

Provide the South African government with a set of innovative, effective, and feasible recommendations for reforming and developing the mining industry

Understand the demands of competing stakeholders, including:

– Government

– Private sector

– Mine employees

– Non-governmental organizations

Client goals:

Appropriately respond to recent crisis in the mining sector

Implement reforms designed to promote long-term business growth

Strive to improve the health, freedom, and economic security of South Africa’s citizens

Introduction R & D Business Policy

Human Rights

Health Education

Timeline & Budget Conclusion Appendix

Executive Summary Final Presentation

Key Problem Areas

Inadequate protection of human rights

High rates of Disease

Insufficient economic incentives

Weak support for education and research


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Executive Summary Final Presentation

Key Recommendations: REBIRTH

Revitalizing Education & Business, Improving Rights, Targeting Health

1. Research & Development – Bernice Qi

2. Business Policies – Joshua Lyons

3. Human Rights – Cynthia Chan

4. Health Education – Sisi Wang & Tammie Kwong


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Revitalizing Education Business Improving

Rights Targeting

Health

Research & Development Final Presentation

Current Challenges

Low productivity due to:

Lack of innovative techniques for efficient mining

Lack of skilled workers and researchers

Health and safety hazards

Competition with other countries


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Research and Development Final Presentation

Benefits from Improved Research Capacity

Increased productivity

Better technology: discovery of new mines

More skilled practitioners

Expansion of manufacturing sector

Improved strategies to ensure safety and health for mine workers


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Proposed Solution

Increase funding for research and

education in mining

Expand education programs

Undergraduate Postgraduate: research grants

Attract more researchers

Increase research funds and contracts


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Beneficiaries

Research institutions and programs

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Natural Resource and Environment

– CoalTech, PlatMine

Mine Health and Safety Council

The Mining Industry Growth Development and Employment Task Team (MIGDETT)

Educational institutes

University of the Witwatersrand

University of Pretoria


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Rights Targeting

Health

Business Policy Final Presentation

Key Areas

Wage growth

Employment growth

Investment growth


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Wage Growth

Policy recommendation:

For each $1 year-on-year increase in average miner wage above the increase in South Africa’s CPI, offer a $0.18 tax credit against mineral royalties per worker employed (restricted to citizens of South Africa)

Effects:

Stimulate wage growth beyond rate of inflation

Flexible and non-disruptive policy to improve wages (alternative to minimum wage)


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Employment Growth

Policy recommendations:

Offer an employee retention credit: $500 for miners each year that have been retained as employees for at least one year (restricted to citizens of South Africa)

Develop the rare earth mineral sector:

– Offer a 5-year waver of royalties on rare earth mineral investment projects that commit to minimum cleanup and human rights standards

– Offer a new hire credit: $500 for new miners hired and retained for at least 3 months

– Offer an employee retention credit: $500 for miners each year that have been retained as employees for at least one year


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Employment Growth

1 Calculated based on a similar hiring credit employed in the U.S. (approximately same value/per capita GDP, yielded 2% employment growth) 2 Extrapolating from the Steenkampskraal project, estimated to create 100 jobs, to additional possible investment projects, and job growth due to processing/export business 3 Based on the turnover rate at AngloGold Ashanti in 2011 4,5 Calculated by multiplying credit value by projected job creation

Effects:

Induce new miner hiring within existing industries (estimated 10,000)1

Create approximately 1,000 to 2,000 new jobs in the rare earth mineral sector2

Promote fair treatment and continued employment of miners by incentivizing longer-term work arrangements (at least one year)


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Investment Growth

Policy recommendations:

Adjust royalty policy to bias towards extraction of locally-refined minerals

– Refined mineral rate: 0.5 + [EBIT / (gross sales of mineral resource x 12.5)] x 100

– Unrefined mineral rate: 0.5 + [EBIT / (gross sales of mineral resource x 9)] x 100

– We suggest changing the divisor multiples from 12.5 and 9 to 13.5 and 7

Adjust royalty collection formula to use EBT as a measure of profitability instead of EBIT

– EBIT artificially raises the measure of profitability and raises the royalty rate for those companies which invest in new production (by ignoring interest payments)


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Investment Growth

Effects:

Increase prevalence of mineral extraction that favors creation of refinement and processing jobs

Improve fairness of royalty collection by eliminating the investment penalty

Encourage investment by including interest payments in profitability calculation

1 South African mineral industry, analyst research 2 Based on proxy measurement for firms in the mining sector, calculated by finding average interest expense, determining impact on average royalty rate


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Rights Targeting

Health

Human Rights Policy Final Presentation

Right to Life and Compensation - Current Challenges Introduction R & D Business

Policy Human Rights

Health Education


1. Right to Life Unsafe working

conditions lower health and productivity, increase in death and injury rate (e.g., 277 mining deaths 2008-2009)

2. Right to Compensation The two main existing

statutes complicate the application process unrreliable

(these challenges frustrated workers violence and strikes)


1. Right to Life

Background Existing Millionaire's Award awards one million fatality-free shifts Exchange rate: 1 USD = 8.7 South African Rand

Goal Increase incentive for longer term workplace safety

Method: Millionaire’s Club (MC) Increasing rewards for consecutive achievements Publicize the members list Award immediate towns $50k for public projects Use saved funds for new team, development, and publicity


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2. Right to Compensation

Background

ODMWA under DOH; COIDA under DOL

Goals

Maximize efficiency and funds

Minimize waste, overhead, overlap

Method: Consolidate

Equalize compensation ranges

Increase employer contribution for funding


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Rights Targeting

Health

Health Education Final Presentation

Current Challenges

HIV

• Rates of HIV infection among miners range from 22 to 30%

• Low status of women

• Low levels of condom use

• Low levels of male circumcision

• Multiple sexual relationships

• High mobility and worker migration

• People living with HIV are 20-30 times more likely to develop TB

TB

• Crowded living conditions

• Exposure to silica dust

• Put families at risk

• Lack of access to basic health and social services

• Lack of surveillance and post-employment follow-up


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Peer Education Program

Who?

• Motivated sex workers and miners

How many?

• A ratio of 1:20

What approaches?

• ICE Approach: Information, Counselling and Education

What are the impacts?

• Reduce mortality, morbidity and health costs

• Set example for future HIV/TB programs

• Generate research hypothesis and values


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3 Pillar Strategy

Peer Information Peer Education Peer Counselling

Target Population Disease-free High-risk Diseased

Objectives Awareness, information, and attitude to change

Self-esteem, behavior-change communication, and prevention skills

Coping skills, psycho-social support, problem-solving, and referral to clinicians for treatment

Confidentiality None Important Essential

Example of activities Material distribution (i.e. Condom)

Repeated structured workshops

Clinic-based counselling


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Group Assignment Introduction R & D Business

Policy Human Rights

Health Education


Budget Final Presentation

Budget Introduction R & D Business

Policy Human Rights

Health Education


2012-2014 2014-2016 2016-2018 2018-2020 2020-2022

Research and Development Research

$1.4 billion

$1.4 billion

$1,4 billion

$1.4 billion

$1.4 billion

Business Policy Employment Policy Investment Policy

$230 million $40 million





Human Rights Millionaire’s Club Mining Project Fund

-

-

-

-

-

Health Education Training & Supplies Screening Incentives & other

$140 million $350 million $3 million





Total Costs: $2.163 billion $2.068 billion

$2.038 billion

$1.9678 billion

$1.953 billion $10.19 Billion

Limitations Final Presentation

Limitations

Lack of cross-border referral system for foreign mine workers

Financial and time constraints:

Limited capability to address treatment-related issues

Impact of expanded education system not immediately observable


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Conclusion Final Presentation

Conclusion Introduction R & D Business

Policy Human Rights

Health Education


Through Revitalizing Education and Business, Improving Rights, and Targeting Health,

REBIRTH will be able to promote safety, increase accountability, spread healthy practices, promote

economic growth and improve the general condition and caliber of mining.

Thank you! Final Presentation

Thank you! Introduction R & D Business

Policy Human Rights

Health Education


Questions?

Appendix: Table of Contents Final Presentation

Supporting data


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A: South African Mineral Resource B: Lifetime of Selected Minerals C. Fatality Data on South African Mines D: R & D Expenditures E: Number of Students in Mining F: Facts on Research and Development G: Safety in Mines (1-2) H: Main Contributors of Fatalities I: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘00 J: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘09 K: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘10 L: Mine Safety Achievements M: Compensation N: Demographics of Miners O: TB Financial Burden

P: HIV Financial Burden Q: Condom Use R: Timeline- Pillar 1 Peer Information S: Timeline- Pillar 2 Peer Education T: Timeline- Pillar 3 Peer Counseling U: Impact of HIV V: TB Education Curriculum W: HIV Education Curriculum X: TB-HIB Co-Infection Y: Recruitment Process Z: Incentives AA: Status of Women in South Africa BB: Male Circumcision CC: Silicosis DD: Projected Health Education Program Costs EE: Economic Data FF: Human Rights Policy Timeline GG: References (1-3)

Appendix A: South African Mineral Resource Final Presentation

Supporting data

Major South African mineral resources and production as a percentage of global resources and production. The commodities are ranked by share of global known mineral resource (Chamber of Mines, 2009).


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Appendix B: Lifetime of Selected Minerals Final Presentation

Supporting data

The lifetime of selected South African mineral resources based on 2008 production figures and resource estimates (data from Chamber of Mines, 2009).


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Appendix C: Fatality Data Final Presentation

Supporting data

The recent fatality record on South African mines compared to the 2003 summit target rate. (Vogt el al., 2011)


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Appendix D: R & D Expenditures Final Presentation

Supporting data

Source: World Bank

Parameters South Africa Australia Canada Brazil

Population (million) 48.2 20.5 32.6 19.7 GDP (US$ billion) 255 780 1426 1366 GDP/capita (US$) 10401 31794 33375 10200 R&D spend (US$ billion) 4 11.4 28.1 14 Expenditure on R&D as % of GDP 0.9 1.8 2 1.1 Full-time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel per million inhabitants 377 4053 3922 696


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Appendix E: Number of Students in Mining Final Presentation

Supporting data

*50-60% can graduate with a degree and out of the graduates, 15% remain in the employ of mining companies as long-term career.

University of the Witwatersrand

University of Pretoria

Undergraduate 360* 210* Coursework Postgraduate

290 17

Research Postgraduate

38 6


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Appendix F: Facts on Research & Development Final Presentation

Supporting data

• Funding from Mine Health and Safety Council: $8 million in 1996 vs $2 million in 2010 • 500 mining engineers currently with an estimated shortage of 15% • Number of students need to be trained = 1.5 X number of engineers required • It requires 15 years to train a student from undergraduate level to reach substantive managerial capacity • Mining researchers: 800 in 1980s versus < 80 now


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Appendix G: Safety in Mines (1) Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix G: Safety in Mines (2) Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix H: Main Contributors of Fatalities Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix I: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘00 Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix J: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘09 Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix K: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘10 Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix L: Mine Safety Achievements Final Presentation

Supporting data

8 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Modikwa Platinum Mine 4 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Impala Platinum 1 Shaft and 7A Shaft 2 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Impala Platinum 12# Mine, Marula Platinum Mine, Karee Platinum Mine, Western Platinum Mine, Grootegeluk Colliery 12 Million FOG Fatality Free Shifts: Rowland Mine 1 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Cullinan Diamond Mine, Assmang Manganese Mine, Doornkop Gold Mine, Barberton Gold Mines, Tao Tona Gold Mine, Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine, Impale Platinum 7, 16, 17, 20 Shafts, Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine, Bokoni Platinum Mine 12 Thousand Fatality Free Shifts: Tselentis Colliery, Forzando Colliery North 9 Thousand Fatality Free Shifts: Graspan Colliery 8 Thousand Fatality Free Shifts: Sedibeng Diamonds


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Appendix M: Compensation Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix N: Demographics of Miners Final Presentation

Supporting data Introduction R & D Business

Policy Human Rights

Health Education


To date, most mine workers are in between the ages of 15-48

To date, the average age of sex workers is 25-30 years old

Appendix O: TB Financial Burden Final Presentation

Supporting data

Annual Financial Burden of TB

-Annual cost of the TB epidemic in the South African mining sector $886 million -Annual cost of implementing best- practice interventions $570 million -Annual savings as a result of implementing best-practice interventions $316 million

-Annual productivity increase from implementing interventions $467 million Total annual benefit: $783million


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Appendix P: HIV Financial Burden Final Presentation

Supporting data

Financial Burden (2010 USD)

Total cost (millions) $282

Total annual cost (millions) $14

Mean annual cost per $11,792 HIV-positive employee

Impact of HIV/AIDS on Mining - 20% of coal miners and 30% of gold miners are HIV+ (these prevalence rates are 16% higher than base

population)

- Total productivity loss of 20% - Attacks 25-45 year olds who subsidize benefits of retirees

- Savings used to treat illness, reducing retirement of benefits


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Appendix Q: Condom use Final Presentation

Supporting data

Condom use and relationship characteristics with most recent partner in past 12 months (in 2001) and individual characteristics (in 1999) by sex, Black South African Transitions sample

Condom Use in 2001 Overall Male Female P-value

% Did not use condom at last sex 40.6% 33.6% 47.1% 0.002

Condom Use Consistency

% Always 42.5% 55.1% 30.9%

% Intermittent 34.9% 26.0% 43.2% <0.001

% Never 22.5% 18.9% 25.9% <0.001

% Somewhat/ Not confident in Knowledge of Condom Use

54.7% 36.9% 71.1% <0.001

% Believe Using condoms Means Not Trusting Partner

32.7% 32.2% 33.2% <0.803


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Appendix R: Timeline - Pillar 1 Peer Information Final Presentation

Supporting data

Priority Reform Area

Goals (Year 1-10)

Monitorable Outcomes

Provide awareness, information, and attitude to change

Risk reduction, including condom distribution Identify current high risk populations Develop peer health support groups for both sex workers and miners Train health workers Incorporate annual screening into workplace Reduce stigma and discrimination of people living with and affeced by HIV and key populations

Increased condom-use Formation of disease-free, but at risk clusters Increase detection rate Heightened acceptance of peer health education programs


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Appendix S: Timeline - Pillar 2 Peer Education Final Presentation

Supporting data


Goals (Year 2-8)


Provide information on self- esteem, behavior-change communication and prevention skills

Establish supportive environments and promote sense of community within mining communities and sex workers respectively Further reducing vulnerability and expanding choices regarding health Create and maintain a new pool of health educators to ensure sustainability of peer health education program

Greater sense of wellness and connection within community Continued increase in condom use, along with greater awareness to health options Increased participation of local miners and sex workers


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Appendix T: Timeline - Pillar 3 Peer Counseling Final Presentation

Supporting data Introduction Human

Rights Health

Education Business

Policy R & D Timeline & Budget Conclusion Appendix


Goals (Year 1-10)


Provide coping skills, psycho-social support, problem-solving and referral to clinicians for treatment

Identify diseased individuals and reduce personal stigma on illness Alleviate anxiety and stress associated with Educate early stages of TB and HIV cases with treatment options Refer all TB and HIV cases to NGO's for treatment

Higher rates of treatment of HIV and awareness of health options Lower rates of MDR-TB with effective primary intervention

Appendix U: Impact of HIV Final Presentation

Supporting data Introduction Human

Rights Health

Education Business

Policy R & D Timeline & Budget Conclusion Appendix

Appendix V: TB Education Curriculum Final Presentation

Supporting data

Part 1 - Identifying what TB, symptoms, and treatment plans - Transmission of TB - Prevention of TB Transmission - STIs and TB, specifically relationship between HIV+ and TB - How to assess personal risk and formulate behavior change plans; Part 2 - TB testing facilities and processes - The rights of infected and affected employees (including rights to confidentiality) - How to treat a co-worker with TB - Treatment, care and support for infected employees - Infection control in the workplace Part 3 - TB, as part of broad-based wellness programs - The workplace TB policy and current programs - Non-discrimination and equality (in terms of benefits etc) - Referral sources and services


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Appendix W: HIV Education Curriculum Final Presentation

Supporting data

Part 1 - Transmission of HIV - Prevention of HIV Transmission - STIs and TB - How to assess personal risk and formulate behavior change plans; - Safer sex and condom use Part 2 - HIV testing facilities and processes - The rights of infected and affected employees (including rights to confidentiality) - How to treat a co-worker with HIV/AIDS - Treatment, care and support for infected employees - Infection control in the workplace Part 3 - HIV/AIDS, as part of broad-based wellness programes - The workplace HIV/AIDS policy and current programes - Non-discrimination and equality (in terms of benefits etc) - Referral sources and services


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Appendix X: TB- HIV Co-Infection Final Presentation

Supporting data

Most cases of TB in HIV-Positive patients are not caused by drug-resistant strain of TB (this means that early detection and prompt treatment with 'first line' antibiotics)


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Appendix Y: Recruitment Process Final Presentation

Supporting data

• Identify selection criteria

o Educational background, experience, commitment, communication skill, willingness to learn, leadership qualities

• Pre-selection workshop

o Provide general information about programme, information on training process, roles and responsibilities, and time commitment required

• Written contracts

o With statement on minimum time commitment, roles and responsibilities

o Sign by staff of NGOs, peer educators, and workplace manager

• Establish feedback mechanism

• Determine incentives


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Appendix Z: Incentives Final Presentation

Supporting data

Professional incentives: locally-agreed accreditation system, with opportunities for increasing involvement and responsibility offered

-e.g. peer educators can develop to become peer trainers

Social incentives: friendship and team building -e.g. provision of social and recreational opportunities; linkages

established with other similar organizations for experience exchange (and travel) opportunities.


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Appendix AA: The Status of Women in South Africa Final Presentation

Supporting data

Predicted Probability of not using a condom at last sex by gender confidence in condom use knowledge


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Appendix BB: Male Circumcision Final Presentation

Supporting data

http://www.malecircumcision.org/programs/documents/South_Africa11209.pdf

44.7% of adult males are circumcised, with significant regional variation

Scaling up male circumcision to reach 80% can:

Avert more than 1.2 million adult HIV infections 16 years

Yield total net savings of $6.5 billion in 16 years


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Appendix CC: Silicosis Final Presentation

Supporting data

The prevalence ranges from 31% in Botswana, 24 to 36% in the Transkei, and 24% in laid-off, older, longer-service Basotho men.


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Appendix DD: Projected Program Costs Final Presentation

Supporting data

2012-2014 2014-2016 2016-2018 2018-2020 2020-2022

Training Costs $60 million $40 million $20 million $20 million $20 million

Materials Safe Sex Supplies

$80 million $80 million $70 million $70 million $60 million

Incentives* $1 million $1 million $1 million $1 million $1 million

Screening HIV TB






Misc $2 million $2 million $2 million $2 million $2 million

Total Costs: $493 million $398 million $368 million $318 million $283 million $1.86 Billion


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Appendix EE: Economic Data Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix EE: Economic Data Final Presentation

Supporting data


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Appendix FF: Human Rights Policy Final Presentation

Timeline

Sho

rt te

rm: Y

1-2 Action Plan

• Amend MA policy, publicize MC [$275k]

Indicators • # of mines and

mining towns expressing interest (90%)

Med

ium

term

: Y3-

5 Indicators • 25 (1), 10 (1+)

Long

term

: Y6-

10

Indicators • 30 (1), 15 (1+)


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Appendix GG– References Final Presentation

References

South African National AIDS Council. (April 2011). South Africa: HIV Epidemic, Response and Policy Synthesis http://www.hst.org.za/sites/default/files/South%20Africa%20national%20synthesis%20report%20rev1%20with%20covers.pdf Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (June 2012) A people-centered investment tool towards ending AIDS. Geneva Switzerland. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2012/JC2359_investing-for-results_en.pdf Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2012). Meeting the Investments Challenge- Tipping the Dependency Balance. Geneva Switzerland http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/20120718_investmentchallengesupplement_en.pdf 18Twenty8. (June 2009). The Status of Women in South Africa. http://www.18twenty8.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=71 Burgard, S. & Kusunoki Y. (July 2009). Gender and Condom Use among Black South African Young People http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr09-683.pdf International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2009) Standards for HIV peer education programmes. Geneva Switzerland http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/hiv_peer_education-en.pdf International Finance Corporation- World Bank Group (2004). HIV/AIDS Guide for the Mining Sector- A resource for developing stakeholder competency and compliance in mining communities in Southern Africa http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/03/000090341_20050203151830/Rendered/PDF/313740hiv0aids0mining0toolkit.pdf Courtwright, A. (2010). Tuberculosis and Stigmatization: Pathways and Interventions. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882973/ USAID (September 2009). The Potential Cost and Impact of Expanding Male Circumcision in South Africa. http://www.malecircumcision.org/programs/documents/South_Africa11209.pdf The World Bank. (June 2010) AIDS & Mining. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/0,,contentMDK:20220933~menuPK:509392~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336930~isCURL:Y,00.html Myer-Rath, G., J. Pienaar, B. Brink, and A. van Zyi. (July 2012) Company-level ART provision to employees is cost saving: a modelled cost-benefit analysis of the impact of HIV and antiretroviral treatment in a mining workforce in South Africa. United Kingdom http://pag.aids2012.org/abstracts.aspx?aid=16160


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Appendix GG– References (Page 2) Final Presentation

Stop TB Partnership. A Challenge to a Key Southern African Economic Sector. http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/TBMining2.pdf Stop TB Partnership. (2009) South Africa Country Profile http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/about/cb/meetings/17/2.09-12%20South%20Africa/2.09-12.2%20South%20Africa%20WHO%20Country%20Profile%202009.pdf Vogt, D., Durrheim, R., McGill, J. (2011) State Intervention in the Mining Industry. CSIR. Kaplan, D. (2011) South African mining equipment and related services: Growth, constraints and policy. University of Cape Town. Stacey, T.R., Hadjigeorgiou, J., Potvin, Y. (2009) Technical skills—a major strategic issue. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. The World Bank http://data.worldbank.org The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) website http://www.csir.co.za Chamber of Mines of South Africa http://www.bullion.org.za/content/?pagename=About&pid=122 Mine Health and Safety Council website http://www.mhsc.org.za South African Regional Poverty Network. (2011) Coventry Poverty Papers http://www.sarpn.org/CountryPovertyPapers/SouthAfrica/taylor/report11.pdf Millionaire’s Award: http://www.dmr.gov.za/mine-health-a-safety/mhsc-award-scheme.html COIDA and ODMWA: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1995466, http://www.anglogold.com/subwebs/informationforinvestors/reporttosociety06/worker-compensation.htm MHSC Summit OHS Action Plan. ( 2011) Mine Health & Safety Council “Zero Harm Through Action” http://option1.mhsc.co.za/images/stories/pledges/OHS-Action-Plan1.pdf Authorities: Mine Health and Safety Act created the Mine Health and Safety Council and the Mine Health and Safety Inspectorate


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Documents

Team 13 presentation