“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”FAR’sFAR’s Federal Aviation Regulations “fun stuff” Federal Aviation Regulations

“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

FAR’sFAR’sFAR’sFAR’sFederal Aviation Regulations

“fun stuff”

Federal Aviation Regulations

“fun stuff”

Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame



FAA/FARsFAA/FARsFAA/FARsFAA/FARs

Federal Aviation AdministrationFederal Aviation Regulations

Rules that apply to aviation, flight operations, construction of aircraft, training, and pilot certificates.

FARs are rules contained in the CFR – Code of Federal Regulations.

Federal Aviation AdministrationFederal Aviation Regulations

Rules that apply to aviation, flight operations, construction of aircraft, training, and pilot certificates.

FARs are rules contained in the CFR – Code of Federal Regulations.


DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopment FAR’s are enforceable regulatory laws of the United States

The FAA along with the DOT is allowed to issue and revise FAR’s

Before FAR’s become law they are published in the Notices to Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) for a period of time.

FAR texts are available directly from the FAA, via the FSDO or Internet

FAR’s contain many sections, however the parts most relevant to you as private pilots are 61, 91, and NTSB 830.

FAR’s are enforceable regulatory laws of the United States

The FAA along with the DOT is allowed to issue and revise FAR’s

Before FAR’s become law they are published in the Notices to Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) for a period of time.

FAR texts are available directly from the FAA, via the FSDO or Internet

FAR’s contain many sections, however the parts most relevant to you as private pilots are 61, 91, and NTSB 830.


FARsFARsFARsFARs

These two sections are:

FAR Part 61 (how we get our license)

FAR Part 91 (how we lose our license)

These two sections are:

FAR Part 61 (how we get our license)

FAR Part 91 (how we lose our license)


FAR Part 61FAR Part 61FAR Part 61FAR Part 61

Governs the certification for pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors

Includes: Change of Name and Address Regulations Medical Certificates Additional Training Logbooks Flight Reviews Flight Experience and PIC Night Operations

Governs the certification for pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors

Includes: Change of Name and Address Regulations Medical Certificates Additional Training Logbooks Flight Reviews Flight Experience and PIC Night Operations


DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions Category

Broad classification of aircraft Airplane Rotorcraft Glider

Class Classification of aircraft within a category with similar operating characteristics

Single-Engine Multi-Engine

Type Required for:

Large Aircraft Turbojet powered airplanes Other aircraft specified by the Administrator (Marion Blakey)

Aircraft Specific i.e. B757

Category Broad classification of aircraft

Airplane Rotorcraft Glider

Class Classification of aircraft within a category with similar operating characteristics

Single-Engine Multi-Engine

Type Required for:

Large Aircraft Turbojet powered airplanes Other aircraft specified by the Administrator (Marion Blakey)

Aircraft Specific i.e. B757


Private Pilot RequirementsPrivate Pilot RequirementsPrivate Pilot RequirementsPrivate Pilot Requirements

FAR §61.102 – 61.117Covers applicability, eligibility, aeronautical

knowledge, flight proficiency, aeronautical experience, etc…

Airplane Single Engine:40 Hours Total20 with a CFI10 Solo Hours

FAR §61.102 – 61.117Covers applicability, eligibility, aeronautical

knowledge, flight proficiency, aeronautical experience, etc…

Airplane Single Engine:40 Hours Total20 with a CFI10 Solo Hours


Change of Name or AddressChange of Name or AddressChange of Name or AddressChange of Name or Address

FAR 61.25 – Change of Name Send an application for name change accompanied by:

Current airman certificate Copy of marriage license, court order or other document

verifying name change

FAR 61.60 – Change of Address Pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor may not

exercise certificate privileges unless the FAA is notified in writing within 30 days of address change.

FAR 61.25 – Change of Name Send an application for name change accompanied by:

Current airman certificate Copy of marriage license, court order or other document

verifying name change

FAR 61.60 – Change of Address Pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor may not

exercise certificate privileges unless the FAA is notified in writing within 30 days of address change.


Change of Address FormChange of Address FormChange of Address FormChange of Address Form


FAR 61.23 - Medical CertificatesFAR 61.23 - Medical CertificatesFAR 61.23 - Medical CertificatesFAR 61.23 - Medical Certificates

First Class Required for Airline Transport Pilot privileges Valid for 6 calendar months for pilots 40 and over Valid for 12 calendar months for pilots under 40 After expiring becomes Second class

Second Class Required for Commercial Pilot Privileges Valid for 12 calendar months After 12 calendar months becomes Third class

Third Class Required for Student (Solo), Recreational, and Private Pilot

privileges Valid for 24 calendar months for pilots 40 and over Valid for 60 calendar months for pilots under 40

First Class Required for Airline Transport Pilot privileges Valid for 6 calendar months for pilots 40 and over Valid for 12 calendar months for pilots under 40 After expiring becomes Second class

Second Class Required for Commercial Pilot Privileges Valid for 12 calendar months After 12 calendar months becomes Third class

Third Class Required for Student (Solo), Recreational, and Private Pilot

privileges Valid for 24 calendar months for pilots 40 and over Valid for 60 calendar months for pilots under 40


FAR 61.31 - Additional TrainingFAR 61.31 - Additional TrainingFAR 61.31 - Additional TrainingFAR 61.31 - Additional Training

Operation of Complex airplanes (retractable gear, flaps, and constant speed propeller) Received and logged ground and flight training from an

authorized CFI Received a one time endorsement from CFI certifying

proficiencyOperation of high performance airplanes (one

engine of more than 200 horse power) Received and logged ground instruction and flight

training from an authorized CFI Received a one time endorsement from CFI certifying

proficiency

Operation of Complex airplanes (retractable gear, flaps, and constant speed propeller) Received and logged ground and flight training from an


proficiencyOperation of high performance airplanes (one

engine of more than 200 horse power) Received and logged ground instruction and flight

training from an authorized CFI Received a one time endorsement from CFI certifying

proficiency


FAR 61.31 - Additional Training FAR 61.31 - Additional Training (cont.)(cont.)

FAR 61.31 - Additional Training FAR 61.31 - Additional Training (cont.)(cont.)

Operation of tailwheel airplanes Received and logged flight training from an authorized

CFI Received a one time endorsement from CFI certifying

proficiencyOperation of pressurized aircraft (high-altitude

endorsement - above 25,000 MSL) Received and logged ground and flight training from an


proficiency

Operation of tailwheel airplanes Received and logged flight training from an authorized

CFI Received a one time endorsement from CFI certifying

proficiencyOperation of pressurized aircraft (high-altitude

endorsement - above 25,000 MSL) Received and logged ground and flight training from an


proficiency


FAR 61.51 – Pilot LogbooksFAR 61.51 – Pilot LogbooksFAR 61.51 – Pilot LogbooksFAR 61.51 – Pilot Logbooks

Purpose of logbook is to demonstrate currency and qualification for additional certificates/ratings

Presentation of documents for inspection Logbook, pilot certificate, medical certificate, or other Reasonable request from Administrator, authorized

NTSB agent, federal, state, or local law enforcement officer

Purpose of logbook is to demonstrate currency and qualification for additional certificates/ratings

Presentation of documents for inspection Logbook, pilot certificate, medical certificate, or other Reasonable request from Administrator, authorized

NTSB agent, federal, state, or local law enforcement officer


FAR 61.56 – Flight ReviewsFAR 61.56 – Flight ReviewsFAR 61.56 – Flight ReviewsFAR 61.56 – Flight Reviews

No person may act as pilot in command unless They have accomplished a flight review in the

preceding 24 calendar months They have a logbook endorsement from the authorized

flight instructor who gave the review, certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review

Flight Review Syllabus Minimum of one hour of flight instruction on

maneuvers that the CFI feels are appropriate for the certificate privileges being exercised.

Minimum of one hour of ground instruction on Part 91 of the FARs

No person may act as pilot in command unless They have accomplished a flight review in the

preceding 24 calendar months They have a logbook endorsement from the authorized

flight instructor who gave the review, certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review

Flight Review Syllabus Minimum of one hour of flight instruction on

maneuvers that the CFI feels are appropriate for the certificate privileges being exercised.

Minimum of one hour of ground instruction on Part 91 of the FARs


FAR 61.57 – Recent Flight FAR 61.57 – Recent Flight Experience as Pilot In CommandExperience as Pilot In Command

FAR 61.57 – Recent Flight FAR 61.57 – Recent Flight Experience as Pilot In CommandExperience as Pilot In CommandGeneral Experience for Carrying Passengers

Three takeoffs and landings within the preceding 90 days in the same category and class

Accomplished a flight review in preceding 24 calendar months – see FAR 61.56

Night Experience for Carrying Passengers Three takeoffs and landing to a full stop within the

preceding 90 days in the same category and class Accomplished a flight review in the preceding 24

calendar months – see FAR 61.56Tail Wheel Aircraft – must be to a full stop day

and night!

General Experience for Carrying Passengers Three takeoffs and landings within the preceding 90

days in the same category and class Accomplished a flight review in preceding 24 calendar

months – see FAR 61.56Night Experience for Carrying Passengers

Three takeoffs and landing to a full stop within the preceding 90 days in the same category and class

Accomplished a flight review in the preceding 24 calendar months – see FAR 61.56

Tail Wheel Aircraft – must be to a full stop day and night!


Night OpsNight OpsNight OpsNight OpsFAR 61.51 – Logging of Night Time

•One hour after civil sunset

•One hour before civil sunrise

FAR 91.209 – Aircraft light

•Required for operation from sunset to sunrise

•Turn on position lights

•Turn on anti-collision light (strobes), if available

• (unless PIC determines it’s in interest of safety to turn off)


FAR Part 91FAR Part 91FAR Part 91FAR Part 91 Responsibility of PIC Dropping of Objects Alcohol and Drugs Preflight Action Use of Seatbelts Fuel Requirements MSA’s Required Documents Compliance with ATC Clearances ELT’s Oxygen Requirements Inspections

Responsibility of PIC Dropping of Objects Alcohol and Drugs Preflight Action Use of Seatbelts Fuel Requirements MSA’s Required Documents Compliance with ATC Clearances ELT’s Oxygen Requirements Inspections


FAR 91.3 PIC ResponsibilityFAR 91.3 PIC ResponsibilityFAR 91.3 PIC ResponsibilityFAR 91.3 PIC Responsibility

Directly responsible for, and the final authority as to the operation of the aircraft

In an emergency, PIC may deviate from any stated rule to meet that emergency

Directly responsible for, and the final authority as to the operation of the aircraft

In an emergency, PIC may deviate from any stated rule to meet that emergency


FAR 91.15 Dropping of ObjectsFAR 91.15 Dropping of ObjectsFAR 91.15 Dropping of ObjectsFAR 91.15 Dropping of Objects

No PIC may allow an object to dropped from an aircraft that creates a hazard to persons or property

An object may be dropped if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property

No PIC may allow an object to dropped from an aircraft that creates a hazard to persons or property

An object may be dropped if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property


FAR 91.17 – Alcohol and DrugsFAR 91.17 – Alcohol and DrugsFAR 91.17 – Alcohol and DrugsFAR 91.17 – Alcohol and Drugs

No person may act as crew Within 8 hours of drinking alcoholic

beverages While under the influence of alcohol

or drugs While having 0.04% (by weight)

alcohol level in blood Only in an emergency is the PIC

allowed to carry a person under the influence of drugs and alcohol

Crew members must submit to drug/alcohol testing if requested to do so by law enforcement officer

No person may act as crew Within 8 hours of drinking alcoholic

beverages While under the influence of alcohol

or drugs While having 0.04% (by weight)

alcohol level in blood Only in an emergency is the PIC

allowed to carry a person under the influence of drugs and alcohol

Crew members must submit to drug/alcohol testing if requested to do so by law enforcement officer


FAR 91.103 Preflight ActionFAR 91.103 Preflight ActionFAR 91.103 Preflight ActionFAR 91.103 Preflight Action

Each PIC shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information about the flight including: Weather reports Fuel requirements Alternates Traffic delays Runway lengths at airports

of intended use Takeoff and landing

information in POH

Each PIC shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information about the flight including: Weather reports Fuel requirements Alternates Traffic delays Runway lengths at airports

of intended use Takeoff and landing

information in POH


FAR 91.107 Use of Seat Belts, Shoulder FAR 91.107 Use of Seat Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint SystemsHarnesses, and Child Restraint SystemsFAR 91.107 Use of Seat Belts, Shoulder FAR 91.107 Use of Seat Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint SystemsHarnesses, and Child Restraint Systems

No PIC may take off unless he/she ensures that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person’s safety belt and, if installed, their shoulder harness

No PIC may move on the surface, take off, or land unless PIC ensures that each person on board has been notified to fasten that person’s safety belt and, if installed, their shoulder harness

No PIC may take off unless he/she ensures that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person’s safety belt and, if installed, their shoulder harness

No PIC may move on the surface, take off, or land unless PIC ensures that each person on board has been notified to fasten that person’s safety belt and, if installed, their shoulder harness


Fuel RequirementsFuel RequirementsFuel RequirementsFuel Requirements

VFR Requirements Part 91.151DAY TIME - Must have enough fuel on board

to fly to original intended point of landing and 30 minutes beyond that point

NIGHT TIME – 45 mins

IFR Requirements Part 91.167Fly to airport of intended landing, then fly to

the alternate filed at normal cruise, then 45 minutes thereafter.

VFR Requirements Part 91.151DAY TIME - Must have enough fuel on board

to fly to original intended point of landing and 30 minutes beyond that point

NIGHT TIME – 45 mins

IFR Requirements Part 91.167Fly to airport of intended landing, then fly to

the alternate filed at normal cruise, then 45 minutes thereafter.


FAR 91.113 – Right of Way RulesFAR 91.113 – Right of Way RulesFAR 91.113 – Right of Way RulesFAR 91.113 – Right of Way Rules

An aircraft in distress has right of way over all other aircraft

An aircraft being over taken has the right of way and must be passed on the right

When two aircraft of the same category are converging, but not head-on, the aircraft to the left shall give way

When two aircraft of the same category are converging on a head-on collision course, both aircraft shall give way to the right

The least maneuverable aircraft normally has the right of way: balloon over glider over aircraft refueling in flight over airship over

airplane over rotorcraft

When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for landing, the right of way belongs to the aircraft at the lower altitude

An aircraft in distress has right of way over all other aircraft

An aircraft being over taken has the right of way and must be passed on the right

When two aircraft of the same category are converging, but not head-on, the aircraft to the left shall give way

When two aircraft of the same category are converging on a head-on collision course, both aircraft shall give way to the right

The least maneuverable aircraft normally has the right of way: balloon over glider over aircraft refueling in flight over airship over

airplane over rotorcraft

When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for landing, the right of way belongs to the aircraft at the lower altitude




FAR 91.119 Minimum Safe AltitudesFAR 91.119 Minimum Safe AltitudesFAR 91.119 Minimum Safe AltitudesFAR 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes

The minimum safe altitude anywhere must allow an emergency landing, following an engine failure, without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

Congested area – 1,000 ft. in a 2,000 ft. radius

Uncongested area- 500 ft.

Over sparsely populated areas or open water – 500 ft. of any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.

The minimum safe altitude anywhere must allow an emergency landing, following an engine failure, without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

Congested area – 1,000 ft. in a 2,000 ft. radius

Uncongested area- 500 ft.

Over sparsely populated areas or open water – 500 ft. of any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.


FAR 91.123 Compliance with FAR 91.123 Compliance with ATC ClearancesATC Clearances

FAR 91.123 Compliance with FAR 91.123 Compliance with ATC ClearancesATC Clearances

When an ATC clearance has been obtained, no PIC may deviate from that clearance unless: An amended clearance is obtained An emergency exists Deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collision

avoidance system resolution advisoryWhen PIC is uncertain of an ATC clearance, PIC

should request clarificationATC clearances are not authorization to deviate

from the rules

When an ATC clearance has been obtained, no PIC may deviate from that clearance unless: An amended clearance is obtained An emergency exists Deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collision

avoidance system resolution advisoryWhen PIC is uncertain of an ATC clearance, PIC

should request clarificationATC clearances are not authorization to deviate

from the rules


Required Airman DocumentsRequired Airman DocumentsRequired Airman DocumentsRequired Airman Documents

Pilot CertificateMedical CertificateGovernment issued ID

Pilot CertificateMedical CertificateGovernment issued ID


Required Aircraft DocumentsRequired Aircraft DocumentsRequired Aircraft DocumentsRequired Aircraft Documents

Use the Mnemonic A-R-O-W Airworthiness

certificate Registration certificate Operating handbook

(POH) Weight and Balance

data

Use the Mnemonic A-R-O-W Airworthiness

certificate Registration certificate Operating handbook

(POH) Weight and Balance

data


FAR’sFAR’sFAR’sFederal Aviation Regulations

“fun stuff”

Federal Aviation Regulations

“fun stuff”




Required Aircraft InstrumentsRequired Aircraft InstrumentsRequired Aircraft InstrumentsRequired Aircraft Instruments

DAY VFR TOMATO FLAMES

Tachometer Oil Pressure Manifold Pressure Altitude Indicator Temperature Gauges (liquid-

cooled engines) Oil Temperature (air-cooled

engines) Fuel Gauges Landing light position indicator (if

applicable) Airspeed Indicator Magnetic Compass ELT Seat Belts

DAY VFR TOMATO FLAMES

Tachometer Oil Pressure Manifold Pressure Altitude Indicator Temperature Gauges (liquid-

cooled engines) Oil Temperature (air-cooled

engines) Fuel Gauges Landing light position indicator (if

applicable) Airspeed Indicator Magnetic Compass ELT Seat Belts

NIGHT VFR Day VFR + FLAPS

Fuses Landing Lights (for hire) Anti-collision lights Position lights Source of Power

NIGHT VFR Day VFR + FLAPS

Fuses Landing Lights (for hire) Anti-collision lights Position lights Source of Power


FAR 91.207 - ELTsFAR 91.207 - ELTsFAR 91.207 - ELTsFAR 91.207 - ELTs

Emergency Locator TransmitterOperates on 121.5 Mhz (or 406 Mhz)ELT batteries must be:

Inspected every 12 calendar months Replaced after one hour of continuous use or after 50%

of useful life has expired as determined by manufacturer

Aircraft cannot be flown without a functioning ELT, except: When being ferried to another airport for ELT

installations, replacement, or repair Only aircrews may fly on the ferry flight, no passengers

Emergency Locator TransmitterOperates on 121.5 Mhz (or 406 Mhz)ELT batteries must be:

Inspected every 12 calendar months Replaced after one hour of continuous use or after 50%

of useful life has expired as determined by manufacturer

Aircraft cannot be flown without a functioning ELT, except: When being ferried to another airport for ELT

installations, replacement, or repair Only aircrews may fly on the ferry flight, no passengers


FAR 91.211 – Use of OxygenFAR 91.211 – Use of OxygenFAR 91.211 – Use of OxygenFAR 91.211 – Use of Oxygen

Flight crews must use oxygen12,500 ft MSL up to and including 14,000 ft

MSL for more than 30 minsAbove 14,000 ft MSL at all times

Passengers must be provided oxygenAbove 15,000 ft MSL

Altitudes shown above are cabin pressure altitudes

Flight crews must use oxygen12,500 ft MSL up to and including 14,000 ft

MSL for more than 30 minsAbove 14,000 ft MSL at all times

Passengers must be provided oxygenAbove 15,000 ft MSL

Altitudes shown above are cabin pressure altitudes


Aircraft InspectionsAircraft InspectionsAircraft InspectionsAircraft Inspections

FAR 91.409 Airframe and Powerplant Inspections Every 12 calendar months (annual) Every 100 hrs for aircraft used for hire

FAR 91.411 Pitot-Static System Tests and Inspection Every 24 calendar months

FAR 91.413 Transponder Tests and Inspection Every 24 calendar months

FAR 91.409 Airframe and Powerplant Inspections Every 12 calendar months (annual) Every 100 hrs for aircraft used for hire

FAR 91.411 Pitot-Static System Tests and Inspection Every 24 calendar months

FAR 91.413 Transponder Tests and Inspection Every 24 calendar months


NTSB 830NTSB 830NTSB 830NTSB 830

Immediate notification to a National Safety Board field office in the event of the following: Aircraft accident Any of the following incidents

Flight control system or malfunction Inability of flight crew member to perform flight duties due to

injury or illness In-flight fire Mid-air collision Damage to other property (not aircraft) of more than $25,000

Immediate notification to a National Safety Board field office in the event of the following: Aircraft accident Any of the following incidents

Flight control system or malfunction Inability of flight crew member to perform flight duties due to

injury or illness In-flight fire Mid-air collision Damage to other property (not aircraft) of more than $25,000


BE GREAT AND CONCENTRATE!