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1Abstract-- Among the more recent technological acquisitions
of
CVG EDELCA stands out the Control Center System for the
Caruachi Hydroelectric Power Plant (SCCC), which has as amain
objective the supervision and control of the 12 GenerationUnits,
its Auxiliary Services and the Switchyard. To obtain suchimportant
objective, the SCCC is integrated with a set offunctions and
programs as: Data Acquisition and Control(SCADA), Handling of
Alarms, Power System Applications,Handling of Historical
Registries, among others; which in anautomatic way offer the
operator a suitable tool to execute the
operations of the Power Plant. In this paper the
state-of-the-art
of the Caruachi Control Center System is described, its
hardwareconfiguration, its functions and programs, its
databaseadministrator and other characteristics that allow to
remotelysupervise and control the hydraulic generation, the
maintenanceof historical registers of the Power Plant and the
Operatorstraining system.
Index TermsArchitecture, Control Levels, Control Stations,
Control Systems, Data Acquisition, Data Base, Distributed
Control, Hydroelectric Power Generation, Programs, SCADA
System.
I. INTRODUCTION
HIS Caruachi Control System has as a main objective to
offer the tools and facilities for the efficient supervision
and control of the Caruachi Hydroelectric Power Plant. In
order to achieve this important objective, the SCCC is
divided
two levels of control: the distributed control or local
control
and the centralized control.
The objective of this paper is to make a description of all
the equipment and programs that integrate the Central
Control
or Master Station and that determines its functionality. In
this
paper a brief description of the equipment of the
distributed
control, the architecture of the central control, the definition
of
all the servers and stations as well as their functions and
programs, and the description of the handling of the data
base;
is reviewed.
D. G. Jimnez is with the Department of Generation Control
Center, CVGEDELCA, Guayana City, 8050 VENEZUELA (e-mail:
[email protected]).
J. L. Loreto is with the Department of Generation Control
Center, CVGEDELCA, Guayana City, 8050 VENEZUELA (e-mail:
[email protected]).J. L. Lujn is with the Department of
Generation Control Center, CVG
EDELCA, Guayana City, 8050 VENEZUELA (e-mail:
[email protected]).
II. DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS
The distributed level or local control, is integrated by
twelve (12) unit control stations, six (6) transformer
control
stations, one (1) electrical auxiliaries station, one (1)
mechanical auxiliaries station and one (1) 400 KV switchyard
station (see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Distributed Control Systems
The equipment of the distributed control level is formed by
the controllers, the data concentrators, the field network
F8000
and the local Human - Machine Interface (IHM). The field
Description of the Control Center System of the
Caruachi Hydroelectric Power PlantD. G. Jimnez, J. L. Loreto,
and J. L. Lujn
T
CENTRAL CONTROL LEVEL
Site
Network
DISTRIBUTEDCONTROL LEVEL
Optical
. . .IHM
.
PROCESS
Data Acquisition
Ofimtica
Network
Field Network (Optical Fiber)
Control
Station
1-4244-0288-3/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE
2006 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and
Exposition Latin America, Venezuela
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controllers have the function of data acquisition from the
field
transducers or intelligent equipment. All the collected data
is
processed and sent to the data concentrators through the
field
network F8000, at speeds of 1 Mbit/s and under the standard
protocol WorldFip.
In the field controllers, it is made the process data
acquisition coming from the transducers and sensors, or
through the communication with intelligent equipment in
protocols such as Modbus, Profibus, DH+ and DH 485. All
thedigital data acquired by the field controllers, are time
tagged
with resolutions of the order of 1ms.
The data concentrators (PCX) have the function to take the
data coming from the field controllers and to concentrate
them
and send them to the process network S8000, so it will be
available in the Master Station or in the local IHM
interfaces.
The process network S8000 is an optical network of redundant
characteristics, in ring, belongs to the Hirschman family.
In addition, in the data concentrators are executed the
start-
up and shutdown sequential logics of the units of the
Caruachi
Power Plant, handling of miscellaneous equipment, functions
of close loop control of active and reactive power, control
of
the floodgates of the spill gates.The acquisition of data coming
from the Caruachi 400 KV
switchyard, is made through two data concentrators equipment
that have functions of "Gateway", which have a
communication link in protocol DNP3.0 with the Switchyard
Numerical Control System.
The local Human Machine Interface or Centralog C30
has the functions of supervision and control at local level.
For
that it is provided with graphical displays or operation
interfaces that represent in a mimic forms the controlled
process, as well as alarm lists, graphs of variables and all
the
elements to facilitate the local supervision of the process.
Additionally, in the IHM there are functions of historical
registries, with storage capacity up to periods of 1 month.
III. CENTRAL CONTROL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The centralized level or Master Station, it is constituted
by
a set of operation stations and servers, which communicate
through the process network S8000-E. At the same time, the
Master Station communicates through the process network
with all the data concentrators of the distributed control.
In figure 2 there is a scheme of the architecture of the
Caruachi Control System. The operating system of the servers
and workstations is Solar 8.0, except the engineering server
and the instructors console, which have Windows NT
operating system.
A. Data Processing Server CIS
This server of redundant characteristics, has all the
functions associated to the handling of the database in real
time, for which he makes the acquisition of the data of
the distributed control, as well as the sending of the
control
actions, this is possible because he is the responsible of
the
communication with the data concentrators of the distributed
control. It has in addition, the function to update all the
equipment of the master station that uses data of the
process
such as the historical ones, the stations of operation, the
communication servers with the SCCE, etc.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL
OPERATION STATIONS TRAINING SYSTEM
HISTORIAN
SERVERS
CONFIGURATION
SERVER
WEB
SERVER
ICCP
SERVERS
PROCESS NETWORK
DATA
PROCESSINGENGINEERING
SERVER
Fig. 2. Master Station Architecture
Also, the servers CIS make the execution of the application
programs created in C language such as the Automatic
Generation Control (AGC), Automatic Voltage Control
(AVC) and Automatic Spill gates Control (SGC), in addition
to other applications such as the algorithm of better
source.
Among other functions we have: It carries out the roll of
time master in the synchronization of the system,
distributing
the telegram of time to all the equipment that are connected
to
the process network; registry of historical data for a period
of
19 hours, in case of loss of the servers that carry this
function.
Consists of two redundant stations in Hot/stand-by mode,
where the backup can take at any moment the functions of the
active server in case that this last one fails. For this,
theredundant scheme guarantees that the two stations at any
moment have the same image of the real time data, as well as
of the execution of the application programs.
These servers are based on two SUN Blade 2000 stations,
with RISC architecture at 64 bits.
B. Historical Server (Historian)
This server of redundant characteristic is the one in charge
to store in chronological order the information coming from
the process such as digital data, analogical data, limits
violation of analogical data, operator acknowledgment
actions,
control actions, etc. All this information can be used for
the
later analysis of events occurred in the processes of
CaruachiPower Plant. For the data stored in the historical of
type
change of digital state or analogical state (samples), it allows
a
capacity of internal storage in hard disk of up to 12
months.
For storage of external data, the system it is provided with
tape drives of type AIT drive of SONY manufacturer, directly
connected to each one of the redundant Historian servers and
handled by a third party product called Netvault. This
allows
storing historical information for periods above the 12
months;
information that can be recovered from the tape drives with
procedures of relative simplicity. The user, allowing
storing
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automatically in daily, weekly, and monthly periods, or
manually to the operator request, defines the storage forms.
In order to increase the availability of the Historian
server,
there is server with backup functions denominated passive
server. The active server with all the historical data
updates
the passive server, so that he can take the functions of the
active server in case of fault. On the other hand, the
active
server takes the data for his historical database from the
data
acquisition server CIS.In case of unavailability of both
Historian servers, the
historical data can be maintained in the CIS server by a
period
of approximately 19 hours and be transferred to the next
available Historian server.
For data accessing, the Historian has an interface, which
allows filtrate of the data such as: filtrate per periods of
time,
for type of variables, for urgency level, and text search.
This
interface can be accessed in a local form from any operation
station. In addition, this interface allows options of handling
of
the tape drive, in order to be able to execute actions of
storageor restitution of the data.
As an additional function, the Historian servers act like
data
servers to the Training System, providing by means ofarchives
the real time data necessary to execute the own
functions of this system.
These servers are based on two SUN Blade 150 stations.
C. ICCP Communications and Time Handling Subsystem
1) ICCP Communications Subsystem
This subsystem is the one in charge to make the
communication with the SCCE. In order to achieve thisfunction,
it has two redundant servers and equipment that
allows establishing the channel communication, as they areone
router and one modem by each server, both of them from
the BlackBox family.
The communication with the SCCE is made through theindustry
standard communication protocol ICCP. For it, the
Caruachi ICCP server has the software platform to be able to
establish communication in a client/server configuration. In
this manner data can be sent from the Caruachi Power Plant
to
the CVG Edelca Control Center System (SCCE), as well as to
receive data from the SCCE. The data interchanged can be
digital data, analogical data or control data.
From each server, there is a connection to the Routerthrough a
network port, which is connected to the
communications modem as well, both of them in charge tomake the
WAN connection of the link with the other end. The
modem allows a connection with the link communications at
64 Kbit/s.
Each ICCP server is connected to the process network
S8000 in a redundant manner; this allows the interaction
with
the real time database existing in the CIS, to interchange
the
data in both directions.
The station that initiates the communication link is the
communication server of the SCCE. This station will try to
establish the ICCP communication link with only one serverof the
Caruachi Control System (SCCC). In case of a
communication fault or some equipment fault, the
initiatorstation of the SCCE will try to establish communication
with
the other server of the SCCC.
2) Time Handling Function
The ICCP servers have the function of timeservers of thesystem
and they receive from the Time System the reference
of date and time coming from the GPS. Each station watches
the time telegram circulated by the master time in the S8000
network and it compares it with his time reference, if it
detects
a deviation of time greater than 45 s, this ones will be
incharge to correct time master (CIS Server).
These servers are based on two SUN Blade 150 stations.D.
Maintenance and Configuration Station CCC
This server carry out the jobs associated to the
configuration, installation of database and programs, in
addition to the maintenance of the servers and consoles of
theMaster Station. Within the main functions we have:
1) Generation of the database, after being treated in
theengineering server product of modifications to the data or
variables, as well as the loading of this database in all
the
servers and operation consoles.
2) Compilation of the application programs, after beingtreated
in the engineering server CCAD, as well as
generation of the executable file that will fulfill the realtime
functions in each server or operation console.
Loading of the executable file generated in the servers and
operation consoles.
3) Interface for the handling of up to 1024 messages of
thesystem associated to each one of the servers and operation
consoles, for maintenance and diagnosis purposes.
4) Installation of the servers and operation consoles CVS,from
the Solaris operating system to the Centralog
application software.
5) Backup of the system configuration from the point ofview of
the Centralog system, without the Solaris
operating system. This is used for the restoration of CCC
machine in case of malfunction.
Even though the CCC server has fundamental functions in
the system, it does not have a hot backup. In case of fault
ofthis unit there is another server previously installed and
disconnected from the S8000 network S8000 that represents
an immediate substitute for the CCC function.
All the servers and workstations of the master station
cancontinue their normal operation without the presence of the
CCC server, as long as there are not tasks running that
involve
it such as: generation of a new data base, restarts of
equipment
by maintenance or by fault, in which case the consoles will
not
be able to recover their operational functions.
This server is based on a SUN Blade 150 station and it has
as an external storage Medias a magnetic tape equipment oftype
DAT for system backups and magnetic-optical equipment
for the Centralog data backups (operator notes, alarm lists,
lists of variables).
E. Operation Stations (or Consoles) CVS
There are three operation stations located in the control
room, each one with three operation monitors to allow anoptimal
handling of the interface. Another station is used for
handling of the video projection system. These servers are
based on SUN Blade 150 stations.
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These stations provide to the operator the human -
machineInterface for the supervision and control functions. They
allow
to the operator among others: lists for visualization and
acknowledgment of alarms (appearance and return to normal),
acoustic alarm for alert, filtrate; displays for the
supervision
and control of the process, start-up and shutdown of units,
power system applications, summaries, supervision displays
of
the control system, all these with navigation facilities; lists
ofvariables tabular type, operator periodic reports; printing
possibilities.
Another important aspect of the IHM represents the
possibility of placing special conditions to the variables,
denominated tags. The tags handled by the Control Systemare: out
of scan (variable not acquired), inhibited alarm
(variable acquired but not shown like alarm), and replaced
(forced state). All the tags are shown with a special
coloration
in the IHM, additionally to the invalid state of the data.
F. Web and Documentation and Diagrams Server
This server has Web tools that allow the access from anycomputer
remotely connected to the network of EDELCA, to a
HTML homepage, with access to functions of the Caruachi
Control System, functions that are predefined in this page.
Allthe external accesses to the application Web are
administered
by means of an application called Apache installed in the
server.The access to the homepage can be made from any Web
navigator that has capacities of handling Java applications
(Internet Explorer 5+, Netscape 6+ or Mozilla). In addition
to
the remote access, the homepage can be called from any
station or server of the control system, placing in the
navigatorIP direction of the configuration server CCC.
The accesses or links that are available in the Web
homepage, allow the following functionalities: access to a
human-machine Interface (EXP) for visualization of all the
data and displays in real time; access to client interface
forhistorical data consulting; access to message registries and
supervision pages of the control system; access to a Human-
Machine Interface with displays that show summaries ofCaruachi
Power Plant; access to the system of handling of the
cameras of the spillgates; access to the system of handling
of
documents and diagrams.In addition to the handling of the Web
tools, this server
centralizes all documents and diagrams of the system. These
are previously created in the ControCad client through tools
such as AutoCAD, Word, and Acrobat distiller. For the
administration of documents, an application exists that
allows
access and search functions. This server is based on a SUN
Blade 150 station.
G. Training System
The training simulator is an out of line tool, for
pedagogical
purposes and analysis of the process, that allows the
simulation of the behavior of all the functions, programs of
the
control system, equipment of the hydroelectric power plant
and the power system.The training simulator allows to train the
operators in
functions such as handling of the Human- Machine Interface
of the Centralog for operation of Caruachi Power Plant under
normal operation conditions, handling of the applications of
the power system (Automatic Generation Control, AutomaticVoltage
Control and Automatic Spillgates Control), handlingof transitory
situations such as start-up or shutdown of units,
handling of disturbance situations, analysis of events
occurred
in Caruachi Power Plant.
The training system is conformed by: one station for the
student CVS), one station for the instructor and a simulator
of
the data acquisition system CIS.
For the training, the student has an operation station with
three monitors, of SUN Blade 150 type. In this station,
altogether with its Human-Machine Interface allows an
identical environment as in the realtime system.For the
instructor, a PC type computer of DELL technology
exists, to simulate through software called Indies, all
thenecessary scenes to the student. This computer has the
capacity to simulate the existing cells of automatism with
its
data concentrators, as well as the existing application
software
(sequence of start-up and shutdown of units, regulation
loops,
etc) and its interaction with the model of the generator;
simulation of scenes of faults, defects, sequence of actions
or
disturbances for the student. For the simulation of the
application programs of the power system, the same code
executed in CIS real time server, is executed in the CIS of
thesimulator.
The computer of the instructor also has, models of the
equipment of the power plant and of the power system, used
tosimulate the response of each one of the in line application
programs and the actions of the student.
On the other hand, the instructor has the possibility of
saving predefined simulation scenarios, as well as the
capture
of data or variables with his values in the real time system,
to
reconstruct scenarios to the student. The process that makes
the capture of the data is executed automatically in the
Historian server, sending the requirement of information to
the
console of the instructor through the ofimtica network.
H. Engineering Server CONTROCAD
This server under the Windows NT operating system has
the tools for the construction and development of the
project
of the Caruachi Control System. In order to achieve this
functionality, it has two big platforms: the ControCad
software
and the "Calculation Workshop or CCW". The entire databaseused
by application CCAD is in the server, existing an
additional client for options of working in-group.
The ControCad platform articulates around a Graphicalinterface
and the ORACLE relational database. This platform
allows the user to model all the aspects related to the
hardware
of the project, such as cell of automatism, networks, and
stations of operation. It is the responsible of the generation
and
integration of all the interchanges between the equipment,
aswell as of the production and loading of the applications
created for the cells of automatism.
It contains all the functions associated to the handling of
the data or variables, in hierarchic structure form or
operativeunits. It has the tools to create the application programs
of the
cells of automatism (sequence of start-up and shutdown,
regulation), through graphical languages.
It contains all the tools for the handling of functions of
theIHM of the central control and the distributed control, such
as
bar charts, groups of variables, control blocks, operator
notes;
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it allows the configuration of user levels of all the stations
andservers of the central control, as well as the data base of
ICCP
interface; it has the functions of generation of the data base
for
the master station and for the IHM of the distributed
control.
Through the program of graphical design DVDraw it is
possible to make the entire associate to the definition of
displays and windows of the Centralog.The CCW platform is based
on Visual C graphical interface
C for the design of applications that will be executed in
the
server of data processing CIS. It allows the user, the
handling
in modules of all the parts of the program, thus to
integrate
them in a resulting project and to compile it to create the
code
to be processed in the CCC configuration server. Under thissame
platform, is the Rule Editor tool, used to create rules
for the analyzer of alarms (ADA) of the Centralog.
I. Data Base Description
The real time database is created in the distributed control
in each one of the data concentrators and has the
information
of each one of the subsystems such units, transformers
andelectrical and mechanical auxiliaries. This data
concentrator
provides all the data in real time for the handling of the
local
IHM and of the historical function. In figure 3 is a scheme
ofthe data base structure.
Fig. 3 Data Base Structure
The real time database of the master station resides in the
data acquisition CIS server and its update is made by the
interchange of data with the data concentrators of
thedistributed control. This database is responsible for the
update
of the data in the CVS operation stations, in the historical
database, and of the database for the ICCP server.
The Historical server contains processes that make the data
management in real time for the functions of "Snap Shot" of
the training system.
The modifications of data and programs are handled atCCAD server
level. All the database modifications are made
in the CCAD application, generated and then treated by theCCC
configuration sever to be later installed in the CIS server.
All the program modifications are made in the CCWapplication,
installed in the CCAD sever. Later it is compiled
in this server and treated in the configuration server, to
generate the executables files that will be loaded in the
CIS
servers.
J. Miscellaneous Equipment
There is other equipment that comprises the Master Stationsuch
as the time system or GPS reception, printers (ink
injection and laser), equipment or "switches" for connection
tothe optical network.
IV. APPLICATION PROGRAMS
The application programs of the power system handled by
the SCCC are the Automatic Generation Control (AGC), the
Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) and the Automatic
Spillgates Control (SGC).The AGC has two primary targets: To
adjust the Caruachi
Power Plant total generation, to fulfill the requirements of
CVG EDELCA received from the SCCE, obtained from
forecast values or manually introduced by the operator; and
to
maintain the frequency of the power system as close as
possible to the frequency of reference.The AVC has two primary
targets: To maintain the voltage
in the bars of 400 KV in reference value maintaining a balanceof
reactive load of each generation unit; and to make a
dispatch of reactive power in the bars of the switchyard,
maintaining the voltage in the generation units and in
theswitchyard.
The SGC has as an objective to maintain constant the
volume of the river or the level of the dam through the
automatic adjustment of the floodgates of the spillgates.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The architecture of the Caruachi Control System offers the
necessary tools for the optimal supervision and control of
the
process of hydroelectric generation of Caruachi Power Plant.All
the equipment and programs that conform it, give to the
Operator the possibility to execute automatically all the
processes involved in the generation such as the control of
the
active power, of the voltage, the start-up and shutdown of
theunits. In addition, by means of the Human-Machine Interface
allows in an easy, reliable and safe way to have a pursuit
of
the generation process, as well as to take the adequate
actions
in case of fault situations. All these aspects, guarantee a
better
quality of the generated product.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] CVG EDELCA. Especificaciones Proyecto Caruachi Contrato
103-265
- Sistema de Control para el Proyecto Caruachi[2] ALSTOM POWER
Hydraulique. Propuesta Tcnica. Volume 1/3.
France, October 2000.
[3] ALSTOM POWER Hydraulique. Propuesta Tcnica. Volume 2/3.
France, October 2000.[4] ALSTOM POWER Hydraulique. Documentacin
del Sistema Alspa
P320 Serie 5. France, 2000.
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VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Denny Gabriel Jimenez Rojas, was born in Puerto
Ordaz - Bolvar Venezuela, on February 15, 1977.
He graduated of Electrical Engineer at Antonio Josde Sucre
University (UNEXPO) on 1998.
Since 1998, is assigned as Supervisory and
Control Systems Maintenance Engineer on CVGEDELCA.
Jos Leonardo Loreto Pedrique, was born inValle de la Pascua -
Guarico Venezuela, on July 27,
1972. He graduated of Electrical Engineer atAntonio Jos de Sucre
University (UNEXPO) on1996.
Since 1997, is assigned as Supervisory and
Control Systems Maintenance Engineer on CVGEDELCA. This year is
assigned as Supervisory
and Control Systems Section Chief.
Jos Luis Lujn, was born in Ciudad Ojeda ZuliaVenezuela, on June
01, 1961. He graduated ofElectrical Engineer at University of Zulia
on 1989.
Since 1989, is assigned as Supervisory andControl Systems
Maintenance Engineer on CVGEDELCA. This year is assigned as
Supervisory and
Control Systems Project Manager.
