TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TIU CHUN QUC GIA TCVN 6165:2009

ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007

T VNG QUC T V O LNG HC KHI NIM, THUT NG CHUNG V C BN (VIM)International vocabulary of metrology basic and general concepts and associated terms (vim)Li ni u

TCVN 6165:2009 thay th cho TCVN 6165:1996 (VIM 1993);

TCVN 6165:2009 hon ton tng ng vi ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007;TCVN 6165:2009 do Ban k thut Tiu chun Quc gia TCVN/TC 12 i lng v n v o bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.Li gii thiu0.1. Tng qut

Ni chung, t vng l t in v thut ng, bao gm tn gi v nh ngha ca mt hay mt s lnh vc c th (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). Tiu chun t vng ny lin quan n o lng hc, khoa hc v php o v vic p dng chng. Tiu chun ny cng bao gm cc nguyn tc chi phi i lng v n v. C th tip cn lnh vc i lng v n v theo theo nhiu cch khc nhau. iu 1 ca tiu chun ny l mt trong cc cch tip cn , da trn c s cc nguyn tc trnh by trong nhng phn khc nhau ca TCVN 6398, i lng v n v, v ang c thay th bng b tiu chun TCVN 7870 i lng v n v, v trong S tay v SI, H n v quc t, (do BIPM xut bn).Phin bn th hai ca T vng quc t cc thut ng chung v c bn trong o lng hc (VIM) c xut bn nm 1993. Trc ht l s cn thit phi cp ti cc php o trong ha hc v y hc phng th nghim, cng nh s cn thit phi a vo cc khi nim lin quan ti tnh lin kt chun o lng, khng m bo o v cc tnh cht danh ngha, dn n phin bn ba, vi tn gi T vng quc t v o lng hc Khi nim, thut ng chung v c bn (VIM), nhm nhn mnh vai tr hng u ca cc khi nim trong vic xy dng t vng.Tiu chun ny xem nh khng c s khc nhau c bn v nhng nguyn tc c bn ca cc php o trong vt l, ha hc, y hc phng th nghim, sinh hc hoc k thut. Hn na, c s c gng p ng nhu cu v khi nim ca php o trong cc lnh vc nh sinh ha, khoa hc thc phm, khoa hc php y v sinh hc phn t.Mt s khi nim cp trong phin bn th hai ca VIM khng c cp trong phin bn ba ny v chng khng cn c xem l chung hoc c bn na. V d, khi nim thi gian p ng, dng m t trng thi tc thi ca mt h thng o, khng c na. Phin bn ba ca VIM cng khng cp n cc khi nim lin quan n thit b o, nn cn tham kho cc bn t vng khc nh IEC 60050, T vng k thut in quc t, IEV. i vi nhng khi nim v qun l cht lng, tha thun cng nhn ln nhau lin quan n o lng hc, hoc o lng php nh, cn tra cu cc ti liu cho trong Th mc ti liu tham kho.Vic xy dng tiu chun ny nu ln mt s vn c bn v cc trit l v s m t khc nhau hin nay i vi cc php o nh s tm tt di y. S khc nhau ny i khi dn n cc kh khn trong vic xy dng nhng nh ngha c th c s dng qua cc m t khc nhau. Trong tiu chun ny khng c s u tin cho bt c cch tip cn c th no.S thay i trong vic tip cn khng m bo o t Cch tip cn sai s (i khi gi l Cch tip cn truyn thng hoc Cch tip cn gi tr thc) n Cch tip cn khng m bo yu cu phi xem xt li mt s khi nim lin quan ang c TCVN 6165:1999. Mc ch ca php o trong Cch tip cn sai s l xc nh mt c lng ca gi tr thc gn vi gi tr thc n mc c th. lch khi gi tr thc gm sai s ngu nhin v sai s h thng. Hai loi sai s, c tha nhn l lun lun c th phn bit c, phi c tip cn khc nhau. Khng th a ra quy tc v cch thc kt hp to thnh sai s tng ca mt kt qu o cho, thng c ly nh l mt c lng. Thng thng, ch gii hn trn ca gi tr tuyt i ca sai s tng c c lng, i khi c gi mt cch khng cht ch l khng m bo.Trong Khuyn ngh CIPM INC-1 (1980) v Trnh by khng m bo, ngh cc thnh phn ca khng m bo o cn c nhm li thnh hai loi, Loi A v Loi B, ty theo vic nh gi bng phng php thng k hoc phng php khc, v chng c kt hp li to thnh mt phng sai theo cc quy tc ca l thuyt ton xc sut cng bng cch x l cc Thnh phn loi B theo phng sai. lch chun thu c l s th hin ca khng m bo o. Quan im v Cch tip cn khng m bo c nu chi tit trong Hng dn trnh by khng m bo o (GUM) (1993, sa cha v in li nm 1995) tp trung vo vic x l ton hc khng m bo o thng qua mt m hnh o r rng vi gi thit l i lng o c th c c trng bng mt gi tr c bn duy nht. Hn na, trong GUM cng nh trong cc ti liu ca IEC, hng dn c a ra v Cch tip cn khng m bo trong trng hp gi tr c n ca phng tin o c hiu chun, mt tnh hung thng gp trong o lng cng nghip.Mc ch ca php o trong cch tip cn theo khng m bo khng phi l xc nh gi tr thc gn nht n mc c th. ng hn l gi nh rng thng tin t php o ch cho php n nh mt khong cc gi tr hp l cho i lng o trn c s cho rng khng c cc sai lm khi thc hin php o. Thng tin lin quan b sung thm c th rt ngn phm vi ca khong gi tr c th quy cho i lng o mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin, ngay c php o tinh vi nht cng khng th gim khong ny ti mt gi tr n v s lng hn ch v chi tit trong nh ngha i lng o. Do , khng m bo theo nh ngha to ra gii hn ti thiu ca mt khng m bo o no . Khong c th c i din bng mt trong cc gi tr ca n, gi l gi tr i lng o c.Trong GUM, khng m bo nh ngha c xem l khng ng k so vi cc thnh phn khc ca khng m bo o. Mc ch ca php o l thit lp mt xc sut gi tr duy nht c bn ny nm trong mt khong ca cc gi tr i lng o c, trn c s thng tin c c t php o.Phng php ca IEC tp trung vo php o c gi tr c n, cho php pht hin cc i lng c thay i theo thi gian hay khng bng cch chng minh cc kt qu o c th so snh hay khng. Quan im ca IEC cng cho khng m bo v nh ngha l ng k. S thay i ca kt qu o ph thuc nhiu vo cc c trng o lng ca phng tin o nh c chng minh bng vic hiu chun n. Khong gi tr a ra m t i lng o l khong gi tr ca chun o lng cho cc s ch nh nhau.Trong GUM, khi nim gi tr thc c gi li m t mc ch ca php o, nhng tnh t thc c xem l khng cn thit. IEC khng s dng khi nim m t mc ch ny. Trong tiu chun ny, khi nim v thut ng c gi li v vic s dng chung v tm quan trng ca khi nim.

0.2. Lch s VIM

Nm 1997 U ban chung v cc hng dn trong o lng hc (JCGM), do Gim c BIPM lm Ch tch, c by t chc quc t thnh lp, son tho mt phin bn gc Hng dn trnh by khng m bo o (GUM) v T vng quc t v cc thut ng chung v c bn trong o lng hc (VIM). U ban chung ny nhn phn cng vic ny t Nhm t vn k thut 4 ca ISO (TAG 4), U ban xy dng GUM v VIM. u tin, U ban chung c thnh lp gm cc i din ca Vin cn o quc t (BIPM), y ban k thut in quc t (IEC), Lin on quc t v ha hc y hc v y hc phng th nghim (IFCC), T chc tiu chun ha quc t (ISO), Lin on quc t v ha hc tinh khit v ng dng (IUPAC), Lin on quc t v vt l thun ty v ng dng (IUPAP), v T chc quc t v o lng php nh (OlML). Nm 2005, T chc cng nhn phng th nghim quc t (ILAC) chnh thc tham gia cng vi by t chc quc t sng lp trn.JCGM c hai nhm cng tc. Nhm cng tc 1 (JCGM/WG 1) v GUM c nhim v thc y vic s dng GUM v son tho cc phn b sung ca GUM cho vic p dng rng ri. Nhm cng tc 2 (JCGM/WG 2) v VIM c nhim v sot xt VIM v thc y vic s dng. Nhm cng tc 2 c thnh lp gm 2 i din ca mi t chc thnh vin, v c b sung mt s lng nht nh cc chuyn gia. Nhm cng tc 2 son tho tiu chun ny.Nm 2004, d tho u tin phin bn th ba ca VIM c a ly kin v cc xut ca tm t chc i din trong JCGM, trong hu ht cc trng hp cc t chc ny hi kin cc thnh vin v hi vin, bao gm rt nhiu Vin o lng quc gia. Cc kin c nghin cu v tho lun, c tnh n khi thch hp, v c JCGM/WG 2 tr li. Nm 2006 d tho cui c trnh ln tm t chc xem xt v ph duyt.

Tt c cc kin ng gp tip theo c Nhm cng tc 2 xem xt v tnh n khi thch hp.

Tiu chun ny c tng t chc thnh vin v tt c tm t chc thnh vin ca JCGM ph duyt.

Cc quy cQuy tc thut ng

Cc nh ngha v thut ng trong phin bn ba cng nh s sp xp chng tun th ti a nhng quy tc ca thut ng hc, nh trnh by trong ISO 704, ISO 1087-1 v ISO 10241. c bit p dng nguyn tc thay th; l, trong mt nh ngha no c th thay th mt thut ng a n mt khi nim c nh ngha mt ch khc trong VIM bng nh ngha tng ng vi thut ng , m khng to ra s mu thun hoc vng quanh.Cc khi nim c trnh by trong nm chng v c sp xp hp l trong mi chng.

Trong mt s nh ngha, vic s dng cc khi nim khng c nh ngha (cn gi l nguyn thy) l khng th trnh c. Trong tiu chun ny, nhng khi nim khng c nh ngha nh th bao gm: h thng, thnh phn, hin tng, vt th, cht, tnh cht, quy chiu, thc nghim, kim tra, ln, vt liu, thit b v tn hiu. d dng hiu cc mi lin h khc nhau gia nhng khi nim khng ging nhau, s v khi nim c trnh by Ph lc A.

S tra cu

Cc khi nim xut hin trong c hai phin bn th hai v th ba c mt s tra cu kp, s tra cu phin bn ba in m, v s tra cu phin bn hai c cho trong hoc n khng in m.

ng nghaChp nhn c nhiu tn gi thut ng cho cng mt khi nim. Nu c nhiu thut ng c cho, thut ng th nht l u tin, v c s dng mi ni khi c th.

Ch m

Thut ng dng cho khi nim c nh ngha in ch m. Trong phn li ca mt on xc nh, thut ng ca cc khi nim c nh ngha ch khc trong VIM cng c in bng ch m ln u n xut hin.

Du hiu trch dn

Trong phn li ca tiu chun ny, du hiu trch dn n () bao quanh thut ng th hin mt khi nim tr khi n l ch m. Du hiu trch dn kp () ch dng khi thut ng c xem xt hoc cho mt trch dn.K hiu thp phnK hiu thp phn trong Ting Anh l du chm trn cng dng v trong ting Vit l du phy trn cng dng.

K hiu tng ng v nh ngha

K hiu := c ngha l theo nh ngha bng nh cho trong b tiu chun TCVN 7870.

Khong

Thut ng khong c dng vi k hiu [a;b] c ngha l tp hp cc s thc x m vi n a x b, y a v b > a l cc s thc. Thut ng khong y dng cho khong ng. K hiu a v b c ngha l im cui ca khong [a;b].V d [-4;2]

Hai im 2 v -4 ca khong [-4;2] c th trnh by l -1 3. S din t sau khng c ngha l khong [-4;2]; Tuy nhin, -1 3 thng c dng ch khong [-4;2].Phm vi ca khong

Phm vi

Phm vi ca khong [a;b] l hiu b a v c din t bng r[a;b].

V d: r[-4;2] = 2 (-4) = 6

CH THCH: Thut ng qung i khi c dng cho khi nim ny.

T VNG QUC T V O LNG HC KHI NIM, THUT NG CHUNG V C BN (VIM)

International vocabulary of metrology basic and general concepts and associated terms (vim)Phm vi p dng

Trong tiu chun ny, tp hp cc nh ngha v thut ng km theo ca h thng cc khi nim chung v c bn dng trong o lng hc c cho bng ting Anh v ting Vit, cng vi s khi nim th hin mi lin quan ca chng. Thng tin b sung c cho trong cc v d v ch thch ca nhiu nh ngha.Tiu chun ny c ngha tham chiu chung cho cc nh khoa hc v k thut bao gm cc nh vt l, ha hc, y hc cng nh ngi ging dy v thc hnh lin quan n vic hoch nh hoc thc hin cc php o, vi mi mc ca khng m bo o v trong bt k lnh vc p dng ny. Tiu chun ny cng c ngha tham chiu cho cc c quan chnh ph v lin chnh ph, cc hip hi thng mi, t chc cng nhn, cc nh qun l v cc hi ngh nghip.

Cc khi nim c s dng trong nhng cch tip cn khc nhau m t php o cng c gii thiu. Cc t chc thnh vin ca JCGM c th chn khi nim v nh ngha theo cc thut ng tng ng. Tuy nhin, mc ch ca tiu chun ny l thc y s hi ha ton cu v thut ng s dng trong o lng hc.1. i lng v n v

1.1. (1.1)

i lng

Tnh cht ca mt hin tng, vt th hoc cht m ln c th c biu th bng mt s v mt mc quy chiu.

CH THCH 1: Khi nim i lng ni chung c th phn ra theo mt s mc ca cc khi nim c th nh trnh by trong bng sau. Pha bn tri ca bng trnh by cc khi nim c th ca i lng. y l cc khi nim chung cho nhng i lng ring bit ct bn phi.

di, lBn knh, rBn knh ca vng trong A, rA hoc r(A)

Bc sng, Bc sng ca bc x natri D, D hoc (D;Na)

Nng lng, Eng nng, Tng nng ca ht i trong mt h cho, Ti

Nhit nng, QNhit lng ca mt mu hi nc i, Qi

in tch, Qin tch ca proton, e

in tr, Rin tr ca mt in tr i trong mt mch cho, Ri

Nng lng cht ca thc th B, cBNng lng cht ca ethanol trong mu ru i, ci(C2H5OH)

Nng s lng ca thc th B, CBNng s lng ca erythrocyte trong mu mu i, C(Erc; Sgi)

cng Rockwell C (ti 150 kg), HRC (150 kg) cng Rockwell C ca mu thp i, HRCi (150 kg)

CH THCH 2: Mc quy chiu c th l n v o, th tc o, mu chun hoc mt kt hp ca chng.CH THCH 3: K hiu ca i lng cho trong b tiu chun TCVN 7870 i lng v n v. K hiu ca cc i lng c vit kiu ch nghing. Mt k hiu cho c th ch cc i lng khc nhau.CH THCH 4: Cch thc u tin ca IUPAC IFCC a ra n nh cc i lng trong phng th nghim y hc l H thng Thnh phn; loi i lng.V D: Huyt tng (Mu) Ion natri; nng lng cht bng 143 mmol/l trong ngi mt thi im xc nh.

CH THCH 5: i lng nh c nh ngha y l v hng. Tuy nhin vect hoc tenx cng c xem l i lng nu cc thnh phn ca n l i lng.CH THCH 6: Khi nim i lng ni chung c th phn ra thnh, v d i lng vt l, i lng ha hc v i lng sinh hc hoc i lng c bn v i lng dn xut.

1.2. (1.1, Ch thch 2)

Loi i lng

Loi

Mt chung ca cc i lng c th so snh vi nhau.

CH THCH 1: S phn chia khi nim i lng theo loi i lng mt mc no c tnh cht ty .

V D 1: Cc i lng ng knh, chu vi v bc sng, ni chung u c xem l i lng cng loi, c th l thuc loi i lng di.V D 2: Cc i lng nhit lng, ng nng v th nng, ni chung u c xem l i lng cng loi, c th l thuc loi i lng nng lng.CH THCH 2: Cc i lng cng loi trong mt h i lng cho c cng th nguyn. Tuy nhin cc i lng cng th nguyn khng nht thit l cng loi.

V D: i lng mmen lc v nng lng theo quy c khng l i lng cng loi, tuy vy chng li c cng th nguyn. Tng t, nhit dung v entropy, s cc thc th, thm tng i, t khi cng c cng th nguyn mc d khng cng loi.1.3. (1.2)

H i lngTp hp cc i lng cng vi mt tp hp cc phng trnh khng mu thun nhau lin kt cc i lng .

CH THCH: Cc i lng th t, nh cng Rockwell C, thng khng c xem l mt b phn ca h i lng v chng quan h vi cc i lng khc ch thng qua mi lin h thc nghim.1.4. (1.3)

i lng c bn

i lng thuc mt tp hp nh c chn theo quy c ca mt i lng cho, trong i lng khng thuc tp hp nh c th din t theo cc i lng khc.CH THCH 1: Tp hp nh nu trong nh ngha c gi l tp hp cc i lng c bn.

V D Tp hp cc i lng c bn trong H i lng quc t (ISQ) c cho 1.6.

CH THCH 2: Cc i lng c bn l c lp vi nhau v mt i lng c bn khng th c biu din nh l tch ly tha ca cc i lng c bn khc.

CH THCH 3: S cc thc th c th coi l i lng c bn trong bt c h i lng no.

1.5. (1.4)

i lng dn xut

i lng trong mt h i lng c nh ngha theo cc i lng c bn ca h .

V D: Trong h i lng c i lng c bn l di v khi lng, khi lng ring l i lng dn xut c nh ngha l t s gia khi lng v th tch ( di ly tha ba).1.6.H i lng quc t

ISQ

H i lng da trn by i lng c bn: dn, khi lng, thi gian, cng dng in, nhit nhit ng lc, lng cht, v cng sng.

CH THCH 1: H i lng ny c cng b trong b tiu chun TCVN 7870 i lng v n v.CH THCH 2: H n v quc t (SI) (xem 1.16) da trn ISQ.

1.7. (1.5)

Th nguyn i lng

Th nguyn ca i lng

Th nguyn

Biu th s ph thuc ca mt i lng vo cc i lng c bn ca h i lng nh l tch ly tha ca cc tha s tng ng vi i lng c bn, b qua mi tha s bng s.V D 1: Trong ISQ, th nguyn i lng ca lc c biu th bng dim F = LMT-2.

V D 2: Trong h i lng trn dim l th nguyn i lng ca nng khi lng ca thnh phn B v ML-3 cng l i lng th nguyn i lng ca khi lng ring, (khi lng theo th tch).V D 3: Chu k T ca mt con lc c di l mt a im c gia tc ri t do g l

hoc

Trong

T , dim

CH THCH 1: Ly tha ca mt tha s l tha s c nng ln s m. Mi tha s l mt th nguyn ca i lng c bn.CH THCH 2: Th hin k hiu quy c th nguyn ca i lng c bn l ch in hoa thng ng c chn. Th hin k hiu quy c th nguyn ca i lng dn xut l tch ly tha th nguyn ca cc i lng c bn theo nh ngha ca i lng dn xut. Th nguyn ca i lng Q c biu th l dim Q.CH THCH 3: Khi suy ra th nguyn ca i lng, khng cn quan tm n c trng v hng, vect hoc tenx ca n.CH THCH 4: Trong mt s i lng cho,

- cc i lng cng loi c, cng th nguyn;

- cc i lng c th nguyn khc nhau lun lun l cc i lng khc loi, v- cc i lng cng th nguyn khng nht thit l cng loi.

CH THCH 5: K hiu th hin th nguyn ca cc i lng c bn trong ISQ l:

i lng c bnK hiu th nguyn

diKhi lng

Thi gian

Cng dng in

Nhit nhit ng lc

Lng cht

Cng sngLM

T

I

N

J

Nh vy, th nguyn ca i lng Q c biu th bng dim , trong cc s m, gi l s m th nguyn, l m, dng hoc khng.1.8. (1.6)

i lng th nguyn mt

i lng khng th nguyn

i lng m tt c s m ca cc tha s tng ng vi i lng c bn trong th nguyn i lng ca n bng khng.CH THCH 1: Thut ng i lng khng th nguyn ni chung c dng v nu y l do nhng nguyn nhn lch s. Xut pht t thc t l s th hin k hiu th nguyn ca cc i lng tt c s m u bng khng. Thut ng i lng th nguyn mt phn nh quy c trong th hin k hiu cho th nguyn ca cc i lng nh vy l k hiu 1 (xem TCVN 6398-0: 1992, 2.2.6).CH THCH 2: n v o v gi tr ca i lng c th nguyn mt l cc s, nhng nhng i lng mang nhiu thng tin hn l mt con s.CH THCH 3: Mt s i lng th nguyn mt c nh ngha l t s ca hai i lng cng loi.V D: Gc phng, gc khi, chit sut, thm tng i, t khi, h s ma st, s Mach.

CH THCH 4: S cc thc th l i lng th nguyn mt.

V D: S vng ca mt cun dy, s phn t trong mt mu cho, s suy bin cc mc nng lng ca mt h thng lng t.

1.9. (1.7)

n v o

n v ca php o

n v

i lng thc v hng, c nh ngha v tha nhn theo quy c m mi i lng cng loi khc c th c so snh vi n biu din t s ca hai i lng bng mt s.

CH THCH 1: n v o c th hin bng tn v k hiu c n nh theo quy c.CH THCH 2: n v o ca cc i lng cng th nguyn c th c th hin bng tn v k hiu nh nhau c khi cc i lng khng cng loi. V d, jun trn kenvin, J/K, l tn v k hiu ca n v o nhit dung v n v o entropy l hai i lng khng c xem l cng loi. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp tn ring ca n v o c gii hn ch s dng vi cc i lng ca mt loi xc nh. V d, n v o giy m tr mt (1/s) c gi l hc (Hz) khi s dng cho tn s v Becquerel (Bq) khi s dng cho hot phng x.

CH THCH 3: n v o ca i lng th nguyn mt l cc s. Trong mt s trng hp cc s ny c tn ring, v d radian, steradian v deciben, hoc c din t bng cc t s nh milimol trn mol bng 10-3 v microgam trn kilogram bng 10-9.CH THCH 4: i vi mt i lng cho, thut ng n v thng c kt hp vi tn i lng, v d n v khi lng hoc n v ca khi lng.

1.10. (1.13)

n v c bn

n v o c n nh bng quy c cho i lng c bn.

CH THCH 1: Trong h n v nht qun mi i lng c bn ch c mt n v c bn.

V D: Trong SI, mt l n v c bn ca di. Trong h CGS, centimt l n v c bn ca di.CH THCH 2: n v c bn cng c th dng cho i lng dn xut c cng th nguyn.V D: Lng ma, khi c nh ngha l th tch din tch (th tch trn din tch), c mt l n v dn xut nht qun trong SI.

CH THCH 3: i vi s cc thc th th s mt, k hiu l 1, c th xem l n v c bn trong bt c h n v no.1.11. (1.14)

n v dn xut

n v o ca i lng dn xut.

V D: Mt trn giy, k hiu m/s, v centimt trn giy, k hiu l cm/s, l cc n v dn xut ca vn tc trong SI. Kilmt trn gi, k hiu l km/h, l n v o vn tc ngoi SI nhng c chp nhn dng vi SI. Knot, bng mt hi l trn gi, l n v o vn tc ngoi SI.1.12. (1.10)

n v dn xut nht qun

n v dn xut, i vi mt mt h i lng cho v mt tp hp cc n v c bn chn, chnh l tch ly tha cc n v c bn vi h s t l bng mt.CH THCH 1. Ly tha ca n v c bn l n v c bn c nng ln s m.

CH THCH 2: Tnh nht qun c th c xc nh ch vi mt h i lng c th v mt tp hp cc n v c bn cho.

V D: Nu mt, giy v mol l n v c bn, th mt trn giy l n v dn xut nht qun ca vn tc khi vn tc c nh ngha bng phng trnh i lng v = dr/dt v mol trn mt khi l n v dn xut nht qun ca nng lng cht khi nng lng cht c nh ngha bng phng trnh i lng c = n/V. Kilmet trn gi v knot l v d v n v dn xut nht qun trong h i lng .CH THCH 3: n v dn xut c th l nht qun vi h i lng ny nhng khng l nht qun vi h khc.

V D: Centimt trn giy l n v dn xut nht qun ca vn tc trong h n v CGS nhng khng l n v dn xut nht qun trong SI.

CH THCH 4: n v dn xut nht qun ca mi i lng dn xut th nguyn mt trong mt h n v cho l s mt, k hiu l 1. Tn v k hiu ca n v o mt thng khng c ch ra.1.13. (1.9)

H n v

Tp hp cc n v c bn v n v dn xut, cng vi cc c, bi ca chng, c nh ngha theo nhng quy tc cho trc, ca mt h i lng cho.

1.14. (1.11)

H n v nht qun

H n v, da trn mt h i lng cho, trong n v o ca i lng dn xut u l n v dn xut nht qun.

V D: Tp hp cc n v SI nht qun v cc mi lin h gia chng.CH THCH 1: Mt h n v c th ch nht qun vi mt h i lng v cc n v c bn n nh.

CH THCH 2: i vi mt h n v nht qun, cc phng trnh tr s c cng dng, bao gm cc tha s bng s, nh cc phng trnh i lng tng ng.1.15. (1.15)

n v o ngoi h

n v ngoi h

n v o khng thuc mt h n v cho.

V D 1: Electronvon (khong 1,602 18 x 10-19 J) l n v o nng lng ngoi SI.

V D 2: Ngy, gi, pht l cc n v o thi gian ngoi SI.

1.16. (1.12)

H n v quc t

SI

H n v, da trn c s H i lng quc t, tn v k hiu ca chng, bao gm tp hp cc tin t, tn v k hiu ca tin t, cng vi cc nguyn tc s dng, do Hi ngh cn o ton th (CGPM) n nh.CH THCH 1: SI c xy dng t 7 i lng c bn ca ISQ, tn v k hiu cc n v c bn tng ng c cho trong bng di y.i lng c bnn v c bn

TnTnK hiu

dimtm

Khi lngkilgamkg

Thi giangiys

Cng dng inampeA

Nhit nhit ng lckenvinK

Lng chtmolmol

Cng sngcandelacd

CH THCH 2: Cc n v c bn v n v dn xut nht qun ca SI to thnh mt tp hp nht qun, chnh l tp hp cc n v SI nht qun.CH THCH 3: V s m t v gii thch y H n v quc t, xem cc n phm mi nht v SI do Vin cn o quc t (BIPM) xut bn hoc trn cc trang web ca BIPM.

CH THCH 4: Trong cc php th i lng, i lng s thc th thng c xem l i lng c bn vi n v c bn l mt, k hiu l 1.

CH THCH 5: Tin t SI cho cc n v bi v n v c l:

H sTin t

TnK hiu

1024yottaY

1021zettaZ

1018exaE

1015petaP

1012teraT

109gigaG

106megaM

103kilok

102hectoh

101decada

10-1decid

10-2centic

10-3millim

10-6micro

10-9nanon

10-12picop

10-15femtof

10-18atto

10-21zeptoz

10-24yoctoy

1.17. (1.16)n v bi

n v o nhn c bng cch chia mt n v cho vi s nguyn ln hn mt.

V D 1: Kilmt l n v bi thp phn ca mt.V D 2: Gi l n v bi khng thp phn ca giy.

CH THCH 1: Tin t SI cho cc bi thp phn ca cc n v c bn v n v dn xut SI cho ch thch 5 ca 1.16.CH THCH 2: Tin t SI ch dng nng ln ly tha 10 v khng c s dng cho ly tha ca 2. V d 1 kilobit khng c dng th hin 1 024 bit (210 bit), l 1 kibibit.

Tin t ca bi c s hai l:

H sTin t

TnK hiu

(210)8yobiYi

(210)7zebiZi

(210)6exbiEi

(210)5pepiPi

(210)4tebiTi

(210)3gibiGi

(210)2mebiMi

(210)1kibiKi

1.18. (1.17)n v cn v o nhn c bng cch chia mt n v cho vi s nguyn ln hn mt.

V D 1: Militmt l n v c thp phn ca mt.

V D 2: Vi gc phng, giy l n v c khng thp phn ca pht.

CH THCH: Tin t SI cho cc c thp phn ca cc n v c bn v n v dn xut SI cho ch thch 5 ca 1.16.1.19. (1.18) Gi tr i lng

Gi tr ca i lng

Gi tr

S cng vi mc quy chiu th hin ln ca i lng.

V D 1: di ca mt ci gy;

5,34 m hoc 534 cm

V D 2: Khi lng ca mt vt:

0,152 kg hoc 152 g

V D 3: cong ca mt cung cho:

112m-1V D 4: Nhit Celsius ca mt mu:

-5 oCV D 5: Tr khng in ca mt phn t mch tn s nht nh, trong j l n v o:

(7+3j)

V D 6: Chit sut ca mt mu thy tinh:

1,32

V D 7: cng Rockwell C ca mt mu cho

(ti 150 kg):

43,5 HRC (150 kg)

V D 8: T khi ca cadimi trong mt mu ng :3 g/kg hoc 3 x 10-9V D 9: Hm lng lng cht ca Pb2+ trong mt mu nc cho:

1,76 mol/kg

V D 10: Nng lng cht ty ca lutropin trong mt mu huyt tng cho (Tiu chun quc t WHO 80/552):

5,0 n v quc t/l.

CH THCH 1: Ty theo loi quy chiu, gi tr ca i lng c th l:- tch ca mt s v n v o (xem V d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, v 9); ni chung n v o mt khng ch ra cho cc i lng th nguyn mt (xem V d 6 v 8), hoc- s v quy chiu v mt th tc o (xem V d 7),

- mt s v mt mu chun (xem V d 10).CH THCH 2: S c th l phc (xem V d 5).

CH THCH 3: Gi tr i lng c th c din t theo nhiu cch (xem V d 1, 2 v 8).

CH THCH 4: Trong trng hp i lng vect hoc xent, mi thnh phn c mt gi tr.V D: Lc ang tc ng ln mt ht cho, v d theo cc thnh phn ca h ta cac (Fx;Fy;Fz) = (-31,5; 43,2; 17,0) N.

1.20. (1.21)

Tr s i lng

Tr s ca i lng

Tr s

S trong biu thc gi tr i lng, khc vi s s dng lm mc quy chiu.

CH THCH 1: i vi cc i lng th nguyn mt, mc quy chiu l mt n v o, l mt s v s ny khng c xem l mt phn ca tr s i lng.V D: Trong mt phn lng cht bng 3 mmol/mol, tr s i lng l 3 v n v l mmol/mol. n v mmol/mol v mt s bng 0,001 nhng s 0,001 ny khng l mt phn ca tr s i lng, tr s ny l 3.CH THCH 2: i vi cc i lng c n v o (ngha l khc vi i lng th t), tr s {Q} ca i lng Q thng c biu din l {Q} = Q/[Q], trong [Q] biu th n v o.V D: i vi gi tr i lng 5,7 kg, tr s i lng l {m} = (5,7 kg)/kg = 5,7. Gi tr i lng ny c th din t l 5 700 g, trong trng hp ny tr s i lng {m} = (5 700g)/g = 5 700.

1.21.Php tnh i lng

Tp hp cc quy tc v php ton p dng cho i lng khc vi i lng th t.

CH THCH: Trong php tnh i lng, cc phng trnh i lng c u tin hn cc phng trnh tr s v phng trnh i lng c lp vi vic chn n v o, trong khi cc phng trnh tr s th khng (xem TCVN 6398-0:1998, 2.2.2). 1.22.Phng trnh i lng

H thc ton hc gia cc i lng trong mt h i lng cho, c lp vi n v o.

V D 1: trong Q1, Q2 v Q3 biu th cc i lng khc nhau cn l tha s bng s.V D 2: , trong T l ng nng, v l tc ca mt ht xc nh c khi lng m.

V D 3: , trong n l lng cht ca thnh phn c ha tr mt, I l dng din v t l khong thi gian in phn, cn F l hng s Faraday.

1.23.Phng trnh n v

Mi tng quan v mt ton hc gia cc n v c bn, n v dn xut nht qun hoc cc n v o khc.

V D 1: Vi cc i lng trong V d 1 ca 1.22, [Q1] = [Q2][Q3] trong [Q1], [Q2] v [Q3] biu th n v o tng ng ca Q1, Q2 v Q3, vi iu kin cc n v ny nm trong h n v nht qun.V D 2: J := kg m2/s2, trong J, kg, m v s l k hiu tng ng ca jun, kilgam, mt v giy. (K hiu := biu th theo nh ngha bng nh cho trong b tiu chun TCVN 7870).V D 3: 1 km/h = (1/3,6) m/s.

1.24.H s chuyn i n v

T s gia hai n v o ca i lng cng loi.

V D: km/m = 1 000 v nh vy 1 km = 1 000 m.

CH THCH: n v c th thuc cc h n v khc nhau.

V D 1: h/s = 3 600 v nh vy 1 h = 3 600 s.

V D 2: (km/h)/(m/s) = (1/3,6) v nh vy 1 km/h = (1/3,6) m/s.

1.25.Phng trnh tr s

Phng trnh tr s i lng

Mi tng quan v mt ton hc gia cc tr s i lng, da trn c s phng trnh i lng cho v cc n v o c th.

V D 1: Vi cc i lng v d 1 ca 1.22, {Q1} = {Q2}{Q3} trong {Q1}, {Q2} v {Q3} biu th tr s ca Q1, Q2 v Q3 trong iu kin chng c din t theo n v c bn hoc n v dn xut nht qun, hoc c hai.V D 2: Trong phng trnh i lng cho ng nng ca mt ht, , nu m = 2 kg v v = 3 m/s th {T} = (1/2) x 2 x 32 l phng trnh tr s cho tr s 9 ca T theo jun.1.26.i lng th t

i lng c nh ngha bng mt th tc o quy c, c mi lin h th t tng qut theo ln vi cc i lng khc cng loi c nh ngha, nhng gia cc i lng khng c cc php ton i s.

V D 1: cng Rockwell C.

V D 2: S ctan ca xng du.

V D 3: Cng ng t theo thang Richter.

V D 4: Mc au bng ch quan trn thang t khng n nm.

CH THCH 1: i lng th t ch c cc mi lin h thc nghim v khng c n v o cng khng c th nguyn i lng. Hiu v t s ca i lng th t khng c ngha vt l.

CH THCH 2: Cc i lng th t c sp xp theo cc thang gi tr - i lng th t (xem 1.28).

1.27.Thang gi tr - i lng

Thang o

Tp hp theo th t cc gi tr i lng ca mt loi i lng cho dng sp xp theo ln ca chng.

V D 1: Thang nhit Celsius.

V D 2: Thang thi gian.

V D 3: Thang cng Rockwell C.

1.28. (1.22)

Thang gi tr - i lng th t

Thang gi tr th t

Thang gi tr - i lng ca cc i lng th t.

V D 1: Thang cng Rockwell C;

V D 2: Thang s ctan ca xng du.

CH THCH: Thang gi tr - i lng th t c th c thit lp bng cc php o theo mt th tc o.1.29.Thang quy chiu quy c

Thang gi tr - i lng c nh ngha theo hnh thc tha thun.

1.30.Tnh cht danh ngha

Tnh cht ca mt hin tng, vt th, hoc cht, khng c ln.

V D 1: Gii tnh ca ngi.

V D 2: Mu sc ca mt mu sn.V D 3: Mu sc ca th nghim vt trong ha hc.

V D 4: M quc gia hai ch ci ca ISO.

V D 5: Dy acid amin trong polypeptid.

CH THCH 1: Tnh cht danh ngha c gi tr, n c th c din t bng t ng, bng m s v ch, hoc bng cc cch khc.CH THCH 2: Khng c nhm gi tr tnh cht danh ngha vi gi tr i lng danh ngha.

2.Php o2.Measurement

2.1.Php o2.1.Measurement

Qu trnh thc nghim thu c mt hay mt s gi tr i lng c th quy cho i lng mt cch hp l.process of experimentally obtaining one or more quantity values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity

CH THCH 1: Php o khng p dng cho cc tnh cht danh ngha.

CH THCH 2: Php o bao hm vic so snh cc i lng v vic m cc thc th.

CH THCH 3: Php o bao hm s m t i lng tng ng vi vic s dng d kin ca kt qu o, th tc o, v h thng o c hiu chun vn hnh theo th tc o quy nh, bao gm cc iu kin o.

2.2. (2.2)

o lng hc

Khoa hc v php o v vic ng dng chng.

CH THCH: o lng hc bao gm mi kha cnh v l thuyt v thc t ca php o vi mi khng m bo o v lnh vc p dng.

2.3. (2.6)

i lng o

i lng d kin o.

CH THCH 1: Quy nh v i lng o i hi s hiu bit v loi i lng, s m t v trng thi ca hin tng, vt th, hoc cht mang i lng, bao gm mi thnh phn lin quan v cc thc th ha hc km theo.

CH THCH 2: Trong phin bn VIM 1999 v trong IEC 60050-300:2001, i lng o c nh ngha l i lng c o.

CH THCH 3: Php o, bao gm h thng o v iu kin trong php o c tin hnh, c th lm thay i hin tng, vt th hoc cht cn nghin cu n mc i lng ang c o khc vi i lng o nh nh ngha. Trong trng hp ny cn c s hiu chnh thch hp.V D 1: Hiu in th gia cc cc ca acquy c th gim i khi s dng mt vn k c dn in ni ng k thc hin php o. Hiu in th mch h c th tnh c t in tr trong ca acquy v vn k.V D 2: di ca mt thanh kim loi trong trng thi cn bng vi nhit mi trng l 23 oC s khc vi di nhit quy nh l 20 oC, l i lng o. Trong trng hp ny, s hiu chnh l cn thit.CH THCH 4: Trong ha hc, analyte hoc tn ca cht hoc hp cht l nhng thut ng i khi c dng cho i lng o. Vic s dng ny l khng ng v cc thut ng ny khng lin quan n i lng.2.4. (2.3)

Nguyn l o

Nguyn l ca php o

Hin tng l c s ca php o.

V D 1: Hiu ng nhit in c p dng o nhit .

V D 2: S hp th nng lng c p dng o nng lng cht.

V D 3: S gim nng ng trong mu th nhn n c p dng o nng insulin trong cht pha ch thuc.

CH THCH: Hin tng v bn cht c th l vt l, ha hc hoc sinh hc.

2.5. (2.4)

Phng php o

Phng php ca php o

S m t tng qut vic t chc hp l cc thao tc thc hin trong php o.

CH THCH: C th phn loi phng php o theo nhng cch khc nhau nh:

- phng php o th,

- phng php o vi sai, v

- phng php o ch khng;

hoc

- phng php o trc tip, v- phng php o gin tip.

Xem IEC 60050-300:2001.

2.6.Th tc o

S m t chi tit php o theo mt hoc mt s nguyn l o v theo phng php o cho, trn c s mt m hnh o v bao gm mi tnh ton nhn c kt qu o.CH THCH 1: Th tc o thng c lp thnh ti liu chi tit cho php ngi vn hnh thc hin php o.

CH THCH 2: Th tc o c th bao gm tuyn b v khng m bo o mc tiu.

CH THCH 3: i khi th tc o c gi l th tc vn hnh theo tiu chun, vit tt l SOP.

2.7.Th tc o quy chiu

Th tc o c chp nhn cung cp cc kt qu o ph hp vi vic s dng d kin trong vic nh gi ng o ca cc gi tr i lng o c nhn c t nhng th tc o khc cho cc i lng cng loi, trong vic hiu chun hoc trong vic xc nh c trng mu chun.2.8.Th tc o quy chiu u

Th tc quy chiu u

Th tc o quy chiu dng nhn c kt qu o khng lin quan n chun o lng ca i lng cng loi.

V D: Dung tch nc ly ra bng pipet 50 ml 20 oC c o bng cch cn nc ly ra t pipet trong cc th nghim, ly khi lng cc th nghim c nc tr i khi lng cc rng ban u, v hiu chnh s chnh lch v khi lng cho nhit nc thc t bng cch s dng khi lng th tch (khi lng ring).

CH THCH 1: Ban t vn v lng cht o lng hc trong ha hc (CCQM) dng thut ng phng php o u cho khi nim ny.CH THCH 2: nh ngha ca hai khi nim ph, chng c th gi l th tc o quy chiu u trc tip v th tc o quy chiu u t l, c CCQM a ra Hi ngh ln th 5 nm 1999[43].

2.9. (3.1)

Kt qu o

Kt qu ca php o

Tp hp cc gi tr i lng c quy cho i lng o cng vi mi thng tin lin quan c th c khc.CH THCH 1: Kt qu o ni chung bao gm thng tin lin quan v tp hp cc gi tr i lng c th i din nhiu hn cho i lng o so vi cc gi tr khc. iu ny c th c th hin dng ca hm mt xc sut (PDF).

CH THCH 2: Kt qu o ni chung c th hin nh mt gi tr i lng o c n v khng m bo o. Nu khng m bo o c xem l khng ng k i vi mt mc ch no th kt qu o c th c th hin nh l mt gi tr i lng o c n. Trong nhiu lnh vc, y l cch trnh by kt qu o ph bin.CH THCH 3: Trong cc ti liu truyn thng v trong n phm trc ca VIM, kt qu o c nh ngha l gi tr quy cho i lng o v c gii thch l s ch, hoc kt qu cha hiu chnh, hoc kt qu hiu chnh, ty theo ng cnh.

2.10.Gi tr i lng o c

Gi tr o c ca i lng

Gi tr o c

Gi tr i lng i din cho kt qu o.

CH THCH 1: i vi php o c cc s ch lp li, mi ch s c th c dng cung cp mt gi tr i lng o c tng ng. Tp hp cc gi tr i lng o c ring l ny c th c dng tnh gi tr i lng o c dng lm kt qu, l trung bnh hoc trung v, thng c khng m bo o km theo nh hn.CH THCH 2: Khi phm vi cc gi tr i lng thc c chp nhn i din cho i lng o l nh so vi khng m bo o, c th xem gi tr i lng o c l c lng ca gi tr i lng thc ch yu duy nht, v thng l trung bnh hoc trung v ca cc gi tr i lng o c ring l nhn c t cc php o lp.CH THCH 3: Trng hp phm vi cc gi tr i lng thc c chp nhn i din cho i lng o l khng nh so vi khng m bo o, gi tr o c thng l c lng ca trung bnh hoc trung v ca tp hp cc gi tr i lng thc.CH THCH 4: Trong GUM, thut ng kt qu ca php o v c lng gi tr ca i lng o hoc c lng ca i lng o c s dng cho gi tr i lng o c.2.11. (1.19)

Gi tr i lng thc

Gi tr thc ca i lng

Gi tr thc

Gi tr i lng ph hp vi nh ngha ca i lng.

CH THCH 1: Trong Cch tip cn sai s m t php o, gi tr i lng thc c xem l duy nht v trong thc t l khng bit c. Cch tip cn khng m bo tha nhn rng, do s khng y vn c ca chi tit trong nh ngha i lng, khng c mt gi tr thc n m ng hn l mt tp hp cc gi tr i lng thc ph hp vi nh ngha. Tuy nhin, tp hp cc gi tr ny, v nguyn tc v trong thc t, l khng bit c. Cc cch tip cn khc hon ton khng cn n khi nim gi tr i lng thc v da vo khi nim tnh tng hp v o lng ca kt qu o l nh gi s hiu lc ca chng.CH THCH 2: Trng hp c bit ca hng s c bn, i lng c xem l c mt gi tr i lng thc n.

CH THCH 3: Khi khng m bo nh ngha gn vi i lng o c xem l khng ng k so vi cc thnh phn khc ca khng m bo o, i lng o c th c xem l c mt gi tr i lng thc c bn duy nht. y l cch tip cn ca GUM v cc ti liu km theo, trong t thc c xem l khng cn thit.

2.12.Gi tr i lng quy c

Gi tr quy c ca i lng

Gi tr quy c

Gi tr i lng quy cho i lng bng s tha thun i vi mt mc ch cho.V D 1: Gia tc ri t do chun (trc y gi l gia tc trng trng chun), gn = 9,806 65 m.s-2.

V D 2: Gi tr i lng quy c ca hng s Josephson, KJ-90 = 483 597,9 GHz.V-1.

V D 3: Gi tr i lng quy c ca mt chun khi lng cho, m = 100,003 47 g.

CH THCH 1: Thut ng gi tr i lng thc quy c i khi c s dng cho khi nim ny, nhng khng khuyn khch s dng.CH THCH 2: i khi gi tr i lng quy c l mt c lng ca gi tr i lng thc.CH THCH 3: Gi tr i lng quy c ni chung c chp nhn khi gn b vi mt khng m bo o nh ph hp, c th l s khng.

2.13. (3.5)

chnh xc o

chnh xc ca php o

chnh xc

Mc gn nhau gia gi tr i lng o c v gi tr i lng thc ca i lng o.

CH THCH 1: Khi nim khng chnh xc o khng phi l i lng v khng cho bit tr s i lng. Php o c xem l khng chnh xc hn khi c sai s o nh hn.CH THCH 2: Thut ng chnh xc o khng c s dng cho ng o v thut ng chm o khng c s dng o chnh xc o, tuy nhin, n c lin quan vi c hai khi nim ny.CH THCH 3: chnh xc o i khi c hiu l mc gn nhau gia cc gi tr i lng o c ang quy cho i lng o.

2.14. ng o

ng ca php o

ng

Mc gn nhau gia trung bnh ca mt s v hn cc gi tr i lng o c lp li v gi tr i lng quy chiu.CH THCH 1: ng o khng phi l i lng v do khng th th hin bng s, nhng thc o mc gn nhau c cho trong TCVN 6910.

CH THCH 2: ng o t l nghch vi sai s o h thng, nhng khng lin quan vi sai s o ngu nhin.

CH THCH 3: Khng c s dng chnh xc o cho ng o v ngc li.2.15. chm o

chm

Mc gn nhau gia cc s ch hoc cc gi tr i lng o c nhn c bi php o lp trn cc i lng nh nhau hoc tng t nhau trong iu kin quy nh.CH THCH 1: chm o thng c th hin v mt s lng bng thc o s phn tn, nh lch chun, phng sai hoc h s bin thin trong iu kin o quy nh.

CH THCH 2: iu kin quy nh c th l, v d, iu kin lp li ca php o, iu kin chm trung gian ca php o, hoc iu kin ti lp ca php o (xem TCVN 6910-3:2001).CH THCH 3: chm o c dng nh ngha lp li o, chm o trung gian v ti tp o.CH THCH 4: i khi chm o" c dng khng ng theo ngha chnh xc o.

2.16. (3.10)

Sai s o

Sai s ca php o

Sai s

Gi tr i lng o c tr i gi tr i lng quy chiu.

CH THCH 1: Khi nim sai s o c th c s dng

a) Khi c mt gi tr i lng quy chiu n tra cu, gi tr ny tm thy nu vic hiu chun c thc hin bng cch s dng mt chun o lng vi gi tr i lng o c c khng m bo o khng ng k hoc nu gi tr i lng quy c c cho, trong trng hp sai s o l bit c, vb) nu i lng o gi nh l c i din bng mt gi tr i lng thc duy nht hoc mt tp hp cc gi tr i lng thc c phm vi khng ng k, trong trng hp sai s o l khng bit c.CH THCH 2: Khng c ln ln sai s o vi sai s ch to hoc s nhm li.2.17. (3.14)

Sai s o h thng

Sai s h thng ca php o

Sai s h thng

Thnh phn ca sai s o, khng i hoc thay i theo cch c th d on c trong php o lp.

CH THCH 1: Gi tr i lng quy chiu i vi sai s o h thng l gi tr i lng thc, hoc gi tr i lng o c ca chun o lng c khng m bo o khng ng k, hoc gi tr i lng quy c.CH THCH 2: Sai s o h thng, v nguyn nhn ca n, c th c bit hoc cha bit. S hiu chnh c th c p dng b cho sai s o h thng bit.

CH THCH 3: Sai s o h thng bng sai s o tr i sai s o ngu nhin.

2.18. chch o

chch

c lng ca sai s o h thng.

2.19. (3.13)

Sai s o ngu nhin

Sai s ngu nhin ca php o

Sai s ngu nhin

Thnh phn ca sai s o thay i theo cch khng d on c trong php o lp.

CH THCH 1: Gi tr i lng quy chiu i vi sai s o ngu nhin l trung bnh c c t mt s v hn cc php o lp ca cng mt i lng o.

CH THCH 2: Sai s o ngu nhin ca tp hp cc php o lp li to thnh mt phn b c th c tm tt bng k vng, thng gi thit l bng khng, v phng sai ca n.CH THCH 3: Sai s o ngu nhin bng sai s o tr i sai s o h thng.2.20. (3.6, Ch thch 1 v 2)

iu kin lp li ca php o

iu kin lp li

iu kin ca php o, th hin bng mt tp hp cc iu kin bao gm cng th tc o, cng ngi thao tc, cng h thng o, cng iu kin vn hnh v cng a im, v cc php o lp li trn cng i tng hoc cc i tng tng t nhau trong khong thi gian ngn.CH THCH 1: iu kin ca php o l iu kin lp li ch i vi mt tp hp quy nh cc iu kin lp li.

CH THCH 2: Trong ha hc, thut ng iu kin chm lp trong ca php o i khi c s dng ch khi nim ny.2.21. (3.6)

lp li o

lp li

chm o trong tp hp cc iu kin lp li ca php o.

2.22.iu kin chm trung gian ca php o

iu kin chm trung gian

iu kin ca php o, th hin bng mt tp hp cc iu kin bao gm cng th tc o, cng a im, v cc php o lp li trn cng i tng hoc cc i tng tng t nhau trong khong thi gian di, nhng c th bao gm cc iu kin thay i khc.

CH THCH 1: Cc thay i c th bao gm vic hiu chun, thit b hiu chun, ngi thao tc, v h thng o mi.

CH THCH 2: i vi thc t, quy nh v cc iu kin cn bao gm cc iu kin c thay i v khng c thay i.CH THCH 3: Trong ha hc, thut ng iu kin chm gia cc lp ca php o i khi c s dng ch khi nim ny.

2.23. chm o trung gian

chm trung gian chm o trong tp hp cc iu kin chm trung gian ca php o.

CH THCH: Cc thut ng thng k lin quan c cho trong TCVN 6910-3:2001.

2.24. (3.7, Ch thch 2)

iu kin ti lp ca php o

iu kin ti lp

iu kin ca php o, th hin bng mt tp hp cc iu kin bao gm a im, ngi thao tc, h thng o khc nhau v php o lp li trn cng i tng hoc cc i tng tng t nhau.

CH THCH 1: Cc h thng o khc nhau c th s dng cc th tc o khc nhau.CH THCH 2: i vi thc t, quy nh cn cho bit cc iu kin c thay i v khng c thay i.

2.25. (3.7)

ti lp o

ti lp

chm o trong iu kin ti lp ca php o.CH THCH: Cc thut ng thng k lin quan c cho trong TCVN 6910-1:2001 v TCVN 6910-2:2001.

2.26. (3.9)

khng m bo o

khng m bo ca php o

khng m bo

Thng s khng m c trng cho s phn tn ca cc gi tr i lng c quy cho i lng o, trn c s thng tin s dng.CH THCH 1: khng m bo o bao gm cc thnh phn xut hin t nhng nh hng h thng, nh thnh phn gn vi s hiu chnh v gi tr i lng c n nh ca chun o lng, cng nh khng m bo nh ngha. i khi cc nh hng h thng c lng khng c hiu chnh, nhng thay th l cc thnh phn khng m bo o km theo c a vo.CH THCH 2: Thng s c th l, v d, lch chun c gi l khng m bo chun (hoc mt bi xc nh ca n), hoc na ca khong, vi xc sut ph quy nh.CH THCH 3: Ni chung, khng m bo o bao gm nhiu thnh phn. Mt s thnh phn c th nh gi theo cch nh gi loi A ca khng m bo o bng phn b thng k ca cc gi tr i lng t dy cc php o v c th c c trng bng lch chun. Cc thnh phn khc c th c nh gi theo cch nh gi loi B ca khng m bo o, cng c th c trng bng lch chun, c nh gi t hm mt xc sut da trn kinh nghim hoc thng tin khc.CH THCH 4: Ni chung, i vi mt tp hp thng tin cho, khng m bo o c gn vi mt gi tr i lng n nh quy cho i lng o. S thay i ca gi tr dn n s thay i ca khng m bo km theo.2.27. khng m bo nh ngha

Thnh phn khng m bo o gy ra do s gii hn v chi tit trong nh ngha ca i lng o.CH THCH 1: khng m bo nh ngha l khng m bo o ti thiu thc t c th t c trong bt k php o no ca i lng o cho.

CH THCH 2: Mi s thay i trong chi tit m t u dn n khng m bo nh ngha khc.

CH THCH 3: Trong ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, D.3.4, v trong IEC 60359, khi nim khng m bo nh ngha c gi l khng m bo ni ti.2.28.nh gi loi A ca khng m bo o

nh gi loi A

nh gi thnh phn ca khng m bo o bng phn tch thng k cc gi tr i lng o c nhn c trong iu kin o xc nh.

CH THCH 1: V cc loi iu kin o khc nhau, xem iu kin lp li ca php o, iu kin chm trung gian ca php o v iu kin ti lp ca php o.

CH THCH 2: i vi cc thng tin v phn tch thng k, xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.

CH THCH 3: Cng xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.3.2, ISO 5725, ISO 13528, IS/TS 21748, ISO 21749.

2.29.nh gi loi B ca khng m bo o

nh gi loi B

nh gi thnh phn ca khng m bo o bng cch khc vi nh gi loi A ca khng m bo o.

V D: nh gi da trn thng tin.

- gn vi cc gi tr i lng c cng b c cn c,

- gn vi gi tr i lng ca mu chun c chng nhn.

- nhn c t giy chng nhn hiu chun.

- v tri,

- nhn c t cp chnh xc ca phng tin o c kim nh,- nhn c t cc gii hn suy lun thng qua kinh nghim c nhn.

CH THCH: Xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.3.3.

2.30. khng m bo o chun

khng m bo o chun ca php o

khng m bo o chun

khng m bo o c th hin l lch chun.

2.31. khng m bo o chun tng hp

khng m bo chun tng hp

khng m bo o chun nhn c bng cch s dng cc khng m bo o chun ring bit gn vi cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o.

CH THCH: Trong trng hp cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o c tng quan, cc hip bin cng phi c tnh n khi tnh ton khng m bo o chun tng hp; xem thm ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:20008, 2.3.4.

2.32. khng m bo o chun tng i

khng m bo o chun chia cho gi tr tuyt i ca gi tr i lng o c.

2.33.Bng thnh phn khng m bo

Bn tm tt v khng m bo, cc thnh phn ca khng m bo , vic tnh ton v kt hp cc thnh phn ny.

CH THCH: Bng thnh phn khng m bo cn bao gm m hnh o, c lng, v khng m bo o km theo i lng trong m hnh o, cc hip phng sai, dng hm mt xc sut p dng, bc t do, loi nh gi khng m bo o, v mi h s ph.2.34. khng m bo o mc tiu

khng m bo o mc tiu

khng m bo o c xc nh nh l mt gii hn trn v c quyt nh trn c s mc ch s dng d kin ca kt qu o.2.35. khng m bo o m rng

khng m bo m rng

Tch ca khng m bo o chun tng hp v mt h s ln hn mt.

CH THCH 1: H s ph thuc vo dng phn b xc sut ca i lng u ra trong m hnh o v xc sut ph chn.CH THCH 2: Thut ng h s trong nh ngha ny chnh l h s ph.

CH THCH 3: khng m bo o m rng c gi l khng m bo ton th trong phn 5 ca Khuyn ngh INC-1 (1980) (xem GUM) v n gin l khng m bo trong cc tiu chun ca IEC.2.36.Khong ph

Khong cha tp hp gi tr i lng thc ca i lng o vi xc sut nh, trn c s cc thng tin c sn.

CH THCH 1: Khong ph khng nht thit phi ly gi tr i lng o c chn lm trung tm (xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Ph lc 1).

CH THCH 2: Khng nn gi khong ph l khong tin cy trnh nhm ln vi khi nim thng k (xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 6.2.2).

CH THCH 3: Khong ph c th c suy ra t khng m bo m rng (xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.3.5).2.37.Xc sut ph

Xc sut tp hp cc gi tr i lng thc ca i lng o nm trong mt khong ph xc nh.

CH THCH 1: nh ngha ny lin quan n cch tip cn khng m bo nh trnh by trong GUM.

CH THCH 2: Trong GUM xc sut ph cng c gi l mc tin cy.

2.38.H s ph

S ln hn mt nhn vi khng m bo o chun tng hp nhn c khng m bo o m rng.

CH THCH: H s ph thng c k hiu l k (Xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.3.6).

2.39. (6.11)

Hiu chun

Hot ng, trong nhng iu kin quy nh, bc th nht l thit lp mi lin h gia cc gi tr i lng c khng m bo o do chun o lng cung cp v cc s ch tng ng vi khng m bo o km theo v bc th hai l s dng thng tin ny thit lp mi lin h nhn c kt qu o t s ch.CH THCH 1: Hiu chun c th din t bng mt tuyn b, hm hiu chun, biu hiu chun, ng cong hiu chun, hoc bng hiu chun. Trong mt s trng hp n c th bao gm s hiu chnh cng hoc nhn ca s ch vi khng m bo o km theo.CH THCH 2: Khng c nhm ln hiu chun vi hiu chnh h thng o, thng gi sai l t hiu chun, cng khng c nhm ln vi kim nh ca hiu chun.CH THCH 3: Thng thng bc u tin trong nh ngha trn c hiu l hiu chun.

2.40.S hiu chun

Chui hiu chun t mc quy chiu n h thng o cui cng, trong u ra ca tng php hiu chun ph thuc vo u ra ca php hiu chun trc .CH THCH 1: khng m bo o nht thit tng ln dc theo chui hiu chun.

CH THCH 2: Cc thnh phn ca s hiu chun l mt hay mt s chun o lng v h thng o vn hnh theo cc th tc o.

CH THCH 3: Vi nh ngha ny, mc quy chiu c th l nh ngha ca n v o thng qua vic th hin thc t n, hoc mt th tc o, hoc mt chun o lng.

CH THCH 4: Vic so snh gia hai chun o lng c th xem l hiu chun nu vic so snh c dng kim tra v, nu cn thit, hiu chnh gi tr i lng v khng m bo o c quy cho mt trong cc chun o lng.

2.41. (6.10)Lin kt chun o lng

Tnh cht ca kt qu o nh kt qu c th lin h ti mc quy chiu thng qua mt chui khng t on cc php hiu chun c lp thnh ti liu, mi php hiu chun ng gp vo khng m bo o.

CH THCH 1: Vi nh ngha ny mc quy chiu c th l nh ngha ca n v o thng qua vic th hin thc t n, hoc mt th tc o bao gm n v o cho i lng khng phi l i lng th t, hoc mt chun o lng.CH THCH 2: Lin kt chun o lng yu cu thit lp mt s hiu chun.

CH THCH 3: Thng s k thut ca mc quy chiu phi bao gm thi gian m mc quy chiu ny c s dng trong vic thit lp s hiu chun, cng vi mi thng tin o lng lin quan khc v mc quy chiu, v d khi vic hiu chun u tin trong s hiu chun c thc hin.

CH THCH 4: i vi php o c nhiu i lng u vo trong m hnh o, tng gi tr i lng u vo cn phi t lin kt chun o lng v s hiu chun lin quan c th to nn mt cu trc nhnh hoc mng. S n lc cn thit trong vic thit lp lin kt chun o lng cho tng gi tr i lng vo cn tng xng vi s ng gp tng i ca n vo kt qu o.

CH THCH 5: Lin kt chun o lng ca kt qu o khng m bo rng khng m o l thch hp vi mt mc ch nh, cng khng m bo l khng c sai li.

CH THCH 6: Vic so snh gia hai chun o lng c th xem l hiu chun nu vic so snh c dng kim tra v, nu cn thit, hiu chnh gi tr i lng v khng m bo o c quy cho mt trong s cc chun o lng.

CH THCH 7: ILAC coi cc yu t xc nh lin kt chun o lng l mt chui lin kt chun o lng khng t on ti chun o lng quc t hoc chun o lng quc gia, khng m bo o c lm thnh ti liu, th tc o c lp thnh vn bn, nng lc k thut c cng nhn, lin kt chun o lng ti SI, v cc khong thi gian hiu chun (xem ILAC P-10-2002).CH THCH 8: Thut ng rt gn lin kt chun i khi c s dng ch lin kt chun o lng cng nh cc khi nim khc, v d nh kh nng xc nh ngun gc mu hoc 'kh nng xc nh ngun gc ti liu' hoc 'kh nng xc nh ngun gc phng tin' hoc 'kh nng xc nh ngun gc vt liu', trong lch s (du vt) ca i tng c a ra. V vy, thut ng y lin kt chun o lng c u tin nu c bt c nguy c nhm ln no.2.42.Chui lin kt chun o lng

Chui lin kt chun

Dy cc chun o lng v cc php hiu chun c dng lin h kt qu o ti mc quy chiu.

CH THCH 1: Chui lin kt chun o lng c xc nh thng qua s hiu chun.

CH THCH 2: Chui lin kt chun o lng c dng thit lp lin kt chun o lng ca kt qu o.

CH THCH 3: Vic so snh gia hai chun o lng c th xem l hiu chun nu vic so snh c dng kim tra v, nu cn thit, hiu chnh gi tr i lng v khng m bo o c quy cho mt trong s cc chun o lng.

2.43.Lin kt chun o lng n n v o

Lin kt chun o lng ti n v

Lin kt chun o lng trong mc quy chiu l nh ngha ca n v o qua s th hin thc t ca n.

CH THCH: Cm t lin kt chun ti SI c ngha l lin kt chun o lng n n v o ca H n v quc t.

2.44.Kim nh

Vic cung cp bng chng khch quan rng i tng cho p ng cc yu cu quy nh.

V D 1: Xc nhn rng mu chun cho theo yu cu l ng nht i vi gi tr i lng v th tc o lin quan, khi gim phn chia o lng ti khi lng 10 mg.V D 2: Xc nhn rng cc tnh nng hoc yu cu php nh ca mt h thng o l t c.V D 3: Xc nhn rng khng m bo o mc tiu l c th ph hp.

CH THCH 1: Khi c th p dng, khng m bo o cn c a vo xem xt.

CH THCH 2: i tng c th l, v d nh qu trnh, th tc o, vt liu, hp cht hoc h thng o.

CH THCH 3: Cc yu cu quy nh c th l, v d, cc yu cu k thut ca nh sn xut c p ng.

CH THCH 4: Kim nh trong o lng php nh, nh nh ngha trong VIML[53], v trong nh gi s ph hp ni chung, lin quan n vic kim tra v gn du v/hoc pht hnh giy chng nhn kim nh cho h thng o.CH THCH 5: Khng c nhm ln kim nh vi hiu chun. Khng c bt c vic kim nh no l xc nhn gi tr s dng.CH THCH 6: Trong ha hc, kim nh s ng nht (identity) ca thc th lin quan, hoc ca hot tnh cn c s m t v cu trc hoc cc tnh cht ca thc th hoc hot tnh .

2.45.Xc nhn gi tr s dng

Kim nh, trong cc yu cu quy nh l tha ng cho vic s dng nh.

V D: Mt th tc o, thng c s dng cho php o nng khi lng nit trong nc, cng c th c xc nhn gi tr s dng cho php o trong huyt thanh ngi.2.46.Tnh so snh o lng ca kt qu o

Tnh so snh o lng

Tnh so snh ca kt qu o, i vi i lng thuc mt loi cho, l kh nng truy nguyn v mt o lng ti cng mt mc quy chiu.

V D: Cc kt qu o, v d nh khong cch t Tri t n Mt trng v t Paris n London l c th so snh c khi chng c quy chiu v cng mt n v o, v d mt.

CH THCH 1: Xem ch thch 1 ca 2.41 lin kt chun o lng.CH THCH 2: Tnh so snh o lng ca kt qu o khng yu cu gi tr i lng o c v khng m bo o km theo c so snh l c cng bc v ln.2.47.Tnh tng thch o lng ca kt qu o

Tnh tng thch o lng

Tnh cht ca tp hp cc kt qu o i vi mt i lng o xc nh, m gi tr tuyt i ca hiu ca mt cp bt k cc gi tr i lng o c t hai kt qu o khc nhau l nh hn mt s bi chn ca khng m bo o chun ca hiu .CH THCH 1: Tnh tng thch o lng ca kt qu o thay th khi nim truyn thng nm trong phm vi sai s, v n th hin chun mc quyt nh xem hai kt qu o c lin quan ti cng mt i lng o hay khng. Nu trong tp hp cc php o ca i lng o, c cho l khng i, kt qu o l khng tng thch vi kt qu o khc, th hoc php o l khng ng (v d khng m bo o ca n c nh gi qu nh) hoc i lng c o thay i gia cc php o.CH THCH 2: S tng quan gia cc php o nh hng n tnh tng thch o lng ca kt qu o. Nu cc php o l hon ton khng tng quan, khng m bo o chun ca hiu ca chng bng cn qun phng tng cc khng m bo o chun ca chng, trong khi n l thp hn vi hip bin dng hoc cao hn i vi hip bin m.2.48.M hnh o

M hnh ca php o

M hnh

H thc ton hc trong tt c cc i lng bit lin quan n php o.

CH THCH 1: Dng chung ca m hnh o l phng trnh h (Y, X1,, Xn) = 0, trong Y, i lng u ra trong m hnh o, l i lng o, gi tr i lng ca n c suy ra t thng tin v cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o X1,, Xn.CH THCH 2: Trong trng hp phc tp hn c hai hoc nhiu i lng u ra trong m hnh o, m hnh o bao gm nhiu phng trnh.

2.49.Hm o lng

Hm cc i lng, gi tr ca n, khi c tnh ton bng cch s dng gi tr i lng bit ca cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o, l gi tr i lng o c ca i lng u ra trong m hnh o.

CH THCH 1: Nu m hnh o h(Y, X1, , Xn) = 0 c th vit r rng l Y = f(X1,, Xn), trong Y l i lng u ra trong m hnh o, th hm f l hm o lng. Tng qut hn, f c th tng trng cho mt thut ton, mang li cho cc gi tr i lng u vo x1,, xn mt gi tr i lng u ra tng ng duy nht y = (x1,, xn).

CH THCH 2: Hm o lng cng c s dng tnh ton khng m bo o gn vi gi tr i lng o c Y.

2.50.i lng u vo trong m hnh o

i lng u vo

i lng phi c o, hoc i lng m gi tr ca n c th nhn c bng cch khc, tnh ton gi tr i lng o c ca i lng o.

V D: Khi di ca mt que thp ti nhit xc nh l i lng o, th nhit thc t, di ti nhit thc t, v h s dn n nhit tuyn tnh ca que l cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o.

CH THCH 1: i lng u vo trong m hnh o thng l i lng u ra ca h thng o.

CH THCH 2: S ch, s hiu chnh v i lng nh hng c th l cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o.

2.51.i lng u ra trong m hnh o

i lng u ra

i lng, m gi tr o c ca n c tnh ton bng cch s dng gi tr cc i lng u vo trong m hnh o.

2.52. (2.7)

i lng nh hng

i lng, trong php o trc tip, khng nh hng n i lng thc t c o, nhng nh hng n mi quan h gia s ch v kt qu o.

V D 1: Tn s trong php o trc tip vi ampe k c bin dng in xoay chiu khng i.V D 2: Nng lng cht bilirubin trong php o trc tip nng lng cht haemoglobin trong huyt thanh ngi.

V D 3: Nhit ca panme dng o di ca mt que nhng khng phi l nhit ca chnh que c th a vo trong nh ngha ca i lng o.

V D 4: p sut mi trng trong ngun ion ca ph k khi lng trong php o t s lng cht.

CH THCH 1: Php o gin tip bao hm mt t hp cc php o trc tip, mi php o trc tip c th b tc ng bi i lng nh hng.

CH THCH 2: Trong GUM, khi nim i lng nh hng c nh ngha nh trong phin bn hai ca VIM, bao trm khng ch cc i lng nh hng n h thng o, nh trong nh ngha trn, m cn c cc i lng nh hng n i lng thc t c o. Trong GUM khi nim ny cng khng hn ch i vi php o trc tip.2.53. (3.15) (3.16)

Hiu chnh

Vic b cho mt nh hng h thng c lng.

CH THCH 1: V gii thch nh hng h thng, xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 3.2.3.

CH THCH 2: Vic b c th c cc hnh thc khc nhau, v d bng mt s cng hoc s nhn, hoc c th c suy ra t mt bng.

3. Thit b o3.1. (4.1)

Phng tin oThit b c dng thc hin php o, c lp hoc kt hp vi mt hoc mt s thit b ph.

CH THCH 1: Phng tin o c th c s dng c lp nh mt h thng o.

CH THCH 2: Phng tin o c th l phng tin o ch th hoc vt .

3.2. (4.5)

H thng o

Tp hp mt hoc mt s phng tin o v cc thit b thng thng khc, bao gm c thuc th v s cung cp, c lp rp v lm cho thch hp cho thng tin dng to ra gi tr i lng o c trong khong quy nh cho i lng thuc cc loi quy nh.

CH THCH: H thng o c th ch bao gm mt phng tin o.

3.3 (4.6)

Phng tin o ch th

Phng tin o cho tn hiu u ra mang thng tin v gi tr ca i lng ang c o.

V D: Vn k, panme, nhit k, cn in t.

CH THCH 1: Phng tin o ch th c th c b phn ghi li s ch.

CH THCH 2: Tn hiu u ra c th c th hin di dng hnh nh hoc m thanh. N cng c th c truyn n mt hoc mt s thit b khc.

3.14. (4.17)

Phng tin o hin th

Phng tin o ch th c tn hiu u ra c th hin di dng nhn thy c.

3.5. (4.17)

Thang o ca phng tin o hin thB phn ca phng tin o hin th gm tp hp cc du hiu c sp xp th t vi gi tr i lng km theo.

3.6. (4.2)

Vt

Phng tin o ti to hoc cung cp, theo mt cch c nh trong qu trnh s dng, cc i lng ca mt hay mt s loi xc nh, mi i lng c gi tr i lng c n nh.

V D: Qu cn chun, bnh ong (cung cp mt hay mt s gi tr i lng, c hoc khng c thang gi tr i lng), in tr chun, thc vch, b can mu, my to tn hiu chun, mu chun c chng nhn.

CH THCH 1: S ch ca vt l gi tr i lng c n nh ca n.

CH THCH 2: Vt c th l chun o lng.

3.7. (4.3)

B chuyn i o

Thit b, s dng trong php o, cung cp i lng u ra c mi lin h xc nh vi i lng u vo.

V D: Cp nhit in, my bin dng, dng o bin dng, in cc pH, ng Bourdon, di lng kim.

3.8. (4.14)

B cm binPhn t ca h thng o chu tc ng trc tip ca hin tng, vt th, hoc cht mang i lng c o.

V D: Cun cm bin ca nhit k in tr platin, rto ca ng h lu lng tua bin, ng Bourdon ca ng h o p sut, phao ca phng tin o mc, t bo quang in ca ph k, tinh th lng nhit hc thay i mu sc nh l hm ca nhit .

CH THCH: Trong mt s lnh vc, thut ng b d c s dng cho khi nim ny.

3.9. (4.15)

u d

Thit b hoc cht pht hin s c mt ca mt hin tng, vt th, hoc cht kh gi tr ngng ca i lng km theo b vt qu.

V D: B d s lt kh halogen, giy qu.

CH THCH 1: Trong mt s lnh vc, thut ng b d c dng cho khi nim ca b cm bin.

CH THCH 2: Trong ha hc, thut ng "cht ch th" thng c dng cho khi nim ny.3.10. (4.4)

Chui oDy cc phn t ca h thng o to thnh mt ng duy nht ca tn hiu t b cm bin n phn t ra.

V D 1: Chui o in thanh gm microphon, b suy gim, b lc, b khuych i v vn k.

V D 2: Chui o c hc gm ng Bourdon, h thng n by, hai bnh rng v mt s c hc.

3.11. (4.30)

Hiu chnh h thng o

Hiu chnh

Tp hp cc thao tc c tin hnh trn h thng o cho ra s ch quy nh tng ng vi gi tr cho ca i lng c o.

CH THCH 1: Cc loi hiu chnh h thng o bao gm hiu chnh im khng ca h thng o, hiu chnh dch chuyn, hiu chnh o khong (i khi gi l hiu chnh khuych i).CH THCH 2: Khng c nhm ln hiu chnh h thng o vi hiu chun l iu tin quyt i vi hiu chnh.

CH THCH 3: Sau khi hiu chnh h thng o thng phi c hiu chun li.3.12.Hiu chnh im khng ca h thng o

Hiu chun im khng

Hiu chun h thng o cho ra s ch khng tng ng vi gi tr khng ca i lng c o.

4. Cc c trng ca phng tin o

4.1. (3.2)

S ch

Gi tr i lng c cho bi phng tin o hoc h thng o.

CH THCH 1: S ch c th c th hin di dng hnh nh hoc m thanh hoc c truyn ti thit b khc. S ch thng c cho bng v tr ca kim ch trn b phn ch bo i vi u ra tng t, ch s c hin th hoc in ra i vi u ra hin s, biu m i vi u ra m ha, hoc gi tr i lng n nh i vi vt .CH THCH 2: S ch v gi tr tng ng ca i lng c o khng nht thit l gi tr ca i lng cng loi.4.2.S ch khng ti

S ch nn

S ch nhn c t mt hin tng, vt th hoc cht tng t vi i tng c kho st, nhng i vi n i lng quan tm c cho l khng c mt, hoc khng tham gia vo s ch.

4.3. (4.19)

Khong s ch

Tp hp cc gi tr i lng gii hn bi s ch cc tr c th c.

CH THCH 1: Khong s ch thng c cng b theo gi tr i lng nh nht v ln nht, v d 99 V n 201 V.

CH THCH 2: Trong mt s lnh vc, thut ng l phm vi ch.

4.4. (5.1)Khong s ch danh nghaKhong danh ngha

Tp hp cc gi tr i lng, gii hn bi s ch cc tr c quy trn, hoc gn ng, nhn c bng gi tr t c th ca cc b iu khin phng tin o hoc h thng o v c dng n nh gi tr t .CH THCH 1: Khong s ch danh ngha thng c cng b l gi tr i lng ln nht v nh nht, v d 100 V n 200 V.

CH THCH 2: Trong mt s lnh vc, thut ng ny l phm vi danh ngha.4.5. (5.2)

Phm vi khong s ch danh ngha

Gi tr tuyt i ca hiu gia cc gi tr i lng cc tr ca khong s ch danh ngha.

V D: i vi khong s ch danh ngha 10 V n + 10 V, phm vi khong s ch danh ngha l 20 V.

CH THCH: Phm vi khong s ch danh ngha i khi c gi l khong o danh ngha.4.6. (5.3)

Gi tr i lng danh ngha

Gi tr danh ngha

Gi tr quy trn hoc gn ng ca i lng c trng cho phng tin o hoc h thng o cung cp hng dn s dng cho thch hp.V D 1: 100 l gi tr i lng danh ngha ghi trn in tr chun.V D 2: 1 000 ml l gi tr i lng danh ngha ghi trn bnh dung tch mt mc.V D 3: 0,1 mol/l l gi tr i lng danh ngha nng lng cht ca dung dch axit clohydric, HCl.

V D 4: -20 oC l nhit Celsius cc i cho lu kho.CH THCH: Khng c nhm ln gi tr i lng danh ngha v gi tr danh ngha vi gi tr tnh cht danh ngha (xem 1.30, Ch thch 2).

4.7. (5.4)

Khong o

Khong lm vic

Tp hp cc gi tr i lng cng loi c th o c bng phng tin o hoc h thng o cho vi khng m bo o thit b c th, trong nhng iu kin xc nh.CH THCH 1: Trong mt s lnh vc, thut ng l phm vi o.

CH THCH 2: Khng c nhm ln gii hn di ca khong o vi gii hn pht hin.4.8.

iu kin vn hnh trng thi n nh

iu kin vn hnh ca phng tin o hoc h thng o, trong mi lin h c thit lp bng vic hiu chun vn duy tr hiu lc ngay c khi i lng o thay i theo thi gian.4.9. (5.5)

iu kin vn hnh bnh thng

iu kin vn hnh phi p ng trong php o phng tin o hoc h thng o hot ng nh c thit k.

CH THCH: iu kin vn hnh bnh thng quy nh khong gi tr i vi i lng ang c o v i vi mi i lng nh hng.4.10. (5.6)

iu kin vn hnh gii hn

iu kin vn hnh cc tr phng tin o hoc h thng o chu c m khng hng hc, v khng suy gim cc c trng o lng quy nh, khi hot ng tr li trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng.CH THCH 1: iu kin gii hn i vi vic bo qun, vn chuyn hoc vn hnh c th khc nhau.

CH THCH 2: iu kin gii hn c th bao gm gi tr gii hn ca i lng ang c o v mi i lng nh hng.

4.11. (5.7)

iu kin vn hnh quy chiuiu kin quy chiu

iu kin vn hnh quy nh nh gi tnh nng ca phng tin o hoc h thng o hoc so snh cc kt qu o.CH THCH 1: iu kin vn hnh quy chiu quy nh khong gi tr ca i lng o v ca cc i lng nh hng.

CH THCH 2: Trong IEC 60050-300, mc 311-06-02, thut ng iu kin quy chiu dng cho iu kin vn hnh trong khng m bo o phng tin quy nh l nh nht c th.4.12. (5.10)

nhy ca h thng o

nhy

T s gia s thay i s ch ca h thng o v s thay i tng ng trong gi tr ca i lng c o.

CH THCH 1: nhy ca h thng o c th ph thuc vo gi tr ca i lng c o.

CH THCH 2: S thay i c xem xt theo gi tr ca i lng ang c o phi ln so vi phn gii.4.13. chn lc ca h thng o

chn lc

Tnh cht ca h thng o, s dng vi mt th tc o xc nh, nh h thng o cho cc gi tr i lng o c ca mt hoc mt s i lng o sao cho gi tr ca tng i lng o l c lp vi i lng o khc hoc i lng khc ca hin tng, vt th, hoc cht c kho st.V D 1: Kh nng ca h thng o c ph k khi lng o t s dng ion to thnh bi hai hp cht xc nh khng c nhiu do cc ngun dng in xc nh khc gy ra.

V D 2: Kh nng ca h thng o o cng sut mt thnh phn tn hiu ti tn s cho khng b nhiu do cc thnh phn tn hiu hoc cc tn hiu khc ti nhng tn s khc gy ra.

V D 3: Kh nng ca thit b thu phn bit gia tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu khng mong mun, thng c tn s khc bit nh so vi tn s ca tn hiu mong mun.V D 4: Kh nng ca h thng o bc x ion ha phn ng vi mt bc x cho c o vi s c mt ca bc x i km.V D 5: Kh nng ca h thng o o nng lng cht creatinium trong huyt thanh theo th tc Jaff khng b nh hng bi nng glucoza, urate, xeton v protein.

V D 6: Kh nng ca ph k khi lng o giu lng cht ca ng v 28 Si v ng v 30 Si trong silic ca trm tch a cht m khng c nh hng gia chng, hoc t ng v 29 Si.CH THCH 1: Trong vt l, ch c mt i lng o; cc i lng khc l cng loi nh i lng o v chng l nhng i lng i lng u vo ca h thng o.CH THCH 2: Trong ha hc, i lng c o thng bao gm cc thnh phn khc nhau trong h thng ang tin hnh php o v cc i lng ny khng nht thit phi l cng loi.CH THCH 3: Trong ha hc, chn lc ca h thng o thng nhn c i vi i lng c thnh phn c chn theo nng trong khong quy nh.

CH THCH 4: chn lc khi s dng trong vt l (xem Ch thch 1) l khi nim gn vi r rng i khi c s dng trong ha hc.4.14. phn gii

S thay i nh nht trong i lng ang c o to nn s thay i nhn thy c trong s ch tng ng.

CH THCH: phn gii c th ph thuc vo, v d, tp m (trong hay ngoi) hoc s ma st. N cng c th ph thuc vo gi tr ca i lng c o.4.15. (5.21)

phn gii ca thit b hin th

S khc nhau nh nht gia cc ch s hin th c th phn bit c r rng.4.16. (5.11)

Ngng phn bit

S thay i ln nht trong gi tr ca i lng ang c o khng to nn s thay i nhn thy c no trong s ch tng ng.CH THCH: Ngng phn bit c th ph thuc vo, v d nhiu (trong hoc ngoi) hoc s ma st. N cng c th ph thuc vo gi tr ca i lng ang c o v tc dng ca thay i.

4.17. (5.13)

Di cht

Khong cc i trong gi tr ca i lng ang c o c th thay i v c hai pha m khng to nn s thay i c th nhn thy c trong s ch tng ng.

CH THCH: Di cht c th ph thuc vo mc thay i.

4.18.Gii hn pht hin

Gii hn ca s pht hin

Gi tr i lng o c, nhn c bng mt th tc o xc nh, theo xc sut khng nh sai s khng c mt ca thnh phn trong vt liu l , ng vi xc sut khng nh sai s c mt ca n l .CH THCH 1: IUPAC khuyn ngh cc gi tr mc nh vi v l 0,05.

CH THCH 2: Ch vit tt LOD i khi c s dng.

CH THCH 3: Khng nn dng thut ng nhy cho gii hn pht hin.

4.19. (5.14)

n nh ca phng tin o

n nh

Tnh cht ca phng tin o, nh cc c trng o lng ca n duy tr khng i theo thi gian.

CH THCH: n nh c th nh lng theo nhiu cch.

V D 1: Theo khong thi gian trong c trng o lng thay i mt lng nht nh.

V D 2: Theo s thay i ca c trng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.4.20. (5.25) chch thit b

Trung bnh ca cc s ch lp li tr i gi tr i lng quy chiu

4.21. (5.16)

tri thit b

S thay i lin tc hoc tng ln theo thi gian ca s ch, gy ra do nhng thay i trong tnh cht o lng ca phng tin o.

CH THCH: tri phng tin khng lin quan n s thay i trong i lng c o cng nh s thay i ca bt k i lng nh hng bit no.4.22.Bin thin do i lng nh hng

S khc nhau trong s ch i vi gi tr i lng o c cho, hoc trong cc gi tr i lng c cung cp bi vt , khi i lng nh hng nhn hai gi tr i lng khc nhau lin tip.

4.23. (5.17)

Khong thi gian p ngKhong thi gian gia thi im khi gi tr i lng u vo ca phng tin o hoc h thng o chu s thay i t ngt gia hai gi tr i lng khng i quy nh v thi im khi s ch tng ng nm trong gii hn quy nh quanh gi tr n nh cui cng ca n.

4.24. khng m bo o thit b

Thnh phn khng m bo o do phng tin o hoc h thng o to nn trong s dng.

CH THCH 1: khng m bo o thit b nhn c thng qua vic hiu chun phng tin o hoc h thng o, tr trng hp i vi chun o lng u c s dng bin php khc.

CH THCH 2: khng m bo thit b c s dng trong nh gi loi B khng m bo o.

CH THCH 3: Thng tin lin quan n khng m bo o thit b c th c cho trong quy nh k thut ca thit b.

4.25. (5.19)

Cp chnh xc

Nhm phng tin o hoc h thng o p ng cc yu cu o lng quy nh d kin gi cho sai s o hoc khng m bo o thit b nm trong gii hn quy nh trong cc iu kin vn hnh xc nh.

CH THCH 1: Cp chnh xc thng c biu th bng mt s hoc mt k hiu c tha nhn theo quy c.

CH THCH 2: Cp chnh xc p dng cho vt .

4.26. (5.21)

Sai s o cho php ln nht

Sai s cho php ln nht

Gii hn sai s

Gi tr cc tr ca sai s o, i vi gi tr i lng quy chiu bit, cho php bng yu cu k thut hoc cc quy nh i vi php o, phng tin o hoc h thng o cho.

CH THCH 1: Thng thut ng sai s cho php ln nht hoc gii hn sai s c s dng khi c hai gi tr cc tr.

CH THCH 2: Khng nn s dng thut ng dung sai ch sai s cho php ln nht.

4.27. (5.22)

Sai s o mcSai s mc

Sai s o ca phng tin o hoc h thng o ti mt gi tr i lng o c quy nh.

4.28. (5.23)

Sai s im khng

Sai s o mc trong gi tr i lng o c quy nh l s khng.CH THCH: Khng c nhm ln sai s im khng vi vic khng c sai s o.

4.29. khng m bo o im khng

khng m bo o trong gi tr i lng o c quy nh l khng.

CH THCH 1: khng m bo o im khng gn vi ch s khng hoc gn khng v ph mt khong trong khng bit c l i lng o qu nh c pht hin hoc l s ch ca phng tin o ch do tp m gy ra.

CH THCH 2: Khi nim khng m bo o im khng cng p dng khi c s khc nhau gia php o mu v php o khng ti.

4.30.Biu hiu chun

S th hin bng biu mi quan h gia s ch v kt qu o tng ng.

CH THCH 1: Biu hiu chun l mt di ca mt phng c xc nh bi trc ca s ch v trc ca kt qu o, th hin mi quan h gia s ch v tp hp cc gi tr i lng o c. Mi quan h mt n nhiu c cho, v rng ca di i vi mt s ch cho cung cp khng m bo o thit b.CH THCH 2: S th hin khc mi quan h bao gm ng cong hiu chun v khng m bo o km theo, bng hiu chun, hoc tp hp cc hm.CH THCH 3: Khi nim ny lin quan ti hiu chun khi khng m bo o thit b l ln hn so vi khng m o km theo gi tr i lng ca chun o lng.

4.31.ng cong hiu chun

S th hin mi quan h gia s ch v gi tr i lng o c tng ng.

CH THCH: ng cong hiu chun th hin mi quan h mt-mt khng cung cp kt qu o v n khng mang thng tin v khng m bo o.

5. Chun o lng5.1. (6.1)

Chun o lng

Etalon

S th hin nh ngha ca i lng cho, vi gi tr i lng c cng b v khng m bo o km theo, dng lm mc quy chiu.

V D 1: Chun o lng khi lng 1 kg vi khng m bo o chun km theo l 3 g.

V D 2: in tr chun o lng 100 vi khng m bo o chun km theo l 1 .V D 3: Chun tn s Cesi vi khng m bo o chun tng i l 2 x 10-15.

V D 4: in cc mu hydro c gi tr i lng c n nh l 7,072 v khng m bo o chun km theo l 0,006.

V D 5: Tp hp cc dung dch mu cortisol trong huyt thanh ngi c gi tr i lng c chng nhn vi khng m bo o ca tng dung dch.

V D 6: Mu chun cung cp cc gi tr i lng vi khng m bo o cho nng khi lng ca tng mu c protein khc nhau mi ln.

CH THCH 1: Vic th hin nh ngha ca i lng cho c th c cung cp bng h thng o, vt o hoc mu chun.CH THCH 2: Chun o lng thng c dng lm mc quy chiu trong vic thit lp gi tr i lng o c v khng m bo o km theo ca cc i lng khc cng loi, bng cch thit lp tnh lin kt chun o lng thng qua vic hiu chun cc chun o lng khc, phng tin o hoc h thng o.CH THCH 3: Thut ng th hin c dng y theo ngha chung nht. N biu th ba th tc th hin. Th tc th nht l s th hin c tnh cht vt l n v o t nh ngha ca n v l s th hin c tnh cht tuyt i. Th hai, gi l ti to, khng bao hm s th hin n v o t nh ngha nhng bng s thit lp mt chun o lng c kh nng ti to cao da trn c s mt hin tng vt l, nh xy ra, v d, trong trng hp s dng laze n nh tn s thit lp chun o lng cho mt, hiu ng Josephson cho vn hoc hiu ng lng t Hall cho m. Th tc th ba l vic chp nhn mt vt lm chun o lng. Tiu biu trong trng hp ny l chun o lng 1 kg.CH THCH 4: khng m bo o chun gn vi chun o lng lun l mt thnh phn ca khng m bo o chun tng hp (xem ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.3.4) trong kt qu o nhn c khi s dng chun o lng. Thng thnh phn ny l nh so vi cc thnh phn khc ca khng m bo o chun tng hp.CH THCH 5: Gi tr i lng v khng m bo o phi c xc nh ti thi im khi chun o lng c s dng.CH THCH 6: Mt s i lng cng loi hoc khc loi c th c th hin bng mt thit b cng thng c gi l chun o lng.

CH THCH 7: Thut ng chun o lng i khi cng c dng ch cc cng c o lng khc, v d chun o lng phn mm (xem ISO 5436-2).

5.2. (6.2)

Chun o lng quc t

Chun o lng c cng nhn bi nhng bn k vo tha thun quc t v c s dng trn phm vi ton th gii.V D 1: Chun gc quc t ca kilgam.

V D 2: Chorionic gonadotropin, T chc y t th gii (WHO) Tiu chun quc t ln 4, 1999, 75/589, 650 n v quc t trn ng.

V D 3: VSMOW2 (Nc i lng trung bnh chun Vienna) do C quan nng lng nguyn t quc t (IAEA) phn phi cho cc php c t s lng cht ng v n nh khc nhau.

5.3. (6.3)

Chun o lng quc gia

Chun quc giaChun o lng c cng nhn bi c quan c thm quyn quc gia dng trong mt nc hoc nn kinh t nh l c s cho vic n nh gi tr i lng cho cc chun o lng khc ca loi i lng c lin quan.

5.4. (6.4)

Chun o lng u

Chun u

Chun o lng c thit lp bng cch s dng th tc o quy chiu u, hoc c to thnh nh l mt vt mu, c chn la theo quy c.

V D 1: Chun u nng lng cht c chun b ha tan lng cht bit ca mt thnh phn ha hc vo th tch bit ca dung dch.

V D 2: Chun u p sut da trn c s cc php o ring r lc v din tch.

V D 3: Chun u ca php o t s lng cht ng v, c chun b bng cch trn lng cht bit ca cc ng v xc nh.

V D 4: Bnh im ba ca nc l chun u ca nhit nhit ng lc.

V D 5: Chun gc quc t ca kilgam l mt vt mu, c chn theo quy c.

5.5. (6.5)

Chun o lng thChun thChun o lng c thit lp thng qua vic hiu chun so vi chun u ca i lng cng loi.

CH THCH 1: Vic hiu chun c th nhn c trc tip gia chun u v chun th hoc bao gm h thng o trung gian c hiu chun bng chun u v vic n nh kt qu o cho chun th.CH THCH 2: Chun o lng m gi tr i lng ca n c n nh bng th tc o t s quy chiu u l chun o lng th.5.6. (6.6)

Chun o lng chnh

Chun chnh

Chun o lng c n nh hiu chun cc chun o lng ca i lng thuc loi cho mt t chc hoc a phng xc nh.5.7. (6.7)

Chun o lng cng tc

Chun cng tc

Chun o lng c dng thng xuyn hiu chun hoc kim nh phng tin o hoc h thng o.

CH THCH 1: Chun o lng cng tc thng c hiu chun so vi chun o lng chnh.CH THCH 2: Lin quan n kim nh, thut ng chun kim tra hoc chun kim sot i khi cng c s dng.5.8. (6.9)

Chun o lng lu ng

Chun lu ng

Chun o lng, i khi c cu trc c bit, vn chuyn gia cc a im khc nhau.V D: Chun o lng tn s cesi-133 xch tay hot ng vi acquy.

5.9. (6.8)

Thit b o so snh

Thit b so snh

Thit b c dng nh mt trung gian so snh cc chun o lng.

CH THCH: i khi chun o lng c dng nh thit b so snh.5.10.Chun o lng ni ti

Chun ni ti

Chun o lng da trn tnh cht vn c v c th ti to ca mt hin tng hoc cht.V D 1: Bnh im ba ca nc l chun o lng ni ti ca nhit nhit ng lc.

V D 2: Chun o lng ni ti ca hiu in th da trn c s hiu ng Josephson.V D 3: Chun o lng ni ti ca in tr da trn c s hiu ng lng t Hall.

V D 4: Mu ng l chun o lng ni ti ca dn in.CH THCH 1: Gi tr i lng ca chun o lng ni ti c n nh bng s ng thun v khng cn phi thit lp bng s lin h vi chun o lng khc cng loi. khng m bo o ca n c xc nh bng cch xem xt hai thnh phn: thnh phn th nht gn vi gi tr i lng ng thun ca n v thnh phn th hai gn vi cu to, vic p dng v bo tr.CH THCH 2: Chun o lng ni ti thng thng bao gm mt h thng c ch to theo cc yu cu ca th tc ng thun v phi kim nh nh k. Th tc ng thun c th bao gm iu khon v p dng cc hiu chnh cn thit khi thc hin.CH THCH 3: Chun o lng ni ti da trn hin tng lng t thng c n nh rt cao.

CH THCH 4: Tnh t ni ti khng c ngha l mt chun o lng c th c thc hin v s dng m khng cn bo dng c bit hoc khng b nh hng bi cc tc ng bn trong v bn ngoi.5.11. (6.12)Duy tr chun o lngTp hp cc hot ng cn thit gi cho cc c trng o lng ca chun o lng nm trong gii hn n nh.CH THCH: Duy tr thng bao gm vic kim nh nh k cc c trng o lng xc nh hoc hiu chun, bo qun trong iu kin thch hp v bo dng quy nh trong s dng.5.12.Thit b hiu chun

Chun o lng c dng trong vic hiu chun.CH THCH: Thut ng thit b hiu chun ch dng trong lnh vc nht nh.

5.13. (6.13)

Mu chun (RM)

Vt liu, ng nht v n nh vi mc quy chiu v cc tnh cht xc nh, c thit lp ph hp vi vic s dng nh trong php o hoc trong vic kim tra cc tnh cht danh ngha.

CH THCH 1: Vic kim tra tnh cht danh ngha cung cp gi tr tnh cht danh ngha v khng m bo km theo. khng m bo ny khng phi l khng m bo o.CH THCH 2: Mu chun c hoc khng c cc gi tr i lng c n nh, c th c dng cho vic kim sot chm o khi ch mu chun vi cc gi tr i lng c n nh l c th s dng cho vic hiu chun hoc kim sot ng o.CH THCH 3: Mu chun bao gm vt liu th hin cc i lng v c cc tnh cht danh ngha.

V D 1: V d v mu chun th hin cc i lng:

a/ nc c tinh khit quy nh, nht ng ca n dng hiu chun nht k;

b/ huyt thanh ngi khng c gi tr i lng c n nh cho nng lng cht ca cholesterol vn c, ch dng lm vt liu kim sot chm o;

c/ m c cha mt t sut khi lng quy nh ca dioxin c dng nh l mt thit b hiu chun.V D 2: V d v mu chun th hin cc tnh cht danh ngha:

a/ bng mu cho mt hoc mt s mu xc nh;b/ hp cht DNA cha mt dy nucleotide xc nh;

c/ urine cha 19 androstenedione.

CH THCH 4: Mu chun i khi c kt hp trong mt thit b c ch to c bit.

V D 1: Cht bit im ba trong bnh im ba.V D 2: Thu knh c mt quang hc bit trong b knh lc.

V D 3: Qu cu c kch thc ng u lp trn bn trt knh hin vi.

CH THCH 5: Mt s mu chun c gi tr i lng c n nh c th lin kt v mt o lng ti n v o ngoi h n v. Vt liu nh th bao gm cc vc-xin c n v Quc t (IU) c T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) n nh.CH THCH 6: Trong php o cho, mt mu chun xc nh ch c th s dng cho vic hiu chun hoc m bo cht lng.

CH THCH 7: Quy nh k thut ca mu chun cn bao gm tnh lin kt chun vt liu, ch ra ngun gc v qu trnh x l (Accred. Qual. Assur: 2006)[45].

CH THCH 8: ISO/REMCO c mt nh ngha tng t [45] nhng dng thut ng qu trnh o ch kim tra (TCVN 7782:2008, 3.4), bao gm c php o i lng v kim tra tnh cht danh ngha.

5.14. (6.14)

Mu chun c chng nhn

CRM

Mu chun, cng vi ti liu c cng b bi c quan c thm quyn v cung cp mt hay mt s gi tr tnh cht xc nh vi khng m bo km theo v tnh lin kt chun, s dng cc th tc c hiu lc.

V D: Huyt thanh ngi vi gi tr c n nh cho nng cholesterol v khng m bo o km theo c cng b trong giy chng nhn i km, c s dng nh l mt thit b hiu chun hoc vt liu kim sot ng o.CH THCH 1: Ti liu c cho di dng giy chng nhn (xem TCVN 7962:2008).CH THCH 2: Th tc sn xut v chng nhn mu chun c chng nhn c cho, v d, trong TCVN 7366:2003 v TCVN:2009.

CH THCH 3: Trong nh ngha ny khng m bo bao gm c khng m bo o v khng m bo gn vi gi tr ca tnh cht danh ngha nh nhn bit v trnh t. Tnh lin kt chun bao gm tnh lin kt chun o lng ca gi tr tnh cht danh ngha.CH THCH 4: Cc gi tr i lng c th ca CRM yu cu tnh lin kt chun o lng vi khng m bo o km theo (Accred. Qual. Assur.:2006)[45].CH THCH 5: ISO/REMCO c mt nh ngha tng t (Accred. Qual. Assur.:2006)[45] nhng dng t b ngha metrological v metrologicaly ch c hai tnh cht nh lng v tnh cht danh ngha.5.15.Tnh chuyn i ca mu chun

Tnh cht ca mu chun, th hin bng s gn nhau ca mi quan h gia cc kt qu o i vi i lng n nh trong vt liu ny, nhn c theo hai th tc cho, v mi quan h nhn c gia cc kt qu o i vi cc vt liu quy nh khc.CH THCH 1: Mu chun ang ni ti thng l thit b hiu chun v vt liu xc nh khc thng l cc mu th thng xuyn.

CH THCH 2: Th tc o nhc ti trong nh ngha, mt l th tc o trc v mt l th tc o tip sau mu chun (thit b hiu chun) ang ni ti trong s hiu chun (xem ISO 17511).CH THCH 3: n nh ca mu chun c th suy gim c kim tra u n.

5.16.S liu tra cu

S liu lin quan ti tnh cht ca hin tng, vt th, hoc cht, hoc lin quan ti h thng cc thnh phn ca hp cht hoc cu trc bit, nhn c t mt ngun xc nh, c nh gi mt cch cn thn, v kim tra v chnh xc.V D: S liu tra cu v ha tan ca cc hp cht ha hc do IUPAC cng b.CH THCH: Trong nh ngha ny, chnh xc bao gm, v d, chnh xc o v chnh xc ca gi tr tnh cht danh ngha.

5.17.S liu tra cu tiu chun

S liu tra cu do mt t chc c thm quyn c cng nhn cng b.V D 1: Gi tr cc hng s vt l c bn do ICSU CODATA nh gi v cng b u n.V D 2: Gi tr khi lng nguyn t tng i, cng gi l gi tr trng lng nguyn t, ca cc nguyn t, c nh gi hai nm mt ln bi IUPAC-CIAAW ti Hi ng chung ca IUPAC v c cng b trong Pure Appl. Chem. hoc trong J.Phys. Chem. Ref. Data.5.18.Gi tr i lng quy chiu

Gi tr quy chiuGi tr i lng dng lm c s so snh vi gi tr cc i lng cng loi.

CH THCH 1: Gi tr i lng quy chiu c th l gi tr i lng thc ca i lng o, trong trng hp cha c bit, hoc gi tr i lng quy c, trong trng hp bit.

CH THCH 2: Gi tr quy chiu vi khng m bo o km theo thng c cung cp vi s quy chiu v

a) mt vt liu, v d mu chun c chng nhn,

b) mt thit b, v d ngun laze n nh.

c) th tc o quy chiu,

d) s so snh ca chun o lng.

PH LC A(tham kho)

S KHI NIMMi hai s khi nim trong Ph lc ny nhm mc ch cung cp:

- s trnh by c tnh cht trc gic v mi quan h gia cc khi nim c nh ngha v t tn trong cc iu trc;

- kh nng kim tra xem cc nh ngha c a ra cc mi quan h y hay khng;

- c s xc nh cc khi nim cn thit khc;

V

- kim tra tnh h thng y ca cc thut ng.

Tuy nhin, cn nhc li l, mt khi nim cho c th c m t bng nhiu c trng v ch cc c trng c tnh cht gii hn c bit c bao gm trong nh ngha.Din tch s dng c trn mt trang gii hn s lng cc khi nim c th trnh by mt cch d c, nhng v nguyn tc tt c cc s gn b mt thit vi nhau nh ch ra trong tng s bng hoc n quy chiu v cc s khc.C ba loi mi quan h c s dng nh nh ngha trong ISO 704 v ISO 1087-1. Hai mi quan h l h thng th bc, ngha l c khi nim trn v khi nim di, mi quan h th ba l h thng khng th bc.

Mi quan h chung th bc (hoc mi quan h chung-ring) ni khi nim chung v khi nim ring; khi nim sau tha hng tt c cc c trng ca khi nim trc. Cc s ch ra mi quan h nh th ging mt cnh cy,

trong nhnh ngn vi ba chm cho bit c mt hoc mt s khi nim ring tn ti, nhng khng c trnh by v ng m u ca mt cnh cy ch ra kha cnh thut ng ring bit. V d,

trong khi nim th ba c th l n v ngoi h.

Mi quan h b phn (hoc mi quan h b phn ton th) cng l c tnh th bc v ni mt khi nim bao qut vi hai hoc nhiu cc khi nim b phn, chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh khi nim tng qut. S ch ra cc mi quan h ny nh dng ci co hoc cngxn v ng lin tc sau khng c nhnh c ngha l mt hoc mt s khi nim b phn khc na khng c cp.

ng kp gn nhau c bit mt vi khi nim b phn thuc mt loi cho c cp ti v ng t on ch ra s ln khi nim nh th l khng bit chc chn. V d,

Thut ng c ngoc n cho bit khi nim khng c nh ngha trong tiu chun, nhng c a ra nh l mt khi nim nguyn thy tha nhn c s hiu bit chung.

Mi quan h lin kt (hoc mi quan h thc dng) l khng c th bc v ni hai khi nim trong mt vi loi ca mi quan h kt hp. C nhiu phn loi ca mi quan h kt hp, nhng tt c c ch ra bng mi tn hai u. V d,

trnh nhng s qu phc tp, s khng ch ra tt c cc mi quan h kt hp c th c. Cc s s chng minh rng cc thut ng dn xut hon ton c tnh h thng khng c to thnh, thng bi v o lng hc l mt lnh vc khoa hc lu i vi t vng c pht trin mt cch t nhin bng s b sung thm vo hn l mt cu trc y v r rng.

Hnh A.1 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 1 xung quanh i lng

Hnh A.2 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 1 xung quanh n v o

Hnh A.3 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 2 xung quanh php o

Hnh A.4 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 2 xung quanh gi tr i lng

Hnh A.5 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 2 xung quanh chm o

Hnh A.6 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 2 xung quanh khng m bo o

Hnh A.7 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 2 xung quanh hiu chun

Hnh A.8 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 2 xung quanh gi tr i lng o c

Hnh A.9 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 3 xung quanh h thng o

Hnh A.10 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 4 xung quanh c trng o lng ca phng tin o hoc h thng o

Hnh A.11 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 4 xung quanh iu kin vn hnh

Hnh A.12 S khi nim cho b phn ca iu 5 xung quanh chun o lngTH MC TI LIU THAM KHO[1] TCVN 6398-0:1998 1), i lng v n v - Phn 0: Nguyn tc chung

[2] TCVN 6398-5 2), i lng v n v - Phn 5: in v t

[3] TCVN 6398-6 3), i lng v n v - Phn 6: nh sng v bc x in t lin quan[4] TCVN 6398-6 4), i lng v n v - Phn 8: Ha l v vt l phn t.[5] TCVN 6398-9 5), i lng v n v - Phn 9: Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn[6] TCVN 6398-10 6), i lng v n v - Phn 10: Phn nh ht nhn v bc x ion ha

[7] TCVN 6398-12 7), i lng v n v - Phn 11: Du v k hiu ton hc dng trong khoa hc vt l v cng ngh

[8] TCVN 6398-12 8), i lng v n v - Phn 12: S c trng

[9] TCVN 6398-13 9), i lng v n v - Phn 13: Vt l cht rn

[10] ISO 704:2000, Thut ng hc Nguyn tc v phng php.[11] TCVN 7783:2008, n v SI v khuyn ngh s dng cc bi ca chng v mt s n v khc.

[12] ISO 1087-1:2000, Thut ng hc T vng Phn 1: L thuyt v p dng.

[13] TCVN 8244-1, Thng k hc T vng v k hiu Phn 1: Thut ng thng k chung v thut ng dng trong xc sut

[14] ISO 5436-2, Thng s k thut hnh hc ca sn phm Kt cu b mt: Phng php profin; Chun o lng Phn 2: Chun o lng phn mm.

[15] TCVN 6910-1:2001, chnh xc ( ng v chm) ca phng php o v kt qu o Phn 1: Nguyn tc chung v nh ngha.[16] TCVN 6910-2:2001, chnh xc ( ng v chm) ca phng php o v kt qu o Phn 2: Phng php c bn xc nh lp li v ti lp ca phng php o tiu chun.[17] TCVN 6910-3:2001, chnh xc ( ng v chm) ca phng php o v kt qu o Phn 3: Thc o trung gian chm ca phng php o tiu chun.[18] TCVN 6910-4:2001, chnh xc ( ng v chm) ca phng php o v kt qu o Phn 4: Phng php c bn xc nh ng ca phng php o tiu chun.[19] TCVN 6910-5:2002, chnh xc ( ng v chm) ca phng php o v kt qu o Phn 5: Phng php khc xc nh chm ca phng php o tiu chun.

[20] TCVN 6910-6:2002, chnh xc ( ng v v chm) ca phng php o v kt qu o Phn 6: S dng gi tr chnh xc trong thc t.[21] TCVN ISO 9000:2005, H thng qun l cht lng C s v t vng

[22] TCVN ISO 10012, H thng qun l o lng Yu cu i vi qu trnh o v thit b o.

[23] ISO 10241:1992, Tiu chun thut ng quc t - Chun b v trnh by.

[24] ISO 13528, Phng php thng k s dng trong th nghim thnh tho bng so snh lin phng.[25] TCVN 7782:2008, Phng th nghim y t - Yu cu c th v cht lng v nng lc.

[26] ISO 17511, Thit b y hc chn on trong ng nghim Php o cc i lng trong mu sinh hc Lin kt chun o lng ca gi tr c n nh cho thit b hiu chun v vt liu kim tra.

[27] ISO/TS 21748, Hng dn s dng c lng ca lp li, ti lp v ng trong vic c lng khng m bo o.[28] ISO/TS 21749, khng m bo o i vi vic p dng c tnh cht o lng Php o lp li v thc nghim xp chng.

[29] TCVN 7870-3, i lng v n v - Phn 3: Khng gian v thi gian.

[30] TCVN 7870-4, i lng v n v - Phn 4: C hc.

[31] TCVN 7870-5, i lng v n v - Phn 5: Nhit ng lc hc.[32] TCVN 7870-8, i lng v n v - Phn 8: m hc.

[33] TCVN 7962:2008, Mu chun Ni dung ca giy chng nhn v nhn.

[34] TCVN 7366:2003, Yu cu chung v nng lc ca nh sn xut mu chun.[35] TCVN 8245:2009, Mu chun Nguyn tc chung v nguyn tc thng k i vi vic chng nhn.

[36] ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, khng m bo ca php o Phn 3: Hng dn trnh by khng m bo trong php o (GUM:1995).

[37] ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl.1, khng m bo ca php o Phn 3: Hng dn trnh by khng m bo trong php o (GUM:1995) Phn b sung 1: Lan truyn phn b s dng phng php Monte Carlo.[38] IEC 60027-2:2005, K hiu bng ch s dng trong cng ngh in Phn 2: Truyn thng v in t.

[39] IEC 60050-300:2001, T vng k thut in quc t - Php o in v in t v phng tin o- Phn 311 Thut ng chung lin quan n php o Phn 312: Thut ng chung lin quan n php o in Phn 313: Cc loi phng tin o in Phn 314: Thut ng ring theo loi phng tin.[40] IEC 60359:2001, Ed. 3.0, Thit b o in v in t - Trnh by tnh nng.[41] IEC 80000-13, i lng v n v - Phn 13: Khoa hc v cng ngh thng tin.

[42] BIPM: H n v quc t (SI), xut bn ln th 8 nm 2006.[43] BIPM, Ban t vn v lng cht (CCQM) Hi ngh ln th 5 (2/1999).

[44] Cc gi tr khuyn ngh ca CODATA v cc hng s vt l c bn: 2002.[45] EMONS,H.,FAJGELJ, A.,VANDER VEEN, A.M.H v WATTERS, R. nh ngha mi v mu chun.

[46] Hng dn trnh by khng m bo trong php o (1993, b sung 1995) (ISO cng b nhn danh BIPM, IEC, IFCC, IUPAC, IUPAP, v OlML).[47] IFCC-IUPAC: Khuyn ngh c ph duyt (1978): i lng v n v trong ha hc lm sng.

[48] ILAC P-10 (2002), Chnh sch ca ILAC v lin kt chun ca kt qu o.[49] Thnh phn ng v ca cc nguyn t, 2001, J.Phys. Chem. Ref. Data., 34, 2005, phng php.57-67.

[50] IUPAP-25: Sch v k hiu, n v, thut ng v cc hng s c bn. Ti liu IUPAP-25, E>R> Cohen v Giacomo, Physica 146A, 1987, pp.1-681).

[51] IUPAC: i lng, n v v k hiu trong ha l (1993, 2007).

[52] IUPAC, Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 2003, pp. 1107-1122.

[53] OIML V1:2000, T vng quc t v cc thut ng trong o lng php nh (VIML).[54] WHO 75/589, Chorionic gonadotropin, ngi, 1999.

[55] WHO 80/552, Luteinzing hormone, ngi, pituitary, 1988.Cc ch vit tt

BIPMVin cn o quc t

CCQMBan t vn v lng cht o lng trong ha hc

CGPMHi ngh cn o ton th

CODATAy ban v s liu cho khoa hc v cng ngh

GUMHng dn trnh by khng m bo o

IAEAC quan nng lng nguyn t quc t

ICSUHi ng khoa hc quc t

IECy ban k thut in quc t

IFCCLin on quc t v ha hc lm sng v phng th nghim y hc

ILACT chc cng nhn phng th nghim quc t

ISOT chc tiu chun ha quc t

ISO/REMCOT chc tiu chun ha quc t - Ban mu chun

IUPACHip hi quc t v ha hc tinh khit v ha hc ng dng

IUPAC/CIAAWHip hi quc t v ha hc tinh khit v ha hc ng dng - y ban v giu ng v v trng lng nguyn t

IUPAPHip hi quc t v vt l thun ty v vt l ng dng

JCGMy ban phi hp chung v cc hng dn trong o lng hc

JCGM/WG 1y ban phi hp chung v cc hng dn trong o lng hc Nhm cng tc 1 v GUM

JCGM/WG 2y ban phi hp chung v cc hng dn trong o lng hc Nhm cng tc 2 v VIM

OIMLT chc o lng php nh quc t

VIM, phin bn 2T vng quc t v thut ng chung v c bn trong o lng hc (1993)

VIM, phin bn 3T vng quc t v o lng hc VIM, 3rd Khi nim, thut ng chung v c edition bn.

Ch mc theo bng ch ciBBin thin do i lng nh hng 4.22

Biu hiu chun 4.30

B cm bin 3.8

B chuyn i o 3.7

B d 3.9

C

Cp chnh xc 4.25

Chun o lng 5.1

Chun o lng chnh 5.6

Chun o lng cng tc 5.7

Chun o lng u 5.4

Chun o lng lu ng 5.8

Chun o lng ni ti 5.10

Chun o lng quc gia 5.3

Chun o lng quc t 5.2

Chun o lng th 5.5Chui o 3.10

Chui lin kt chun o lng 2.42

D

Duy tr chun o lng 5.11

i lng nh hng 2.52

i lng c bn 1.4

i lng dn xut 1.5

i lng u ra trong m hnh o 2.51i lng u vo trong m hnh o 2.50i lng o 2.3

i lng th nguyn mt 1.8

i lng th t 1.26

i lng 1.1

nh gi loi A ca khng m bo o 2.28

nh gi loi B ca khng m bo o 2.29

iu kin chm trung gian ca php o 2.22

iu kin lp li ca php o 2.20

iu kin ti lp ca php o 2.24iu kin vn hnh gii hn 4.10

iu kin vn hnh trng thi n nh 4.8

iu kin vn hnh quy chiu 4.11

iu kin vn hnh quy nh 4.9

chch o 2.18

chch thit b 4.20

chnh xc o 2.13

chn lc ca h thng o 4.13

chm o 2.15

chm o trung gian 2.23

ng o 2.14

khng m bo nh ngha 2.27

khng m bo o 2.26

khng m bo o chun 2.30 khng m bo o chun tng hp 2.31 khng m bo o chun 2.32

khng m bo o im khng 4.29

khng m bo o m rng 2.35

khng m bo o mc tiu 2.34

khng m bo o thit b 4.24

lp li o 2.21

o lng hc 2.2

nhy ca h thng o 4.12

n nh ca phng tin o 4.19

phn gii 4.14

phn gii ca thit b hin th 4.15 ti lp o 2.25

tri thit b 4.21

n v bi 1.17n v c bn 1.10

n v dn xut 1.11

n v dn xut nht qun 1.12

n v o 1.9n v o ngoi h 1.15

n v c 1.18

ng cong hiu chun 4.31

G

Gi tr i lng 1.19

Gi tr i lng danh ngha 4.6

Gi tr i lng o c 2.10

Gi tr i lng quy chiu 5.18

Gi tr i lng quy c 2.12

Gi tr i lng thc 2.11

Gii hn pht hin 4.18

H

Hm o lng 2.49

H i lng quc t 1.6

H i lng 1.3

H n v 1.13

H n v nht qun 1.14

H n v quc t 1.16

H s chuyn i gia cc n v 1.24

H s ph 2.38

H thng o 3.2

Hiu chnh 2.53Hiu chnh im khng ca h thng o 3.12

Hiu chnh h thng o 3.11

Hiu chun 2.39

K

Kt qu o 2.9

Khong o 4.7

Khong ph 2.36

Khong s ch 4.3

Khong s ch danh ngha 4.4

Kim nh 2.44

L

Lin kt chun o lng 2.41

Lin kt chun o lng n n v o 2.43

Loi i lng 1.2

M

Mu chun (RM) 5.13

Mu chun c chng nhn 5.14

M hnh o 2.48

N

Ngng phn bit 4.16

Nguyn l o 2.4

P

Phm vi khong s ch danh ngha 4.5

Php o 2.1

Php tnh i lng 1.21

Phng php o 2.5

Phng tin o 3.1

Phng tin o ch th 3.3Phng tin o hin th 3.4

Phng trnh i lng 1.22

Phng trnh n v 1.23

Phng trnh tr s 1.25

S

Sai s im khng 4.28

Sai s o 2.16

Sai s o cho php ln nht 4.26

Sai s o mc 4.27

Sai s o h thng 2.17Sai s o ngu nhin 2.19

S ch 4.1

S ch khng ti 4.2

S hiu chun 2.40

S liu tra cu 5.16

S liu tra cu chun 5.17

T

Thang o ca phng tin o hin th 3.5

Thang gi tr - i lng 1.27

Thang gi tr - i lng th t 1.28

Thang quy chiu quy c 1.29

Thit b o so snh 5.9

Thit b hiu chun 5.12

Khong thi gian hng ng 4.23

Th nguyn i lng 1.7

Th tc o 2.6

Th tc o quy chiu 2.7

Th tc o quy chiu u 2.8

Bng thnh phn khng m bo 2.33Tnh cht danh ngha 1.30

Tnh chuyn i ca mu chun 5.15

Tnh so snh o lng ca kt qu o 2.46

Tnh tng thch o lng ca kt qu o 2.47

V

Vt 3.6

Di cht 4.17

X

Xc nhn gi tr s dng 2.45

Xc sut ph 2.37

MC LC

Li ni u