TCI Reading NotesTCI Reading NotesChapter 16Chapter 16

16.2 The Government 16.2 The Government of Imperial Chinaof Imperial China

1. People can overthrow an emperor when he rules badly.

2. A bureaucracy is an organized group of government officials. When the bureaucracy became corrupt, people suffered from high taxes, forced labor, and attacks by bandits.

3. When the Han dynasty fell, China broke into separate kingdoms. It was reunited by the Sui dynasty.

16.3 Aristocracy:16.3 Aristocracy:The Tang DynastyThe Tang Dynasty

1. Scholar-officials were scholars who got government jobs through examinations.

2. The examination was primarily based on the teachings of Confucius.

3. Only the wealthy could afford the tutors, books, and time to study needed to prepare for the exams.

Reproduction of Cell Used by Students Taking the Imperial Exams

Confucius

16.4 Meritocracy:16.4 Meritocracy:The Song DynastyThe Song Dynasty

1. Government officials who had studied Confucius would be rational, moral, and able to maintain order.

2. People from lower classes were allowed to become government officials.

3. People wanted these jobs because government officials were respected and were excused from taxes and military service.

Song Dynasty scholars

16.5 Government by Foreigners: The Period

of Mongol Rule

1. He appointed relatives, other Mongols, and trusted foreigners.

2. Chinese scholars worked only as teachers and minor government officials.

Kublai Khan

16.6 The Revival of the Civil Service System

1. Hiring scholars emphasized moral behavior, justice, kindness, loyalty to the emperor, proper conduct, and the importance of family. It insured that officials were trained and talented, and it allowed the ambitious and hard working from all classes the chance to succeed.

2. People who knew science, mathematics, or engineering were kept out of government. Because Confucian scholars had little respect for merchants, trade and business were not encouraged.

TCI Reading NotesTCI Reading NotesChapter 17Chapter 17

AGRICULTURE URBANIZATIONCOMMERCE

17.2 Changes in Agriculture17.2 Changes in Agriculture1. Cotton, sugar, tea, and mulberry trees were

grown. 2. A new kind of fast growing, drought-resistant

rice was grown. 3. Rice plants began to be grown in seedbeds.4. Rice was transplanted to paddies.5. Rice growing took a lot of work done by

many people.

17.2 Changes in Agriculture17.2 Changes in Agriculture1. Improved plows and harrows were used.2. Crops were grown on terraced hillsides.3. Chain pumps were used for irrigation.4. Water buffalos pulled plows.

17.2 Changes in Agriculture17.2 Changes in Agriculture

1. Farmers moved to the south, a good region for growing rice.

2. A new type of rice was introduced.3. An improved plow and harrow were developed.4. Farmers fertilized their crops.

Agriculture changed in China from the 10th through the 13th centuries because

17.3 17.3 The Growth of Trade and The Growth of Trade and CommerceCommerce

1. Goods were moved along canals on barges. 2. Junks were used for trade with foreign cultures.

17.3 17.3 The Growth of Trade The Growth of Trade and Commerceand Commerce

3. Peasants sold surplus crops, animals, and goods they made at home.

4. Indigo, spices, silver, ivory, and coral were imported.

5. Oxcarts and pack animals moved products along roads.

17.3 17.3 The Growth of Trade The Growth of Trade and Commerceand Commerce

6. Small shops lined streets and bridges.

7. People used paper money and traded in copper coins at deposit shops.

17.3 17.3 The Growth of Trade The Growth of Trade and Commerceand Commerce

1. There was a vast system of rivers and canals,

2. Improvements in navigation made long sea voyages easier,

3. Wealthy landowners demanded more goods4. Paper currency helped trade.

Commerce developed in China from the 10th through the 13th centuries because

17.4 17.4 UrbanizationUrbanization1. Restaurants, wine, and teahouses provided food

and drink. 2. Vendors sold food from trays on their heads. Silk,

silver, fans, and other items were for sale.3. Signs identified the many goods being sold.4. There were theaters and outdoor entertainers.5. Urban women had less status than the rural

women.6. Chinese cities were the largest in the world.7. Cities were crowded and exciting.8. Many types of people live in the city.

1. People came to the city to trade as commerce increase.

2. Large landowners moved to cities because they preferred the shops and social life there.

Cities developed from the 10th through the 13th centuries in China

17.4 17.4 UrbanizationUrbanization