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8/9/2019 Task Based Technique
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TASK BASED TECHNIQUE
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TASK-BASED PRODUCTIVITY
TECHNIQUES THERE ARE SEVEN TASK BASED PRODUCTIVITY
TECHNIQUES ,WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS-:
1. METHODS ENGINEERING/WORK
SIMPLIFICATION.2. WORK MEASUREMENT.
3. JOB DESIGING.
4.JOB EVALUATION.
5.JOB SAFETY DESIGN.
6.HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING.
7.PRODUCTION SCHEDULING.
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Methods engineering is a systematic
procedure to eliminate, combine, or
reduce the work content of tasks. Work
simplification is the same as methods
engineering, expect that it is usually done
by supervisors or workers after a brief
training period.
Methods Engineering /Work Simplification
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Five steps of methods engineering
Steps one: SELECT
Necessary
Worth improving
Probably given trouble
Steps two: DESCRIBE
Get all the facts about the present methods
use work simplification toolsChart an actual case on the job, dont
depends on memory
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Steps three : ANALYZEKeep an open mind
procedure
In each substep
First try to eliminate
Next try to combine
Then try to change sequence
Lastly, try to simplify
Dont leave this steps until all possibilities are exhausted
Steps four: INNOVATE
Try out all suggestions
Develop agreement as to the Best Way as of today
Make a chart and diagram of the new product
Write up the suggestion for management
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Steps five: IMPLEMENT
The step deals with the human problem
Remember the two big difficulties in dealingswith people
i. Resentment of criticism
ii. Resistance to change
A real sales job is required
Your job is not completed until every is usingthe new product
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Methods engineering there are certain principles
1. Operation should be performed with thesimplest, easiest, and fewest motions possible.
2. The two hands should being and end their
motions at the same time.3. The two hands should never be idle at the same
time, except during rest time.
4. Motions of the and arms should be made inopposite direction.
5. There should be a definite and fixed place for alltools and materials.
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iWORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUESj
It involves the measurement of work by placing a time value on
it.
It determines the time required to perform an operation by a
specified method under specified conditions of the workplace.
Work measurement resembles an explosive.
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a. Stopwatch time study
b. Predetermined motion-time systemsc. Work sampling
Work measurement takes three basic forms :
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Stopwatch time study :
The elements of an operation are timed by using a stopwatch, which
range from the mechanical to the electronical.
Standard time (ST) = NT (1 + PFD/100)
NOTE : PFD allowence refers topersonal, fatiguedand unavoidable
delayallowences
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Predetermined Motion-Time Systems :
Time standard is derived even before an operation
actually occurs.
This is accomplished by simulating the basic motions ofthe various.
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Work Sampling :
Statistacally based technique to determine by direct observation the
proportions of total time devoted to various tasks of an observation.
Two types of work sampling :-
> conventional work sampling
> rated work sampling
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JOB DESIGN
JD involves three steps:
1. The specification of individual
task
2. The specification of the methodof performing each task.
3. The combination of task into
specific job to be assigned to
individual.
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Factor Affecting JD
Organizational Factors: Characteristic of task
Work flow
Ergonomics
Work practices
Environmental Factors
Employee abilities and availability
Social and Cultural Expectation
Behavioral Factors
Feedback
Autonomy
Use of Abilites
Variety
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JOB DESIGN APPROCHES
Job rotation
Job Engineering
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment
Socio-technical system
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JOB EVALUTION
JOB EVALUTION IS ONE OF THE TASK RELATED TECHNIQUE FOR
IMPROVEMENT OF THE TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY OF AN
ORGANIZATION.
JOB EVALUATION IS CONCERED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
THE RELATIVE WORTHOF VARIOUS JOBS IN ANORGANIZATION.
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TYPES OF METHODS OF JOB
EVALUATION
THERE ARE TWO METHODS OFJOB EVALUATION ARE AS
FOLLOWS-:
RANKING METHOD
CLASSIFICATIONMETHOD
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RANKING METHOD
THIS METHOD IS A NONQUANTITATIVE METHOD ,INVOLVING THEFOLLOWING SIX STEPS:-
CHOOSE A BROAD CATEGORY OF JOBS.
LIST ALL JOBS BY JOB TITLE, WITH BACKUPJOB DESCRIPTIONS FOR EACH JOB.
CHOOSE AN EVALUTION COMMITTEE.
LIST THE JOBS FROM THE HIGHEST RANK TO THE LOWEST.
COMPARE AND DISCUSS THE RANKS.
ASSIGN WAGE RATES TO THE JOBS ACCORDING TO THE RANKS ARRIVED AT IN(5)STEP
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CLASSIFICATION(GRADE DESCRIPTION)
METHOD THIS IS ALSO A NONQUANTITATIVE METHOD OF JOB
EVALUTION,INVOLVING THE FOLLOWING STEPS-:
DEFINE A NUMBER OF CLASSES(OR GRADES) OF JOBS.
APPOINT AN EVALUATION COMMITTEE.
PLACE EACH JOB DESCRIPTION IN AN APPROPRIATE CLASS(GRADE).
COMPARE THE JOBS IN EACH GRADE TO SEE WHETHER THEY REALLYBELONG THERE ,OR SHOULD BE PLACED HIGHER OR LOWER.REPEATTHIS METHOD UNTIL A CONSENSUS IS REACHED.
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Provision of safety training to employees is one of the key factors that can
help prevent accidents. In fact it is a legal requirement as stipulated in
Section 6A 'General duties of a proprietor' under the Factories andIndustrial Undertakings Ordinance, and Section 6 'Employers to ensure
safety and health of employees' under the Occupational safety and Health
Ordinance. Also, the Education and Manpower Branch (1995) has spelled
out the importance of safety training through the Consultation Paper on
the Review of Industrial Safety in Hong Kong. The Consultation Paper
which represents the Governments view proposes Hong Kong to moveforward to a self-regulatory safety management approach from the
current enforcement approach for the purpose of effective prevention of
accidents. The Paper suggests the proposed safety management system
to include six components, two of which are related to safety training, that
is, (i) general safety training for all workers, and (ii) specific training for
workers engaged in hazardous trades or processes.
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JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA
The principle of JHA technique is based on a step-by-stephazard analysis, enabling to provide employees with a step-by-step guide for performing each job step safely andefficiently. JHA is one of the management tools often used
in the fields of job safety training and accident prevention.It is also one of the 14 key process elements of a safetymanagement system under the proposed Factories andIndustrial Undertakings (Safety Management) Regulationsdrafted by the Government in 1996, subsequent to theConsultation Paper (1995).
JHA aims to look for all of the hazards associated with a jobthat may affect the workers safety and health as well asthe environment.
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5 steps in JHA..
Select the appropriate job for hazard analysis (with respect tonature of work and the priority set).
List all the steps necessary to perform the job (based on work studytechnique).
Identify all hazards associated with the job by examining every jobstep critically.
Develop risk control measures for all the hazards so identified.
Integrate the risk control measures with the job steps together toform the jobs standard operation procedures (SOP). SOP can onlybe developed through a team of knowledgeable and experiencedpersonnel including the work study engineer, supervisor, and safety& health professionals.
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Human Factors Engineering
(Ergonomics)Definition- Ergonomics is defined as the science
of fitting the job to the worker & adapting thework environment to the needs of human
It is derived from the Greek word ergo meaningwork & namos meaning laws thus laws ofwork
Components of Ergonomics It deals with the
instruction of technological & work situation ofthe human being embodying the anatomic,physiologic & psychologic principles
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Contd..
Anatomy contribution of anatomy lies inimproving the physical fit between people & thethings they use, ranging from hand tools toaircraft design
Physiology it supports two main technicalareas:-
Work physiology-address the energyrequirements of the body & sets standards for
acceptable physical work rate & work loadEnvironmental physiology-analyse the impact
of physical working conditions
Psychology-concerned with human information
processing & decision making capabilities
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Objective - objective of this technique is to properlybalance task and machine /equipment requirementsagainst an operators anatomical, physiological, perceptual
and information processing capabilities. Purpose this technique is concerned with a
multidisciplinary activities of designing human equipmentinterface to match the human capacities with his/herphysical work environment
Main goal to improve an employees capability to their jobsafely & with high quality in a productive manner bylooking at the effects of environment, tools, machines &products
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Application of ergonomics
Visual display design - in automobiles, airplanes,space vehicles, machine tools & indeed whereverthere are control panels or instrumentation
Design of workplace for persons with physicaldisabilities
Design of workplace in offices with VDTs(visualdisplay terminals) or VDUs(video display units)that involve work processing ,interactive
communication, programming & computer aideddesign(CAD)/computer aidedmanufacturing(CAM) activities
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Importance of Ergonomics
Ergonomic design is essentially the study ofdesign & layout of furniture in the workplacedesigns & in the home
It is designed by looking how the human bodyinteracts with its surrounding environment whenperforming certain daily activities or tasks
The use of ergonomic design include the use of
ergo tools, chairs, lights & even take intoconsideration noise or the air quality of theenvironment
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Contd.
The underlying idea of an ergonomicallydesigned space is that it is a peaceful &comfortable environment for work or daily life
A well managed & ergonomically designedoffice can improve the quality of employeeslives & increase efficiency & productivity
An ergonomic designed product implies thatthe device bends smoothly with a personsbody or action
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PRODUCTION SCHEDULING
Planning for sequencing and timing the work.
It is also called operations scheduling.
It is a systematic and formal process for:
Equipment assignment,
Labor assignment,
Materials assignment andCustomers job assignment
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Primary objective: to have the right materials,
Parts, documents and other necessary items
at the right place at the right time.
Strike a balance between the extreme
situationstoo much or too little
Excessive amount of inventoriesexcessiveholding costs.
Insufficient amount---hindrance in production
or even stopped.
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The khanban or just-in-time
Just in-time(JIT) production scheduling ---developed by the Toyota Motor company of
Japan
Received widespread attention from academiaand practitioners.
Positive effect on labor productivity (Japanesediesel engine)
High quality of parts and subassembliesshould be available at the work station onlywhen needed.
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JIT states thatvendor should be in relatively
close proximity to the assembly plant.
SEQUENCING.Shortest processing time (SPT) rule and the
first-come first-served (FCFS) rule.
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THANK YOU..........