Task 1 - 16 Tenses

ENGLISH SOFTSKILL TASK

TENSES

NAME : YUSNIARI SINAGA

NPM : 1 7 2 1 1 6 9 3

CLASS : 1 E A 2 6

GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY OF KALIMALANG

2011/2012

CHAPTER I

THE TENSE’s DEFINE

When we want to use English, of course we must know about the rule before. Certainly we were taught from the basic till the big step that is be an English Master. Absolutely we are going to find the grammar while learn English. There are so many people don’t understand about the grammar, therefore, some people thought that this subject had a fairly high level of difficulty. However, the real is there is a will there is a way.

We will discuss one of the grammar subject, that is about THE 16 TENSES. Before we are having a deep continue, we should be know what the TENSE is. There are several meanings of the tenses from the different sources. Check this out please!!

(Hariyono, Rudy dan Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Grammar. Surabaya: Gita Media Press)Tense is defined by changing verb based on the description of the time

(Hartanto, John .S ,dkk. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya)At the simple way, tense means the verb which is showing the action time

(www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses)The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense)A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation time, to indicate when the situation takes place.

By seeing all the means of the TENSES above we get the point of the TENSE’S means is the verb as the key on sentence to show the time of an action.

The Tense shows:

a. The time of an action or eventb. The complete level

The verb will tell us when the action takes time now (present), past or in future. There is so important for us to know when the action on sentence happens. For example, the delivery goods in a business letter, we need to know if we deliver the goods now, last month or shall deliver the goods next month.

CHAPTER II

THE KINDS OF TENSES

There are many kinds of tenses we ever known. It’s called four fundamental tenses that are the present tense, the past tense, the future tense and the past future tense . All the other tenses come from this fundamental tense, there are consist of four tenses one another. The kinds of tenses consist of sixteen (16) tenses based on the rules of the time. Here we go..!!

I. PRESENT TENSE

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSEThis tense describes the event at this time in a simple form or an action carried over and over again, or the daily activity, or an event there’s not related to time.

A.1 Verbal Sentences

The Simple Present Tense’s rule using on the sentences:a) Showing the action as always doneb) To show the truth on earth

Notice: by using the singular subject (she/he/it), the infinitive getting change:

a. Generally added suffix –s to the infinitive

b. Added –es suffix if there’s “o” suffix infinitive

1. The Rule of positive verbal sentence is:

Subject (I/you/we/they) + infinitive (V1)

Subject (she/he/it) + infinitive (V1) + s/es

Ex. to speak speaks

to help helps

Ex. to do does

to go goes

c. Added –es suffix if there’s consonant(s) suffix infinitive, like ch, sh, s, x, or z

d. Added –es suffix if there’s “e” suffix infinitive although ended by z or j voice

e. Change consonant “y” suffix to be “i” after the other consonant, then added –es suffix

f. If there’s consonant suffix infinitive after vocal letter, added suffix –s directly

You should be know there is nothing change of infinitive after an auxiliary verb, although uses singular as the subject.

Notice:

a. There must be used do/does + not before infinitiveb. In this section s/es suffix must be gone

Ex. to teach teaches

to fix fixes

Ex. to speak speaks

to help helps

Ex. to fly flies

to study studies

Ex. to buy buys

to play plays

2. The Rule of negative verbal sentence is:

Subject + do + not + infinitive (V1)

Subject + does + not + infinitive (V1)

3a. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is:

do + Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

does + Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

Notice:

a. There must be using do/does in the beginning of an interrogative sentenceb. There’s no need to added s/es suffix on interrogative sentence c. Using the rule above when you need yes/no answer or a short answer only

Notice: The answer of the rule question above need more explanation.

In a verbal sentence on Simple Present Tense, there’s often using The Adverb of Frequency, such as

A.2 Nominal Sentences (using non-verb)

Notice:

a. non-verb similar to noun, adjective or adverbb. using To be based on the Subjectc. change “To be” with “be” after an auxiliary verb in each Subject

3b. The Rule of interrogative pronoun sentence is:

What;where;when;why;which;how + do/does + Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

who + infinitive + s/es?

Always sometimes neverUsually seldom everOften rarely

1. The Rule of positive nominal sentence is:

Subject + To be + Non Verb

2. The Rule of negative nominal sentence is:

Subject + To be + not + Non Verb

Notice: 3a rule needs yes/no answer or a short answer; 3b needs a long answer

A.3 Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Simple Present Tense:

Every hour Everyday In the afternoon Twice a week Twice a day

Every minute Every week In the evening Three times a week On Sunday

Every afternoon Every month At night Four times a week On Monday

Every morning Every year At noon Once a month At five o’clock

Every night In the morning Once a week Twice a month At seven o’clock

B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEPresent Continuous Tense or Present Progressive Tense is describe an action or event which is occurring while it be spoken

Notice: Infinitive + ing is called Present Participal

The Present Continuous Tense’s rule using on the sentences:a) To show the action which is happeningb) To show the temporary actionc) To claim the act referred to next time

3a. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is:

To be + Subject + Non Verb ?

3b. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is:

Question Word + To be + Subject (S) ?

1. The Rule of positive sentence is:

Subject + To be + infinitive + ing

Notice: the things need to pay attention: a. Generally added –ing suffix to infinitive directly

b. If suffix of infinitive is “e”, remove it. Then added –ing directly (exception for “ee”)

c. If infinitive consist of one or two syllables with consonant suffix after the vocal letter and the pronounciation on the last word, making double the last consonant then plus –ing

d. Also the “l” suffix of invinitive in two syllables after vocal letter

e. There is no double “l” if preceded by two vocals letter

f. If there is “ie” suffix, change it with “y” then added –ing

Ex. to read Reading

to apply Applying

Ex. to write Writing

to see Seeing

Ex. to cut Cutting

to begin Beginning

Ex. to cancel Cancelling

to expel Expelling

Ex. to sail Sailing

to seal Sealing

Ex. to die Dying

to tie Tying

2. The Rule of negative sentence is:

Subject + To be + not + infinitive + ing

Exception:

There’s no all of infinitives can be used in Present Continuous Tense although that event is happening. There are infinitives which are unusual in present continuous, there are:

a. Verbs of emotion

To like To dislike To refuse To want

b. Verbs of the senses

To feel To hear To see To smell To taste

c. Verbs of thought or opinion

To believe To expect To forget To know

To prefer To realize To think To understand

Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Present Continuous Tense:

This evening At present Right now

today This afternoon

This morning At this moment now

nowdays For the time being

3. The Rule of interrogative sentence is:

To be + Subject + infinitive + ing

QW + To be + (Subject) + infinitive + ing

C. PRESENT PERFECT TENSEPresent Continuous Tense is the time which is used to show an indefinite time action on the past. And while speak that action had done.

The Present Perfect is used to indicate:a. An action that happened at an indefinite time in the pastb. An action that happened more than once in the pastc. An action that began in the past and is still occuring in the present

C.1 Verbal Sentences

Notice:generally, when form “have” or ”has” joined with subject, it could be briefed:

I have I’ve

We have We’ve

They have They’ve

You have You’ve

She has She’s

He has He’s

It has It’s

Notice: a) The first rule for asking above need the yes/no answer or short answerb) The second rule above (using QW) need an explanation answerc) If on the second rule need the subject as an answer then remove the subject

from the rule, instead using the subject on the rule when asking out of subject.


Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3)


Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle (V3)

3. The Rule of inteerrogative verbal sentence is:

Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle (V3)

QW + have/has + (subject) + Past Participle (V3)

C.2 Nominal Sentences (using non-verb)

Notice: non-verb similar to noun, adjective or adverb



Generally an adverb of time of present perfect tense in a sentence used:a. To show an action has just happen so there is still seeing it’s effect till the time it

is spokenb. To show the finished action indefinite time in the past, but there was not

importance while it happened instead the result of for nowc. To show an unfinished of the past action d. To show the reaction indefinite time before now. Generally the sentence followed

by “before”, “already”, “ever”, “never”, and “yet” worde. To show a past action and still happen till now and next timef. To show a finished action in a short time. It’s often to using the “at last”, “finally”,

“just” word

C.3 Time Signal

There are many signal of time used in present perfect tense:

Since For four days Since last week

Since yesterday Since five years ago For nine months

For two years for Since two days ago


Subject + have/has + been + Non Verb


Subject + have/has + not + been + Non Verb

3. The Rule of interrogative nominal sentence is:

Have/has + Subject + been + Non Verb ?

QW + have/has + (Subject) + been + Non Verb ?

D. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

For an action that began in the past and is still occuring in the present (present perffect rules, third time), it is alsi possible to use the present perfect progressive (continuous). Use the following rule to form this aspect



Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Since September 1992 Long Anylonger For

For twenty days Recently This week

For ten years Lately Since 1969 Since

Anymore For five weeks Stiil The whole days


Subject + have/has + been + infinitive + ing


Subject + have/has + not + been + infinitive + ing


Have/Has + subject + been + infinitive + ing ?

QW + Have/Has + (subject) + been + infinitive + ing ?

II. PAST TENSE

A. SIMPLE PAST TENSEThe Simple Past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. The italicized words in the previous sentence are important because they show that simple past is not the same as past progressive or present perfect


Notice: it’ll be found past tense (Verb2) on Irregular and Regular Verb

A.2 Nominal Sentences


Subject + infinitive (V1)


Subject + did + not + infinitive (V1)

3. The Rule of interrogative verbal sentence is:

Did + Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

QW + Did + Subject + infinitive (V1) ?

QW + Past Tense (V2) ?


Subject + was/were + Non Verb


Subject + was/were + not + Non Verb


Was/were + Subjec + Non Verb ?

Generally an adverb of time of present perfect tense in a sentence used:

a. To describe an occured action in the past

b. To show an usual thing in the past but it is not happen anymore

c. To show the past event

A.3 Time Signal

There are many time signals are used in Simple Past Tense:

Yesterday Last night Last week Just now This noon

Yesterday morning

A few days ago Last Friday A year ago Yesterday afternoon

An hour ago Last Sunday This morning Two days ago A week ago

A few minutes ago

Last March Several days ago

Last month The day before yesterday

Last year Last January Two weeks ago A month ago A moment ago

B. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSEThe Past Progressive is used to indicate:a. An action which was occuring in the past and was interrupted by another actionb. Two actions occuring at the same time in the pastc. An action which was occuring at some specific time in the past

The rule is:

Subject + used to + infinitive


Subject + were + infinitive + ing


Subject + was/were + not + infinitive + ing


Was/were + subject + infinitive + ing ?

QW + was/were + subject + infinitive + ing ?

QW + was/were + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal

The Time Signal which is often to use in the past continuous tense:

Time Signal The Rule

when Past Continuous Tense + when + Past Tense

while Simple Past Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense

as Simple Past Tense + as + Past Continuous Tense

Time signals else:

All day yesterday At ten o’clock last night

At seven o’clock yesterday Yesterday

Last afternoon At that time

At this time yesterday At seven o’clock last morning

C. PAST PERFECT TENSEThe Past Perfect is used to indicate:a. An action that happened before another action in the past, there usually are two

actions in the sentence b. A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now. Note that

there is no connection with the present

C.1 Verbal Sentences


Subject + had + Past Participle (V3)

Notice:generally, when form “had” joined with subject, it could be briefed:

I had I’d

We had We’d

They had They’d

You had You’d

She had She’d

He had He’d

It had It’d

C.2 Nominal Sentences


Subject + had + not + Past Participle (V3)


Had + subject + Past Participle (V3) ?

QW + had + (subject) + Past Participle (V3) ?


Subject + had + been + Non Verb


Subject + had + not + been + Non Verb


Had + subject + been + Non Verb ?

C.3 Time Signal

There are many time signals are used in Simple Past Tense:


when Past Perfect Tense + when + Simple Past Tense

before Past Perfect Tense + before + Simple Past Tense

after Simple Past Tense + after + Past Perfect Tense

until Simple Past Tense + until + Past Perfect Tense

D. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEThis past perfect concept can also be conveyed by past perfect progressive (continuous)

Time Signal

There are two time signals are used in Past Perfect Continuous Tense:


when Past Perfect Continuous Tense + when + Simple Past Tense

after Past Perfect Continuous Tense + after + Simple Past Tense


Subject + had + been + infinitive + ing


Subject + had + not + infinitive + ing


Had + Subject + been + infinitive (V1) + ing ?

III. FUTURE TENSE

A. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSEThe Future Tense is used to indicate:a. to show the next action on next futureb. to make a deal for next timec. showing the requisited. to beg someone to do something


To be going to

Notice:

a) make sure tu join the subject with to be each other correctly

b) generally, using will/shall if the plan is for sure

c) using “to be going to” if the plan like a intention only


Subject + shall/will + infinitive


Subject + shall/will + not + infinitive


Shall/will + subject + infinitive ?

QW + Shall/will + (subject) + infinitive ?


Subject + to be + going to + infinitive


Subject + to be + not + going to + infinitive

A.2 Nominal Sentences

A.3 Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Simple Future Tense:

tomorrow Next week Next month Next year

Tomorrow morning Next Sunday Tomorrow afternoon

This afternoon tonight This morning This weekend

Tomorrow night later Two days latter

Next January immediately The day after tomorrow soon

B. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE


To be + Subject + going to + infinitive

QW + to be + (subject) + going to + infinitive ?


Subject + shall/will + be + non verb


Subject + shall/will + not + be + non verb


Shall/will + be + non verb

QW + shall/will + (subject) + be + non verb ?

Used to show the action will happen next time if other action occured

Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Future Continuous Tense:

At this time tomorrow

At five o’clock tomorrow morning

At this time next year

At nine o’clock tonight

C. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

To show the finished action on next time

C.1 Verbal Sentence

Notice:


Subject + shall/will + be + infinitive + ing


Subject + shall/will + not + be + infinitive + ing


Shall/will + subject + be + infinitive + ing ?

QW + Shall/will + (subject) + be + infinitive + ing ?


Subject + shall/will + have + past participle


Subject + shall/will + not + have + past participle

a. Shall not is briefed to be shan’t

b. Will not is briefed to be won’t

C.2 Nominal Sentence

Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Future Perfect Tense:

By four p.m. today By next week By the end of this week Next week

By next Sunday tonight tomorrow This evening

D. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

To show the action which is happening next time if other action occured


Shall/will + subject + have + past participle ?


Subject + shall/will + have been+ non verb


Subject + shall/will + not + have been+ non verb


Shall/will + subject + have been + non verb?


Subject + shall/will + have been + infinitive + ing


Subject + shall/will + not + have been + infinitive + ing

Time Signal

There are many time signals used in Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

By ten a.m. tomorrow By the end of this year

By seven o’clock tonight

By next January

IV. FUTURE PAST TENSE

A. FUTURE PAST TENSETo showing the action will done or did in the past. It has planned but it was often failed.

A.1 Verbal Sentence

Notice:

a. Shall not is briefed to be shouldn’t

b. Will not is briefed to be wouldn’t


Shall/will + subject + have been + infinitive + ing?

QW + Shall/will + (subject) + have been + infinitive + ing?


Subject + should/would + infinitive


Subject + should/would + not + infinitive


Should/would + subject + infinitive

To be going to

A.2 Nominal Sentence


Subject + was/were + going to + infinitive


Subject + was/were + not + going to + infinitive


Was/were + Subject + going to + infinitive ?


Subject + should/would + be + non verb


Subject + should/would + not + be + non verb


Should/would + Subject + be + non verb ?

A.3 Time Signal

yesterday Last night

Last week Just now

B. FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Time Signal

In March last year In Monday last week

At seven o’clock yesterday

In July last year At five o’clock yesterday

C. FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSEC.1 Verbal Sentence


Subject + should/would + be + infinitive + ing


Subject + should/would + not + be + infinitive + ing


Should/would + subject + be + infinitive + ing ?


Subject + should/would + have + past participle

C.2 Nominal Sentence

C.3 Time Signal

The time signal in this tense is : .... if ...

Rule: Future Past Perfect Tense + if + Past Perfect

D. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE


Subject + should/would + not + have + past participle


Should/would + subject + have + past participle ?


Subject + should/would + have been + non verb


Subject + should/would + not + have been + non verb


Should/would + subject +have been + non verb?


Subject + should/would + have been + infinitive + ing2. The Rule of negative sentence is:

Subject + should/would + not + have been + infinitive + ing


Should/would + subject + have been + infinitive + ing ?

Time Signal

By last January By last week

By last year

CHAPTER III

THE EXAMPLES

I. PRESENT TENSE

+ He works hard every day She is a doctor

- He does not work hard every day She is not a doctor

? Does he work hard every day? Is she a doctor?

1. Simple Present Tense

+ I am reading a magazine

- I am not reading a magazine

? am i reading a magazine?

2. Present Continuous Tense

+ She has thaught this class for ten years We Have been in Surabaya for eight years

- She hasn’t thaught this class for ten years We Have not been in Surabaya for eight years

? Has she thaught this class for ten years? Have we been in Surabaya for eight years?

3. Present Perfect Tense

+ She has been studying for 2 hours

- She has not been studying for 2 hours

? Has she been studying for 2 hours?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

II. PAST TENSE

+ She studied English last night They were happy last night

- She didn’t study English last night They weren’t happy last night

? Did She study English last night? Were They happy last night ?

5. Simple Past Tense

+ I was writing a letter when the bell rang

- I was not writing a letter when the bell rang

? Was I writing a letter when the bell rang?

6. Past Continuous Tense

+ She had slept when I came last night I had been there when the accident happened

- She had not slept when I came last night I had not been there when the accident happened

? Had she slept when I came last night? Had I been there when the accident happened?

7. Past Perfect Tense

+ They had been living here for two years when I came

- They had not been living here for two years when I came

? Had They been living here for two years when I came?

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

III. FUTURE TENSE

+ We shall go to Tokyo tomorrow I shall be at home tonight

- We shall not go to Tokyo tomorrow I shall not be at home tonight

? Shall we go to Tokyo tomorrow? Shall I be at home tonight?

9. Simple Future Tense

+ I shall studying if you come at seveno’clock tonight

- I shall not studying if you come at seveno’clock tonight

? Shall I studying if you come at seveno’clock tonight ?

10. Future Continuous Tense

+ I shall have finished my work tomorrow night

I shall have been a doctor next month

- I shall not have finished my work tomorrow night

I shall not have been a doctor next month

? Shall I have finished my work tomorrow night?

Shall I have been a doctor next month?

11. Future Perfect Tense

+ I shall have been studying for two hours when you come tonight

- I shall not have been studying for two hours when you come tonight

? Shall I have been studying for two hours when you come tonight?

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

IV. FUTURE PAST TENSE

+ I should come here for a luch yesterday, but it was raining

I should be here in time to talk about our business

- I should not come here for a luch yesterday

I should not be here in time to talk about our business

? Should I come here for a luch yesterday?

Should I be here in time to talk about our business ?

13. Future Past Tense

+ She would be teaching at the class by seven o’clock tomorrow morning

- She would not be teaching at the class by seven o’clock tomorrow morning

? Would she be teaching at the class by seven o’clock tomorrow morning?

14. Future Past Continuous Tense

+ We should have graduated if we had studied hard

She would have been a doctor if she had studied hard

- We should not have graduated if we had studied hard

She would not have been a doctor if she had studied hard

? Should we have graduated if we had studied hard?

Would she have been a doctor if she had studied hard?

15. Future Past Perfect Tense

+ I should have been studying English for three months by last January

- I should not have been studying English for three months by last January

? Should I have been studying English for three months by last January?

16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense

REFERENCES

(Hariyono, Rudy dan Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Grammar. Surabaya: Gita Media Press)

(Hartanto, John .S ,dkk. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah Surabaya)

(www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses)

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense)

Documents

Task 1 - 16 Tenses