TARGET IBPS AGRICULTURE FIELD OFFICER

Compiled by

Narayan Nagre

TARGET IBPS

AGRICULTURE FIELD OFFICER

TARGET IBPS

AGRICULTURE FIELD OFFICER

EAGLE VISION PUBLICATIONS

Narayan A. NagreM.Sc. Agriculture

Genetics & Plant Breeding

By

IBPS-2018PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE

(AGRICULTURE)

Memory Based Questions1. Papaya introduced in India during...

th th a) 16 Century b) 17 century th th c) 18 century d) 19 century

2. Which crop has highest area under cultivation in

India?

a) Wheat b) Rice d) Maize d) Mango

3. Production of which crop was highest during 2015-

16 ?

a) Rice b) Wheat d) Papaya d) Sugarcane

4. Which of the following is a temperate crop?

a) Rice b) Wheat

d) Groundnut d) Tur

5. What is the optimum relative humidity for most of

the crop growth-

a) 40% b) 40 to 60 %

c) 60 to 80% d)>80%

6. What is the average annual rainfall in humid

region...

a) < 450 mm b) < 750 mm

c) > 750 mm d) > 1000 mm

7. A form of cutting in which all the branches of fodder

are removed- Lopping

8. Clean tillage: It refers to working of the soil of

the entire field in such a way no living plant is left

undisturbed.

9. Alley cropping- are those arable crops, whichare

grown in 'alleys' formed by trees or shrubs, established

mainly to hasten soil fertility restoration, enhance soil

productivity and reduce soil erosion.

10. Water use efficiency of drip irrigation is...

a) 80% b) 85% c) 90% d) 95%

11. Which of the following is a salt tolerant crop?

a) Groundnut b) Rice

c) Moong d) Urd

12. Electrical Conductivity (EC) of saline soil is...

(a) <4 (b) >4 (b) >6 (d) None

13. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) of saline-

alkali soil is...

(a) > 1.5 (b) <15 (c) > 15 (d) None

14. Alkali soils have a pH...

(a) 4.5 (b) 6.5 (c) 7 (d) > 8.5

15. Which of the following is a micronutrient?

(a) Ca (b) S (d) Na (d) Fe

16. Which micronutrient play a activist andcatalytic

role in photosynthesis of the plants?

a) N b) Zn d) Fe d) Mg

17. Deficiency of which nutrient causes tip chlorosis

and later leaves convert into gelatinous matter?

a) N b) K d) Mg d) Ca

18. Nutrient element required for chlorophyll

formation and cell elongation is...

(a) Zn (b) Bo (d) Mn (d) Cu

19. Highest Ca % is in the manure?

a) Cattle b) Sheep

c) Pig d) Poultry (0.62%)

20. Which state have the highest salt affectedarea in

India?

a) Gujarat b) Maharashtra

c) Orissa d) Rajasthan

21. Optimum soil pH for grape cultivation...

a) <6 b) 6.5 to 7.5

c) > 8.5 d) None

22. Optimum soil pH for banana cultivation...

a) <6 b) 6.5 to 7.5

c) > 8.5 d) None

23. Optimum soil pH for guava cultivation...

(a) < 4 (b) > 8

(c) 4.5 to 8.5 (d) None

24. Fertilizer suitable for fertigation in banana...

a) Sodium Nitrate b) Calcium nitrate

c) Potassium nitrate d) CAN

25. Which of the following is a Perennial crop?

a) Beets b) Potatoes c) Coconut d) Cotton

26. Totapari variety of mango mostly grown in the

state....

a) Maharashtra b) Karnataka

c) Kerala d) Tamil Nadu

27. Ratna is a cross of?

a) Neelam × Alphonso b) Alphosnso × Neelam

c) Neelam × Dashehari d) Dashehari × Neelam

28. Area recommended for pregnant cow is?2 2 2 2 a) 3 m b) 4 m c) 5 m d) 6 m

29. Duration of proestrous in cattle is

a) 2 days b) 4 days c) 5 days d) 6 days

30. Floor space recommended for broiler indeep

litter system-

a) 0.5 sq ft b) 0.75 sq ft

b) 1 sq ft d) 1.5 sq ft

31. Which institute developed vaccine against

Ranikhet disease?

a) NIHSAD b) NDRI

c) IVRI, Izatnagar d) None

32. Karan fries breed of cattle developed in India at

a) IVRI, Izatnagar b) NDRI, Karnal

c) IARI, New Delhi d) MPKV, Rahuri

33. First calving age of murrah baffalo is...

a) 30 to 40 months b) 40 to 50 months

c) 50 to 55 months d) 55 to 60 months

34. Which poultry breed weight maximum in the

fifth week of rearing period?

b) Plymouth rock b) Aseel

d) Leghorn d) New Hampshire

35. Highest SNF content is in the milk of

a) Baffalo b) Cow c) Goat d) Sheep

36. Establishment of Central Avian Research

Institute, Izatnagar, UP

a) 1969 b) 1979 c) 1989 d) 1989

37. What is the daily weight gain of well fed cross

bred calf-

a) 40 to 50 gm b) 400 to 500 gm

c) 500 to 1000 gm d) > 1000 gm

38. Number of batches of broiler can be reared per

year-

a) 3 to 5 batches b) 5 to 6 batches

c) 6 to 8 batches d) 8 to 10 batches

39. How much rice bran should be used in fishmeal-

a) 30% b) 50% c) 80% d) 90%

40. Which fish contain highest protein-

a) Tuna b) Salmon c) Tilapia d) Murrel

41. How much time it takes for prawns rearing-

a) 3 to 4 months b) 6 to 8 months

c) 10 to 12 months d) > 12 months

42. Semi-intensive fish farming involves a pond of

size....

a) <0.5 h b) 0.5 to 1 ha c) 1 ha d) 1 to 1.5 ha

43. Optimum forest cover should be...

a) 21 % b) 27% c) 33% d) 37 %

44. Which of the following is not a feature of four

stroke diesel engine-

a) Fuel is partially consumed

b) Thermal efficiency is high.

c) It can be operated in one direction only

d) One power stroke for every two revolutions

of the crankshaft.

45. Power required for Power sprayer/ high

efficiency sprayer...

a) 1 hp b) 2 hp c) 3 hp d) 4 hp

46. Under a single cropping pattern, a tractor of

.......hp recommended for 40 hectare farm.

a) 15 to 20 hp b) 20 to 25 hp

c) 25 to 30 hp d) 30 to 35 hp

47. Power tiller was introduced in India during...

a) 1943 b)1953

c) 1963 d) 1973

48. Capacity of high volume sprayer is?

a) > 400 litres /ha

b) 5 to 400 litres/ hectare

c) < 5 litres /ha.

d) Both (b) and (c) is correct

49. Which tillage implement requires minimum draft per

unit area- Planter

50. What is the power extracted by PTO in tractor- 80 to

85%

51. Most common wood used in plywood making is –

Teak wood

52. Scheme for Integrated Agriculture Marketing- 1

April 2014

53. Interest subvention for short term crop loans-

Under this scheme, the farmers can avail concessional

crop loans of upto Rs.3 lakh at 7 per cent rate of interest.

It also provides for an additional subvention of 3 per cent

for prompt repayment within a period of one year from the

date of advance. The scheme for 2017-18 will help

farmers to avail of short term crop loans up to Rs. 3 lakh

payable within one year at only 4 per cent per annum. In

case farmers do not repay the short term crop loan in time

they would be eligible for interest subvention of 2% as

against 5% available above.

54. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana - PMKSY-

has been approved for implementation across the country

with an outlay of- Rs. 50,000 crore in five years.

55. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana - PMFBY-

There will be a uniform premium of only 2% to be paid by

farmers for all Kharif crops and 1.5% for all Rabi crops. In

case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the

premium to be paid by farmers will be only 5%.

Highly Recommended for l IBPS Agriculture Field Officerl�Pre PG Entrance Exams

Fishing boats in IndiaFishing boats of Tamil Nadu Colachel to cape Comorin is a surf beaten coast where boat catamarans are popular. In the Gulf of Mannar, boat canoe, boat catamaran, Tuticorin and Kilakarai boats are in operation. Popular craft in Palk Bay is fishing canoe, Adiram patnam canoe, three masted plank-built canoe and kalla dhoni. In Coromandel coast catamarans and flexible, masula boats are predominant.1. Boat Catamaran2. Boat canoe (Vallam)3. Tuticorin boat4. Adirampatnam fishing canoe5. Kilakaral boat6. Masula boatFishing boats of Goa The traditional fishing craft of Goa is dugout canoes and planked boats with large out riggers. There is a rudimentary keel in the dugouts. The size of the boat varies from 7-8 m.Fishing boats of Karnataka Rampini boats are popular in Northern Karnataka and dugout in Southern Karnataka.Fishing boats of Kerala1. Dugout2. Plank built canoe3. Raft CatamaranFishing boats of Maharashtra The physical and geographical features of northern Maharashtra up to Mumbai are similar to those of southern Gujarat. Southern Maharashtra has a rocky coast with sheltered bays, creeks and harbours. The following types of fishing boats are found in Maharashtra.1. Bombay machwa2. Satpati type3. Versova boat4. Rathnagiri machwaFishing boats of Gujarat There is a marked difference in the geographical and physical features of northern and southern regions of Gujarat. Whereas the north of the country is arid and stony, the south of the country is distinguished by the sandy bottom. The following types of a boat with their broad features give along side are found in Gujarat.1. Porbandar machwa

FISHERIES1

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By- Narayan Nagre Sir

2. Cambay Machwa3. Malia boat4. Dugout canoe5. Madhwad type wahan6. Gujarat wahanFishing boats of Andhra Pradesh Being surf beaten coasts without shelters, the following surf – landing crafts are predominant1. Catamaran (Teppalu)2. Masula boat3. NavaFishing boats of Odisha Two regions can be differentiated along the Odisha coast. The southern part is surf beaten, where as the northern part has sandy bottom extending far out into the sea. The boats used are

1. Botali

2. Catamaran

3. Bar boat

Fishing boats of West Bengal The physical conditions of the coast line are analogous to those of northern Odisha. The following two boats are used.

1. Batchari boat

2. Chot boat

Fishing boats of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Influence of Australian design is seen in the fishing craft of these Islands. Dugout and out rigger canoes are standard. However, the shape of dugouts is different, and the outrigger canoes have more than two out riggers attached differently.

1. Dugout

2. Out rigger canoe

Fishing boats of Lakshadweep Islands

1. Raft (Kathufathi)

2. Plank built boat (Kalundhoni)

3. Masodi

TARGET IBPS-AFO 2 By- Narayan Nagre Sir

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Inland Fisheries


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Types of aquaculture: 1. Fish culture in Ponds

Pond systems It is the most common method of fish culture. Water is maintained in an enclosed area by artificially constructed ponds where the aquatic animals such the finfish and shellfish are reared. The ponds may be filled with canal water, rain water, bore well water or from other water sources. The pond must be constructed after proper site selection. The climate, topography, water availability and soil quality of the region influence the character of the fish pond.Based on these factors, ponds are primarily of two types, namely,1. Watershed pond2. Levee Pond

Watershed Pond Systems For watershed ponds, water required to fill and maintain the pond water is entirely sourced from the watershed runoff, though groundwater (bore well) and surface water (stream and reservoirs) can be used as additional water sources.The major factors to be considered are soil type, characteristics, topography and water supplies.· The soil type influences how well the ponds will hold water; mud and mud-silt type soils are preferred for pond construction because it prevents leakage. The good quality soil containing a lower limit of 20 percent clay is necessary for making ponds.· The topography determines the size and shape of the ponds. The watershed ponds should not be more than 10 feet deep. The size of the ponds should be less than 20 acres for better management. Sites, where huge individual ponds could be built, can be divided into smaller ponds built in series.· The availability and quality of water determine where and what type of pond should be made. Growing and harvesting are more challenging in watershed ponds than levee ponds due to erratic water supplies, uneven bottom and side, and size and excessive depth of the dugout.· Advantages of this pond system include Construction of Pond is inexpensive, free water is available and there is less competition for water from other agriculture activities.

Levee Pond Systems Levee ponds are created in flat land areas where there is inadequate water to fill the ponds from the watershed. The groundwater is typically used to fill the ponds.Prior to building of ponds make sure whether the site is suitable for pond construction by looking at the characteristics of soil type, quality and ground water availability. The type of soil influence the pond productivity and life expectancy. It is necessary to have 20 percent of clay in the soil to prevent the leakage of the pool.

TARGET IBPS-AFO By- Narayan Nagre Sir

UNIT 1. CULTURE FISHERIES

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2. Cage culture in Aquaculture Today cage culture is receiving more attention by both researchers and commercial producers. Factors such as increasing consumption of fish, declining stocks of wild fishes and poor farm economy has increased interest in fish production in cages. Many small or limited resource farmers are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. Aquaculture appears to be a rapidly expanding industry and it offer opportunities even on a small scale. Cage culture also offers the farmer a chance to utilize existing water resources in which most cases have only limited use for other purposes.Key concepts The right choice of site contributes significantly in the success of cage farm. Site selection is vitally important since it can greatly influence economic viability by determining capital outlay, by affecting running costs, rate of production and mortality factors.Ÿ Site selection is a key factor in any aquaculture operation, affecting both success and

sustainability.· Circular cages of different diameter ranging from 2 m to 15 m, designed for the culture of fishes

such as milkfish, mullet, cobia, pompano, sea bass, pearl spot, shellfishes such as shrimps, crabs and lobsters were experimented and demonstrated successfully in India by Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI).

· Stocking of right sized fish juveniles in adequate stocking density is another factor which determines the success of farming. The stocking density and size of stocked fishes varies with different species.

· Proper feeding of quality feeds, periodic monitoring and cleaning of cages contributes immensely to the success of cage farming.

· With proper management of cage erected at an ideal location can yield a production of 20-3 40kg/m with various species of fishes.

Farming of fishes in cages

Site Selection Different criteria must be addressed before site selection for cage culture. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, salinity, oxygen, waveaction, pollution, algal blooms, water exchange, etc. that determine whether a species can thrive in an environment. Other criteria which must be considered for site selection are weather conditions, shelter, depth, substrate, etc. Finally legal aspects, access, proximity to hatcheries or fishing harbor, security, economic, social and market considerations etc. are to be taken care.

Cage Size It is a fact that costs per unit volume decrease with increasing cage size, within the limits of the materials and construction methods used. CMFRI has developed open sea cages of 6 m dia and 15 m dia for grow out fish culture and 2 m dia HDPE cages for seed rearing. Ideal size for grow out cage is 6 m due to its easy maneuvering and reduced labour. For fingerling, 2m cages can be used.Cage frames and nets Different cage materials can be used for cage farmes. Materials commonly used are High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE), Galvanised iron (GI) pipes, PVC pipes, etc. HDPE frames are

TARGET IBPS-AFO By- Narayan Nagre Sir5

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Small groups and fishermen. GI frames have less life span when compared to HDPE frames. Nets of varying dimensions and materials were tested for cage culture in India. CMFRI has used braided and twisted HDPE nets for grow out purpose. It can last for two or more seasons. Nylon net can be used economically, but since it is light weight, to hold the shape intact more weight has to be loaded in the ballast pipe. Cost factor has to be taken care while using new netting materials like sapphire or dyneema materials for net cage. The depth of net ranging from 2 to 5 m is ideal. For open sea cage culture, predator net to prevent attack by predatory organisms is essential.

Potential species and criteria for selection of species for cage culture The selection of species for cage culture should be based on a number of biological criteria such as omnivore or carnivore, hardiness, fast growing, efficient food conversion ability, availability of quality seeds, disease resistance and market demand.

Stocking Although stocking densities should be determined by species requirements and operational considerations, the influence of stocking densities on growth and production has been determined empirically. The stocking density depends also on the carrying capacity of the cages and the feeding habits of the cultured species. Optimal stocking density varies with species and size of fish.

Feeds and feed management Fresh or frozen trash fish, moist pellet (MP) and floating dry pellets are the commonly utilized feed for growing fish in cages. Feeding in cages is quite easy compared to that in ponds. The ration can be divided into equal portions and supplied at regular intervals. Feeding can be done either by broadcasting or using feeding trays. Feeds must be nutritionally complete and provide the necessary proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals needed for growth and health. Feeds cannot be allowed to deteriorate during storage.Harvest Harvest of fish in cages is less labour intensive when compared to that in ponds. Floating cages can be towed to a convenient place and full or partial harvest can be carried out based on demand. Marketing of fishes in live conditions as a value addition can also be done.

Cage management Cage culture management must result in optimizing production at minimum cost. The management should be so efficient that the cultured fish should grow at the expected rate with respect to feeding rate and stocking density, minimize loss due to disease and predators, monitor environmental parameters and maintain efficiency of the technical facilities. Physical maintenance of cage structures is also of vital importance. The net-cages must be routinely inspected. Necessary repairs and adjustments to anchor ropes and net-cages should be carried out without any delay. Monthly exchange of net should also be considered, as this ensures a good water exchange in the net, thereby washing away faeces, uneaten food and to a certain extent reduce the impact of fouling.

Disease monitoring Monitoring of fish stock health is essential and early indications can often be observed from changes in behavior, especially during feeding.


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3. Biofloc cultureIt is an innovative and cost-effective technology in which toxic materials to the fish and

shellfish such as Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia can be converted to useful product, ie., proteinaceous feed. It is the technology used in aquaculture system with limited or zero water exchange under high stocking density, strong aeration and biota formed by biofloc.The culture of biofloc will be productive in the case of culture tanks exposed to sun.Biofloc system - the need Biofloc system was developed to improve the environmental control over the aquatic animal production. In aquaculture, the strong influential factors are the feed cost (accounting to 60% of the total production cost) and most limiting factor is the water/land availability. High stocking density and rearing of aquatic animals requires wastewater treatment. Biofloc system is a wastewater treatment which has gained vital importance as an approach in aquaculture. The principle of this technique is the generation of nitrogen cycle by maintaining higher C: N ratio through stimulating heterotrophic microbial growth, which assimilates the nitrogenous waste that can be exploited by the cultured spices as a feed. The biofloc technology is not only effective in treating the waste but also grants nutrition to the aquatic animal. The higher C : N is maintained through the addition of carbohydrate source (molasses) and the water quality is improved through the production of high quality single cell microbial protein. In such condition, dense microorganisms develop and function both as bioreactor controlling water quality and protein food source. Immobilization of toxic nitrogen species occurs more rapidly in bioflocs because the growth rate and microbial production per unit substrate of heterotrophs are ten-times greater than that of the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. This technology is based on the principle of flocculation within the system. The biofloc technology has been implemented in shrimp farming due to its bottom dwelling habit and resistance to environmental changes. Studies have been conducted to assess the larval growth and reproductive performance of shrimps and Nile tilapia. An improved breeding performance was observed in shrimp reared in the biofloc system when compared to that of normal culture practices. Similarly improved larval growth performance was also noticed.Composition and nutritional value of biofloc Biofloc is a heterogeneous aggregate of suspended particles and variety of microorganisms associated with extracellular polymeric substances. It is composed of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates and detritus, etc. It is a protein-rich live feed formed as a result of conversion of unused feed and excreta into a natural food in a culture system on exposure to sunlight. Each floc is held together in a loose matrix of mucus that is secreted by bacteria and bound by filamentous microorganisms or electrostatic attraction. Large flocs can be seen with the naked eye, but most of them are microscopic. Floc size range from 50 – 200 microns. A good nutritional value is found in biofloc. The dry weight protein ranges from 25 – 50 percent, fat ranges 0.5 – 15 percent. It is a good source of vitamins and minerals, particularly phosphorous. It also has an effect similar to probiotics. The dried biofloc is proposed as an ingredient to replace the fishmeal or soybean in the feed. The nutritional quality is good; however, only limited qualities are available. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of producing and drying biofloc solids at a commercial scale is a challenge.


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Integrated Farming Systems in Assam

A. Fish - Duck Integrated Farming System Integrated fish farming has received attention in recent years in the North East India. Among the different livestock based system, fish duck integration is one of the most popular farming practices among woman fishers.Advantages of Fish Duck Integration·��Duck dropping act as feed and fertilizer for cultured fish in the pond.·��Duck collect 50% of their food naturally from the pond.·��Ducks keep the water body clean and increase dissolved oxygen by doubling action.·��Duck house can be constructed at the embankment or over the water surface, hence no need of

extra place for it.·��Left over feed of duck used as supplementary feed for fish.·��Production of duck eggs, meat, fish and horticulture from the same unit area.1. Selection of fish species·� � �In this integration, fish species selection is one of the important point, where plankton feeder

should be 60% and omnivorous should be 40%.·�� A combination of six species viz, Catla (20%), Silver carp (20%), Rohu (20%), Mrigal (15%),

Grass carp (10%) and Common carp (15%) should be stocked at density of 8000 to 8500 fingerlings/ha for the targeted production level of more than 3500 kg/ha. Such integration is suitable only for rearing and stocking ponds where fishes are above 12 gm.

2. Selection of duck and their maintenance·� � � �Some important varieties of ducks are Nageswari, Sylhet Meat, Indian Runner, Serachameli

and Khaki Campbell. Out of this varieties, Khaki Campbell crossed with local pati variety is the best in Assam condition.

·��It should be collected from the Government Farm and then consult with the veterinary Doctor for treatment and preventive measure of some epidemic disease like Duck Plague, Cholera etc.

·� � � �Ducks are stocked @200-300 ducklings/ha of fish pond. From duck excreta annual manure production is 45-55 kg/duck/yr, which besides fertilizing the fishponds and can be directly utilized as fish food. Apart from this, 10-20% feed/day/duck is wasted which is utilized in ponds. Duck dropping contains 81% moisture and 0.91% N and 0.38% P2O5.

2.1 Duck-house·�� Duck house should be made on the pond dyke or over the pond surface with the help of locally

available material such as bamboo cane, thatches etc.�In case of duck house over the pond surface, a small bamboo bridge is constructed from the duck house for feeding the ducks as well as for collecting eggs and duck from the house. Another bridge is constructed from the duck house to the pond surface for helping the ducks ascend or descend to pond water.

·�� Again duck house should be well ventilated for air circulation and exposed to direct sunlight. Periphery of the pond should be fenced for protection of ducks.

2·�� Ducks are kept in duck house providing about 0.3-0.5 m /bird. Again one male duck should be kept in every 5-6 female ducks. Ducklet especially up to 3-4 weeks old are very susceptible to


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2.2 Duck Feed·��Mostly fine rice bran and poultry feed (layers mash etc.) are used as duck feed at the rate of 100 gm feed/day/duck.·� � � � �Duck feed should be stored at cool and dry environment. If possible, manganese sulphate mixed with feed gives the better result at the rate of 10gms/100kg of feed. Apart from that Duck weeds (Lemna, Wolfia, Azolla etc.) are also fed to the ducks.·��Duck also consume tadpoles, juvenile of frogs and dragon fly larvae. Further protein content in natural food organisms of the ponds consumed by duck is high. Therefore, the duck reared in fishponds save the cost on protein substantially in duck feeds and gives more eggs in comparison to duck which are not allowed in fishponds. The left over feed given to the ducks and duck dropping fulfill more than 59% of food requirements of farm fishes.·� � � �Sometime algal bloom may increase, then duck dropping should be stopped periodically by using plastic at the bottom of the duck house and removed.2.3 Lime application In this integration except basal manure there is no need to apply inorganic and organic manure from the outside during the culture period. Only lime is applied at the rate of 250-300 kg/ha/year at suitable intervals.Production By this integration a production of 3500-4000 kg of fish, 18000-18500 eggs and 500-600 kg duck meat from 1 ha of pond area in 1 year without any supplementary feed and fertilizers can be obtained and the cost is turned down to 60% lesser than normal.

B. Livestock - Fish Integrated Farming System Evolved on the principles of productive recycling of farm wastes, fish- livestock farming systems are recognized as highly assured technologies for fish cultivation. In these technologies, predetermined quantum of livestock waste obtained by rearing the livestock in the pond area is applied in pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional supply of nutrients.Here two technologies are dealt withA. Integrated pig fish farming.B. Integrated cattle fish farming.A. Integrated pig fish farming. Integrated pig- fish farming is a highly profitable fish culture system, where pigs are reared adjacent to the fish ponds, preferably on the pond embankment from where pig urine, excreta and spilled pig feeds are introduced into the pond water. In one harvest cycle of fish (one year), 2 batches of pigs are grown, 6 months each. This is direct integration system, which is a more efficient method than the indirect integration model, wherein pigs are raised elsewhere and the pig waste is manually applied to the pond daily at a pre-determined dose.1. Benefits of pig- fish farming (Direct integration)· Fish utilizes the feed spilled by pigs and their excreta, which is very rich in nutrients for fish.

· Pig dung act as a suitable substitute to pond fertilizer and supplementary feed for some of the fishes, therefore the cost of fish production is reduced by about 60%.


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· No additional land is required for piggery operations.

· Cattle fodders required for pigs and grass carps are grown on the terraced pond embankments.

· Mortality of pig is greatly reduced, as pond provides much needed water for washing the pigsties and pigs.

· The pond mucks which gets accumulated at the pond bottom due to constant application of pig dung, can be used as an excellent fertilizer for growing vegetables, other crops and cattle fodder.

· Efficient labour utilization.

2. Method2.1. Pig husbandry practices :Growth of pigs depends upon many factors including breed and strain, but good management contributes to the achievement of optimum production.2.1.1. Construction of pig house :·� � �The pig house can be constructed by using locally available materials such as bamboo and thatch, but the floor must be roughly cemented (so as to be non slippery).·� � �An enclosed run is provided to the pen so that the pigs get enough air, sunlight and space for dunging.·� � �The wall should be 1.0 m in height and preferably made of bricks. The upper part of the wall should be provided with wire netting. The height of the pig sty is 1.5 m.·��The floor of the house is slightly slanted towards a drainage canal. The canal is connected to the pond. The drainage canal is provided with a diversion canal leading to a cemented pit, where the wastes are stored in the days when the pond has algal bloom. A built- in shutter is provided in the drainage canal to regulate the flow of wastes.·��Space requirement per pig is 1.5 m2. The roof of the house may be made using thatch or asbestos. Feeding and drinking troughs are constructed alternatively inside the pen, attached to one wall. A bath tub may also be constructed attaching to one wall of the open run.2.1.2. Selection of pigs :Pigs with 75% or 50% pure Hempshire blood has been found to be the best for such system. Landrace, large- black, etc. can also be used but not the indigenous varieties. 2- 3 months old weaned piglets are brought to the pig sty for six month rearing.2.1.3. Number of pigs :40 to 45 piglets/ ha water spread area for 6 months.2.1.4 Disposal :After rearing for about 6 months, pigs attain slaughter maturity size (60- 70 kg live weight). These are to be sold out and the new piglets are to be introduced into the pigsty.2.2. Fish Pond Management Practices2.2.1. Size : 0.4 to 1.0 ha size of a pond is sufficient to make profit from this integration.2.2.2. Prestocking management :Clearance of unwanted fishes, deweeding and liming as in the case of composite fish culture system is done prior to stocking of pond with fish seed.


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2.2.3. Stocking :·��In direct integration system, stocking is done after 20 days of introduction of piglets in the pigsty. In indirect integration, 1000 kg/ ha pig wastes is applied in single installment. Pond becomes ready for stocking after 20 days.

Rate of stocking of fish seed is 9000 nos./ ha preferably with advanced fingerlings

·��Stock is replenished after partial harvesting with a same number of fingerlings of harvested species. After one year, complete harvesting is done.

·� � �Pond is dewatered partially to expose the silt to sunlight. These are to be taken out with the help of bamboo basket. New stock of fish is introduced after proper liming. In second year too, partial dewatering followed by desilting is to be done. At the end of third year, complete dewatering is done to expose the bottom. Complete desilting is done, followed by liming. Thereafter, fish culture is started, after 20 days of introduction of the piglets into pigsties.Precautions :

·��Monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the morning is a must particularly in the summer months. DO falling below 3.0 mg/ litre particularly in pre and postmonsoon should be regarded as a warning to control further application of pig dung.

· In large ponds (=0.5 ha), pig dung should not be allowed to fall on a single spot. The collected dung should be divided into 5- 6 parts and applied in prespecified sites selected zones.

·��If extensive algal bloom appears on water surface, pig dung, instead of introducing into pond it should be kept collected in the cemented pit.3.0 Income :Production from direct integration per ha water area :-Fish : 3000- 3500 kg/ ha.Pig : 4000- 5000 kg (live weight)/ 80 pigs/ ha.

Sl. No. Species Percentage Number/ ha.

Catla 20 1800

Rohu 20 1800

Mrigal 20 1800

Silver carp 25 2250

Grass carp 10 900

Common carp 5 450

Total 100 9000


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C. Cattle - Fish Integrated Farming System Integrated cattle and fish farming is an ideal method for assured fish production in small ponds (<0.1 ha). In this technology, the fish crop is raised using the cattle on the pond embankment or any other suitable site of the farm.1. Cattle Farming1.1. Cattle shed :·��The cow shed should be constructed at a stable and elevated site allowing direct sunlight to the

platform, gutters and mangers of the cattle shed.·��The floor should be concrete and should be slightly inclined leading a drain which is connected

to a soak pit. A covered pit may be constructed nearby to store cow dung.·��For the cattle shed, thatch is the best rooting material but asbestos can also be used.·� � �Provisions for floor space should be made for suckling calf, older calf and cow. Floor space

requirements are as follows :-

1.2. Number :For 0.1 ha water area, one cow with a calf is sufficient. The cow should be brought about two months earlier to introducing fish into the pond.2. Fish Farming :

·��The practices to be followed are similar to that of integrated pig- fish farming system.

·��In the pond, no chemical fertilization is required.

·��Cow should be brought to the shed about 2 months prior to stocking of pond with fish seed.

·��Cow urine is led to soak pit and cow dung is allowed to fall in the pond water. However, initially cow dung is cast all over the pond before stocking the pond with fish seed. No feed except green fodder required for Grass carp is applied into the pond.

3. Production :Fish : 3500 kg/ haMilk : 24000 litres.Calf : 10 nos./ ha

Space requirement

Cross bred cow

Standing space 1.2 × 1.2 m2 per animal.

Manger Length : 0.6 m per animal Width : 0.6 m per animal Depth : 30 cm.

Gutter Width : 20- 30 cm Depth :2.5 cm with provision of gradient towards main drain.

Suckling calf

Pen size : Cover area Open area :

1 × 1 m2 per calf 2 × 1 m2 per calf

Older calf :

Pen size : Cover area Open area

2 × 1 m2 per calf 2 × 2 m2 per calf


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D. Poultry - Fish Integrated Farming System In this system, the fish crop is integrated using only poultry droppings or dip litter by rearing the poultry either directly over the pond or on the pond embankment. By adopting this technology, production of 3500 to 4000 kg fish, more than 20000 eggs and about 1250 kg (live weight) chicken meat can be obtained from a hectare of pond area in one year.1. Poultry Husbandry Practices1.1. Housing of birds : In integrated poultry fish farming, the birds are confined to the house entirely, with no access to the land outside. This intensive system is of two types, viz. Battery system (Cage system) and dip litter system.·��The dip litter system is preferred over the cage system due to higher manurial value of the built up dip litter.·�� In this system, the poultry birds are kept in pens up to 250 birds per pen on floor covered with litter.·��For starting the dip litter system, the floor of the pen is covered with dry organic material. The chopped straw, dry leaves, hay, saw dust etc. to a depth of about 6 inches. 0.3 to 0.4 m floor space is required per bird.·��The dropping of the birds which fall on the litter gradually combine with the litter material due to bacterial action.·��When the depth of litter becomes less, more organic matter is added to maintain sufficient depth.·��In case the litter becomes damp superphosphate or lime is added to keep it dry.·��The litter is regularly stirred for aeration. In about 10-12 months, it becomes fully built up litter, having very high manurial value.1.2. Selection of birds : The fowls of Rhode island, white leghorn or kuroiler are suitable for the purpose. About 500 to 600 birds (lay eggs) are required for one hectare water spread area. About eight week old chicks, after vaccination against viral diseases and providing other necessary prophylactic measures as a safeguard against epidemics are kept in poultry house near the pond.1.3. Feeding : Grower mash is provided to the farmed birds during the age of 9-20 weeks @50-70 gm/bird/ day, whereas a layer mash is provided to the birds above 20 weeks @ 80-120 gm/bird/day. The feed is provided to the birds in feed hoppers to avoid wastage. An ample supply of water is made available to all the birds at all the time.1.4. Egg laying : Each pen of laying birds is provided with one nest for 5-6 birds. Egg production commences at the age of 22 weeks and then gradually decline. The birds lay from 240-250 eggs per year. After the age of 18 month birds are disposed.Production :Fresh fish : 3500 to 4000 kg/ha/yrEgg : 70000 nos./penPoultry meat : 1250 kg (live weight) per year.

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D. Rice - Fish Integrated Farming System Rice fish farming can contribute to household income, contribute to food security and nutrition and contribute to improved sustainability of rice production. Generally two production systems have been recommended for culturing fish in the rice fields. They are, Simultaneous or Concurrent Method and Alternate or Rotational Method.Selection criteria of rice field·��The field must hold water continuously for several months. The field should be hold water to a

depth of 30 cm.·��The plot should be comparatively flat·��The land should be selected keeping in view that it will not be over flooded.·��The soil of the land should hold much water. Clay soil is better for this purpose and the soil pH

should be around 6.5-7.5·� � �Those fields where water remains even after harvest of paddy that is, there should be water,

which is sufficient to continue fish culture.·��Fishes can be grown unaffected by chemicals or pesticides used to protect paddy.·��In land with slopes, a high dyke on the uphill side at the field is usually not needed. The layout of

the land will help to confine the fish, if the rice field is basin shaped. This can save a lot of work because middle of the field is deepest portion and a very little effort is required to raise the dykes.

·� � �The paddy field should have strong dykes to prevent leakage and to retain water up to desired level /depth.

·��The plot should be at the close vicinity of the farmer's house so that better care can be taken up.Selection criteria of fish species·��The fish should be capable of tolerating very shallow water level.

O·��Should withstand higher temperature (up to 40 C) and variable temperature fluctuations·� Those species, which can withstand fairly high turbidity of water and poor oxygen concentration.·��The species, which have faster growth rate and should have desirable characteristics to grow to

marketable size in short duration at the time of harvesting the rice.Selection of rice varieties·��The variety of paddy should be high yielding·��The variety should be highly disease resistant and susceptible to less attack from pests.·��Local paddy varieties of medium to long duration with non lodging characteristics are suitable.Preparation of fields and other considerations1. Dyke construction : Embankments should have a height of 40-50 cm. Since water level for rice does not exceed 20cm, such embankments will already have a free board of 20-30cm. This is sufficient to prevent fish from jumping over.2. Provision of weirs and screens : Three types of screens can be provided to prevent escape of fish and to prevent entry of predatory fishes to the plot: e.g. bamboo slats, a basket, and a piece of fish net materials even a well perforated piece of sheet metal.


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3. Provisions of proper drains : The common practice is to temporarily breach a portion of embankment for water to get in or out and once the purpose is finished the breach portion be repaired. Bamboo tubes, hollowed out logs, metal pipes or bamboo chutes are also used.Depending upon the slope of the land three types of layout for construction of rice fish culture plot has been proposed :i. Perimeter trench model : In this trenches are dug out in the periphery of the paddy field and the paddy cultivation area remains in the middle of the plot in zone of moderate elevation. In a plot of 1 ha, the area in the central part of the field for paddy cultivation is about 0.67 ha. The perimeter trenches may occupy about 0.2 ha and perimeter dykes may occupy another 0.12 ha. Design and construction is that the trench is about 6 meter at the top, 3.5 m at the base and depth is 1.2m. The perimeter may be 1 m in wide at the crest and 3 m at the base.ii. Central pond model : In this case fish culture area remains at the center or at the middle of the plot and the paddy growing areas lies surrounding the pond. In a plot of 1 ha area, part of the field for paddy cultivation is about 0.65 ha and the area for the fishpond is 0.35ha with peripheral dyke space of 0.002 ha. The dimensions of perimeter dyke may be 20cm in width, base is of 50 cm width and height is of 30 cm.iii. Lateral trench model : Trapezoidal trenches are dug at the sides of paddy plot of dimensions top width 18 m, base 15m and depth is of 1.5 m. There is also to be a peripheral dyke like other two previous cases. In a plot of 1 ha area; part of the field for paddy cultivation is about 0.61 ha and the area for the fishpond is 0.27ha with peripheral dyke space of 0.12 ha.Water management Continuous flooding up to the maximum tolerated by rice without affecting its rice production is recommended and it is generally 15-20 cm. At that depth, the effective water depth of 65-70 cm is available to the fish in refuge. This is sufficient to provide the fishes a cooler place when

Othe shallow water over the rice warms up to as high as 40 C. The increased depth means a greater volume of water for rice –fish culture.Stocking patters Rice fish culture may involve the stocking of young fry for the production of fingerlings (nursery operation) or the growing of fingerlings to marketable size (growing operation). Rice fish farming may either be the culture of only one species (monoculture) or a combination of two or more species of fish and crustaceans (polyculture). Generally, stocking density of fish depends on its size, species and the fertility of the land. It is best to wait until the rice is well established before releasing fish seed. Fish can be stocked once two or three tillers have appeared for which the usual waiting is 1- 3 weeks after transplanting or 4-6 weeks after seeding.Feeding To boost the growth of fish, rice bran and mustard oil cake in the ratio of 70:30 @2-3% of the body weight of fishes can be provided.


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Classification of fish culture on the basis of number of species Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polycultureA. Monoculture This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of Clarias only or Oreochromis niloticus or Heterotis or Gymnarchus are typical examples of monoculture.The advantage of this method of culture is that it enables the farmer to make the feed that will meet the requirement of a specific fish, especially in the intensive culture system. Fish of different ages can be stocked thereby enhancing selective harvesting.Common practices around the world·��Common carp in East Germany·��Common carp in Japan·��Tilapia nilotica in several countries of Africa·��Rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri) culture in several countries.·��Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in U.S.A.·��Catfish, Clarias gariepinus in Africa.B. Polyculture Polyculture is the practice of culturing more than one species of aquatic organism in the same pond. The motivating principle is that fish production in ponds may be maximised by raising a combination of species having different food habits. The mixture of fish gives better utilisation of available natural food produced in a pond. Polyculture began in China more than 1000 years ago. The practice has spread throughout Southeast Asia, and into other parts of the world. Ponds that have been enriched through chemical fertilisation, manuring or feeding practices contain abundant natural fish food organisms living at different depths and locations in the water column. Most fish feed predominantly on selected groups of these organisms. Polyculture should combine fish having different feeding habits in proportions that efficiently utilise these natural foods. As a result, higher yields are obtained. Efficient polyculture systems in tropical climates may produce up to 8000 kg of fish/ ha/year.Fishes used in polyculture Combinations of three Chinese carps (bighead, silver and grass carp) and the common carp are most common in polyculture. Other species may also be used. While fish may be grouped into broad categories based on their feeding habits, some overlap does occur. Descriptions of the feeding habit categories and examples of fish from each category are as follows.·��Plankton Feeders - Plankton is usually the most plentiful food in a pond, so it is essential to include a plankton-feeding fish in a polyculture system. This group of fish feeds on the tiny, free-floating plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) which multiply abundantly in fertilised ponds. Two fish typical of this group are the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys moliirix, and the bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis.·��Herbivores - This group of fish feeds on aquatic vegetation. The grass carp, Ctenophanjngodon idella, is most noted for this behaviour and is stocked in ponds for weed control.


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·��Bottom Feeders - Fish in this group feed primarily at the pond bottom. They consume a variety of decaying organic matter, aquatic organisms such as clams, insects, worms, snails, and bacteria living in or on the sediments. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is well noted for this behaviour.·��Piscivorous Fish - These predatory fish feed on other fish and must consume about 5 to 7 g of prey to grow 1 g. They are frequently stocked in ponds to control unwanted reproduction, particularly in tilapia, and other fish that enter the pond with the water supply and compete for food with the stocked fish. Commonly used predator fish include the sea bass, Lates spp.; catfish, Clarius spp. and Silurus spp.; snakeheads, Ophicephalus spp.; cichlids, Cichla spp.; Hemichrotnis fasciatus and Cichlasoma managuense; knife fish, Notopierus spp.; and largemouth bass Micropierus saimoides.Adding predator fish to a polyculture system increases the average weight of prey species. It is most efficient to use a predator fish that consumes small prey. This prevents the prey from growing large enough to compete for food with larger fish of its species. Use of predator fish in polyculture systems is experimental in most areas of the world. In small ponds, it is almost impossible to stock the exact number of predator fish to achieve the same predator/prey balance occurring in nature. In

2small-scale aquaculture, predator fish are usually stocked at rates of 5 to 20 fish/100 m of pond surface area to control reproduction of the prey species completely. Typically, the stocking rate is

2 2 2about 19 fish/100m for catla, 38 fish/100m and 6 fish/100m for mirgal.Issues in polyculture Polyculture is an efficient way to maximise benefit from available natural food in a pond. But, pond management becomes more difficult when stocking fish species having specialised feeding habits in the same pond because proper fertilisation and feeding practices must be followed. If inadequate fingerling supply severely limits the choice of species available for polyculture, at least one species should have general rather than specialised feeding behaviour. This will allow more of the available natural food to be utilised.


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Intensity of inputs and stocking density based aquacultureOn the basis of intensity of input and stocking density aquaculture is categorised as follows.1. Extensive fish farming system2. Semi-intensive fish farming system3. Intensive fish farming system and4. Integrated aquaculture systemExtensive fish farming system The extensive fish farming system is the least managed form of fish farming, in which little care is taken. This system involves large ponds measuring 1 to 5 ha in area with stocking density limited to only less than 5000 fishes/ha. No supplemental feeding or fertilisation is provided. Fish depends only on natural foods. Yield is poor (500 to 2 ton/ha), and survival is low. The labour and investment costs are low, and this system results in minimum income.Semi-intensive fish farming system Semi-intensive fish culture system is more prevalent and involves rather small ponds (0.5 to 1 hectare in an area) with higher stocking density (10000 to 15000 fish/ha). In this system, care is taken to develop natural foods by fertilisation with/without supplemental feeding. However, the major food source is natural food. Yield is moderate (3 to 10 ton/ha), and survival is high.Intensive fish farming system An intensive fish farming system is the well-managed form of fish farming, in which all attempts are made to achieve maximum production of fish from a minimum quantity of water. This

3system involves small ponds/tanks/raceways with very high stocking density (10-50 fish/m of water). Fish are fed wholly formulated feed. Proper management is undertaken to control water quality by use of aerators and nutrition by use of highly nutritious feed. The yield obtained ranges from 15 to 100 ton/ha or more. Although the cost of investment is high, the return from the yield of fish exceeds to ensure the profit.Integrated aquaculture systemFish farming with agricultureIn the fish integrated agriculture system, fish culture is integrated with agricultural crops such as rice, banana and coconut, thereby producing fish and agricultural crops. Agriculture based integrated systems include rice-fish integration, horticulture-fish system, mushroom-fish system, Seri-fish system.·� Rice-Fish integrated farming - In this system of farming, fish is farmed in paddy fields, not all paddy varieties are suitable for integrated fish farming. Varieties with the strong root system like Tulsi, Panidhan, CR 260 77, ADT 6, ADT7, Rajarajan and Pattambi 15 and 16 are suitable for farming in combination with fish because it has strong roots to withstand flood conditions. The fish species such as Common carp, Tilapia and Murrells are most suitable for culture in rice fields.·� Horticulture-Fish integrated farming - The dykes and the adjoining areas of the ponds can be best utilized for horticulture crops. The top, inner and the outer dykes can be planted with dwarf variety coconut, mango and banana. And the side by land can be used for planting pineapple, ginger, and turmeric and chilly. The exchanging water can be used to water the plants which are rich in organic load. The residues from the vegetables cultivated could be recycled into fishponds, mainly when stocked with fishes like grass carp.


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·� � �Mushroom-Fish integrated farming - Cultivation of mushroom requires a high degree of humidity and therefore its cultivation along with tremendous aquaculture scope. Agaricus bisporus, Voloriella spp. and Pleurotus spp., are commercially cultured mushrooms in India.·� � �Seri-Fish integrated farming - In this farming system, silk worm is cultured along with fish. Here the mulberry leaves produced is primarily consumed by the silkworm and the faeces of the silkworm are directly applied to the fish pond to increase of natural food organism-detritus and bacteria in the fishpond.Livestock integrated fish farming Livestock integrated fish farming system includes the cattle-fish system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system. In this integrated farming the excreta of ducks, chicks, pigs and cattle are used directly in ponds to increase plankton production which is consumed by fish or serve as direct food for fish. Hence, the expenditure towards chemical fertilisers and supplementary feeds for fish ponds are totally avoided reducing the production cost.·��Pig-Fish integrated farming - In this farming system, 60-100 no of pigs are enough to fertilise

2one-hectare area fish pond. A floor space of 3-4m is required for a single pig. Five tons of pig manure is necessary for manuring 1 ha fish pond for 1 year. Pigs are fed with kitchen waste, aquatic plants and crop wastes. The waste produced by 30-35 pigs is equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic breeds like White Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire, are reared in this farming system. Grass carp, silver carp and common carp (1:2:1 ratio) are suitable for integrated farming with pigs.·��Poultry-Fish integrated farming - Chicken droppings are rich in phosphorus and nitrogen, so chicken manure is an effective fertiliser. For 1ha fish pond 25,000 chicks can be reared. Poultry shed is constructed above the pond with bamboo flooring to facilitate the direct fertilization of the pond. One chicken produces 25 kg poultry manure per year. From poultry 90,000 to 1,00,000 eggs and 2500 kg meat can be produced and 3000 – 4500 kg of fish can be produced without any chemical fertilizer and supplementary feeding.·� � � �Duck-Fish integrated farming - In Duck-fish integrated farming, ducks provide a safe environment to fish by consuming juvenile frogs, tadpoles and dragonfly in the pond. As the duck spends most of its time swimming in the pond the dropping goes directly in pond, which in turn provides essential nutrients to stimulate the growth of natural food in the fish pond. The duck dropping contains 25 percent organic and 20 percent inorganic substances with some elements such as carbon, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, etc. Hence, it forms an excellent source of fertiliser. To fertilise 1 ha fish pond number of ducks required is between 100 and 3,000, depending on the duration of fish culture and the manure requirements.·� � � �Small ruminants such as goats and sheep are integrated with fish culture is practiced but on a very small scale. Integrated rabbit-fish farming is also practiced only on a tiny scale. This system has up to now not received much attention.


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1. Culture of Indian Major CarpBroodstock maintenance A proper selection of brood fish is one of the most important aspects to obtain greater results in breeding and grow out. In general, farmers select the fast growing and largest fish on the assumption that these characteristics will be inherited by the progeny. However, it is not recommended to choose their offspring or same stock, as this results in inbreeding and poor growth rate and a significant number of deformed fry. To the extent possible, the brood fish should be selected from the different sources. A minimum of three months before the breeding season the male and female fish has to be separated from the regular culture tank to avoid the unwanted breeding. During segregation, it is important to avoid stress while netting. Male and females can be identified through secondary sexual morphological characteristics, which develop during the season of reproduction. In males, the milt runs freely when abdomen is gently pressed and the females have a swollen abdomen due to the development of ovaries. The fishes have to be maintained with sufficient space and need to be fed with a protein-rich feed which improves the gonadal development and also produces high quality eggs.

The following Table provides the secondary external morphological of Indian major carps.

Spawning of Indian Major Carps Hypophysation refers to the breeding of fish with pituitary gland extract. Brazilians developed this technique. In India, H.L.Chaudhary and K.H.Alikunhi pioneered the use of this technology for Indian major carps. Induced breeding means to induce fish to release gametes through the application of pituitary extract or hormones or chemicals.Induced spawning is conducted during the onset of the southwest monsoon season (June) where there is an accumulation of rainwater in ponds and also a small reduction in temperature. The common carp pituitary is considered for better results, but in most cases same species gland and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HGC) are used. The administered dose of pituitary gland

Sl.No Characteristics Male Female

1 Scale, Operculum, and pectoral fins

Rough to touch, particularly the dorsal surface of pectoral

Pectoral smooth to slippery

2 Abdomen Round and firm Swollen and soft

3 Genital opening swollen Elongated slit, white in colour, not swollen

Round and pink

4 When pressure applied on abdomen opening

Milky whi te fluid oozes through genital opening

A few ova may ooze through genital

5 Shape of body and size Body linear, swollen stouter, slightly large


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depends on the maturity stage of fish, and environmental condition (rain and temperature). A primary dose of 1 – 2mg/kg and second dose of 6 – 8 mg/kg body weight of fish after six hours is administered. After injection, the brood fish has to be transferred into the breeding hapa following the ratio of two male for every one female. The breeding hapa is a box-shaped enclosure made using cloth. About 50,000 to 1,00,000 eggs are hatched in hapa of size 2 x 1 x 1 m. Facility to open and close the upper flap is also made available. The corners of the cloth in all sides are tied to poles to keep them intact. The bottom should not touch the ground. Water temperature is to be maintained

Oat 26 – 31 C. Spawning occurs after 16 – 18 hrs and the hatchling fall into the outer hapa. The breeding regularly takes place after 4 – 6 hrs of the second injection. Due to the riverine habit of these fish, they spawn only once, unlike rohu and mrigal which have possibilities to spawn again after one or two months.

Injection methods· Intra-muscular injection is administered (pituitary or ovaprim or ovatide) into the muscle on caudal peduncle in between the posterior end of the dorsal fin and above the lateral line. It is commonly practiced and is the most effective and less risky method.· Intra-peritoneal injection is administered into soft region of the body such as base of the pelvic or pectoral fin. This method may harm the gonad or liver. Intracranial injection is given on cranium. This method is very risky and damages the brain.Carp seed rearing Newly hatched larvae nourish themselves for 3 – 4 days, after which they depend on the natural feed from the environment. Availability of natural feed is most critical during the phase when it changes from the yolk sac nourishment to the commencement of natural feed, besides a suitable ecology to obtain greater survival percentage. Adequate care is to be taken before initial stocking.

The nursery pond is a pond where spawns are reared into fry. It takes 15 – 20 days with a lower water depth of 1 m. Nursery pond size of 0.02 to 0.1 ha is usually suitable for small-scale production and 0.5 ha for large-scale production. For fry rearing the seasonal ponds are preferred than the perennial ponds. Also small ponds have greater scope in terms of effective utilization than larger sized ponds.

Pre-stock pond preparation The carps spawn need to have good environmental conditions and food availability. Prior to release of the spawns, make sure there exist a congenial condition and adequate natural food organisms, which enhance the survival rate. A well prepared pond environment provides an optimum condition for a spawn. If its a drainable or seasonal pond, effective preparation include draining, drying, ploughing, liming, filling with water and fertilizer application. For perennial or undrainable ponds, besides the above mentioned steps, control of aquatic weeds and eradication of predatory and weed fishes are also to be take care of.

Pond drying and ploughing facilitate the oxidation of organic matter, degassing of Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, kills the pathogenic microorganism, predatory and weed fishes and remove the unwanted aquatic weeds. Ponds should be dried for a minimum of 7 – 10 days or until the cracks develop on a clayey soil or until the stage when footprints do not form on a sandy soil.


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The pond productivity depends on the soil quality of the pond, such as pH, water retention, texture, total organic carbon, available nitrogen and available phosphorus. Liming helps to improve the productivity by adjusting soil pH, mineralization of organic matter, release of soil bound phosphorus to water and disinfection of pond bottom. Liming materials include agricultural lime (CaCO ), dolomite (CaMg(CO ) ) and Calcium oxide or Quick lime (CaO). The quantity of 3 3 2

application varies with its effectiveness and soil pH. Generally, 200 – 500 kg/ha is applied to pond soil. After application, the bottom of the pond should be ploughed well to mix it with the surface soil. The quick lime is preferred for application to the soil during initial preparation and agricultural lime is preferred for application after stocking the seeds. The optimum soil pH is is to be maintained at 6.5 to 7.0.

Weed management Poorly managed ponds are infested with emergent, floating, submerged, and marginal weeds. It reduces phytoplankton production (due to nutrient competition and prevention of light penetration), disturbs balanced oxygen availability (supersaturation in day and depletion in the early morning), provides shelter to predator fish and insect, reduces the living space, increases siltation, and obstructs netting and harvesting. The aquatic weeds can be controlled by manual, mechanical, chemical and biological methods. The selection of the method depends on the pond size, extent of weed infestation, availability of time and money. Manual method is generally advocated for weed removal, because it is easier, less time consuming and cost effective.Physical methods of weed control include manual removal, usage of Winch, Cono- weeder, Polythene shading, etc.Chemical methods of weed control include application of Anhydrous ammonia @ 20 ppm, Glyphosate @ 3 kg/ ha, 2 ,4 – D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) @ 7 – 10kg/ ha, Simazine @ 0.3 – 0.5 ppm, etc. .Biological methods of weed control include usage of Plankton blooms, Floating Weeds, Macrophagus fish (grass carp, silver barb), Snails, etcEradication of predatory and weed fish The presence of predatory and weed fishes in nursery affect the survival rate. These fishes normally spawn prior to onset of carp spawning and increase their population. The larvae of predatory may compete with carp seeds for food, space, oxygen, etc that affects the growth and survival rate. Thus, eradication of weed fishes (murrel, catfishes, puntius, barbas danio and anabas) is a prerequisite before stocking the carp seeds. The dewatering and drying practices are best to remove the predatory and weed fishes. However, if dewatering is not possible, eradication can be done through the application of a pesticide. The selected pesticide should have characteristics such effective even on usage of low dose, does not affect the quality of the fish, rapidly detoxifies and economical and readily available.The physical methods of eradication include drying, usage of hook and lines and repeated netting.Certain derivatives of plant origin such as Derris root power, Mahua oilcake, Tea seed cake can be used.


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Fertilizers The successful fry rearing in ponds depends on the availability of zooplankton. For sustained zooplankton production availability of phytoplankton and bacterial base are important factors. Phytoplankton production requires adequate nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrients can be added by organic and inorganic methods. The organic manures are rich in carbon and contain a small amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. It promotes zooplankton growth by the saprophytic food chain. Cow dung and poultry manure are organic manures that are usually used. They are applied before 15 days of seed stocking at the rate of 5 – 6 tons/ha and 2 – 3 tons/ha respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus are 2 – 3 times greater in poultry manure than cow dung manure. Hence half of the dose of cow dung is used when poultry manure is applied. The inorganic fertilizers used are Urea or Ammonium sulphate as a source of nitrogen and Single or Triple phosphate as a source of phosphorus. When the applied dose exceeds the limit, blue-green algae blooms. Thus, a mixed use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended (750 kg groundnut or mustard oil cake, 200 kg cow dung and 50 kg of single super phosphate per hectare) for the sustained and rapid production of phytoplankton.

Stocking Prior to the transfer of the spawns to the pond, stocking acclimation has to be done to prevent sudden water quality changes, which affect the survival rate. Early morning or late evening is recommended for stocking. It may be noted that there may be lower dissolved oxygen in the early morning in the ponds, if the ponds are newly fertilized ponds and have high plankton. Similarly, in the evenings the water temperature may be high in the ponds that could stress the spawns. These parameters have to be tested and taken care of before stocking to obtain higher survival. A stocking

2density of 3 – 5 million / ha or 300 to 500 per m is recommended for earthen ponds and 10 – 20 2

million /ha or 1000 to 2000 per m for cement cisterns.

Post-stocking The availability of natural food is insufficient to rear the spawn in ponds due to higher stocking density. The requirement of artificial feed is hence necessary. Artificial feed comprises of groundnut oil cake and rice bran at 1:1 ratio. 6 kg/million/day of feed is required for the first 5 days. For the remaining period, 12 kg/million/day is requried. The two feed ration is necessary to get greater survival rate and enhanced growth rate. The prolonged rearing of spawn in the nursery pond reduces the growth and survival rate. After 15 days, the spawn may reach about 25 cm, which is suitable size for fingerlings rearing. Spawn can be harvested by using the gear with the mesh size of 1/8". It's measured with the perforated cup. Normally, 40 – 50 percent survival is achieved in well-practiced ponds. 2 – 3 crops are possible in earthen ponds and 4 – 5 crops are possible in cement cisterns. Monoculture is practiced for spawn rearing in ponds.

Rearing of fry to fingerlings The ponds for the rearing of fingerlings also require all pond preparation practices like those followed for nursery ponds, except the insect control practices. Cow dung @ 3 – 4 tons/ha and single super phosphate @ 30 – 40kg/ ha are to be added in the fingerling rearing pond 10 days prior to stocking. In addition to this, after stocking, 500kg/ha cow dung and 10 kg/ha of single super


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phosphate are added two times in a month. Please note that only half the amount of Cow dung is to be added when poultry manure is applied. Polyculture is practiced in the rearing of fingerlings based on feeding niche distribution. Commercially important species also can be reared along with carps. When the seeds are transported from longer distances, there is need for proper acclimation. The stocking size for about 25 mm size (15 days old fry) is a density of 0.1 – 0.3 million/ ha without aeration and 0.5 – 0.6 million/ha with aeration. For polyculture, the preferred ratio is 1:1:1 or 1:2:2 or 3:4:3 of Catla: Rohu: Mrigal. Carp fry are planktophagic with preference to zooplankton. The stock has to be fed with supplementary food. Rice bran or wheat brawn mixed with groundnut oil cake / mustard oilcake / cotton seed oilcake in 1:1 ratio may be used for nutrition. To achieve greater growth, extra ingredients such soya flour, fishmeal vitamins, mineral mixture can also be included. During the first month, the preferred feeding quantity is about 8 – 10 percent of the body weight of biomass and during second and third month 6 – 8 percent of body weight is sufficient. A minimum of two-time feeding or two rations per day is desired.

Harvesting Harvesting of fingerlings is done when it reaches about 80 – 100 mm length which generally takes around 2 – 3 months. Rearing of fingerlings duration can be extended when advanced size fingerlings are required. If the fingerlings are needed to be transported, the feeding should be stopped one or two days before harvest to improve conditioning. A minimum of 60 – 70 percent of survival is attained if best practices are adopted.

Grow out carp farmingStocking density The ponds for rearing of grow out also require all pond preparation practices like nursery and fingerlings. The ponds are usually stocked with 30 – 40 percent of surface feeders, 30 – 35 percent of column feeders and 30 – 40 percent of bottom feeders. The fingerlings of 60 – 100 mm size are considered ideal for rearing in pond. When small size fishes are stocked higher mortality and poor growth performance occur in initial months. 50 – 100 g fingerlings are suitable for rearing in cement cisterns to realize a survival rate of about 95 percent. Many studies have been conducted over the years to enhance fish production and raise the income. The recent trend in carp culture technology is that it has transformed from single stock multiple harvest to multiple stock multiple harvests. The single time stocking and single harvest with the stocking of 8000 fingerlings is termed single stocking and single harvest. Single stocking and multi harvest is, when the stocking density is more than single stocking by about one and half times. It is done with the intention to harvest 50 percent after 6 months. In multiple stocking and multiple harvest, the stocking density is the same as single stocking (8000/ha). The harvest can be done when fish reach 500g. After every harvest, the stocking is done to replenish the harvested number. The stocking number should be maintained. In single stocking, with the ideal stocking density of 8000 fingerlings, a production of around 5 tons/ha/yr is realised in composite fish culture. In temporary ponds, with a stocking density of 10,000 – 12,000 fingerlings, the fish would grow about 300 – 400 g in 5 – 6 months. If bigger size is required stocking size should be more than 100 g with a density of 3000 – 4000. It can then produce around 1 kg fish in 10 – 12 months.


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Cultural practices· The cultural practices have evolved in the county to suit species selection, water availability, fertilizer dosage, feed usage, etc. The carp culture technology can be categorized into the low input, Medium and high input systems.· Low input system culture method is one in which limited amount of inputs are used. In fertilizer based low input culture system, a fish production of 500 – 600 kg/ha/yr has been realised without addition of feed. The pond is well prepared, mahua oilcake (@ 2500 kg/ha) or urea and bleaching powder (5mg/l of each) is added. A production of 2000kg is possible with stocking density of 3000/ha with fingerlings of minimum of 50 mm.· Under medium input system, the production can be 4 – 8 tons/ha/yr when feed is provided along with fertilizer.· High input carp culture, also known as intensive or semi-intensive culture system, is one in which fertilizer, feed along with occasional water exchange are being taken up. Higher quantity of fish feed and water are used in this system with not much variation in fertilizer quantity. The fish production can be a maximum of 8 tons/ha/yr from the stocking density of 4000/ha of exotic carp and 20 percent water exchange.Food is the main governing factor in fish growth. Naturally available food is inadequate and thereby supplementary feed is necessary for enhanced fish production. Feeding preferably twice a day is advocated. Excess and under feeding should be avoided as both affect fish growth.

Health management The fishes are sampled periodically to check the health of fish, including growth, presence of parasite and bacterial diseases. Carps in grow-out pond are likely to be infected by Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome and Argulus infection especially in the winter season. This can be diagnosed using CIFAX at 1 liter/ha in water.

Water quality management The physico-chemical parameters of pond water should be within optimum limits for better fish growth and survival. Water quality is not an issue for low stocking density and low yield harvest but is one of the major concern when the stocking density is higher. The dissolved oxygen is an important factor to be monitored. Dissolved oxygen, the source of which is from the atmosphere and also through photosynthesis by plankton and macrophytes, should be ideally about 5 mg/l. This can be maintained by using aerator (paddle wheel, aspirators and submersible pond aerator). The paddle wheel aerator is appropriate for ponds of depth 1 to 1.5m. The other two aerators have higher injection capacity of air into the water and hence can be used appropriately. A simple way of aeration is to circulate the pond water. It can be done using a pump which can take water from the lower surface of the pond and splash it into the same pond.

Harvest Fishes are harvested after 10 – 12 months in single stock and single harvest system and regular in multiple stock and multiple harvests. In one year culture, the catla grows about 1kg and Rohu and Mrigal grow about 600 – 700 g. When the fingerling stocking size is of 150 – 200g, a harvest of fishes weighing more than one kg is possible.


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Fresh Water Prawn CultureAbout fresh water prawn Fresh Water Prawn (Macrobrachium malcolmsonii), the second largest fast-growing prawn occurs commonly in Indian rivers, draining into Bay of Bengal. They are cultivated under monoculture as well as polyculture systems. Under monoculture systems production levels of 750-1,500 kg prawns/ha/ 8 months are achieved. Further, it is a compatible species for polyculture along with Indian Major Carps and Chinese carps, which may yield 400 kg prawns and 3000 kg carps/ha/yr. Since the seed requirement for the commercial farming of this species is not met from the natural resources, large-scale seed production under controlled conditions for year-round supply is extremely important. The technologies of large-scale seed production and grow-out culture have led to increased awareness of the farmers and entrepreneurs for diversification of their culture practice.

Broodstock Management Broodstock and berried females are essential component for continuous operation for seed production. The gonadal maturation of the species differs greatly in nature depending on the agro-climatic conditions. In the Ganga, the Hooghly and the Mahanadi river systems, the maturation and breeding start from May and continue till the end of October, whereas in the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery systems it commences from April and continue till November. Under pond conditions, sexual maturity generally occur after attaining a maximum size of 60-70 mm. Berried females are recorded year-round in most of the ponds. The ratio of berried females in total population is found to be higher during August-September and during this period they carry good quantity of eggs (8000-80,000). Prawns breed 3-4 times in a season. Successful community breeding and year-round seed production under captive conditions is possible by employing air-lift bio-filter re-circulatory system.

Spawning and Larval Rearing Mating takes place immediately after pre-mating moult in matured female and spawning occurs few hours after mating. Incubation period of eggs lasts between 10-15 days depending upon the water temperature of 28-30°C. However, at lower temperature, the incubation period is prolonged to more than 21 days. Hatching of fully developed 1st zoea takes place through the body stretching of the zoea, which breaks the eggshell and comes out from the egg and starts swimming as plankton. Different larval rearing technologies viz., static, flow-through, clear or green water, closed or semi-closed, with or without circulation systems of larval rearing of prawn species under hatchery conditions have been developed with varying degrees of success. The green water technique has been claimed to increase the post-larval production by 10-20% over other techniques and provide a quality seed. But higher mortalities are generally encountered due to rise in pH and uncontrolled algal bloom. Further, increase in numbers of adult Artemia, due to abundance of feed in green water, contributes to accumulation of ammonia in the culture medium. The production of post-larvae (PL) in large numbers is possible following airlift bio-filter re-circulatory system. The larvae passed through 11 zoeal stages before attaining PL within a period of 39-60 days at salinity and temperature ranging from 18-20‰ and 28-31°C, respectively, with the production density of 10-20 PL/l.


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Bio-filter equipped with air-lift re-circulation has shown promising results in maintaining favorable water quality in different rearing media with enhanced rate of post-larval production. The water quality parameter generally influences the growth, survival and metamorphosis of the developing larvae and it should be maintained optimally for getting better survival (Table.1).

Larval Feeding Various feed items viz., Artemia nauplii, zooplankton especially cladocerans, copepods, rotifers, flesh of prawn and fish, molluscan meat, earthworms, tubificid worm, egg custard and cut pieces of goat/hen viscera are used during larval rearing. Among these Artemia nauplii have been recognized as an excellent larval food for the prawn larvae. At the beginning, freshly hatched Artemia nauplii are provided to the 1st stage zoea at 1 g/30,000 larvae twice daily up to 15 days or till they attain stage VI. Thereafter, the feed is given once daily along with egg custard and mussel meat/tubificid worm four times daily.

Harvesting of Post-larvae Harvesting of post-larvae of prawn is rather difficult due to their crawling habit. Therefore, both turn-down and drain siphoning of water are commonly used for harvesting. But due to longer duration for attaining post-larval stage the above methods are neither useful nor safe. Further, the presence of post-larvae in the larval tank affects the growth and survival of advanced larvae due to competition for food and cannibalism. Hence, the need for an ideal device for regular harvest of post-larvae from the rearing unit is very much essential. String shell is therefore devised and is successfully used for phase wise harvest of post-larvae during larval rearing. Post-larval survival and production rates, following air-left bio-filter re-circulatory system, are in the range of 10-20 PL/l.

Post-larval Rearing Optimum growth, production and survival of prawns can be achieved in grow-out ponds on stocking the nursery reared juveniles rather than stocking directly with the freshly metamorphosed post-larvae. Post-larvae slowly adopt themselves to freshwater. Optimum growth and survival of healthy juveniles during post-larval rearing is achieved at salinity of 10parts per thousand.

Parameter

Range

Temperature : 28-30°C,

pH : 7.8-8.2,

Dissolved Oxygen : 4.4 to 5.2,

Total hardness : 3000-4500 ppm

Total alkalinity : 80-150 ppm

Salinity : 18-20‰

Ammonical nitrogen : 0.02-0.12 ppm


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Post-larval rearing can be done both in well-prepared earthen ponds with adequate aeration facility and inside the hatchery following bio-filter re-circulatory system. Stocking density, feed and water quality management play the major role in raising healthy juveniles during rearing. Stocking density between 10-15 PL/l is ideal. Among various feed items, egg custard along with chopped freshwater mussel meat have been established to be more effective in maintaining good growth. Water quality parameters, viz., water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved ammonia in the ranges of 27.5-30ºC, 7.8-8.3, 4.4-5.2 ppm and 0.02-0.03 ppm, respectively are considered to be favorable for better survival.

Grow-out Culture Grow-out system of prawn is normally comparable to that of freshwater fish farms. As the prawns can migrate from one pond to other due to its crawling habit, it is necessary to have the pond embankment 0.5 m higher from the water level. Sandy-clay pond bottom is considered to be favourable for better growth. Undrainable ponds may be treated with conventional piscicides for eradication of predatory and weed fishes. Stocking density of 30,000 to 50,000/ha is recommended for semi-intensive monoculture farming. Ponds with the facility of water exchange and aeration can be used for intensive farming where stocking density could be increased to 1 lakh/ha. Temperature is the most important factor which directly controls the growth and survival of prawns. Temperatures above 35°C or below 14°C are generally reported to be lethal and 29-31°C is optimal. Male prawns grow faster than females. Mixture of groundnut oil cake and fish meal in the proportion 1:1 is used as supplementary feed. A production of 750-1200 kg/ha in six months of rearing are achieved under monoculture with the stocking density of 30,000-50,000. In polyculture, M. malcolmsonii at a stocking density of 10,000-20,000/ha along with carps at density of 2,500-3,500 nos/ha, a production of 300-400 kg prawn and 2000-3000 kg carps can also be raised.


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Fish culture in LakesTrophic State

Trophic state is defined as the total weight of the biomass in a water body at a specific location and time. Trophic state is the biological response for nutrient additions to the water bodies (Nauuman,1929).The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and other biological useful nutrients dissolved in the waters determine the trophic state of the lake. The water trophic is used to estimate its biological condition.

Classification of lakes based on trophic stateThe classical and most commonly used method is base d on the productivity of the water body is the biom ass related trophic state index developed by Carlson(1977). Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI) is a common method for characterizing a lake's trophic state or overall health. Carlson's trophic state index mainly uses algal bio mass involving three variables namely chlorophyll.a (CA), Secchi disc depth (SD) and total phosphorus (TP).The trophic state of the lake is classified into three namely - Oligotrophic, Mesotrophic, and Eutrophic Lakes. When the lake has higher trophic indices may be considered as hyper-oligotrophic or hypereutrophic.The following table provides the relationship between the trophic index and limiting and other biological useful nutrient characters.

Oligotrophic lake

An oligotrophic lake is one which has a relatively low productivity due to the low nutrient content in the lake. The waters of these lakes are usually quite clear due to the limited growth of algae in the lake. The waters of such lakes are of high-drinking quality. Such lakes support aquatic species who require well-oxygenated, cold waters such as lake trout. Oligotrophic lakes are usually found in the cold regions of the world where mixing of nutrients is rare and slow due to the low temperatures of the lake waters.

Sl. No Trophic Index chlorophyll Phosphorus (mg/l) Secchi Disc (m) Trophic Class

1 < 30—40 0—2.6 0—12 > 8—4 Oligotrophic

2 40—50 2.6—20 12—24 4—2 Mesotrophic

3 50—70 20—56 24—96 2—0.5 Eutrophic

4 70—100+ 56—155+ 96—384+ 0.5— < 0.25 Hypereutrophic

TARGET IBPS-AFO By- Narayan Nagre Sir

UNIT 2. CAPTURE FISHERIES

29

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Mesotrophic lake

Lakes with an intermediate level of productivity are called mesotrophic lakes. These lakes have medium-level nutrients and are usually clear water with submerged aquatic plants.

Eutrophic lake

Eutrophic Lakes have high levels of biological productivity and this lake support an abundance of plants due to the rich nutrient constitution, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Initially, eutrophic lakes accelerate multiplication and growth of Lake Fauna due to the high levels of oxygen provided by a large number of plants growing in the lake. However, when things cross limits, plants or algal blooms overcrowd the lake and the lake fauna suffers due to the high levels of respiration by the living vegetative matter. Eutrophication might occur naturally or due to human impact on the environment.

Hypereutrophic lake

These lakes suffer from problems arising due to excessive plant and algal growth due to a high supply of growth nutrients. These lakes have little transparency due to the dense overgrowth of algae or aquatic flora. These lakes have visibility limited to lower than 3 feet. Hypereutrophic lakes also have more than 100 micrograms/liter of phosphorus and more than 40 micrograms/liter of total chlorophyll. The overgrowth of algae often suffocates the fauna below the water depths, and this might create dead zones beneath the water surface.

Fish culture in Reservoirs

Reservoir Fisheries of Indiaa. Inland fisheries India is blessed with huge and untapped fishery potential. It has 29000 km of rivers, 0.3 million hectares of estuarine, 0.19 million hectares of backwater and lagoons, 3.15 million hectare of reservoirs and 0.2 million hectares of floodplain wetlands and 0.72 hectares of upland lakes. The manmade reservoir resources cover more than 3.0 million ha water spread area and are mostly distributed in varied climatic environment congenial for fish growth. .There are 14 larger rivers, 44 medium rivers, and innumerable small rivers present in India.The larger river production of fish has ranged from 0.64 tons to 1.64 tons with an average of 1 ton. However, major landings are being obtained from the reservoirs and floodplain area, which are attained through culture management practices. The total fish production during 2015-16 (provisional) is at 10.79 million metric tonne (MMT) with a contribution of 7.21 MMT from inland sector and 3.58 MMT from marine sector. Inland fisheries presently has a share of 66.81% in total fish production of the country.In recent decades, the culture fisheries in inland water bodies has received considerable attention. Within inland fisheries there is a shift from capture fisheries to aquaculture during the last two and a half decade. Freshwater aquaculture with a share of 34 percent in inland fisheries in mid-1980s has increased to about 80 percent in recent years. It has emerged as a major fish producing system in India as a result of initiatives taken by the Government.


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b. Reservoir FisheriesThe reservoirs are classified based on the water spread area and water-holding capacity. The reservoirs are classified into large (>5000 hectares), medium (1001 - 5000 hectare) and small reservoir (<1000 hectare). There are 56 large reservoirs having a water area of 1140268 hectares, 180 medium reservoirs having a water area of 527541 hectares and 19134 small reservoirs having a water area of 1485557 hectares.A maximum number of small reservoirs are in Tamil Nadu with an area of 315941 hectares (8895 nos.) and is followed by Karnataka (228657 hectares) and Andhra Pradesh (201927 hectares). A larger part of the medium reservoirs are in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Karnataka has the highest number (12) of the large reservoirs with an area of 179556 followed by Andhra Pradesh which has 7 larger reservoirs with an area of 190151 hectares. About 56% of total reservoir area of the country are distributed in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha, and Maharashtra.(Source: Reservoir Fisheries of India)c. Reservoir productivityThe reservoir productivity is influenced by the climatic, morphometric and hydro edaphic features. The geographic location alters the reservoir productivity, nutritional supply and basin characteristics. Among the climate variables, the temperature, rainfall and wind can change the productivity of water bodies. The air and water temperature fluctuation is comparatively lower in southern peninsular than in northern peninsular across different seasons which prevents the thermal stratification. In addition, the rainfall determines the inflow rate of water into the reservoir and this contributes to the water replenishment and nutrient enrichment. The wind helps to maintain even temperature among the entire water body, and normally, this is high during pre monsoon and monsoon seasons.The morphometry of reservoir is a function of the dam depth and topography of area. The reservoir potential is determined by the depth of the tank. A shallow lake has greater productivity (euphotic zone) due to better mixing of heat and nutrient. A larger reservoir has lower productivity, because the nutrient sinks at the bottom, where organic matter accumulates and this is not available in the photosynthesis zone.The Morphoedaphic index used to estimate the potential of the reservoir can be calculated by using the following formula.Morphoedaphic index = total dissolved solids (mg/l) / mean depth (m).

Parameter Overall Productivity

Low Medium High

Water

pH 6.5–9.2 <6.0 6.0–8.5 >8.5

Alkalinity (mg 1-1) 40–240 <40.0 40–90 >90.0

Nitrates (mg 1-1) Tr.-0.93 Negligible Up to 0.2 0.2–0.5

Phosphates (mg 1-1) Tr.-0.36 Negligible Up to 0.1 0.1–0.2

Specific conductivity (μmhos) 76–474 Up to 200 >200

Temperature (°C) 12.0–31.0 18 18–22 >22

(with minimal stratification : i.e.,>5°C)


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Soil

pH 6.0–8.8 <6.5 6.5–7.5 >7.5

Available P (mg/100 g) 0.47–6.2 <3.0 3.0–6.0 >6.0

Available N (mg/100 g ) 13.0–65.0 <25.0 25–60 >60.0

Organic carbon (%) 0.6–3.2 <0.5 0.5–1.5 1.5–2.5

Parameter Overall Productivity

Low Medium High

In India, majority of the reservoirs fall under low productivity, which has the water quality parameters pH is less than 6.0, alkalinity is less than 40mg/l. The soil parameters such as the pH are less than 6.5, available nitrogen is less than 3.0mg/100g, available nitrogen is less than 25mg/100g and organic carbon is less than 0.5%. The total dissolved solids and specific conductivity directly influence the productivity of the reservoirs.The soil pH is one of the important parameter, which regulates the productivity of the water bodies. If the pH value is less than 6 then it is a low productivity reservoir, 6.5 - 7.5 is termed medium productivity and more than pH 7.5 is termed a high productivity reservoir.Fish production from reservoirs The average fish production potential was estimated at 250 kg/ha of reservoirs.

-1 Reservoir category and state wise production and yield kg ha is presented in the Table given below. -1

An estimated average fish yield kg ha is greater in the small reservoir at 49.9 kg/ha, followed by -1 -1the medium reservoir (12.3 kg ha ) and larger reservoir (11.43kg ha ). The average reservoir

-1production of the nation is 20 kg ha . The production of the reservoir is 93650 tons of the potential of the reservoir of 245134 tons. There is scope to increases the fish production by about 50% in the small reservoirs, 16.39% in medium and 22.85 % in larger reservoirs; it means an average total fish potential could increase by about 38%. By stocking of larger size fingerlings and providing formulated feed, an average

-1production of 500kg ha can be achieved.


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Fish production of reservoirs in India

Reservoir potential of the Indian reservoirs

Small reservoir Medium reservoir Larger reservoir Pooled reservoir

Number Production (t)

Yield (kg

ha-1)


Yield (kg

ha-1)


Yield (kg

ha-1)


Yield (kg

ha-1)

Tamil Nadu 52 760 48.5 8 269 13.74 2 294 12.66 62 1323 22.63

Uttar Pradesh

31 168 14.6 13 156 7.17 1 50 1.07 45 374 4.68

Andhra Pradesh

37 2224 188 29 306 22 3 800 16.8 69 4330 36.48

Maharashtra 6 72 21.09 12 313.5 11.83 4 794 9.28 22 1179.6 10.21

Rajasthan 78 970 46.43 17 599.7 24.47 2 120 5.3 97 1690 24.89

Kerala 7 118 53.5 2 17.3 4.8 - - - 9 135 23.37

Bihar 25 22 3.91 3 7.2 1.9 1 0.8 0.11 28 30 0.054

Madhya Pradesh

2 24 47.26 20 624.9 12.02 3 1184 14.53 25 1833.1 13.68

Himachal Pradesh

- - - - - - 2 1453 35.55 2 1453 35.55

Odisha 53 349 25.85 6 163 12.76 3 925 7.62 62 1437 9.72

Total 291 110 21 422

Average 49.9 12.3 11.43 20.13

Category Yield (kg ha -1) Area (ha) Present Production Potential Production

Small 49.90 1485557 74129 148556

Medium 12.30 527541 6488 39565

Larg e 11.43 1140268 13033 57013

Total 3153366 93650 245134


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NATIONAL SCHEMES FOR FARMERS2

Sr. No. Type of Assistance

Criteria for Assistance /

Maximum Limit

Distribution of

micronutrients and

soil ameliorants

1

Soil Health, Soil Conservation and Fertilizers

Scheme /

Component

Rs.2500/- per hectare. Soil Health card

scheme

Supply of gypsum/

pyrite/lime/dolomite1a

50% cost of the material + transportation

limited to Rs.750/- per hectare.

National Mission

on Oilseeds and Oil

Palm (NMOOP)

Insecticides, fungicides, bio-pesticides,

bio-agents, micronutrients, bio-fertilisers

etc., @ 50% of the cost limited to

Rs. 500/- per hectare.

Plant protection

chemicals2

NMOOP

Adoption of organic

farming3 Rs.10,000/- per hectare National Horticulture

Mission (NHM)/

Horticulture

Mission for North

-East and

Himalayan States

(HMNEH) Sub

schemes under

Mission for

Integrated

Development of

Horticulture (MIDH)

Vermi-Compost

Unit

Rs.50,000/- per unit (having dimension

of 30' x 8' x 2.5' or 600 cft, on

prorata basis)

4 NHM/HMNEH Sub

schemes under

MIDH


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Type of AssistanceCriteria for Assistance /

Maximum Limit

Scheme /

Component

High Density Poly

Ethylene (HDPE)

Vermi Bed

5Rs. 8000/- per unit (having dimension of

12' x 4' x 2' or 96 cu ft, on prorata basis)

NHM/HMNEH Sub

schemes under

MIDH

Promotion of

Integrated Nutrient

Management

6Rs.1200 /- per hectare (upto an area of 4

hectares)

NHM/HMNEH Sub

schemes under

MIDH

Supply of gypsum

phosphogypsum /

bentonite sulphur

750% of the cost limited to Rs 750/- per

hectare

National Food

Security Mission

(NFSM), BGREI

Micronutrients 8

50% of the cost limited to Rs. 500/- per

hectare

NFSM, BGREI

Lime/liming

materials

9 50% of the cost of the material limited to

Rs. 1000/ha.

NFSM, BGREI

Bio-fertilizers

(Rhyzobium /PSB)

10 50% of the cost limited to Rs.300/- per

ha.

BGREI /NFSM

Setting up of new

Mobile/Static Soil

Testing Laboratories

(MSTL/SSTL)

Training

11 33% of total project cost limited to Rs 25

lakhs /lab for individuals, private

agencies through NABARD as capital

investment for 10,000 samples/annum

analysing capacity.

National Mission

for Sustainable

Agriculture

(NMSA)

Promotion and

distribution of

micronutrients

12 50% of cost subject to a limit of Rs.500/-

per ha. and / or Rs.1000/- per beneficiary.

NMSA

Setting up of state-

of-the-art liquid/

carrier based

Biofertilizer /

Biopesticide units

13 25% of cost limited to Rs. 40 lakhs per

unit for individuals/private agencies

through NABARD as capital investment

of 200 TPA production capacity

NMSA

Setting up of

mechanized Fruit/

Vegetable market

waste/Agro waste

compost production

unit

14 33% of cost limited to Rs. 63 lakhs/unit

for individuals/private agencies through

NABARD as capital investment for 3000

TPA production capacity

NMSA


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Sr. No. Type of Assistance

Criteria for Assistance /

Maximum Limit

Scheme /

Component

Promotion of

Organic Inputs on

farmer's field

(Manure,

Vermicompost,

Bio-Fertilizers,

Liquid/ Solid Waste

compost, Herbal

extracts etc.)

15 50% of cost subject to a limit of

Rs. 5000/- per ha and Rs.10,000/- per

beneficiary.

NMSA

Adoption of organic

farming through

cluster approach

under Participatory

Guarantee System

(PGS) certification

16 Rs.20,000/- per ha subject to a maximum

of Rs.40,000/- per beneficiary for 3-year

term

NMSA

Support to PGS

system for on-line

data management

and residue analysis

17 Rs.200/- per farmer subject to a maximum

of Rs. 5000/- per group/year restricted to

Rs.1.00 lakh per Regional Council.

Upto Rs.10,000/- per sample for residue

testing (Residue analysis to be done in

NABL Labs)

NMSA

Organic Village

adoption for

manure management

and biological

nitrogen harvesting

18 Rs.10 lakhs/village for adoption of

integrated manure management, planting

of fertilizer trees on bunds and promotion

of legume intercropping through groups

/SHGs etc. (Maximum 10 villages per

annum/state will be supported)

NMSA

Demonstration on

Organic Farming

19 Rs.20,000/- per demonstration for a group

of 50 participants or more

NMSA

Reclamation of

Problem Soil20

Alkaline / Saline Soil - 50% of cost to a

limit of Rs.25,000/- per ha. and or

Rs. 50,000/- per beneficiary.

Acidic Soil - 50% of cost subject to a

limit of Rs.3000/- per ha. and / or

Rs.6000/- per beneficiaries

NMSA


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Type of AssistanceCriteria for Assistance /

Maximum Limit

Scheme /

Component

Setting up micro

soil testing lab

developed by ICAR

21 44 % of the cost, limited to Rs 44,000 /

lab or individuals/private agencies

through NABARD as capital investment

for 3000 TPA production capacity

NMSA

Setting up soil

testing project at

village level

22 40 % of the cost or Rs 4,00,000 /lab

whichever is lower

NMSA

Irrigation

Sr. No. Type of Assistance Quantum of Assistance

Water Carrying

Pipes

1

Scheme

50% of the cost or Rs 50/- per meter from

HDPE pipes, Rs 35 / meter for PVC pipes,

Rs 25 / meter for HDPE laminated oven

lay flat tubes with maximum limit of

Rs. 15,000/- per farmer / beneficiary for

water carrying pipes

Bringing Green

Revolution for

Eastern India

(BGREI) /NMOOP

Drip Irrigation

System for Oil Palm

2 As per the specification of National

Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

(NMSA)

NMOOP

Plastic/RCC based

water harvesting

structure/ farm pond

/construction of

community tank

(100 meter x 100

meter x 3 meter)

For smaller size

ponds/tanks, cost

will be admissible

on pro rata basis,

depending upon

command area

Rs. 20 lakhs per unit in plains; and Rs.25

lakhs per unit in hilly areas with 500

micron plastic lining/ RCC lining, for

10-hectare command area

NHM / HMNEH

Sub schemes under

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Sr. No. Type of Assistance Quantum of Assistance Scheme

Water Storage in

Farm Pond/ Dug

well (Measuring 20

meter x 20 meter x

3 meter) by

individual.

For smaller size

ponds/dug wells,

cost will be

admissible on pro

rata basis

4 Rs 1.50 lakhs per beneficiary for plains &

Rs.1.80 lakhs / beneficiary for hilly areas

with 300 micron plastic lining/RCC

lining, for 2-hectare command area.

NHM / HMNEH

Sub schemes under

MIDH

Sprinkler Set for

pulses and wheat

5 Rs.10,000/- per hectare or 50% of the cost

whichever is less.

National Food

Security

Mission (NFSM)

(a) Creation of

borewell at Oil

Palm farm

(b)Water Harvesting

Structures/ponds

6 Assistance as per NMSA guidelines ie.

50 % of the cost limited to Rs.25,000/-

per borewell / tube well subject to the

condition that these are not installed in

critical, semi-critical and over exploited

ground water zones.

50 % of the cost (construction cost

Rs 125 / cu.m for plains & Rs 150 / cu.m.

for hilly areas) limited to Rs 75,000 for

NMOOP

plains and Rs.90,000/- for hilly areas

including lining

NMOOP

Rs.10,000/- per pump set or 50 % of the

cost whichever is less.

NFSM, BGREIPump-sets 7

100 % assistance limited to Rs 30,000/-

per unit

Bringing Green

Revolution to Eastern

India (BGREI)

Construction of dug

well / Bore Well

8

Rs.15,000/- per unit or 50% of the cost

whichever is less

NFSMMobile rain gun9

100% assistance limited to Rs.12,000/- BGREIShallow Tube Wells10

Rs.10,000/- per pump set or 50% of the

cost whichever is less.

NFSMPump Set up to

10 HP11


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Water Management under National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

1. Water Harvesting and Management

50% of cost (Construction cost Rs.125/-

for plain and Rs.150/- per cu m for hilly

areas) limited to Rs.75,000/-, for plain

areas and Rs.90,000/- for hilly areas

including lining.

For smaller size of the ponds/dug wells,

cost admissible on pro rata basis. Cost for

non-lined ponds/tanks will be 30% less.

NMSAWater Harvesting

System for

individuals

1.1a

50% cost of plastic/RCC lining limited to

Rs.25,000/- per pond/tank/well.

NMSALining of Tanks/

Ponds constructed

under MNREGA/

WSDP etc.

1.1b

100% of the cost limited to Rs.20 lakhs/

unit in plain areas, Rs.25 lakhs/unit in

hilly areas, for 10 ha of command area or

any other smaller size on pro rata basis

depending upon the command areas.

Cost for non-lined ponds/tanks will

be 30% less.

NMSAWater Harvesting System for communities: Construction of Community tanks / on-farm ponds/check dams/reservoirs with use of plastic/RCC lining on public land.

1.2

50% of the total cost of installation

limited to

Rs.25,000/- per unit.

Construction of

Tube Wells / Bore

Wells (Shallow/

Medium)

1.3 NMSA

50% of the cost of renovation limited to

Rs.15,000/- per unit

Restoration/

Renovation of small

tanks

1.4 NMSA

50% of the cost of system limited to

Rs.10,000/- per ha with assistance up to a

maximum of 4 ha per beneficiary or group.

Pipe/pre-cast

Distribution System

1.5 NMSA

50% of the cost of installation limited to

Rs.15,000/- per electric/diesel unit and

Rs.50,000/- per solar/wind unit.

Water lifting

Devices (Electric,

Diesel, Wind/Solar)

1.6 NMSA


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50% of the cost limited to Rs 100 / cu.m.

of storage capacity. Maximum permissible

assistance restricted to Rs. 2 lakh per

beneficiary.

Construction of

secondary storage

structures with poly

lining, protective

fence at feasible

locations

1.7 NMSA

50% of the cost limited to Rs 350 / cu.m.

of storage capacity. Maximum permissible

assistance restricted to Rs. 2 lakh per

beneficiary.

Construction of

Brick masonry /

concrete secondary

storage structures

(Diggie) with

protective fence

1.8 NMSA

Drip Irrigation1.8 ● 45% of the total cost of installation for

small and marginal farmers in non- DPAP

/DDP/NE&H regions and 35 % for other

areas.

● 60% of the total cost of installation

for small and marginal farmers in DPAP/

DDP/NE&H regions and 45 % for other

farmers. (DPAP-Drought Prone Area

Programme, DDP-Desert Development

Programme, NE&H states – North

Eastern and Himalayan States) ●Upper limit of assistance will be

restricted to the amount as per the eligible

pattern of assistance of the normative cost

of installation. Normative cost of

installation for wide spaced crops

Rs.23,500/ha to Rs 58,400 and for close

spaced crops Rs.85,400/ha to Rs 1,00,000/

ha. However, the cost will vary depending

on crop spacing & land size.

Maximum permissible assistance will be

restricted to 5 ha per beneficiary /group.

Per Drop More

Crop component

of PMKSY


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Sprinkler

Irrigation3 Pattern of assistance for different

categories of farmers and area of operation are similar to that of Drip irrigation. Upper limit of assistance will be restricted to the amount as per the

Per Drop More

Crop component of P

eligible pattern of assistance of the normative cost of installation. Normative Cost of installation is Rs.58,900/- ha for Micro Sprinkler, Rs.85,200/- ha for Mini Sprinkler, Rs.19,600/- ha for portable sprinkler, Rs.36,600/- per ha. for semi- permanent irrigation system and Rs.31,600/- ha for Large Volume Sprinkler Irrigation System (Rain gun).Maximum permissible assistance will be restricted to 5 ha per beneficiary/group

Mechanization and Technology

Type of Agricultural

Machinery *

For SC, ST, Small & Marginal

Farmers, Women and NE

States' Beneficiaries

For other Beneficiaries

(I) Tractors (08 to 20

PTO HP)

Cost Norms and Pattern of Assistance under Sub- Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)Financial Assistance for Procurement of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment

Maximum

Permissible

subsidy per

Machine/

Equipment

Pattern of

Assistance

Maximum

Permissible

subsidy per

Machine/

Equipment

Pattern of

Assistance

Tractors

Rs.1.00 lakh 35% Rs. 0.75 lakh 25%

(ii) Tractors (Above 20

to 70 PTO HP)

Rs. 1.25 lakh 35% Rs.1.00 lakh 25%

(I) Power Tiller (below

8 BHP)

Power Tillers

Rs. 0.50 lakh 50% Rs. 0.40 lakh 40%

(ii) Power Tiller

(8 BHP & above)

Rs. 0.75 lakh 50% Rs. 0.60 lakh 40%


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Self Propelled Rice

Transplanter (4 rows)

Rice Transplanter

Rs. 0.94 lakh 50% Rs. 0.75 lakh 40%

Self Propelled Rice

Transplanter

(i) above 4-8 rows

(ii) above 8-16 rows

Rs. 2.0 lakh 40% Rs. 2.0 lakh 40%

Self Propelled Machinery

Self Propelled Machinery

(i) Reaper-cum-Binder

ii. Automatic urea

briquetting deep

placement / urea

application machine

Rs. 1.25 lakh 50% Rs.1.00 lakh 40%

Rs. 0.63 lakh 50% Rs. 0.50 lakh 40%

Specialized Self Propelled Machinery

(I) Reaper

(ii) Post Hole Digger/

Augur

(iii) Pneumatic/ other

Planter

Rs. 0.63 lakh 50% Rs. 0.50 lakh 40%

Self Propelled Horticultural Machinery

(i)Fruit Pluckers

(ii)Tree Pruners

(iii)Fruit Harvesters

(iv)Fruit Graders

(v)Track Trolley

(vi)Nursery Media Filling

Machine

(vii)Multipurpose

Hydraulic System

(viii) Power operated

horticulture tools for

pruning, budding, grating,

shearing etc.

Rs. 1.25 lakh 50% Rs.1.00 lakh 40%


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Land development, tillage and seed bed preparation equipments

(I) MB Plough

(ii) Disc Plough

(iii) Cultivator

(iv) Harrow

(v) Leveler Blade

(vi) Cage Wheel

(vii) Furrow Opener

(viii) Ridger

(ix) Weed Slasher

(x) Laser Land Leveler

(xi)Reversible Mechanical

plough

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.19,000/ -

50% 40 %

40%

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs. 12,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

(xii) Rotavator(xiii) Rotopuddler(xiv) Reversible Hydraulic plow

I) Below 20 BHP driven Rs.35,000/-ii) 20 - 35 BHP driven Rs.44,000/

50% 40 %I) Below 20 BHP driven Rs.28,000/-ii) 20 - 35 BHP driven Rs.35,000/-

(xv) Chisel Plow I) Below 20 BHP driven Rs. 8000/-ii) 20 - 35 BHP driven Rs.10,000/-

50%

40 %

I) Below 20 BHP driven Rs. 6000/-ii) 20 - 35 BHP driven Rs.8000/-

Sowing, Planting, Reaping and Digging Equipments

(I) Zero till Seed-cum-

Fertilizer Drill

(ii) Raised Bed Planter

(iii) Seed Drill

(iv) Potato Digger

(v) Tractor Drawn Reaper

(vi) Onion harvester

(vi) Post Hole Digger

(vii) Potato Planter

(viii) Ground Nut Digger

(ix) Strip Till Drill

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.19,000/ -

50% 40 %I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs. 12,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

(x) Rice Straw Chopper(xi) Sugarcane Cutter/ Stripper /Planter,(xii) Multi Crop Planter(xiii) Zero–till Multi Crop Planter(xiv) Ridge Furrow Planter


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1.Turbo Seeder2. Pneumatic Planter3. Pneumatic Vegetable4. Transplanter,5. Pneumatic Vegetable 6. Seeder7. Happy Seeder8. Aqua Ferti Seed drill9. Raised bed planter 10. Mulcher11. Plastic Mulch Laying 12. Machine13. Seed treating drum14. Seed cum fertilizer drill

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.35,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.44,000/

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.28,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.35,000/-

Inter Cultivation equipments

(I) Grass/ Weed Slasher,

(ii) Rice Straw Chopper,

(iii) Power Weeder

(Engine operated)

< 2 HP

> 2 HP

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.19,000/ -

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs. 12,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

50% 40 %

Harvesting & Threshing Equipments (Operated by engine/electric motor below 3 HP and Tractor of below 20 BHP)

(I) Ground Nut Pod Stripper(ii) Thresher/Multi crop Thresher(iii) Paddy Thresher(iv) Chaff Cutter(v) Brush cutter(vi) Winnowing fan

Rs. 20,000/- Rs. 16,000/-50% 40 %

Rs.15,000/-

Rs.19,000/ -

Rs.15,000/-

Rs.19,000/ -

Harvesting & Threshing Equipments (Operated by engine/electric motor below 3 - 5

HP and Tractor of 20 - 35 BHP)

(I) Reaper(ii) Mower(iii) Maize sheller(iv) Spiral grader(v) Infielder(vi)Mower ShredderChaff cutter

Rs. 25,000/- Rs. 20,000/-50% 40 %

Rs. 20,000/- Rs. 16,000/-50% 40 %


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Equipments for Residue management/Hay and Forage

(I) Sugarcane Thrash Cutter

(ii) Coconut Frond Chopper

(iii) Hay Rake

(iv) Balers (Round)

(v) Balers (Rectangular)

(vi) Wood Chippers

(vii) Sugarcane Ratoon Manager

(viii) Cotton Stalk Uprooter

(ix) Straw Reaper

I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.19,000/ -

50% I) Below 20 BHP

driven Rs.12,000/-

ii) 20 - 35 BHP

driven Rs.15,000/ -

All Manual /Animal Drawn Equipment/Implements/Tools under SMAM

Type of Agricultural

Equipments


Farmers,Women and NE States

Beneficiaries


Maximum Permissible subsidy

per Machine/Equipment

Maximum Permissible

subsidy per Machine/

Equipmen

Land Development , Tillage and Seed Bed preparation equipments

(I) MB Plough

(ii) Disc Plough

(iii) Cultivator

(iv) Harrow

(v) Leveler Blade

(vi) Furrow Opener

(vii) Ridger

(viii) Puddler

Rs 10,000/- Rs 8,000/-

Sowing and Planting Equipments

(I) Paddy Planter(ii) Seed cum Fertilizer Drill(iii) Raised Bed Planter(iv) Planter(v) Dibbler(vi) Equipments for raising paddy nursery

Rs 10,000/- Rs 8,000/-


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(vii) Drum Seeder

(Below 4 Rows)

(viii) Drum Seeder

(Above 4 Rows)

Rs 1,500/- Rs 1,200/-

Rs 1,900/- Rs 1,500/-

Harvesting & Threshing Equipments

(I) Ground Nut Pod Stripper

(ii) Thresher

(iii) Winnowing fan

(iv) Tree Climber

(v) Horticulture Hand tools

Rs 10,000/- Rs 8,000/-

(vi) Chaff Cutter (upto 3')

(vii) Chaff Cutter (above 3')

Rs 5,000/- Rs 4,000/-

Rs 6,300/- Rs 5,000/-

Inter Cultivation Equipments

(I) Grass Weed Slasher

(ii) Weeder

(iii) Conoweeder

(iv) Garden Hand Tools

Rs 600/- Rs 500/-


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Plant Protection Equipment under SMAM

Type of

Agricultural

Equipments


Farmers,Women and NE States

Beneficiaries


Maximum Permissible


Equipment

Maximum Permissible


Equipmen

Pattern of

Assistance

Pattern of

Assistance

a. Manual Sprayer Knap Sack/Foot Operated Sprayers

Rs. 600/- 50% Rs. 500/- 40%

b. Poweredi) Knapsack Sprayers/ power operated Taiwan Sprayers(capacity 8-12 lit.)

Rs. 3100/- 50% Rs. 2500/- 40%

II) Knapsack Sprayers/ Power Operated Taiwan Sprayers(capacity above 12- 16 lit)

Rs. 3800/- 50% Rs.3000/- 40%

iii) Knapsack Sprayers/ poweroperated Taiwan Sprayers (capacity above 16 lit.

Rs. 10,000/- 50% Rs.8000/- 40%

c. Tractor Mounted / Operated Sprayers i) Below 20 BHP

Rs. 10,000/- 50% Rs.8000/- 40%

ii) 20 - 35 BHP Rs. 13,000/- 50% Rs.10,000/- 40%

iii) above 35 BHP Rs. 63,000/- 50% Rs.50,000/- 40%

d. Eco – friendly

Light Traps

Rs. 1,400/- – Rs.10,000/- –

e. Electrostatic Sprayer Rs. 63,000/- 50% Rs.50,000/- 40%


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Post Harvest Technology under SMAM

Establishment of

PHT unit for transfer of

primary processing

technology, value addition,

low cost scientific storage,

packaging units and

technology for by-products

managements in the

production catchments

Rs. 1.50 Lakh per Unit 60% Rs. 1.25 Lakh per Unit

Establishment of Farm Machinery Banks under SMAM

Establishment of Farm Machinery Banks for Custom Hiring

S.No Item Maximum Permissible Project Cost

Pattern of Assistance

Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto Rs.10 lakhs

(Project based) Rs. 4 lakhs 40%1







Establishment of Hi-Tech, High Productive Equipment Hub for Custom Hiring under SMAM

S.No Item Maximum Permissible Project Cost

Pattern of Assistance

Procurement subsidy for establishment

of Custom Hiring Centre upto

Rs. 100 lakhs


2 Procurement subsidy for establishment

of Custom Hiring Centre upto

Rs. 150 lakhs

(Project based) Rs. 60 lakhs 40%


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•In cases where majority of the insured farmers of a notified

area, having intent to sow/plant and incurred expenditure for

the purpose, are prevented from sowing/planting the insured

crop due to adverse weather conditions, shall be eligible for

indemnity claims upto a maximum of 25 per cent of the

sum-insured.

•When crop yield is less than the guaranteed yield of notified

crops, the claim payment equal to shortfall in yield is

payable to all insured farmers.

•On account advance payment, upto 25% of likely claims will

be paid as immediate relief.

•Losses caused due to inundation, hail storm and landslide

would be assessed at individual farm level.

•In post-harvest losses, coverage will be available up to a

maximum period of 14 days from harvesting for those crops

which are kept in “cut & spread” condition to dry in the field.

Use of remote sensing and drones to supplement Crop cutting

experiments for faster settlement of claims

Weather Based Crop

Insurance Scheme

(WBCIS)

•Insurance protection for notified food crops, oilseeds and

horticultural /commercial crops

•Uniform premiums like PMFBY

•2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops

•1.5% for all Rabi crops.

•5 % for annual commercial and horticultural crops, the


•The premium rates to be paid by farmers are very low and

balance premium will be shared by the central and state

governments equally.

•When the Weather indices (rainfall/temperature/relative

humidity/wind speed etc) differ (less/ higher) from the

Guaranteed Weather Index of notified crops, the claim

payment equal to deviation/shortfall is payable to all insured

farmers of notified area.

•Provision for losses due to hail storm and cloud burst at

individual farm level.


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Agricultural CreditCredit Facility to Farmers

Sr. No. Credit Facility

1 Interest Assistance

Collateral / security-free

loan

● Crop loan upto Rs.3 lakhs at 7% rate of interest. This

interest rate becomes 4% due to 3% interest

subvention incentives provided to those farmers

who repay crop loan on time

● No need of collateral security for farm loan up to

Rs 1 lakh

Quantum of Assistance

2 Kisan Credit Card Farmers can avail crop loan through Kisan Credit Card.

Loan /credit limit is fixed on the basis of crop sown

and area under cultivation. Kisan Credit Cards are

valid for 3-5 years. Farmers are also provided risk

coverage in the event of accidental death/ disability.

Crop coverage loans are covered under the Crop

Insurance Scheme.

3 Investment Loan Loan facility to the farmers is available for investment

purposes in the areas viz. Irrigation, Agricultural

Mechanization, Land Development, Plantation,

Horticulture and Post-Harvest Management

Agricultural InsuranceSr.No. Scheme Assistance

1 Pradhan Mantri

Fasal Bima Yojana

•Provides insurance coverage and financial support to the

farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a

result of natural calamities, pests & diseases.

● A uniform premium to be paid by all farmers

■ 2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops

■1.5% for all Rabi crops.

■ 5 % for annual commercial and horticultural crops, the


•The premium rates to be paid by farmers are very low and

balance premium will be shared by the central and state

governments equally.

•Claims of Sum Insured to be provided in full to the farmers

against crop loss on account of natural calamities.


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•Insurance protection for Coconut Palm growers.

•Premium rate per palm ranges from Rs.9.00 (in the age

group of 4 to 15 years) to Rs 14.00 (in the age group of

16 to 60 years).

•50-75% subsidy of premium is provided to all types of

farmers.

•When the Palm trees are damaged, the indemnity payment

equal to sum insured/ damage is payable to the insured

armers in notified areas.

Coconut Palm

Insurance Scheme

(CPIS)

3

•To provide financial protection and comprehensive risk

coverage of crops, assets, life and student safety to farmers.

•Pilot will include 7 sections - Crop Insurance (PMFBY /

WBCIS), Loss of life (Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima

Yojana (PMJBY)) Accident Insurance (Pradhan Mantri

Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)), Student safety, Household,

Agriculture implements and Tractor.

•Crop insurance is compulsory. However farmers may choose

atleast 2 sections from remaining.

•Farmers to get all insurance products through one simple

proposal /form and through single window.

Unified Package

Insurance Scheme

(UPIS) as pilot in

45 districts

4


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Agri CreditKisan Credit Card Scheme Objective

ObjectiveThe scheme aims at providing adequate and timely cred it for the comprehensive credit requirements of farmers under single window for their cultivation and other needs as indicated below:

•To meet the short term credit requirements for cultivation of crops

•Post harvest expenses

• Produce Marketing loan

• Consumption requirements of farmer household

• Working capital for maintenance of farm assets, activities allied to agriculture, like dairy

animals, inland fishery and also working capital required for floriculture, horticulture etc.

• Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities like pump sets, sprayers,

dairy animals, floriculture, horticulture etc

Eligibility and credit limit

Eligibility

• All farmers-individuals/Joint borrowers who are owner cultivators.

• Tenant farmers, Oral lessees and Share Croppers etc.

• SHGs or Joint Liability Groups of farmers including tenant farmers, share croppers etc.,

Loan amount

●Short term credit limit is fixed for the first year depending upon the crops cultivated as per

proposed cropping pattern & scale of finance post - harvest/ household / consumption

requirements

●Maintenance expenses of farm assets, crop insurance, Personal Accident Insurance Scheme

(PAIS) and Asset insurance.

● For every successive years (2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th year), the limit will be stepped up

@10%.(short term credit limit sanctioned for 5th year will be about 150% of the first year limit

allowed to farmers).·

● Investment credit requirement of small value in the nature of farm implements/ equipments

etc (like sprayer, plough etc.,) and repayable within a period of one year will be included while

fixing KCC limit (This portion of the credit will not be included for automatic step up during

2nd year to 5th year but credit requirement for this portion in each year will be reckoned for

arriving at the maximum drawal limit for the respective year).

● The short term loan limit arrived for the 5th year, plus estimated investment loan requirement

(highest among the five years) above will be the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) and

sanctioned as the Kisan Credit Card Limit


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• Short term loan limit assessed for the first year or for the 2nd to 5th year plus the estimated investment credit limit required, will be the Maximum Drawal Limit (MDL) allowed in the account, for the particular year.• KCC will be in the nature of revolving account. Credit balance in the account, if any, to fetch interest at Savings bank rate.• Processing charges waived for KCC limit up to Rs.3 lacs. Collateral security is waived for limit of up to Rs.1 lac, limit up to Rs.3 lacs for loans with tie-up arrangement for recovery.• KCC accounts should be renewed annually, well before the above due dates, every year to continue the limit during the KCC validity period of 5 years.• Eligible crops shall be covered under Crop Insurance Scheme - National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS).

Advantages of the KCC Scheme to the farmers

• Simplifies disbursement procedures• Removes rigidity regarding cash and kind• No need to apply for a loan for every crop• Assured availability of credit at any time enabling reduced interest burden for the farmer.• Helps buy seeds, fertilizers at farmer's convenience and choice• Helps buy on cash-avail discount from dealers• Credit facility for 3 years – no need for seasonal appraisal• Maximum credit limit based on agriculture income• Any number of withdrawals subject to credit limit• Repayment only after harvest• Rate of interest as applicable to agriculture advance• Security, margin and documentation norms as applicable to agricultural advance• Access to adequate and timely credit to farmers• Full year's credit requirement of the borrower taken care of. Minimum paper work and simplification of documentation for withdraw of funds from the bank.• Flexibility to draw cash and buy inputs.• Assured availability of credit at any time enabling reduced interest burden for the farmer. Flexibility of drawals from a branch other than the issuing branch at the discretion of the bank.• Flexibility to draw cash and buy inputs.• Assured availability of credit at any time enabling reduced interest burden for the farmer. Flexibility of drawals from a branch other than the issuing branch at the discretion of the bank.


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Salient features Scheme• Eligible farmers to be provided with a Kisan Credit Card and a pass book or card-cum-pass book.• Revolving cash credit facility involving any number of drawals and repayments within the limit.• Limit to be fixed on the basis of operational land holding, cropping pattern and scale of finance.• Entire production credit needs for full year plus ancillary activities related to crop production to be considered while fixing limit.• Sub-limits to cover short term, medium term as well as term credit are fixed at the discretion of banks.• Card valid for 5 years subject to annual review. As incentive for good performance, credit limits could be enhanced to take care of increase in costs, change in cropping pattern, etc.• Each drawal to be repaid within a maximum period of 12 months.• Conversion/reschedulement of loans also permissible in case of damage to crops due to natural calamities.• Security, margin, rate of interest, etc. as per RBI norms.• Operations may be through issuing branch (and also PACS in the case of Cooperative Banks) through other designated branches at the discretion of bank.• Withdrawals through slips/cheques accompanied by card and passbook.• Crop loans disbursed under KCC Scheme for notified crops are covered under Crop Insurance Scheme, to protect the interest of the farmer against loss of crop yield caused by natural calamities, pest attacks etc

Contents of Credit Card Beneficiaries covered under the Scheme are issued with a credit card and a pass book or a credit card cum pass book incorporating the name, address, particulars of land holding, borrowing limit, validity period, a passport size photograph of holder etc., which may serve both as an identity card and facilitate recording of transactions on an ongoing basis.Borrower is required to produce the card cum pass book whenever he/she operates the account

Documents required to get KCC• Duly filled in application form• Identity proof- Voter ID card/PAN card/Passport/ Aadhaar card,/Driving License etc

• Address proof: Voter ID card/Passport/Aadhaar card/Driving license etc


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Personal Accident Insurance Scheme -Salient features Scheme covers risk of KCC holders against death or permanent disability resulting from accidents caused by external, violent and visible means, as under: Death due to accident (within 12 months of the accident) caused by outward, violent and visible means -- Rs.50,000/- Permanent total disability -- Rs.50,000/- Loss of two limbs or two eyes or one limb and one eye -- Rs.50,000/- Loss of one limb or one eye -- Rs.25,000/-• Nominated office of insurance company to issue a Master Insurance Policy to each DCCB/RRB covering all its KCC holders.• Premium payable Rs.15/- for a one year policy while Rs.45/- for a 3-year policy.• Designated insurance company will nominate one office at district level to function as nodal office for co-ordinating implementation of personal accident insurance scheme for KCC holders in the district.• Insurance coverage available under Policy only from date of receipt of premium at insurance company• Banks to ensure to incorporate name of Nominee in Kisan Credit Card-cum-Pass Book.•Simplified claim settlement procedure evolved under Scheme whereby an Enquiry-cum-Verification Committee comprising Branch Manager of implementing bank, Lead Bank Officer and representative of insurance company to certify nature of accident causing disability/death and recommend settlement of insurance claims.

RuPay Kisan Credit Cards

RuPay is an Indian domestic card scheme conceived and launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It was created to fulfill the Reserve Bank of India's desire to have a domestic, open loop, and multilateral system of payments inIndia. RuPay facilitates electronic payment at all Indian banks and financial institutions, and competes with MasterCard andVisa in India.

NABARD, in January, 2013 set up Special Project Unit- Kisan Credit Card (SPU-KCC) with a mandate for encouraging cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks across the country to issue Rupay KCC debit cards. The overarching goal is to develop cash-less eco system by enabling the farming community to avail all new banking facilities at par with urban area of the country

Source: NABARD

Interest subvention scheme for farmers

The interest subvention scheme for farmers aims at providing short term credit to farmers at subsidised interest rate. The policy came into force with effect from Kharif 2006-07. The scheme is being implemented for the year 2017-18. The Government has earmarked approximately Rs 20,339 crores for interest subvention during 2017-18.


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The interest subvention will be given to Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks, Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) on use of own funds and to NABARD for refinance to RRBs and Cooperative Banks.The Interest Subvention Scheme will continue for one year and it will be implemented by NABARD and RBI.

Interest subvention for short term crop loans●The Central Government provide farmers under the interest subvention scheme to all farmers for short term crop loan upto one year for loan upto Rs. 3 lakhs borrowed by them during the year 2017-18●Farmers will thus have to effectively pay only 4% as interest. In case farmers do not repay the short term crop loan in time they would be eligible for interest subvention of 2% as against 5% available above.●The amount of subvention is to be calculated on the amount of crop loan from the date of disbursement up to the date of repayment.

Interest subvention for post harvest loans In order to give relief to small and marginal farmers who would have to borrow at 9% for the post harvest storage of their produce, the Central Government has approved an interest subvention of 2% i.e an effective interest rate of 7% for loans upto 6 months.

Interest subvention for relief to farmers affected by natural calamities To provide relief to the farmers affected by Natural Calamities, the interest subvention of 2% will be provided to Banks for the first year on the restructured amount.Source : PIB

Interest subvention under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) DAY-NRLM has a provision for interest subvention, to cover the difference between the Lending Rate of the banks and 7%, on all credit from the banks/ financial institutions availed by women SHGs, for a maximum of Rs 3,00,000 per SHG. This will be available across the country in two ways:● In 150 identified districts, banks will lend to the women SHGs @7% up to an aggregated loan amount of Rs 3,00,000/-. The SHGs will also get additional interest subvention of 3% on prompt payment, reducing the effective rate of interest to 4%.●In the remaining districts also, DAY-NRLM compliant women SHGs will be registered with SRLMs. These SHGs are eligible for interest subvention to the extent of difference between the lending rates and 7% for the loan up to Rs 3 lakhs, subjected to the norms prescribed by the respective SRLMs. This part of the scheme will be operationalized by SRLMs.


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Agri Insurance

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

Objectives1. To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of

any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests & diseases.

2. To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming.

3. To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices.

4. To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector.

Highlights of the scheme● There will be a uniform premium of only 2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and 1.5%

for all Rabi crops. In case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the premium to be paid by

farmers will be only 5%. The premium rates to be paid by farmers are very low and balance

premium will be paid by the Government to provide full insured amount to the farmers against crop

loss on account of natural calamities.

● There is no upper limit on Government subsidy. Even if balance premium is 90%, it will be borne

by the Government.

● Earlier, there was a provision of capping the premium rate which resulted in low claims being

paid to farmers. This capping was done to limit Government outgo on the premium subsidy. This

capping has now been removed and farmers will get claim against full sum insured without any

reduction.

● The use of technology will be encouraged to a great extent. Smart phones will be used to capture

and upload data of crop cutting to reduce the delays in claim payment to farmers. Remote sensing

will be used to reduce the number of crop cutting experiments.

● PMFBY is a replacement scheme of NAIS / MNAIS, there will be exemption from Service Tax

liability of all the services involved in the implementation of the scheme. It is estimated that the new

scheme will ensure about 75-80 per cent of subsidy for the farmers in insurance premium.Farmers to be coveredAll farmers growing notified crops in a notified area during the season who have insurable interest in the crop are eligible.Compulsory coverage : The enrolment under the scheme, subject to possession of insurable interest on the cultivation of the notified crop in the notified area, shall be compulsory for following categories of farmers:• Such other farmers whom the Government may decide to include from time to time.Voluntary coverage : Voluntary coverage may be obtained by all farmers not covered above, including Crop KCC/Crop Loan Account holders whose credit limit is not renewed.


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Risks covered under the scheme

● Yield Losses (standing crops, on notified area basis). Comprehensive risk insurance is provided to cover yield losses due to non-preventable risks, such as Natural Fire and Lightning, Storm, Hailstorm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Hurricane, Tornado. Risks due to Flood, Inundation and Landslide, Drought, Dry spells, Pests/ Diseases also will be covered.● In cases where majority of the insured farmers of a notified area, having intent to sow/plant and incurred expenditure for the purpose, are prevented from sowing/planting the insured crop due to adverse weather conditions, shall be eligible for indemnity claims upto a maximum of 25 per cent of the sum-insured.● In post-harvest losses, coverage will be available up to a maximum period of 14 days from harvesting for those crops which are kept in “cut & spread” condition to dry in the field.● For certain localized problems, Loss / damage resulting from occurrence of identified localized risks like hailstorm, landslide, and Inundation affecting isolated farms in the notified area would also be covered.

Unit of Insurance

The Scheme shall be implemented on an 'Area Approach basis' i.e., Defined Areas for each notified crop for widespread calamities with the assumption that all the insured farmers, in a Unit of Insurance, to be defined as "Notified Area‟ for a crop, face similar risk exposures, incur to a large extent, identical cost of production per hectare, earn comparable farm income per hectare, and experience similar extent of crop loss due to the operation of an insured peril, in the notified area.Defined Area (i.e., unit area of insurance) is Village/Village Panchayat level by whatsoever name these areas may be called for major crops and for other crops it may be a unit of size above the level of Village/Village Panchayat. In due course of time, the Unit of Insurance can be a Geo-Fenced/Geo-mapped region having homogenous Risk Profile for the notified crop.For Risks of Localised calamities and Post-Harvest losses on account of defined peril, the Unit of Insurance for loss assessment shall be the affected insured field of the individual farmer.


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Livestock InsuranceAbout the scheme The Livestock Insurance Scheme, a centrally sponsored scheme was implemented on a pilot basis during 2005-06 and 2006-07 of the 10th Five Year Plan and 2007-08 of the 11th Five Year Plan in 100 selected districts. The scheme was later implemented on a regular basis from 2008-09 in 100 newly selected districts of the country.The scheme was later subsumed as a component titled Risk Management and Insurance under the sub-mission on livestock development of National Livestock Mission.The component aims at management of risk and uncertainties by providing protection mechanism to the farmers against any eventual loss of their animals due to death and to demonstrate the benefit of the insurance of livestock to the people.

Coverage : The scheme is implemented in all the districts of the Country from 21.05.2014.

Animals covered The indigenous / crossbred milch animals, pack animals (Horses, Donkey, Mules, Camels, Ponies and Cattle/Buffalo Male) , and Other Livestock (Goat, Sheep, Pigs, Rabbit, Yak and Mithun etc.) are covered under the purview of this component.

Central assistance Benefit of subsidy is to be restricted to 5 animals per beneficiary per household for all animals except sheep, goat, pig and rabbit. In case of sheep, goat, pig and rabbit the benefit of subsidy is to be restricted based on "Cattle Unit" and one cattle unit is equal to 10 animals i.e a total of 50 animals. If a beneficiary has less than 5 animals / 1 Cattle Unit, s/he can also avail the benefit of subsidy.

Component

Premium ratesPremium rates for one year policy in ● Normal Areas - 3.0% ●NER / Hill areas / LWE affected areas -3.5%, ●Difficult areas - 4.0 %

Pattern of assistance

Normal areasCentral share 25%, State share 25% and Beneficiary share 50% for APL, and Central share 40%, State share 30%, and Beneficiary share 30% for BPL / SC / ST

NER / Hill areas / LWE affected areasCentral share 35%, State share 25% and Beneficiary sh are 40% for APL, and Central share 50%, State share 30%, and Beneficiary share 20% for BPL / SC / ST

Premium rates for three year policy in● Normal Areas - 7.5%,● NER / Hill areas / LWE affected areas - 9.0%● Difficult areas - 10.5 %

Difficult Areas

Central share 45%, State share 25% and Beneficiary share 30% for APL, and Central share 60%, State share 30%, and Beneficiary share 10% for BPL / SC / ST


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