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H. ABBASIPOUR, M. MAHMOUDVAND, F. RASEGAR, M. H. HOSSEINPOUR

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urk J Agric For35 (2011) 623-629 BAKdoi:10.3906/tar-1004-874

Bioactivities of jimsonweed extract,Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae), against

Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Habib ABBASIPOUR1,2,*, Mohammad MAHMOUDVAND3, Fahimeh RASEGAR1,

Mohammad Hossein HOSSEINPOUR1

1Department o Plant Protection, Faculty o Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, ehran - IRAN

2Agriculture Section, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, ehran - IRAN

3Department o Plant Protection, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad - IRAN

Received: 06.04.2010

Abstract: In this research, the effi cacy o plant extract rom Datura stramoniumL. (Solanaceae) was tested againstthe red our beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: enebrionidae), or its toxic and antieedant activity.Te dried and powdered plant was extracted with 150 mL o absolute ethanol (99%, Merck) using a rotary evaporatorextractor at 45 C. Experiments were designed to measure the nutritional indices, such as relative growth rate (RGR),

relative consumption rate (RCR), effi ciency o conversion o ingested ood (ECI), and eeding deterrence index (FDI).reatments were evaluated by our disk bioassay in the dark at 27 1 C and 60 5% RH. Aliquots o 10 L oacetone (control) or acetone extract (947-3007 mg L-1) were spread evenly on the our disks. Te solvent was allowed toevaporate, and then 10 adult insects were introduced into each treatment. Afer 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated.On the basis o the designed experiments, the calculated lethal concentrations o LC

50and LC

90o D. stramoniumwere

3936 and 15373 mg L-1, respectively. Results indicated that nutritional indices varied signicantly as plant extractconcentrations increased. As the concentration o D. stramoniumincreased, RGR, RCR, and ECI indices were reduced,and the most signicant effect was observed at 3007 mg L-1. On the other hand, the FDI index increased with increasingextract doses and, as a result, insect ood consumption was reduced. Te results o data analysis showed that there is asignicant difference between the plant and different concentrations in the eeding deterrence index o T. castaneum.

Key words:Antieedant indices, Datura stramonium, plant extract, Tribolium castaneum

Research Article

* E-mail: Habbasipour@yahoo.com

Introduction

Harvest grains are basic human ood products(Padn et al. 2002). Te presence o pests constitutesa serious ongoing problem in grain stocking andits derived industry (Prez Mendoza et al. 2004).Worldwide, between 5% and 10% o the total weighto cereals, oil plants, and legumes are lost due to thepresence o pests (Hill 1990).

Te red our beetle, Tribolium castaneum(Herbst) (Coleoptera: enebrionidae), is one o theprimary pests inesting stored grains. It is widelyspread worldwide and very destructive. Due to thishigh rate o inestation, synthetic insecticides havebeen used to control it.

Resistance and toxicity problems derived romsynthetic insecticides have made it necessary to nd

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Bioactivities o jimsonweed extract, Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae), against Tribolium castaneum(Coleoptera: enebrionidae)

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more effective and healthier alternatives. Presently,plant extracts are the most commonly testedalternative products (Papachristos and Stamopoulus2002; Umoetok and Gerard 2003; Zhang et al. 2004;apondjou et al. 2005; Ferrero et al. 2006; SnchezChopa et al. 2006; Steanazzi et al. 2006; Wang etal. 2006). Different biological activities o plantderivatives have been demonstrated or the controlo stored-grain pests (Golob et al. 1999; Rajendranand Sriranjini 2008). A wide variety o higher plantsmay provide new sources o natural pesticides,antiungals, antieedants, and repellence (Grainge andAhmed 1988; Arnason et al.1989; Ananthakrishnan1992; etinsoy et al. 1998; urkusay and Onogur1998; unaz et al. 2009). Plant extracts are among

the numerous plant-derived substances studied andhave various effects on insect pests, including stored-product insects (Grainge and Ahmed 1988; Jacobson1989; Shaaya et al.1991). Some researchers reportedthat the acetone extracts o Piper nigrum L. and thehexane extract o the dried ruit o Piper guineenseSchumach. and Tonn. were toxic to 4 species ostored-product insects and were repellent toTriboliumcastaneum (Herbst) (Su 1983; Sighamony et al.1984).Georges et al. (2008) reported that Datura innoxiaMill. (Solanaceae) compounds possess insecticidal

activity [e.g. mosquitocidal against Ocherotatustriseriatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae); larvicidalagainst Helicoverpa zea Boddie, Heliothis virescensFabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the whiteyBemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)].In addition, whole-plant extracts o the perennialcommon herb Datura stramonium L. were denedas toxic or their insecticidal and antieedantproperties against Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius(Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), Spodoptera litura

Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Pericalliaricini Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Prakashand Rao 1997). Furthermore, the effectiveness othe compounds extracted rom different parts oDatura spp. on spider mites were investigated underlaboratory conditions (Mateeva et al. 2003; Zhang etal. 2006). In addition, Kumral et al. (2009) evaluatedthe acaricidal, repellent, and oviposition deterrentactivity o the seed and lea extracts o D. stramoniumon Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: etranychidae).

Datura stramonium is a plant distributedthroughout most o the temperate regions o the

world. In ancient herbal medicine, it was usedinternally to treat madness, epilepsy, and melancholy.Externally, it ormed the basis o ointments or burnsand rheumatism. More recently, preparations romthe plant have been used as ingredients in someasthma medicines. With this exception, however, theplant is generally considered too toxic or medicalapplications.

In this study, we assessed the potential o D.stramonium plant extract or bioactivities againstadults o T. castaneum.

Materials and methods

Insect rearing

Tribolium castaneum adults used as test insectswere obtained rom laboratory cultures andmaintained in the dark in incubators at 27 1 C and60 5% RH. Tribolium castaneum was cultured onwheat our ground rom whole wheat grain mixedwith yeast (10:1, w:w). For the our disk bioassay,insects were starved or 24 h beore use.

Extraction of plant material

Te plant samples (D. stramonium seeds andleaves) used in the experiment were collected romowering plants between the end o August and thebeginning o October rom the medicinal plantsresearch station at Shahed University, ehran, Iran.Te plant samples were identied by a member othe Faculty o Agricultural Sciences, Department oBotany, Shahed University, according to the Index oBotanical Plants o Iran. Fresh seeds and leaves weredried under indoor conditions or 5 days. Te driedseeds and leaves were powdered with a grinder.

Plant materials (50 g each) were extracted with 200

mL o absolute ethanol (99%, Merck) using a Soxhletextractor at room temperature or 2 days. Te extractionwas completed in 3 cycles. Te solvent was removedwith a rotary evaporator at 55 C and 200 mm Hg.Afer ltering through a Buchner unnel, the ltrateswere concentrated to dryness by rotary evaporatorunder low pressure. Te extract obtained was a solidcomposition o Datura seed and lea extract, and it wasdissolved in 99% ethanol. Te basic concentration was5000 mg L-1, and the next concentrations (974, 1609,2254, and 3007) were determined using the N1V1 =

N2V2 method rom stock concentration.

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Contact toxicity

Te extract o D. stramoniumwas tested or contactinsecticidal activity by impregnating lter paperswith 99% ethanol. Petri dishes, 8 cm in diameter,

were used to conne the insects. Filter paper disks(Whatman No. 1) cut to be 8 cm in diameter wereattached to the bottom o the Petri dishes. A serieso concentrations o D. stramonium extract (1000,2000, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, and 5000 mg L-1) wereprepared in acetone, while acetone alone was usedor control. Te lter papers were exposed to theabovementioned concentrations. Ten, 10 adults (1-7days old) were placed in each Petri dish, and eachconcentration was replicated 5 times. Petri disheswere kept in incubators until end-point mortality

o the adults was reached. Te numbers o dead andliving insects were counted 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 hrom the beginning o exposure. Te mortality dataused to estimate LC

50and LC

90values were analyzed

by probit analysis using PROC PROBI SAS sofware(SAS Institute 1997).

Flour disk bioassay

Flour disks were prepared according to the methodused by Xie et al. (1996) with modiications romHuang et al. (2002). Aliquots o 200 L o a suspension

o wheat our in water (10 g in 50 mL) were droppedinto a Petri dish (8 cm in diameter) to orm the disks.Te disks were lef in the ume hood overnight todry, and then they were equilibrated at 27 1 C and70%-80% RH or 24 h. Te weights o the our disksranged rom 35 to 39 mg, and their average moisturecontent was 13.5 0.1%. Flour disks were treatedwith acetone solution with drops rom a sampler (10L) containing 4 sublethal concentrations, including947, 1609, 2254, and 3007 mg L-1, o D. stramonium

extract, and with acetone alone or the control. Afersolvent evaporation, the disks were placed in glassvials (diameter 2.5 cm, height 5.5 cm). A total o 10group-weighed, unsexed adults, 1-3 days old, wereadded to each pre-weighed vial, which contained2 disks. Adult insects were starved or 48 h beoretreatment. For each concentration, 4 replicates wereprepared. Afer a 72 h exposure, the glass vials withour disks and live insects were weighed again, andinsect mortality, i any, was recorded. Nutritionalindices were calculated, as previously described

by Huang et al. (2000) with some modiications,

as relative growth rate , where

A = weight o live insects on the third day (mg)/no.

o live insects on the third day, B = original weighto insects (mg)/original no. o insects; relative

consumption rate , where D = ood

biomass ingested (mg)/no. o live insects on the thirdday; and effi ciency o conversion o ingested ood.

For antieedant activity, the

ormula described by Isman et al. (1990) wasmodied in calculating the eeding deterrence index,

where C = the ood

consumption in control disks and = oodconsumption in treated disks, as the control andtreated disks were placed in separate vials in no-choice tests.

Data analysis

Data rom the our disk bioassay were subjectedto one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05) afer checking ornormality with , and means were separated by ukeysStudentized Range est at the 5% signiicance levelusing SPSS ver. 16 sofware.

Results

Contact toxicity

Probit analysis o the concentration-mortalityresponse o T. castaneum indicated that the adultswere susceptible to D. stramonium extract. Tehighest mortality trend in all concentrations wasachieved at exposure times ranging rom 12 to 24h afer the beginning o the experiment (Figure 1).Tere were signicant differences between testedconcentrations afer 24 and 48 h. As the concentrationincreased, mortality o adults also increased, and thehighest mortality was seen at a concentration o 5000mg L-1. LC

50and LC

90values or T. castaneum adults

afer 24 h o exposure to D. stramoniumextract were

3936 and 15373 mg L-1

, respectively (able 1).

( )R RBD dayC #=

( ) ( )

RGRB

A Bday

#=

( %) .ECIRCRRGR

100#=

( %) ( )

,FDIC

C 100

#=

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Flour disk bioassay

Te RGR, RCR, ECI, and FDI values o T.castaneum adults ed on different concentrations oD. stramonium extract-treated our disks or 72 hare given in able 2. With increasing concentrationso D. stramoniumextract, the RGR and RCR valueso T. castaneum adults were signicantly reduced(RGR: d = 4, 15, F = 22.51, P= 0; RCR: d = 4, 15,F = 12.46, P = 0). At a concentration o 2254 mgL-1, RGR was reduced rom 0.143 to 0.071 mg oreach milligram o insect weight (mg mg-1, daily) incomparison to the control, a nearly 50% reduction.Tere was a nearly 70% reduction in both RGR andRCR at a concentration o 3007 mg L-1. Similarly, ECIin adults was signicantly reduced with increasingconcentrations. ECI was reduced rom 84.90% in the

control to 43.86% at a concentration 3007 mg L-1.

Te FDI o adult insects increased signicantly (ECI:d = 4, 15, F = 5.29, P = 0.007; FDI: d = 4, 15, F =22.13, P = 0) with increasing concentrations. With aconcentration increase rom 947 to 3007 mg L-1,FDIincreased rom 34.93% to 97.21%. For T. castaneumadults, extract o D. stramonium signicantly (P