10/4

/14

Pes

t Rec

ertif

icat

ion

Info

rmat

ion

Sess

ion:

– Ta

nk M

ixes

, Rot

atio

ns &

Res

ista

nce

Man

agem

ent

Stat

es re

cogn

izin

g th

e se

ssio

n: – 

Ala

bam

a

Flo

rida

N

orth

Car

olin

a – 

Ohi

o

S

outh

Car

olin

a T

exas

– 

Virg

inia

Res

ista

nce

Man

agem

ent,

Rot

atio

ns, a

nd

Tank

Mix

es

Col

leen

War

field

, PhD

, Lan

ce

Osb

orne

, PhD

WWhi

tefl

ies

A

n E

xam

ple

of R

esis

tanc

e M

anag

emen

t

Bem

isia

Bem

isia

tab

aci

• OO

ver

900

host

pla

nts.

• 

Vec

tors

ove

r 11

1 pl

ant

viru

s sp

ecie

s.

• A

maj

or in

vasi

ve s

peci

es w

orld

wid

e.

• T

axon

omic

sta

tus

deba

ted:

– 

betw

een

36 p

revi

ousl

y id

enti

fied

bi

otyp

es.

– ne

wly

pro

pose

d 24

dis

cret

e sp

ecie

s.

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT S

CO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

SCO

UT

Res

ista

nce

is a

N

umbe

rs G

ame

PPLA

N • 

Iden

tify

All

Pes

tici

des

Reg

iste

red

for

the

Pes

t an

d C

rop

• D

eter

min

e P

lant

Saf

ety

• D

eter

min

e La

bele

d Fr

eque

ncy

• 

Det

erm

ine

Oth

er U

se R

estr

icti

ons

(sit

e,…

) • 

Org

aniz

e T

reat

men

ts…

• 

Don

’t F

orge

t O

ther

Pes

ts!

TTan

k M

ixes

Tan

k M

ixes

?

Why

? • 

Eas

ier t

han

havi

ng to

spr

ay

mul

tiple

tim

es.

• S

ave

time

and

mon

ey o

n la

bor.

Tan

k M

ixes

?

Why

Not

? • 

Eac

h pe

stic

ide

is fo

rmul

ated

for m

axim

um e

ffica

cy.

• S

ome

have

adj

uvan

ts a

lread

y in

them

. • 

Two

or th

ere

com

poun

ds m

ay h

ave

mat

eria

ls in

th

em th

at a

re li

sted

as

iner

t ing

redi

ents

. Th

ey

mak

e w

ork

at c

ross

pur

pose

s or

they

my

reac

h le

vels

that

are

exc

essi

ve.

This

will

incr

ease

the

chan

ces

of p

hyot

oxic

ity o

r red

uce

effic

acy.

• 

Mul

tiple

Che

mic

als

for t

he s

ame

targ

et p

est:

limits

ro

tatio

n?

OR

DER

OF

RO

TATI

ON

H

EAVY

PO

PULA

TIO

N

1) C

ON

TAC

T O

NLY

2)

7 D

AY

RES

IDU

AL

3) G

REA

TER

TH

AN

21

Cind

y M

cKen

zie,

USD

A, A

RS

Cris

ti P

alm

er, I

R4

Lanc

e O

sbor

ne, U

nive

rsit

y of

Flo

rida

Vi

vek

Kum

ar, U

nive

rsit

y of

Flo

rida

Ro

n O

etti

ng, U

nive

rsit

y of

Geo

rgia

Chem

ical

Cla

ss R

otat

ions

for

Co

ntro

l of

Bem

isia

tab

aci

Biot

ypes

on

Poin

sett

ia

44 P

rodu

cts

Test

ed f

rom

200

5 th

roug

h 20

09

• A

cele

pryn

(DPX

-E2Y

45)

• A

gri-5

0 • 

Ari

a 50

SG

• A

vid

0.15

EC

• Bo

tani

Gard

22W

P • 

Bota

niGa

rd E

S • 

BugO

il • 

Cele

ro 1

6WSG

• 

Dis

cus

• D

ista

nce

0.86

EC

• D

PX-H

GW85

• 

Dur

sban

• 

Eco

E-ra

se

• Ec

oTro

l EC

• En

deav

or

• En

star

II

• Fl

agsh

ip 2

5WG

• Ju

do 4

F • 

Kont

os

• M

arat

hon

II

• M

et 5

2 • 

MilS

top

• M

-Ped

e • 

Nat

ural

is B

• 

NoF

ly

• O

rgan

ocid

e • 

Orn

azin

3%

EC

• O

rthe

ne T

TO

• Pe

dest

al

• Q

RD40

0 • 

Revo

ke

• Sa

fari

20S

G • 

Safa

ri 2

5WG

• Sa

nmit

e • 

Scim

itar

• 

Sorb

itol

Oct

anoa

te

• Su

croc

ide

• Sy

nerg

y (S

uffo

il X

) • 

Talu

s • 

Tam

e • 

Tick

Ex E

C • 

TriC

on (B

W42

0)

• Tr

iSta

r 30

SG

• Tr

iSta

r 70

WSP

Obj

ecti

ves

• Tes

t W

F M

anag

emen

t Pr

ogra

m: d

eter

min

e ef

fica

cy o

f di

ffer

ent

trea

tmen

t ro

tati

ons

on a

mix

ed p

opul

atio

n of

Bem

isia

tab

aci

• Det

erm

ine

the

sele

ctiv

e ef

fica

cy f

or

eith

er B

or

Q b

ioty

pe B

emis

ia t

abac

i • O

bser

ve t

he im

pact

of

the

rati

o of

B t

o Q

bi

otyp

es r

esul

ting

fro

m v

ario

us

inse

ctic

ides

and

inse

ctic

ide

rota

tion

s

Expe

rim

enta

l Des

ign

• RCB

des

ign

w/5

rep

& 4

poin

sett

ia/c

age

• Inf

este

d wi

th 2

5B:2

5Q a

dult

whi

tefl

y

• Wee

kly

coun

ts o

f W

F ad

ults

/im

mat

ures

on

2 f

ull l

eave

s/pl

ant

(=8/

cage

or

40/t

rt)

• 10-

12 W

F ad

ults

bio

type

d fr

om e

ach

cage

• S

even

dif

fere

nt r

otat

ions

eva

luat

ed

• E

ach

rota

tion

had

3 d

iffe

rent

che

mic

al

clas

ses

– on

e be

ing

a ne

onic

otin

oid

Unt

reat

ed P

opul

atio

ns

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

54:4

6

47:5

3

58:4

2

70:3

071

:29

68:3

2

53:4

7

% B

:Q

53:4

7

46:5

4

Mar

atho

n (D

) / D

ista

nce

/ A

vid

Popu

lati

ons

Mar

atho

n (D

)D

ista

nce

Avi

dA

vid

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

46:5

438

:62

41:5

925

:75

0:10

00:

100

2:98

50:5

064

:36

% B

:Q

imid

aclo

prid

pyri

prox

ifen

abam

ecti

n

92%

88%

A-

Oil

/ M

arat

hon

(D) /

Jud

o Po

pula

tion

s

Mar

atho

n (D

)O

ilJu

doO

il

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

64:3

616

:84

8:92

5:95

5:95

6:94

0:10

00:

100

86:1

4% B

:Q

imid

aclo

prid

Suns

pray

Ult

rafi

ne

spir

omes

ifen

95%

90%

A

Dis

tanc

e /

Safa

ri (D

) / A

ria

Popu

lati

ons

Safa

ri (

D)

Dis

tanc

eA

ria

Ari

a

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

60:4

04:

962:

982:

981:

9940

:60

0:10

00:

100

0:10

0

% B

:Q

pyri

prox

ifen

dino

tefu

ran

flon

icam

id

93%

88%

A-

Aza

tin

/ Tr

iSta

r /

Avi

d Po

pula

tion

s

Tri

Star

Aza

tin

Avi

dA

zati

nA

vid

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

54:4

677

:23

46:5

450

:50

42:5

820

:80

15:8

54:

960:

100

% B

:Q

abam

ecti

naz

adir

acht

in

acet

amip

rid

89%

85%

B+

Ari

a /

Flag

ship

/ K

onto

s Po

pula

tion

s

Fla

gshi

pA

ria

Kon

tos

Ari

a

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

45:5

569

:31

68:3

242

:58

37:6

313

:87

88:1

212

:88

23:7

7

% B

:Q

thia

met

hoxa

msp

irot

etra

mat

flon

icam

id

84%

81%

B

Sanm

ite

/ Ko

ntos

/ T

riSt

ar P

opul

atio

ns

Kon

tos

Sanm

ite

Tri

Star

Sanm

ite

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

60:4

079

:21

56:4

4

55:4

5

49:5

140

:60

26:7

428

:72

23:7

7

% B

:Q

spir

otet

ram

atac

etam

ipri

dpy

rida

ben

67%

76%

C-

Flag

ship

/ J

udo

/ A

vid

Popu

lati

ons

Judo

Fla

gshi

pA

vid

thia

met

hoxa

m

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

white

fly

per

poinse

ttia lea

f

60:4

054

:46

19:8

122

:78

8:92

0:10

0

60:4

065

:35

35:6

5

% B

:Q

Avi

dab

amec

tin

spir

omes

ifen

87%

87%

B+

Whi

tefl

y Pr

ogra

ms:

B A

dult

Eff

icac

y y

gy

Henderson’s % Control

Mar

atho

n D

ista

nce

Avid

Av

id

Oil

Oil

Mar

atho

n Ju

do

Dis

tanc

e Sa

fari

Aria

A

ria

Aza

tin

Aza

tin

TriS

tar

Avid

Av

id

Aria

A

ria

Flag

ship

K

onto

s

Sanm

ite

Sanm

ite

Kon

tos

Tris

tar

Flag

ship

Ju

do

Avid

Av

id

Whi

tefl

y Pr

ogra

ms:

Q A

dult

Eff

icac

y y

gQ

y

Mar

atho

n D

ista

nce

Avid

Av

id

Oil

Oil

Mar

atho

n Ju

do

Dis

tanc

e Sa

fari

Aria

A

ria

Aza

tin

Aza

tin

TriS

tar

Avid

Av

id

Aria

A

ria

Flag

ship

K

onto

s

Sanm

ite

Sanm

ite

Kon

tos

Tris

tar

Flag

ship

Ju

do

Avid

Av

id

Henderson’s % Control W

hite

fly

Prog

ram

s: B

:Q R

atio

of

Adu

lt P

opul

atio

ns a

t W

eek

0

Whi

tefl

y Pr

ogra

ms:

B:Q

Rat

io o

f A

dult

Pop

ulat

ions

at

Wee

k 8

B+

C-

B B+

A-

A

A-

Resu

lts

& Su

mm

ary

• All

test

ed r

otat

iona

l pro

gram

s m

anag

ed

tota

l pop

ulat

ions

, but

non

e dr

oppe

d th

e po

pula

tion

com

plet

ely

to z

ero

• Usi

ng le

ss a

ctiv

e m

ater

ials

for

re

sist

ance

man

agem

ent

can

still

res

ult

in a

n ef

fect

ive

over

all p

rogr

am

• Bio

type

Q is

less

sen

siti

ve t

o ce

rtai

n pr

oduc

ts t

han

Biot

ype

B

RE

SU

LTS

: In

all

four

exp

erim

ents

, onl

y th

ree

of th

e tr

eatm

ents

co

mpl

etel

y el

imin

ated

the

adul

t or

imm

atur

e w

hitefli

es, b

ut

all s

ignific

antly

red

uced

the

popu

latio

ns. O

ut o

f 18

act

ive

ingr

edie

nts

test

ed, d

inot

efur

an (

appl

ied

as a

soi

l dre

nch)

w

as th

e m

ost e

ffica

ciou

s ag

ains

t bot

h B

and

Q c

rypt

ic

spec

ies

com

pare

d w

ith th

e ot

her

chem

ical

or

bior

atio

nal

inse

ctic

ides

eva

luat

ed. R

educ

ed s

usce

ptib

ility

of Q

was

re

port

ed a

gain

st a

var

iety

of

trea

tmen

t reg

imes

.

Rot

atio

ns c

an b

e us

ed to

man

age

B a

nd Q

cry

ptic

sp

ecie

s an

d m

aint

ain

a ve

ry lo

w p

opul

atio

n le

vel o

r co

mpl

etel

y el

imin

ate Bemisia

on

poin

setti

a. I

t is

impe

rativ

e to

con

tinue

to e

mph

asiz

e th

e im

port

ance

of

rot

atin

g am

ong

diff

eren

t mod

es o

f ac

tion

in p

est

man

agem

ent p

rogr

ams

in o

rder

to r

etai

n ef

fect

ive

chem

istr

ies

for

as lo

ng a

s po

ssib

le in

the

mar

ket

plac

e.

CO

NC

LUS

ION

:

Colla

bora

tor

Ack

nowl

edge

men

ts

Part

ially

fun

ded

by t

he F

lori

cult

ure

and

Nur

sery

Res

earc

h In

itia

tive

and

I-R

4 M

RE

C.I

FAS

.UFL

.ED

U

LIN

K

GGoo

gle:

IP

M F

OLI

AG

E P

LAN

TS

RES

EAR

CH

SU

PPO

RTE

D B

Y:

Tha

nk y

ou!

GO

AL

 Pre

serv

e fu

ngic

ide

effic

acy

 Del

ay

resi

stan

ce

deve

lopm

ent

•  •  •  Dow

ny m

ildew

Bot

rytis

Pow

dery

mild

ew

Sep

t 201

3 se

nt s

poru

latin

g le

aves

to C

olle

en

Sen

sitiv

ity to

Sub

due

MA

XX

(mef

enox

am)

Sen

t spo

rula

ting

leav

es to

Col

leen

Jan

uary

201

4

Dr.

Aar

on P

alm

atee

r, U

FL-H

omes

tead

Fie

ld T

rials

S

ensi

tivity

to P

agea

nt

Inci

denc

e / %

Spo

rula

tion

Sen

sitiv

ity to

Sub

due

MA

XX

(mef

enox

am)

Inci

denc

e / %

Spo

rula

tion

FRA

C C

ode

A nu

mbe

r gen

eral

ly in

dica

tes

a si

ngle

-mod

e of

act

ion

prod

uct

ww

w.fr

ac.in

fo.c

om

w

ww

.ohp

.com

M in

dica

tes

Mul

ti-si

te c

onta

ct a

ctiv

ity

= le

ss ri

sk fo

r dev

elop

men

t of p

atho

gen

resi

stan

ce

FRA

C C

ode

U =

U

nkno

wn

mod

e of

act

ion

NC

=

Not

Cla

ssifi

ed

P =

Hos

t Pla

nt d

efen

se in

duct

ion

(gen

eral

ly le

ss ri

sk)

Res

ista

nce

Man

agem

ent P

rogr

am

2 Ba

sic S

trate

gies

fo

r usin

g fu

ngici

des

with

diff

eren

t MO

A

 App

lied

in a

ltern

atio

n (r

otat

ion)

 App

lied

toge

ther

in a

m

ixtu

re

• C

o-fo

rmul

atio

ns

• Tan

k m

ixes

1. 

Cro

ps w

ith a

hig

h nu

mbe

r of a

pplic

atio

ns p

er

crop

ping

cyc

le

2. 

only

a li

mite

d nu

mbe

r of

fung

icid

es w

ith

diffe

rent

mod

es o

f act

ion

avai

labl

e

FR

AC

sug

gest

s th

at ro

tatio

n ra

ther

than

a

com

bina

tion

of fu

ngic

ides

may

be

a m

ore

effe

ctiv

e w

ay to

redu

ce s

elec

tion

pres

sure

No

evid

ence

to s

ugge

st th

at e

ither

stra

tegy

is

bette

r for

resis

tanc

e m

anag

emen

t M

ixtu

res

Impr

oved

dis

ease

con

trol

• B

road

en th

e sp

ectru

m o

f dis

ease

con

trol o

f a p

rodu

ct

• To

incr

ease

effe

ctiv

enes

s (p

rote

ctan

t + c

urat

ive)

• 

Add

itive

or s

yner

gist

ic in

tera

ctio

ns

• M

ixtu

re d

oes

not i

n its

elf p

rovi

de re

sist

ance

man

agem

ent,

but c

an b

e us

ed w

ith a

pro

gram

requ

iring

man

agem

ent

Dis

ease

con

trol s

ecur

ity w

hen

resi

stan

ce is

pre

sent

R

esis

tanc

e ca

n de

velo

p ra

pidl

y an

d it

may

not

be

poss

ible

to k

now

if

resi

stan

ce in

the

popu

latio

n R

esis

tanc

e M

anag

emen

t A

t lea

st tw

o co

mpo

nent

s of

the

mix

ture

hav

e ac

tivity

aga

inst

the

field

po

pula

tions

of t

he ta

rget

pat

hoge

n w

hen

used

alo

ne

Pag

eant

Intri

nsic

: b

osca

lid +

pyr

aclo

stro

bin

(7)

(11)

Orv

ego:

am

etoc

tradi

n +

dim

etho

mor

ph

(45)

(4

0)

Wha

ts

in y

our m

ixtu

re?

Pag

eant

Intri

nsic

: b

osca

lid +

pyr

aclo

stro

bin

(7)

(11)

Orv

ego:

am

etoc

tradi

n +

dim

etho

mor

ph

(45)

(4

0)

Wha

ts

in y

our m

ixtu

re?

Bro

ad-s

pect

rum

dis

ease

con

trol

Bos

calid

: Rhi

zoct

onia

, Alte

rnar

ia, R

ust,

Bot

rytis

, pow

dery

mild

ew,

Scl

erot

inia

, Cer

cosp

ora,

Myr

othe

cium

Pyr

aclo

stro

bin:

Phy

toph

thor

a, P

ythi

um, P

eron

ospo

ra

Res

ista

nce

man

agem

ent t

ool

Bot

h m

odes

of a

ctio

n ta

rget

oom

ycet

es

Gen

eral

rule

s fo

r mix

ture

s w

hen

used

for

resi

stan

ce m

anag

emen

t • 

At l

east

two

com

pone

nts

of th

e m

ixtu

re to

hav

e ac

tivity

ag

ains

t the

fiel

d po

pula

tions

of t

he ta

rget

pat

hoge

n w

hen

used

alo

ne

• C

ompo

nent

s of

mix

ture

mus

t not

be

cros

s-re

sist

ant a

nd

the

dose

rate

s of

eac

h co

mpo

nent

use

d in

the

mix

ture

sh

ould

pro

vide

suf

ficie

nt c

ontro

l of s

ensi

tive

isol

ates

whe

n us

ed a

lone

• 

Exa

mpl

e:

• C

ross

-res

ista

nce

with

in F

RA

C C

ode

MO

A G

roup

40

• If

path

ogen

pop

ulat

ion

resi

stan

t to

Sta

ture

, it w

ould

als

o be

resi

stan

t to

Mic

ora

Wha

ts

in y

our m

ixtu

re?

• M

ost c

omm

on m

ixtu

res

cons

ist o

f sin

gle-

site

fung

icid

es

(with

mod

erat

e or

hig

h re

sist

ance

risk

) mix

ed w

ith m

ulti-

site

fung

icid

es (w

ith lo

w re

sist

ance

) as

eith

er ta

nk m

ixes

or

co-

form

ulat

ions

Co-

form

ulat

ions

of s

ingl

e-si

te fu

ngic

ides

mix

ed

with

mul

ti-si

te fu

ngic

ides

Zyba

n: th

ioph

anat

e-m

ethy

l (1)

+ m

anco

zeb

(M3)

S

pect

ro 9

0: th

ioph

anat

e-m

ethy

l (1)

+ c

hlor

otha

loni

l (M

5)

FRA

C M

OA

Gro

up 1

: Hig

h ris

k fo

r res

ista

nce

Mor

e re

gula

tory

rest

rictio

ns a

re b

eing

impo

sed

on m

ulti-

site

fung

icid

es.

Mix

ture

s of

sin

gle-

site

fung

icid

es a

re a

ppea

ring

on th

e m

arke

t and

mor

e ca

re re

gard

ing

the

resi

stan

ce s

tatu

s of

the

path

ogen

pop

ulat

ion

need

s to

be

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion.

The

Dut

ch M

PS

• I

nter

natio

nal c

ertif

icat

ion

orga

niza

tion

whi

ch o

wns

an

d de

velo

ps c

ertif

icat

es fo

r hor

ticul

tura

l pro

duce

rs.

• Env

ironm

enta

l iss

ues

set u

p th

e fra

mew

ork

for M

P • G

oal i

s to

ass

ure

the

publ

ic a

nd b

uyer

s th

at c

ertif

ied

grow

ers

are

usin

g be

st p

ract

ices

, whi

ch in

clud

es

sust

aina

bilit

y is

sues

MP

S: M

ore

Prof

itabl

e Su

stai

nabi

lity

• C

ateg

oriz

e pe

stic

ides

into

4 g

roup

s.

1. Th

ere

are

a fe

w it

ems

grow

ers

are

not a

llow

ed to

use

. The

se

item

s ar

e ty

pica

lly n

o lo

nger

regi

ster

ed fo

r use

. 2. R

ed"

3. "A

mbe

r

4. "G

reen

• 

The

leve

l of c

ertif

icat

ion

is b

ased

on

true

quan

titat

ive

mea

sure

s of

inpu

ts in

clud

ing

ener

gy, p

estic

ides

, fer

tiliz

ers,

et

c.

• O

ne re

ceiv

es a

bet

ter s

core

, if l

ess

"red

" pes

ticid

es a

re u

sed.

MP

S: M

ore

Prof

itabl

e Su

stai

nabi

lity

MP

S-A

, MP

S-B

and

MP

S-C

M

PS

-A m

eans

you

r com

pany

is th

e m

ost e

nviro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

etrid

iazo

le

thio

phan

ate-

met

hyl

chlo

roth

alon

il

Sph

aero

thec

a fu

ligin

ea

Pow

dery

mild

ew

Cuc

urbi

ts G

roup

1

Sph

aero

thec

a fu

ligen

ea

Pow

dery

mild

ew

Cuc

umbe

r Gro

up 3

S

phae

roth

eca

fulig

inea

P

owde

ry m

ildew

C

ucur

bits

Gro

up 8

S

phae

roth

eca

fulig

enea

P

owde

ry m

ildew

C

ucum

ber

Gro

up 1

1

Bot

rytis

cin

erea

G

rey

mol

d c

ycla

men

Gro

up 1

B

otry

tis c

iner

ea

Gre

y m

ould

L

isia

nthu

s G

roup

1

Bot

rytis

cin

erea

G

rey

mou

ld

Lis

iant

hus

Gro

up 2

B

otry

tis c

iner

ea

Gre

y m

ould

L

isia

nthu

s G

roup

17

Bot

rytis

cin

erea

G

rey

mol

d G

lass

hous

e ve

geta

bles

Gro

up 1

4

Res

ista

nce

to G

roup

4 (m

efen

oxam

) P

hyto

phth

ora

nico

tiana

e P

lasm

opar

a ob

duce

ns

Pyt

hium

aph

anid

erm

atum

P

ythi

um c

ylin

dros

poru

m

P

ythi

um d

isso

tocu

m

P

ythi

um h

eter

otha

llicu

m

P

ythi

um ir

regu

lare

Pyt

hium

spl

ende

ns

Pyt

hium

ulti

mum

Prim

ary

met

hods

of I

PM

CH

EM

ICA

L C

ULT

UR

AL

ME

CH

AN

ICA

L

PH

YS

ICA

L

BIO

LOG

ICA

L

IPM

FIR

ST

• A

ltern

ate

chem

ical

s w

ith d

iffer

ent

risk

leve

ls

• Av

oid

cura

tive

appl

icat

ion

• A

pply

at-r

isk

fung

icid

es w

ith m

ulti-

site

, bro

ad s

pect

rum

, low

-ris

k fu

ngic

ides

• 

Use

hig

h la

bel r

ates

und

er h

igh

dise

ase

pres

sure

• R

esis

tanc

e ca

n ha

ppen

pre

tty

quic

kly

if on

ly u

sing

one

, sin

gle-

site

co

mpo

und