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TAM THP TAM THINhttp://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/tu-dien-phat-hoc-ct/tam-thap-tam-thien-2697/

TAM THP TAM THIN; S. TrayastrimsatMt h thng ci Tri do Thn Thchcai qun. Ci Tri ao Li gia. Xung quanh

bn phng ng, Ty, Nam, Bc, mi phng c tm ci Tri, cng v i ci tri aoLi gia thnh ra ba mi ba ci Tri. V vy, c tn gi ci Tri ba mi ba.

Ci Tri ba mi ba l ci Tri th hai trong su ci Tri thuc Dc gii, k t diln. Theo truyn thuyt, ci Tri Ba mi ba c v tr trn nh ni Tu di (Simeru), yc kinh , Thin kin thnh.Tag:TAM THP TAM THIN, tam thap tam thien

Tam giihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_gii

Tam gii (zh., sa. triloka, traidhtuka, trayo dhtava, pi. tisso dhtuyo, bo. khams gsum),cng c gi lTam hu (zh.), l ba ci caVng sinh t, l ni m loiHu tnhti sinh trong

theo hngLc o(sa. gati). Khi nim Tam gii ny c th hiu l V tr quan ca o Pht. Tam gii

bao gm:

1. Dc gii (; s, p: kmaloka, kmadhtu, bo. `dod khams, `dod pa`i khams), c i

dc v gii tnh v nhng i dc khc.

Trong dc gii c nhng loi hu tnh sau:

Ng qu (zh., sa.preta)

a ngc (zh.; naraka);Loi ngi (, sa. nra)

Sc sinh (, sa.pau)

A-tu-la (; asura)

Su ci Thin ci dc (lc dc thin ):

T thin vng(zh., sa. cturmahrjika);

ao li () hay Tam thp tam thin (, sa. trayastria);

D-ma (, sa. ymadeva) hoc Tu-d-ma thin (, sa. suyma);

u-sutthin (, sa. tuita);

Ho lc thin (, sa. nirmarati);

Tha ho t ti thin (, sa.paranirmitavaavarti);

2. Sc gii (zh., sa. rpaloka, rpadhtu, bo. gzugs khams): cc v y thuc nam

tnh nhng chm dt mi dc tnh, n ung, nhng cn c khoi lc. y l th gii ca cc

http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/tu-dien-phat-hoc-ct/tam-thap-tam-thien-2697/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/tu-dien-phat-hoc-ct/tam-thap-tam-thien-2697/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/xu-ly-tu-dien/2/TAM%20TH%E1%BA%ACP%20TAM%20THI%C3%8AN/0/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/xu-ly-tu-dien/2/TAM%20TH%E1%BA%ACP%20TAM%20THI%C3%8AN/0/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/xu-ly-tu-dien/2/TAM%20TH%E1%BA%ACP%20TAM%20THI%C3%8AN/0/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/xu-ly-tu-dien/2/tam%20thap%20tam%20thien/0/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%AFu_lu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%AFu_lu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%AFu_lu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%AFu_t%C3%ACnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%AFu_t%C3%ACnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%AFu_t%C3%ACnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%A9_thi%C3%AAn_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%A9_thi%C3%AAn_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A2u-su%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A2u-su%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A2u-su%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A2u-su%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A2u-su%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%A9_thi%C3%AAn_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%AFu_t%C3%ACnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%AFu_lu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/xu-ly-tu-dien/2/tam%20thap%20tam%20thien/0/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/xu-ly-tu-dien/2/TAM%20TH%E1%BA%ACP%20TAM%20THI%C3%8AN/0/http://vuonhoaphatgiao.com/tu-dien-phat-hoc-ct/tam-thap-tam-thien-2697/

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thin nhn trong ciThin(sa. dhyna). Hnh gi tu tp thin nh c th ti sinh trong ci sc.

Sc gii gm bn ci, mi ci li c chia lm nhiu ci thin khc nhau:

S thin thin (zh.) vi ba ci thin sau:

Phm thn thin (zh., sa. brahmakyika);

Phm ph thin (zh. , sa. brahmapurohita);

i phm thin (, sa. mahbrahm).

C h thng ghi thm ci thin th t ca S thin thin l Phm chng thin (zh. ,

sa. brahmaparadya).

Nh thin thin () vi ba ci sau:

Thiu quang thin (, sa.parttbha);

V lng quang thin (, sa. aprambha);

Cc quang tnh thin (, sa. abhsvara, cu dch l Quang m thin ).

Tam thin thin () bao gm:

Thiu tnh thin (, sa.parttaubha);

V lng tnh thin (, sa. apramaubha);

Bin tnh thin (, sa. ubhaktsna).

T thin thin () gm c:

V vn thin (, sa. anabhraka);

Phc sinh thin (, sa.puyaprasava);Qung qu thin (, sa. bhatphala);

V tng thin (, sa. asjika);

V phin thin (, sa. avha);

V nhit thin (, sa. atapa);

Thin kin thin (, sa. sudarana);

Sc cu knh thin (, sa. akaniha);

Ho m thin (, sa. aghaniha);

i t ti thin (, sa. mahmahevara).C sch xp V tng thin, V phin thin, V nhit thin, Thin kin thin, Sc cu knh thin,

Ho m thin di tn Tnh phm thin (), khng thuc v T thin thin.

i t ti thin (, sa. mahmahevara).

C sch xp V tng thin, V phin thin, V nhit thin, Thin kin thin, Sc cu knh thin,

Ho m thin di tn Tnh phm thin (), khng thuc v T thin thin.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n

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3. V sc gii (, sa. arpaloka, arpadhtu, bo. gzugs med khams, gzugs med

kyi khams): th gii ny c to dng thun tu bng tm thc v gm Bn x

(sa. arpasamdhi). V sc gii gm:

Khng v bin x (zh., sa. kanantyyatana);

Thc v bin x (zh., sa. vijnanantyyatana);V s hu x (zh., sa. kicanyyatana);

Phi tng phi phi tng x (zh. , sa. naivasaj-nsajyatana)

Hnh gi tu hcT thin bt nhc th ti sinh vo bn x ny.

TrailokyaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Trai lokya(Skt.,trailokya;Pali,tiloka;Standard Tibetan: khams-gsum (Wylie)) has been translated as

"three worlds,"[1][2][3][4][5]"three spheres,"[3]"three planes of existence,"[6]"three realms"[6]and "three

regions."[4]These three worlds are identified in Hindu and early Buddhist texts, have counterparts in

Brahmanical sources and are elaborated upon by more recent Theosophical theory.

Contents

[hide]

1 Buddhist cosmology

2 Brahmanical system

3 Theosophical views

4 Anthroposophical views

5 See also

6 Notes

7 Sources

8 External links

Buddhist cosmology[edit]

InBuddhism, the three worlds refer the followingkarmicrebirthdestinations:

Kmaloka:

world of desire, typified by base desires, populated byhell beings,preta, animals, ghosts, humans and

lower demi-gods.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%A9_thi%E1%BB%81n_b%C3%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%A9_thi%E1%BB%81n_b%C3%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%A9_thi%E1%BB%81n_b%C3%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-purucker_glossary-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-purucker_glossary-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Brahmanical_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Brahmanical_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Theosophical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Theosophical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Anthroposophical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Anthroposophical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Anthroposophical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Theosophical_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Brahmanical_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-berzin_khamsgsum-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-purucker_glossary-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-fischer-schreiber-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org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Rpaloka:

world of form, predominately free of baser desires, populated byjhana-dwelling gods, possible rebirth

destination for those well practiced in jhanic absorption.

Arpaloka:

world of formlessness, noncorporal realm populated with four heavens, possible rebirth destination for

practitioners of the four formlessness stages.[3]

Brahmanical system[edit]

Bhuvanatraya is the brahmanical fourfold division of worlds. These systems can be juxtaposed in the following

manner:

Brahmanical Worlds Buddhist Worlds

1. Bhur, earth. 1. World of desire, Kamadhatu or Kamaloka.

2. Bhuvah, heaven, firmament. 2. World of form, Rupadhatu.

3. Swar, atmosphere, the sky.

} 3. The formless world, Arupadhatu.4. Mahar, eternal luminous essence.[7]Each of the brahmanical worlds represents a post-mortem state.[4][5]

Theosophical views[edit]

According to Blavatsky's posthumously published Theosophical Glossary(1892):

Kamaloka(orkamadhatu) is the world ofMara. Kamaloka has, like every other world, its seven divisions,

the lowest of which begins on earth or invisibly in its atmosphere; the six others ascend gradually, the

highest being the abode of those who have died owing toaccident, orsuicidein a fit of temporaryinsanity,

or were otherwise victims of external forces. It is a place where all those who have died before the end of

the term allotted to them, and whose higher principles do not, therefore, go at once intoDevachanicstate

sleep a dreamless sweet sleep of oblivion, at the termination of which they are either reborn immediately,

or pass gradually into the Devachanic state. This is that which medieval and modern Kabalists call the

world ofastral light, and the "world of shells".

Rupaloka(orrupadhatu) is the celestial world of "form" (rupa), or what we call "Devachan." With the

uninitiated Brahmans, Chinese and other Buddhists, the Rupadhatu is divided into eighteen Brahma or

Devalokas; the life of a soul therein lasts from half aYugaup to 16,000 Yugas orKalpas, and the height of

the "Shades" is from half aYojanaup to 16,000 Yojanas (where a Yojana measures from five and a half to

ten miles). Esoteric Philosophy teaches that though for the Egos for the time being, everything or everyone

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preserves its form (as in a dream), yet as Rupadhatu is a purely mental world, and a state, the Egos

themselves have no form outside their own consciousness. Esotericism divides this world into

sevenDhyanas, "regions", or states of contemplation, which are not localities but mental representations

of these.

Arupaloka(orarupadhatu) is a world that is again divided into seven Dhyanas, still more abstract and

formless, for this "World" is without any form ordesirewhatever. It is the highest world of the post-mortem

Trailokya; and as it is the abode of those who are almost ready forNirvana, and is, in fact, the very

threshold of the Nirvanic state, it stands to reason that in Anupadhatu (or Arupavachara) there can be

neither form nor sensation, nor any feeling connected with our three dimensionalUniverse.[4]

Anthroposophical views[edit]

According to Rudolf Steiner's Theosophybook, the three worlds are the Physical World, the Soul World, and

the Spiritland.

See also[edit]

Buddhist cosmology

Rebirth (Buddhism)

Six realms

Trikaya

Notes[edit]

1. ^Monier-Williams (1899), p. 460, col. 1, entry for "[Tri-]loka" (retrieved athttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-

koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdf) and p. 462, col. 2, entry for "Trailoya" (retrieved

athttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0462-tripu.pdf).

2. ^Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 301, entry for "Ti-" (retrieved athttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-

bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.pali). Here, tiloka is compared with tebhmaka("three planes").

3. ^abcFischer-Schreiberet al. (1991), p. 230, entry for "Triloka." Here, synonyms

fortriloka include trailokya and traidhtuka.

4. ^

a

b

c

d

Blavatsky (1892), pp. 336-7, entry for "Trailokya" (retrieved athttp://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#t).

5. ^abPurucker (1999), entry for "Trailokya" (retrieved athttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-

tre.htm).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arupaloka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arupaloka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_realmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_realmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-1http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0462-tripu.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0462-tripu.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0462-tripu.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-2http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.palihttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.palihttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.palihttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-3http://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#thttp://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#thttp://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#thttp://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-1http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-tre.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-tre.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-tre.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-tre.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-tre.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/tho-tre.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-purucker_glossary_5-0http://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#thttp://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/ATUVWXYZ.htm#thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-blavatsky_glossary_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-fischer-schreiber_3-0http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.palihttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:129.palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-2http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0462-tripu.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0460-trimala.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_realmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_note-blavatsky_glossary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arupaloka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism

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6. ^abBerzin(2008) renders khams-gsum (Wylie; Tibetan) and tridhatu (Sanskrit) as "three planes of

existence" and states that it is "[s]ometimes called 'the three realms.'" Tridhatu is a synonym

oftriloka where dhatu may be rendered as "dimension" or "realm" and loka as "world" or even "planet."

7. ^While Blavatsky (1892) includes Mahar in her articulation of the brahmanical divisions, Purucker (1999)

leaves it out.

Sources[edit]

Berzin, Alexander(March 6, 2008). Berzin Archives Glossary. Retrieved Sunday July 13, 2008 from

"Berzin Archives" athttp://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/about/glossary/glossary_tibetan.html.

Blavatsky, H.P.(1892). Theosophical Glossary. London: Theosophical Publishing Society. Retrieved 2008-

07-14 from "The Theosophical Glossary (United Lodge of Theosophists, Phoenix, Arizona)"

athttp://theosophicalglossary.net/.

Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Michael S. Diener and Michael H. Kohn (trans.) (1991). The

Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Boston: Shambhala Publications.ISBN 0-87773-520-4.

Monier-Williams, Monier(1899, 1964).A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. London: Oxford University

Press.ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 2008-07-13 from "Cologne University" athttp://www.sanskrit-

lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf.

Purucker, G. de (ed.-in-chief) (1999). Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary: A Resource on Theosophy.

Theosophical University Press. Retrieved from "The Theosophical Society"

athttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/etg-hp.htm.

Rhys Davids, T.W.& William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Societys PaliEnglish Dictionary.

Chipstead:Pali Text Society. Retrieved 2008-07-13 from "U. Chicago"

athttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.

External links[edit]

Bullitt, John T. (2005). The Thirty-one Planes of Existence. Retrieved 2007-04-30 from "Access to Insight"

athttp://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sagga/loka.html.

Categories:

Buddhist philosophical concepts

Theosophical philosophical concepts

Locations in Hindu mythology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-berzin_khamsgsum_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-berzin_khamsgsum_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-berzin_khamsgsum_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-berzin_khamsgsum_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/about/glossary/glossary_tibetan.htmlhttp://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/about/glossary/glossary_tibetan.htmlhttp://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/about/glossary/glossary_tibetan.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Blavatskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Blavatskyhttp://theosophicalglossary.net/http://theosophicalglossary.net/http://theosophicalglossary.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877735204http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877735204http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877735204http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019864308Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019864308Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019864308Xhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdfhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/etg-hp.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/etg-hp.htmhttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/etg-hp.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.W._Rhys_Davidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.W._Rhys_Davidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Text_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Text_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Text_Societyhttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=8http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sagga/loka.htmlhttp://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sagga/loka.htmlhttp://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sagga/loka.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophical_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophical_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophical_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categorieshttp://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sagga/loka.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=8http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Text_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.W._Rhys_Davidshttp://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/etg-hp.htmhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdfhttp://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019864308Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877735204http://theosophicalglossary.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Blavatskyhttp://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/about/glossary/glossary_tibetan.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailokya&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-berzin_khamsgsum_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya#cite_ref-berzin_khamsgsum_6-0

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Mara (Sanskrit, also Mra; Tibetan Wylie: bdud;Burmese:;Thai:), inBuddhism, is

thedemonthat temptedGautama Buddhaby trying to seduce him with the vision of beautiful women

who, in various legends, are often said to be Mara's daughters.[1]InBuddhist cosmology, Mara personifies

unwholesome impulses, unskillfulness, the "death" of the spiritual life. He is a tempter, distracting humans

from practicing the spiritual life by making mundane things alluring, or the negative seem positive.

Theearly Buddhists, however, rather than seeing Mara as a demonic, virtually all-powerful Lord ofEvil,

regarded him as more of a nuisance. Many episodes concerning his interactions with the Buddha have a

decidedly humorous air to them.

In traditional Buddhism four senses of the word "mara" are given.

Klesa-mara, or Mara as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions.

Mrtyu-mara, or Mara asdeath, in the sense of the ceaseless round ofbirthanddeath.

Skandha-mara, or Mara asmetaphorfor the entirety of conditioned existence.

Devaputra-mara, or Mara the son of a deva (god), that is, Mara as an objectively existent beingrather than as a metaphor.

Early Buddhism acknowledged both a literal and "psychological" interpretation of Mara. Mara is described

both as an entity having a literal existence, just as the various deities of the Vedic pantheon are shown

existing around the Buddha, and also is described as a primarily psychological force a metaphor for

various processes of doubt and temptation that obstruct spiritual practice.

"Buddha defying Mara" is a common pose of Buddha sculptures. The Buddha is shown with his left hand

in his lap, palm facing upwards and his right hand on his right knee. The fingers of his right hand touch

the earth, to call the earth as his witness for defying Mara and achieving enlightenment. This posture is

also referred to as the 'earth-touching'mudra.

Contents

[hide]

1 Etymology

2 Three daughters

3 See also

4 Notes

5 Sources

6 External links

Etymology[edit]

The word "Mara" comes from theProto-Indo-European root*mer meaning to die, and so it is related to

the EuropeanMara, the SlavicMarzannaand the LatvianMra. Mara in Latvian mythology means The

Mother of Earth and has positive meaning. She is wise and generous.[2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Three_daughtershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Three_daughtershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_(demon)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_(demon)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_(demon)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(folklore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(folklore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(folklore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(folklore)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_(demon)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Three_daughtershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtyuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language

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Three daughters[edit]

In some accounts of the Buddha's enlightenment, it is said that the demon Mra sent his three daughters

to tempt the Buddha to give up his quest. Mara's three daughters are identified asTah(Craving), Arati

(Boredom), andRaga(Passion).[3][4]For example, in theSamyutta Nikaya's Mra-sayutta, Mara's three

daughters fail to entice the Buddha:

They had come to him glittering with beauty

Tah, Arati, and Rga

But theTeacherswept them away right there

As the wind, a fallen cotton tuft.[5]

Some stories refer to the existence of Five Daughters, who represent the Three

Poisons, Attraction, Aversion and Delusion, accompanied additionally by Pride and

Fear.

See also[edit] Yama The king of the dead in Buddhist mythology.

Demiurge

Notes[edit]

1. ^See, for instance,SN4.25, entitled, "Mra's Daughters" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 217 -20), as

well asSn835 (Saddhatissa, 1998, page 98). In each of these texts, Mara's daughters

(Mradht) are personified by sensual Craving (tah), Aversion (arati) and Passion

(rga).2. ^Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley; Dorothy Rivers Turner (January 2006) [1962].A comparative

dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages.(Accompanied by three supplementary

volumes:indexes, compiled by Dorothy Rivers Turner: 1970.Phonetic analysis: 1971.

Addenda et corrigenda: 1985. ed.). London: Oxford University Press,. p.567

quote=mar 9867 mar m. ' *death ' (' world of death ' AitUp.), maraka- m. ' epidemic '.

mr Pk. mara m. ' death ', Ash. m r, Wg. mara (as ' god of death ' < mra ), Kt.

m&eacutedotdot;r; Kho. (Lor.) mor ' a disease of small cattle '; K. mara mar f. ' great

mortality '; S. mar f. ' epidemic, cholera '; P. WPah.jaun. mar f. ' plague '; N. maro '

death '; A. mor ' diarrhoea '; B. mar ' death '; Mth. mar ' disease in which the whole

plant is burnt up '; H. mar, marr (< *mar?) f. ' plague, pestilence '; G. mar m. ' death ';

M. mar f. n. ' blasted crop, dead portion (of crop, wood, &c.) ', f. ' dying or sickly state ',

mar f. ' epidemic ', mar mar f. great mortality '; Si. mara ' death '; ext. kk : N.

marki ' plague ', H. marak m., G. mark f. (cf. parallel formation from MIA. maa