Taking the Byte out of Bits: Lighting Design, Installation, and Operation in the Digital

Age

Seminar #21

May 7, 2003 4:00 PM

Richard Miller – RNM Engineering

Wayne Morrow – Starfield Controls

• How we got here and why general lighting control is the last major building system to go digital.

What is DALI?

…a famous artist

… a lighting control system

As a potato is...

…a platform

to Mr. PotatoHead

Implementation can be flexible and creative

The Digital Revolution - History

• 1880 – Morse Code developed by Samuel Morse.• 1938 – Claude Shannon lays foundation of digital computers by

recognizing that relays can mimic Boolean logic gates.• 1968 – First commercial PLC for industrial controls.• 1991 – HVAC DDC controls replace Pneumatics. Security and

Access Control follow quickly.• 1991 – Tridonic introduces first digital ballast.• 2000 – DALI published as IEC standard.• 2001 – Lighting Industry recognizes DALI.

“DALI is the most significant advancement in lighting standardization since Edison’s introduction of the screw-in light bulb over a hundred years ago”  Elwyn Gee, Judge’s Citation Award presentation, LightFair ‘02 Judge.

Quote:

Why has it taken so long

• Lighting is big and distributed• Lot’s of devices• Advanced technology• High noise environment• Cost constraints

DALI = Digital Addressable Lighting Interface -

IEC 60929 Annex E4

…a communication standard and protocol

www.DALI-AG.org

Kommunikation

Kommunikation Betriebsgerät => Steuergerät: „Lampenfehler“

DALISteuereinheit

BG

Lampedefekt

Simplifed and Consistent Wiring

• 2 wire power & network

• Non-polarized

• Standard material and methods

• Class 1 or 2 wiring (in or outside of conduit)

• Low voltage and power limited (3 W per bus)

Line

N

DADA

Operating Features• Soft zoning• Open Systems (International, non-

proprietary, published standard)• Interoperable equipment• Multi-station• Local and global control

Stakeholder Benefits• Designer – Simplicity, flexibility, modular, generic rough-in,

multi-station, soft-zoning• Installer – Simplicity (2-wire non-polarized), standard

materials and methods, in or outside of conduit.• Owner – quick turn-time, tenant billing, quality of space• User – individual workstation control, convenience,

scenes, access through wireless computers• Maintenance – quick response, lamp & ballast failure

reporting, energy monitoring, small replacement inventory, open systems, component interoperability

Control Methods

Light Switches

a b

ab a b

• Hardwired

• Local control

Network

Relays & Dim Modules

a b

aba b

Central Control Panel Systems

• Hardwired

• Local & global control

Router

Device-level Peer-to-Peer Networking

Network

a bab

a bRouter

Network

a b

a bab cP

c

Mc

1

0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

VO

LTS

TIME (ms)

DALI vs 10baseT Ethernet

DALI Bit

Ethernet Bit

1

0

2

0.4170x10 x1000x100

Reliability – Big, Slow, Tough

System Bits/sec Ratio

DALI 1,200 1

Modem 56,000 47

Basic Ethernet 10,000,000 8,333

Energy Features• ASHRAE 90.1 and CA 2005 Title 24 Compliant• Energy Monitoring• Tenant Billing• Open and closed loop daylight dimming• Motion sensor interface• Sweep with manual override• Individual Dimming• Load shed• Peak shaving

Device10-20 devices per loop

Local - DALI(Slow - 1.2 Kbs)

64 addresses & 16 groups per loop

Global - Ethernet,TCP/IP, Internet

(Fast - 10-100 Mbs)Unlimited IP addresses

Network Layer Schematic

Ethernet 10basT network cable.EthernetHub

277/120v

Additional Routers as Needed

RT03Router 1

DALILoop 2

DALILoop 1

Building System Operator

Workstations

EthernetHub

277/120v

DALILoop 2

DALILoop 1

RT03Router 2

Lighting System Computer

Individual User Workstations

DALI Local Net - Class 1 or Class 2

Ethernet Backbone Network - Class 2

WIRING LEGENDDevice Power - 120/277

Network Hierarchy

Global Management

DatabaseAdmin

Interface

Users

Users

Users

User Interface & System Management

HVACSecurityAccessFire AlarmNurse Call

DALI Lighting

Integration

Details of DALI

Control Interface: Bits and Bytes• Address (one specific ballast)

• 0AAAAAA1 + CCCCCCCC , 0AAAAAA0 + arc power

• Broadcast (all ballasts)• 11111111 + CCCCCCCC , 11111110 + arc power

• Group• 100GGGG1 + CCCCCCCC , 100GGGG0 + arc power

• “Go To Scene”:• 0AAAAAA1 + 0001SSSS• 11111111 + 0001SSSS• 100GGGG1 + 0001SSSS

Control Interface: No Collision Detection

• Assumes only one sending device• Ballasts talk only when queried• No checking for simultaneous commands• Control manufacturers must provide collision

detection

Protocol: Command Set

• Current command set is for ballasts only.• >100 commands defined (with space for

future commands)• Ability to program, control and monitor status

information

Ballast Commands: To Ballast

• Off• Step Up• Step Down, • On and Step Up• Set Max• Step Down and Off• Set Min• Go to Max• Go to Min• Up to Max• Down to Min

• Fade to Level• Set Actual Level• Set Power On Level• Set System Failure Level• Set Fade Time• Set Fade Rate• Set Scene• Go to Scene• Remove from Scene• Set Group• Remove from Group

Ballast Commands: Information from Ballast

• Actual Level, • Power ON Level• System Failure Level• Max• Min• Group Assignment

• Scene Level• Fade Time• Random Address• Version Number• Device Type

Simplest of DALI Systems

DALIBallast

DALI Controller

DALI Power Supply

16 VDC

DALI Bus

Wiring FriendlyD

ALI

Bal

last

DA

LI B

alla

st

DA

LI B

alla

stDALI Relay

DALI Switch

DALI Switch

DALI PS&G

Ligh

ting

Pan

el

HNGDD

DALI Bus

Lighting Circuit

Every ballast, switch and relay are wired the same regardless of location in circuit.

Lighting Panel and DALI Cabinet

• Used for ON/OFF control of non- DALI loads.• Used for:

• Non DALI lighting loads• Audio Video Equipment• Shades / Blinds

DALI Relay Module

Power Wiring

DALI Bus

NON DALI Ballast or other load

Power Relay

Control of a Non-DALI Device

2 4 10 5 8 11 14 16 12

27 25 24

31 37

3

28 36 32

29 35 34 39

15 18 17 22 19

30

33

1

6 79

13

38

26

23

20

21

0

Free Topology Busnot restricted to chains or stars

DALI Power Supply and Gateway DALI Bus

DALI Ballast

Prepared by: Charles Knuffke

Traditional Wiring for Conference Room - 9 homeruns

S

DALI Wiring for Conference Room - 1 homerun

S

1. Decide DALI Bus to run with Lighting Circuit2. Max loading of circuits based on lighting watts3. Max DALI addresses per DALI bus4. DALI ballast and DALI controllers consume

power5. DALI power supply is limited to 250 ma6. Actual power supply may be only 150 ma

DALI Design Parameters

Control Interface: Electrical•Voltage – 0 VDC (+/- 4.5V) to 16VDC (9.5V to 22.5V)•Voltage drop – must not exceed 2 volts•Loss of control voltage – lamps go to preset level•Current – 2 ma consumption, able to sink 250 ma•Power – Remote power supply of <250 ma•Speed – 1,200 bits/sec•Must be able to withstand live voltage

Voltage Drop must not exceed 2 volts

Wire Gauge ohm/ftCable Length

(ft)

22 0.0161 248

20 0.0102 392

18 0.00638 627

16 0.00401 998

14 0.00253 1000

12 0.00159 1000

LEED™ CI - EA Credit 1.1

 

Allowed W/SF

Allowed Watts

Actual Watts % Reduction

ASHRAE 1.3 38,252 26,315 31%

CA T24 1.2 35,310 26,315 25%

Reduce lighting power density to 30% below the Standard, (2 LEED points)

DALI Commissioning• Many more points than ever before• More capabilities means more settings to

deal with• All components must be completely installed• If power is shut off to DALI bus, all lamps go

to 100% by default.• Use “Broadcast” command to verify wiring

integrity

• Reassign short address in logical sequence

2 4 10 5 8 11 14 16 12

27 25 24

31 37

3

28 36 32

29 35 34 39

15 18 17 22 19

30

33

1

6 79

13

38

26

23

20

21

0

Prepared by: Charles Knuffke

Random Addressingautomatically per DALI protocol

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16 17 18

26 27

13

28 29 30

31 32 33 34

36 37 38 39 40

25

24

9

11 1214

15

35

19

20

21

23

10

Readdress Sequentiallymanual effort, well worth the time

Excel Spreadsheet – Initial information

Dali Loop Group # Room Other S1 (#64) S2 (#65) S3 (#66) S4 (#67)

2B 1 3 210 Conference 254 243 229 2042B 1 10 210 Conference 254 243 229 2042B 1 17 210 Conference 254 243 229 2042B 2 11 211 Storage IT 254 243 229 2042B 2 15 211 Storage IT 254 243 229 2042B 3 1 212 Coffee 254 243 229 2042B 3 8 212 Coffee Relay 254 254 0 02B 3 14 212 Coffee 254 243 229 2042B 4 5 213 Conference Relay 254 254 0 02B 4 12 213 Conference Cove 200 100 150 02B 4 0 213 Conference Pend. 254 100 150 1002B 4 16 213 Conference Pend. 254 100 150 1002B 5 31 215 Library 254 243 229 2042B 5 6 215 Library No. Down Relay 254 254 0 02B 5 2 215 Library Pend. 254 243 229 2042B 5 7 215 Library Pend. 254 243 229 2042B 5 13 215 Library Pend. 254 243 229 2042B 5 18 215 Library Pend. 254 243 229 2042B 5 4 215 Library So Pendant 254 243 204 1702B 5 19 215 Library So. Pendant 254 243 204 1702B 5 20 215 Library Stack 254 243 229 2042B 5 21 215 Library Stack 254 243 229 2042B 5 22 215 Library Stack 254 243 229 2042B 5 23 215 Library Stack Emergency 254 243 229 204

Excel Spreadsheet – Expanded information

# IP Address COM Loop Group Add. Room Other Location Fixture Ballast Type1 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 0 209 Center Emergency Inboard F1 1/F32T8 22 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 1 209 Center Relay 277V No window 6-F3 CFM32 03 172.22.25.32 11 2A 5 2 208 Private Window F1 1/F32T8 24 172.22.25.32 11 2A 6 3 209 West Window F1 1/F32T8 25 172.22.25.32 11 2A 6 4 209 West Window F1 1/F32T8 26 172.22.25.32 11 2A 1 5 203 Mail Relay 120V No window 2-F2,4-F15 CFM32,F32T8 07 172.22.25.32 11 2A 2 6 204 Reception Relay 277V Inboard 2-F2,11-F3 CFM32 08 172.22.25.32 11 2A 3 7 206 Private Window F1 1/F32T8 29 172.22.25.32 11 2A 2 8 204 Reception Window F1 1/F32T8 2

10 172.22.25.32 11 2A 7 9 209 North Window F1 1/F32T8 211 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 10 209 Center Inboard F1 1/F32T8 212 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 11 209 Center No window F1 1/F32T8 213 172.22.25.32 11 2A 6 12 209 West Window F1 1/F32T8 214 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 13 209 Center No window F1 1/F32T8 215 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 14 209 Center Emergency No window F1 1/F32T8 216 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 15 209 Center No window F1 1/F32T8 217 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 16 209 Center Inboard F1 1/F32T8 218 172.22.25.32 11 2A 7 17 209 North Window F1 1/F32T8 219 172.22.25.32 11 2A 7 18 209 North Window F1 1/F32T8 220 172.22.25.32 11 2A 6 19 209 West Window F1 1/F32T8 221 172.22.25.32 11 2A 8 20 209 Center Emergency Inboard F1 1/F32T8 222 172.22.25.32 11 2A 4 21 207 Private Window F1 1/F32T8 223 172.22.25.32 11 2A 4 22 207 Private Window F1 1/F32T8 224 172.22.25.32 11 2A 3 23 206 Private Window F1 1/F32T8 2

Available Products• Ballasts• Scene Controllers • Power Supplies• Accessories• Gateways• Commissioning Tools• System Software

DALI Protocol• IEC• NEMA• Users and Specifiers• www.DALIbyDesign.us

The End