TACSS Workshop

Korea’s Experience on Nuclear Technology Transfer, Its Indigenous Development and Fut

ure Planning

19 September 2006

Poong Eil Juhn, Ph.D.Senior Visiting Fellow

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

I. Introduction

II. Korea’s Experience on Nuclear

Power Technology Development

III. The Benefit of Nuclear Power Experienced in Korea

IV. International Co-operation

Contents

I. Introduction - History of Nuclear Utilization

- Importance of “Atoms for Peace” Speech

- History of International Nuclear Technology

Transfer for Peaceful Uses

The 1st Controlled Chain Reaction

• The 1st Controlled Chain Reaction was achieved at the Univ. of Chicago, in a Graphite Pile, CP-1 under the Football Field, by Dr. E. Fermi and his team, on 2 Dec. 1942, as part of the 2nd World War-time Manhattan Project of the USA.

The 1st Atomic Bomb Test • US President Roosevelt made the decision to

build an atomic bomb on 9 October, 1941, two months before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, based on recommendations of the US scientists including Dr. Einstein who warned against the dangers of an atomic bomb to be made by Nazi-controlled Germany sooner or later.

• The 1st atomic bomb test, called Trinity was successfully conducted under the New Mexico desert on 16 July 1945.

The 1st and 2nd Atomic Bombs

• US President Harry S. Truman made a decision to use the atomic bombs against Japan.

• The 1st atomic bomb, called Little Boy, which was uranium bomb, was dropped to Hiroshima, Japan on 6 August, 1945.• The 2nd atomic bomb, called Fat Man, which was plutonium bomb, was dropped to Nagasaki, Japan on 9 August, 1945.• As a result, the 2nd World War was over and Korea got an independence.

Spread of Atomic Bombs

• The former USSR tested its first atomic bomb in 1948, when the cold war had reached the peak of its intensity.

• The UK tested its first atomic bomb in 1952.• France tested in 1960.• China tested in 1964.

• Those 5 countries – USA, RF (former USSR), UK, France and China, which had possessed atomic bombs, before NPT( Non Proliferation Treaty) took in force in 1970, named as Weapon Countries.

“Atoms for Peace” Speech Promoted Nuclear Technology

Transfer• “Atoms for Peace” speech at the UN

General Assembly, which was delivered by the US President, Dwight Eisenhower on 8 December, 1953 proposed to set up an international agency to develop peaceful uses of

nuclear energy.

• This speech marks the beginning of peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the world through technology transfer on nuclear energy.

Establishment of the International Atomic Energy

Agency• As a result of the US President. Dwight Eisenhower’s famous

speech, “Atoms for Peace” , the IAEA was established in Vienna, Austria on 29 July 1957. The IAEA has performed two functions – nuclear watch dog and nuclear technology transfer for peaceful purposes.

History of International Nuclear Technology Transfer

• International nuclear technology transfer began when the 1st “Atoms for Peace Conference” was held in August 1955 in Geneva, Swiss. In the Conference, about 1500 participants attended and more than 1000 papers were presented, abolishing the secrecy that until then had shrouded many years of nuclear R&D.

• In 1950’s only six countries – the US, the UK, France, USSR, Canada and Sweden – took part in building their 1st NPP.

• All other countries were in due course to turn to one or another of these six pioneers for assistance with their 1st power reactors and subsequent NPP construction programs.

II. Korea’s Experience on Nuclear

Power Technology Development - Technology Transfer from Overseas

- Indigenous Technology Development

- Future Plan

Korea’s National Nuclear Energy Policy

Basic Principle– Promoting Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy– Securing Nuclear Safety

Goals– To provide a stable electricity supply through the

development of nuclear energy– To achieve self-reliance on nuclear technology– To make the nuclear industry one of the major export

industries through international cooperation

Korea’s Nuclear Related Organizations

KAERI

Public News Media, NGOs,

Local Society

Academia Universities Other Research

Institutes

Nuclear Industries Utility : KHNP Nuclear Vendors : KOPEC, KNFC, DOOSAN

KHNP: Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Company

KOPEC: Korea Power Engineering Company KNFC: Korea Nuclear Fuel Company DOOSAN: DOOSAN Heavy Industries & Construction Company

MOST(Ministry of Science & Technology)

Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy

Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade Ministry of Planning & Budget

KNS: Korean Nuclear Society

KAIF: Korea Atomic Industrial Forum

KNEF: Korea Nuclear Energy Foundation

Safety &Regulation

KINS

National R&D program

Prime MinisterPrime Minister

Atomic Energy Commission

Nuclear Safety Commission

PresidentPresident

Scientific Technology Commission

1990s1970s

Constructionof Kori #1(’71-’78)

1980s

EstablishLocalization Plan(’84)

1960s

Development of Nuclear Power Technology in Korea

Transfer ofNuclear Technology

From OverseasIndigenous Technology

Development

Joining IAEA (’57)Research Reactor(’62)

KSNP Development(’95)

Korea : 6th largest nuclear power country in the worldKorea : 6th largest nuclear power country in the world20 NPPs in operation20 NPPs in operation

(17,716 MW)(17,716 MW)

20 NPPs in operation20 NPPs in operation(17,716 MW)(17,716 MW)

Nuclear Power Plants in Korea

Ulchin (#1,2,3,4,5,6)

Kori (#1,2,3,4) Shin-Kori (#1,2) (#3,4)

Yonggwang(#1,2,3,4,5,6)

Wolsong (#1,2,3,4) Shin-Wolsong (#1,2)

Seoul

Site Operation

Construction

Contract Total

Kori 4(3,137) 2(2,000) 2(2,800) 8(7,937)

Wolsung 4(2,779) 2(2,000) 6(4,779)

Yonggwang 6(5,900) - - 6(5,900)

Ulchin 6(5,900) - - 6(5,900)

Total 20(17,716)

4(4,000) 2(2,800) 26(24,516)

Units (Generating Capacity, MWe)

September, 2006

Current Status of NPP in Korea

NSSS T/G1 PWR Westinghouse GE 587 1978. 4. 292 PWR Westinghouse GE 650 1983. 7. 253 PWR Westinghouse GE 950 1985. 9. 304 PWR Westinghouse GE 950 1986. 4. 291 PWR Westinghouse Westinghouse 950 1986. 8. 252 PWR Westinghouse Westinghouse 950 1987. 6. 103 PWR HANJUNG HANJUNG 1,000 1995. 3. 314 PWR HANJUNG HANJUNG 1,000 1996. 1. 15 PWR DOOSAN DOOSAN 1,000 2002. 5. 216 PWR DOOSAN DOOSAN 1,000 2002.12.241 PWR Framatome Alsthome 950 1988. 9. 102 PWR Framatome Alsthome 950 1989. 9. 303 PWR HANJUNG HANJUNG 1,000 1998. 8. 114 PWR HANJUNG HANJUNG 1,000 1999.12.305 PWR DOOSAN DOOSAN 1,000 2004. 7. 296 PWR DOOSAN DOOSAN 1,000 2005. 4. 221 PHWR AECL NEI PARSONS 678 1983. 4. 222 PHWR AECL HANJUNG 700 1997. 7. 13 PHWR AECL HANJUNG 700 1998. 7. 14 PHWR AECL HANJUNG 700 1999.10. 1

CAPACITY(MWe)

COMMERCIALOPERATION DATE

CONTRACTORS

WOLSONG

ULCHIN

YONGGWANG

KORI

SITE UNIT TYPE

Site View of 4 Kori PWR NPPs

Site View of 4 Wolsong CANDU NPPs

Site View of 6 Yonggwang PWR NPPs

Site View of Ulchin NPPs (UCN #1,2,3,4,5,6)

Evolution of Korean Nuclear Power Program

Kori 1

Kori 2

Kori 3

Wolsong 1

Kori 4

Yonggwang 1

Yonggwang 2

Ulchin 1

Ulchin 2

Yonggwang 3

Yonggwang 4

Wolsong 2

Ulchin 3

Ulchin 4

Wolsong 3

Wolsong 4

Yonggwang 5

Yonggwang 6

Ulchin 5

Ulchin 6

KNU 21(KSNP)

KNU 22 (KSNP)

KNU 23 (KSNP)KNU 24 (KSNP)

KNU 25 (KNGR-1)KNU 26(KNGR-2)

KNU 27(KNGR-3)KNU 28(KNGR-4)

5

10

15

20

25

PWR

PHWR

APR-1400

Under Construction

In Operation

PWR/PHWR 600 MWe x 3

PWR 900 MWe x 6PHWR 600 MWe x 2

‘72 ‘ 74 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14

KNU 30(KNGR-6)KNU 29(KNGR-5)

Phase ITurn-Key Base (3 Units)

Phase IIComponent Base (6 Units)

Phase III

Technology Self-reliance(Standardization)

Planned

Nuc

lear

Gen

erat

ing

Inst

alle

d Ca

paci

ty(G

we)

Key Factors for Indigenous Nuclear Power Technology

Development• Key Factors for Success were:

– Government’s strong commitment for indigenous nuclear power technology development

– “Technology Transfer Contract” was made separately with foreign prime contractor, when the 1st KSNP projects, namely Yonggwang units 3&4 were implemented.

– NPP Joint-Design was performed, as the vehicles for achievement of self-reliance in nuclear power technology.

– Clear definition of scope of works and division of responsibilities were given among the participating organizations, as being shown in the next slide.

Division for Indigenous Nuclear Power Technology

Development

KEPCO****• Plant design (A/E)• Development of A/E design technology

KOPEC

• NSSS design*• Fuel design**• R&D

KAERI

HANJUNG***KNFC

Universities

DOR of Korean nuclear industry

• Development of key

technology

• Fuel manufacturing

• Development of fuel manufacturing

technology

Government

KINS

* Currently, NSSS design by KOPEC

** Currently, fuel design by KNFC

**** Currently, KHNP• Research & tests of key technologies

• Licensing support for the government

• Project management• Operation

•Component Design

& Manufacturing

• Development of

Manufacturing

Technology

*** HANJUNG (Korea Heavy Industries & Construction) changed its name to Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction as of March 2001.

• Division of Responsibility(up to Dec. 1996)

ExperienceFeedback.

TechnologyTransfer

OPR- 1000+

or KSNP+

T/GT/GPerry#2Perry#2

(GE,1000MW)(GE,1000MW)

PLANT DESIGNPLANT DESIGNYonggwang#1&2,Yonggwang#1&2,

Byron & BraidwoodByron & Braidwood(KOPEC/S&L,1000MW)(KOPEC/S&L,1000MW)

NSSSNSSSPalo VerdePalo Verde

(CE,1300MW)(CE,1300MW)

APR1400

DesignImprovement

In Pre-contract Stage - Shin Kori # 3&4In Pre-contract stage - New Projects # 1&2

LatestCodes & Std.

Evolution of Indigenous Nuclear Power Technology Development

EPRI URD

In Operation - Yonggwang # 3,4,5&6 - Ulchin # 3,4,5&6

EnhanceSafety.

ExperienceFeedback

OPR- 1000

(KSNP)Under Construction - Shin Kori # 1&2 - Shin Wolsong # 1&2

PowerUp-rate.

AdvancedDesign Features.

EnhanceSafety

Sep.2006Sep.2006

Construction of Indigenous Nuclear Power Plants in

Korea 2010 2006 2000 1995 1990 2015

Ulchin 3&4

1998 / 1999

2002

Yonggwang 3&41995 / 1996 KSNP x 8

Yonggwang 5&6

Ulchin 5&6

Shin-Kori 3&4Shin-Kori 3&4

2004 / 2005

Shin-Kori 1& 22009 / 2010 KSNP+ x 4

2011 / 2012 APR 1400 x 4

APR 1400 3rd & 4thAPR 1400 3rd & 4th

2014 / 2015

APR 1400 NthAPR 1400 Nth

APR 1400 Development

Shin-Wolsong 1& 2

2010 / 2011

Future Electric Power Generation Plan in Korea

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2003 2005 2010 2015

Cap

acit

y

56,048MW

61,298MW

74,671MW78,675MW

17,716(29%)

23,116(31%)

29,437(37%)

(31%)

(3%)

(21%)

(8%)

(7%)

Nuclear Coal Oil Gas Hydro

X 1,000 MW

(26%)

(7%)

15,716(28%)

(28%)

(8%)

OPR - 1000 ( or KSNP) – 2 Loop Design

– Power Level : 1,050MWe / 2,825MWt

– Plant Design Life : 40 years

– Advanced Design FeaturesHuman Factors Engineering

Design against Severe Accidents

Leak Before Break (LBB) Concept

Increased Operability and Maintainability

Lower Occupational Radiation Exposure

Advanced Power Reactor-1400 (APR-1400)

– 2 Loop Design

– Power Level : 1,400MWe / 4,000MWt

– Reactor Type : PWR

– Plant Life Time : 60 years

– Advanced Design Features• Fully Digitalized Man-Machine

Interface System

• Direct Vessel Injection

• Fluidic Device in Safety Injection Tank

• 4 Train Safety Injection System

III. The Benefit of Nuclear Power

Experienced in Korea - Economic Benefits

- Environmental Aspects

Electricity Generation by Nuclear Power vs GNP per Capita in Korea

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 (YEAR)

(BWH) (US$)

Electricity Generation(Nuclear)

GNP per Capita

112,000 GWh of Electricity Produced

by Nuclear Power in 2001

Equivalent Fuel Cost, if NPP

Were not Available in 2001

Foreign Currency Savings by Nuclear Power

Nuclear Coal

Actual Payment for Nuclear Fuel in 2001 :

400 M$ 1,200 M$

LNG

8,000 M$

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

97.3%

50.8%

83.2%

Contribution by Nuclear

Savings on Energy Imports by Nuclear Power

(33,700 M$ in 2001)

Money should have been paid, if nuclear power projects were not implemented in Korea

Actual payment for energy imports

14.1%

Reduction of CO2 Emission

by Nuclear Power

50

100

150

200

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Potential CO2 emission, if no nuclear power were implemented in Korea

Actual CO2 Emission

Reduction ofof CO2 Emission(89 Million Ton)

Million Tons of CO2

6.5 Million TonIn 1971

130 Million TonIn 2001

• Bilateral Agreements : with 19 countries– Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech, Egypt, France, Germany,

Japan, Russia, Spain, Vietnam, Ukraine, U.K., USA & Turkey– Under negotiation with some other countries

• Participation in International Co-operation Projects for Innovative Nuclear Power Technology Development

GIF(2001) INPRO (2001)

IV. International Co-operation

Conclusive Remarks

• Nuclear power is essential for electricity supply not only in Korea but also in many parts of the world.

• In light of Korean experience, the international cooperation is very important for nuclear technology development for peaceful uses.

• Korea is willing to share its experience on indigenous nuclear technology development with other developing countries, in particular, with Turkey.