TABLE OF CONTENTS Organizational chart of CEMES p i - iv Overview and remarkable results p 1-4 The results, by teams I. Crystalline Materials under Stress (Matériaux Cristallins sous contraintes, MC2) p 5-24 II. Nanomaterials (Nanomatériaux, nMat) p 25-50 III. Nanosciences (Groupe NanoSciences, GNS) p 51-64

IV. Support and Technical Services, Instrumentation p 65-69 Bibliographic lists, by teams Articles in reviews MC2 p 71-85 nMat p 87-102 GNS p 103-111

Chapters of Books, by teams p 113-115 Invited International Conferences

MC2 p 117-118 nMat p 119-123 GNS p 125

Annexes Annex 1. Teaching and Formation by Research, Information, Scientific and Technical Culture p 129-134 Annex 2. Permanent Formation p 135-136 Annex 3. Health and Safety p 137 Annex 4. Ethical Considerations p 139

Organigramme du CEMES – janvier 2009

DIRECTION Jean-Pierre LAUNAY

Assistante de direction Aurore Pruvost

GROUPES DE RECHERCHE

Matériaux Cristallins sous Contrainte

MC2

Alain Couret Marie-José Casanove

Nanomatériaux

nMat

Alain Claverie

Nanosciences

GNS

Christian Joachim

POLES D’APPUI A LA RECHERCHE

Services communs

Administration M. Errecart

Bibliothèque I. Labau

Informatique X…

Infrastructure M. Errecart

Valorisation & Communication E. Philippot

Support & développement techniques

Electronique C. Pertel

Mécanique L. Guiraud

Préparations TEM J. Crestou

Mesures et caractérisations

Mesures Physiques Ph. Salles

Microscopie électronique F. Houdellier

Rayons X J. Jaud

Spectroscopie Optique A. Zwick

CONSEILS COMMISSIONS

Conseil de Laboratoire

Conseil Scientifique

Conseil

Scientifique et Technique

Commission

Locaux

Commission Hygiène et Sécurité

Bureau de direction

J.-P. Launay, A. Claverie, A. Couret, C. Joachim

Secrétariat général

Michel Errecart

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE CENTRE D'ELABORATION DE MATERIAUX ET D'ETUDES STRUCTURALES

Personnel permanent du CEMES (ITA-IATOS-Chercheurs-Enseignants chercheurs)

Octobre 2009

La liste complète du personnel est présente dans les tableaux excel 3.3 S2 et 3.5 S2

** Services Communs **

Secrétariat Général : M. Errecart IE1 Assistante de Direction-Personnel :

A. Pruvost TCE

Accueil : -G. Fouillaron TCN

Gestion financière, missions :

- V. Antony AJTR (IATOS) - R.M. Mélendo TCN

- M. Trupin AJTR - C.Vidal TCN

Service Informatique: - O. Bancilhon AI - P. Bassoua AI (ITAOS)

- J.N. Fillon AI Bibliothèque

- I. Labau AJTR (50%) Infrastructure : bâtiments, campus :

- D. Caulet TCE - P. Païva TCE

- G. Combarieu TCN - A. Magdaléna TCN Communication Partenariat et Valorisation : - E. Philippot IR2

** Support & développements techniques ** Service Electronique : - C. Pertel IR2 - L. Pettiti AI (IATOS)

Service Mécanique : - L. Guiraud IR1 - O. Auriol TCN

- A. Bouzid AI (ITAOS) - J.P. Boué TCE Service Préparations d'échantillons : - J. Crestou IE - C. Crestou TCN - D. Lamirault AJTR (IATOS)

** Mesures et caractérisations **

Mesures Physiques :

- P. Salles AI

Service Microscopise électronique : - F. Houdellier IR2 - C. Deshayes TCS (40%) - S. Joulié IE2

Service Spectroscopie optique : - A. Zwick IR1 - S. Moyano TCN (IATOS) - F. Neumayer AI (IATOS) Service Rayons X : - J. Jaud IRHC

** Groupes de recherche **

MC2 nMat GNS

Benoît Magali (CR) Caillard Daniel (DR) Casanove Marie-Josée(DR) Combe Nicolas (Mdc) Coujou Armand (P) Couret Alain (DR) Demangeot François (MdC) Dolle Mickaël (CR) Douin Joël (DR) Durand Lise (MdC) Galy Jean (DR) Gatel Christophe (MdC) Kihn Yolande (CR) Lecante Pierre (CR) Legros Marc (CR) Levade Colette (MdC) Mompiou Frédéric (CR) Monchoux Jean-Philippe (CR) Morillo Joseph (P) Pettinari-Sturmel Florence (MdC) Ponchet Anne (DR) Roucau Christian (DR) Rozier Patrick (MdC) Tang Hao (CR) Vanderschaeve Guy (P)

Agez Gonzague (Mdc) Arbouet Arnaud (Mdc) Bacsa Wolfgang(P) Benassayag Gérard (DR) Bobo Jean-François (DR) Bonafos Caroline (CR) Brouca-Cabarrecq Chantal (Mdc) Calmels Lionel (Mdc) Carles Robert (P) Cherkashin Nikolaï (CR) Claverie Alain (DR) Dexpert Jeannette (CR) Groenen Jesse (Mdc) Hawkes Peter (DR) Hébras Xavier (Mdc) Hytch Martin (DR) Mauricot Robert (Mdc) Mitov Michel (CR) Mlayah Adnen (P) Monthioux Marc (DR) Paillard Vincent (P) Puech Pascal (Mdc) Schamm-Chardon Sylvie (CR) Sciau Philippe (CR) Serin Virginie (P) Snoeck Etienne (DR) Verelst Marc (P) Warot Fonrose Bénédicte (CR)

Ajustron François (Mdc) Bonvoisin Jacques (CR) Bouju Xavier (CR) Coratger Roland (P) Dujardin Erik (CR) Gauthier Sébastien (DR) Girard Christian (DR) Gold Alfred (P) Gourdon André (DR) Guillermet Olivier (Mdc) Joachim Christian (DR) Launay Jean-Pierre (P) Martrou David (CR) Ondarçuhu Thierry (DR) Péchou Renaud (Mdc) Rapenne Gwénaël (Mdc)

C. Deshayes TCS (10%)*

C. Bourgerette AI* B. Cambus IE2* D. Chassaing IE2* (en disponibilité depuis 1/01/04) L. Noé AI* D. Neumeyer AI*

C. Deshayes TCS (50%)* R. Laloo (IE2)* G. Seine (IE2)(IATOS)* C. Viala (AI)(IATOS)*

* ITAs et IATOS dans les groupes de recherche

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OVERVIEW AND REMARKABLE RESULTS

Introduction : the CEMES organization Since 2006, the CEMES scientific research is clustered in three large groups gathering 20-30 permanent researchers each: the Crystalline Materials under Stress (Matériaux Cristallins sous Contraintes, groupe MC2), Nanomaterials (groupe nMat), and Nanosciences (Groupe NanoSciences, GNS). Inside each group, there is a strong integration of projects with extensive discussions and exchanges. This is original in the French landscape, at variance with the frequently encountered scheme based on a larger number of teams of much smaller size. We strongly believe that our organization present many distinct advantages : real scientific animation, increased cross-fertilization favouring innovation, easier diffusion of information, mutualisation, in particular for equipment projects, in a word, increased coherence. This structure with a few large groups has been maintained after the integration by CEMES of the Laboratoire de Physique des Solides de Toulouse (LPST, 10 permanent researchers). Regarding the technical staff, we have recently performed in 2008 a regrouping of the different services in three “poles” : general services, (infrastructure, finances, human resources, computers-networks, partnership, communication), support and technical developments (preparations, instrumentation), measurements and characterization (Electron microscopy, X-Ray, optical and physical measurements). This evolution was motivated by the long term tendencies observed in the academic research practice: the diversification of techniques, the need of associating several to solve complex problems, the weakening of recurrent support and the rise of research on contract. As these factors could threaten the laboratory integrity (which is by the way a general problem in Europe), we have decided to strengthen our cohesion also in the technical domain. Remark : as a result of our specific organization, we have interpreted in our way the AERES instructions about the Report length. Due to the size of our teams, we cannot restrain to 5 pages per team, but rather approach 20 pages.

Remarkable results in the last four years In the last four years, the CEMES laboratory has obtained a number of remarkable results, first in the field of research results, attested by publications in scientific literature, and also in the field of sustained industrial relationships. Regarding research results, the detailed achievements are presented in the report, but we mention here only a few of them, which were published in highly ranked scientific journals (Nature, Science, Nature Materials, Nature Nanotechnology) and have been the subject of nine press releases from July 2005 to February 2009, as listed in Annex 1.

Concerning electron microscopy, we have developed new techniques aimed at mapping “fields” at the nanoscale, notably strain, using holography (Nature, 2008) and observed giant diffusivity along dislocation cores in certain metallic alloys (Science, 2008). Five-fold twinning induced strain in nanoparticles has been elucidated (Nature Materials, 2008).

We have improved the reflectance limit of cholesteric systems, exploring a possible application to smart windows (Nature Materials 2006). Double-walled silica nanotubes obtained by a unique bio-inspired mineralization of a self-assembled peptide scaffold have been reported and open a new strategy for building dielectric nanooptical structures (Nature Materials 2007). Individual carbon nanotubes have been successfully addressed to yield a “nano-squid” device (Nature Nanotechnology, 2006, Cover illustration). Finally several examples of molecule-machines or molecular machineries have been demonstrated : trapping and moving metal atoms with a 6-leg molecule (Nature Materials, 2005), a rack-and-pinion molecular device (Nature Materials, 2007), the rolling of a single molecular wheel (Nature Nanotechnology, 2007, Cover illustration), the step-by-step rotation of a single molecule-gear (Nature Materials, 2009). The decay rate of the electronic conductance of a long molecular wire as a function of its length has been exactly measured on a single and well identify oligomer (Science, 2009).

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Another important aspect is the intensity and quality of our industrial relationships. Indeed, since many years, we have sustained relations with Semiconductor and equipment supplier companies (STMicroelectronics, Soitec, NXP, Mattson…) in the field of materials and process optimization for Ultimate Silicon technology. CEMES has unique equipment and know-how in the fields of ultra-low-energy ion implantation, doping optimization, layer transfer, stress building and the fabrication of nanocrystal flash memories. Our industrial relations in this area are permanent and systematic.

Thus, since 2005, we have been 8 times partners with STMicroelectronics within European or ANR projects, and we shared 5 BDI (Doc grants). We were members of Alliance Crolles II (STM/NXP/Freescale) and now are part of the new Alliance (STM/IBM/LETI), with support from Minefi (Ministry of Economy, Industry, Employment), in the frame of the implementation of the 32/22 nm CMOS processes (Nano2012). We are also partners with Soitec (3 ANR projects, 3 recurrent groundwork research contracts, 2 CIFRE doc grants), in which A. Claverie is scientific consultant since 2006. Laboratory evolution in the regional, national and international environment The CEMES laboratory is well integrated in its environment, the term “environment” covering different levels. In the regional environment, the laboratory plays a role in the structuration of Physics in the Toulouse area. Thus we have recently incorporated (admistratively in 2007, effectively in 2008) the LPST. CEMES now gathers on a single site most of the scientists connected to Condensed Matter Physics. This was announced as one of the scientific objectives of the last quadriennal period, and we consider that this integration is a success as it can be judged in the scientific report. (Incidentally, this operation has been realised entirely on CEMES financial means).

In the same spirit, we incorporate now scientifically and administratively the team of J.-F. Bobo at ONERA, which keeps its own facilities and premises on the ONERA site. Of course, the Laboratory is present in local networks such as Pôle de compétitivité “Aerospace Valley”. The Laboratory has participated to the scientific definition and is belonging to the Toulouse “integration center” of the NanoInnov initiative (A large national program on Nanotechnologies gathering three sites, Grenoble, Paris-South and Toulouse), although at the time of writing (Aug 09), no clear picture of the solid actions and financing has emerged for the Toulouse site.

Actually, the next expansion of the Laboratory relies on the CPER operation “Campus Gaston Dupouy”. This operation, which expands over the 2007-2013 period, is entirely financed, and the main milestones have been carefully planned. The general objectives are i) the development of Nanosciences at the atomic level, and ii), the final setup and upgrading of the optical equipment originally coming from the former LPST Laboratory. More details can be found on our Web site at the following address http://www.cemes.fr/r1_labo/cper.htm The CPER operation amounts to 4.33 M€ (TTC) for equipment and 4.38 M€ (TTC) for the Eco-Lab building renovation which will become the Pico-Lab of CEMES, the funding coming from the CNRS, the FEDER, the Midi-Pyrénées Region and the community of Toulouse agglomeration. The operation is planned in three steps : (i) a first sequence of equipment acquisition with installation in the existing premises, (ii) The complete Eco-Lab building renovation with dedicated facilities such as clean rooms and vibration-free supports for special atomic-precision equipments, and (iii) a second sequence of equipment acquisition, with in particular a four-probe LT-UHV STM system connected to an atom-manipulating LT-UHV-STM. At the time of writing, step (i) has been achieved, step (ii) is in progress with the elaboration of the detailed description of the new building with the main contractor (“maitre d’oeuvre”), the real works being planned for the 2010-2011 period, step (iii) is in preparation for achievement in 2012-13, and will be accompanied by a reorganisation of the remaining CEMES installations. We manage good relations with nearby Universities and Engineering schools : Université Paul Sabatier and INSA (to which we are linked by specific conventions), and also Ecole Supérieure d’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (SupAero, now part of ISAE). In the case of INSA, we have a strong and fruitful connection with Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets (LPCNO) which follows similar objectives as us, but with a complementary expertise and equipment. As far as Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) is concerned, several CEMES Faculty members have special responsibilities (V. Serin : coordinator of the Physics search committee, A. Coujou : vice-director of the Ecole Doctorale, J.-P. Launay : coordinator of the Matter Science Pôle at UPS). In the recent years, UPS has increased its interest and support to research, by launching specific programs with competitive applications. In this frame, CEMES has been successful through its NANOMOPI proposition in 2007 (NANOMOPI = Nanosciences, Molecules, Picotechnologies) and NANOMOL in 2009 (see in the Project section for this last one). Thanks to the NANOMOPI attribution of a PhD

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and a post doc grant, we obtained major results in the field of carbon nanotubes (their individual connexion to electrodes, their magnetoresistance, electrical and Raman measurements), and also in molecular assembling and paving by molecules on surfaces. In the national and international environment, the CEMES laboratory plays also a recognized role, either on the form of genuine scientific cooperations, or on the form of coordination actions. In the French domain, CEMES coordinates the METSA network (METSA = Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Probe) of 6 sites. Regarding Europe, CEMES participates to several IP projects (NanoCMOS, PullNano, FOREMOST, NAPA,) a few STREPS (REALISE, NanoMan, ATOMICS), several networks (ESTEEM, Plasmo-nano devices, Women In Nano, Frontiers) and has been coordinator of one IP (Pico-Inside), a STREP (CHIC, on Quantum Computing) as well as a project of the Volkswagen Foundation. We obtained one of the few Young Researchers projects of the ERC (Project COMOSYEL leaded by Erik Dujardin). In addition, we have been asked to coordinate the Atom technology part of the Nano-ICT (ICT = Information and Communication Technologies) action (CA), of the ICT FET (FET = Future and Emerging Technologies) EU program. This is a unique opportunity to be at the source of the next call in the field of Atom Technology & mono-molecular electronics. Beyond Europe, CEMES is one of the five satellite institutes of the MEXT Japanese project MANA (http://www.nims.go.jp/mana/) with a 10-years and 150 M$ program dedicated to innovative nanosystems and materials.

Since April 2005, C. Joachim is managing the A*STAR VIP Atom Techn. research program in Singapore under an official contract with the Singapore government through its science agency A*STAR. At IMRE, a group of 12 researchers (5 permanents, 5 post-doc and 2 Doc) is developing single molecule (or surface atomic circuit) logic gates and mechanical machineries, the corresponding surface atomic wire multiple access interconnections and the associated packaging technology at the surface of a semi-conductor surface. This is developed in parallel and full coordination with the CEMES micro-clean room (DUF) atomic scale interconnection machine dedicated to insulating surfaces. Finally an important point in which the CEMES members are particularly active is the organisation of international conferences. The

complete list is too long to be given here, but we can quote the Carbon 09 conference in Biarritz (chair : M. Monthioux, 600 participants), the EDGE 2009 conference in Banff, Canada (Co-chair V. Serin, 300 participants), the International Molecular Electronics Conference 2009 in Hawaii (Co-chair : C. Joachim, 45 participants). Several symposia have been organized on a regular basis in the frame of the Materials Research Society (USA) and its European counterpart E-MRS on Materials and Processes for Non Volatile Memories (chair : A. Claverie, 2007, C. Bonafos, 2009) and on Si Front End Processing (F. Cristiano, A. Claverie, four symposia since 2005). Each of these symposia usually gathers about 100-150 attendees. The rise of valorisation and patent activity There has been a strong increase in research valorisation and patent activity. When comparing with the previous period, while the 2006 report mentioned 5 patents (not all initiated in CEMES), now we can quote 7 patents which have been deposited, plus 3 under elaboration. In addition, 4 patent extensions and 7 softwares have been submitted. In the last years, two start-ups have been created : Pylote (Société par Actions Simplifiées, SAS, created in 2008), devoted to the flash-pyrolysis elaboration of nanoparticles, which is presently hosted in CEMES, and Circlight (SARL, created jan 2009), devoted to a new system for lighting UHV chambers from the port-holes. Thus in a general way, the patent culture is rising in the laboratory, and researchers consider more systematically the possibility to submit a patent or create a startup. Communication and participation to the public debate A final point is worth to be mentioned, the participation to scientific dissemination and even public debate. It corresponds to an important solicitation of our environment, and since many years, CEMES participates to popularization actions towards scholars and the general public (see Annex 1).

Thus each two years, the laboratory participates in Science Festivals, with “Open-doors” manifestations. It culminated in 2005 in the context of the World Year of Physics, and CEMES had a leading role in the overall organization in Midi-Pyrénées, with the result that the affluence peaked to more than 500 scholars and 600 visitors. In addition, we participate to many “Université des Lycéens” actions by conferences in various Lycées on themes such as Nanosciences or modern materials.

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In the last 4-years period, the solicitation to participate to radio and TV emissions has strongly increased, and several video reportages, with national diffusion, have been shot at CEMES (see Annex 1). There is clearly an increase in CEMES notoriety and visibility. These activities give us some ability to interact with a wide variety of interlocutors. And since the research themes of CEMES linked to “nano” are at the corner of several societal interrogations, it was important to communicate our vision on such complex problems. C. Joachim has written a book for the general public: “Nanosciences. La révolution invisible” ( Le Seuil, 2008) in which the “nano” realm is put in perspective. This book attracts a lot of attention and is already translated in Russian, Portuguese and English. We have participated to radio emissions, national and local debates, and even to a Senate hearing of Office Parlementaire d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques (OPECST), see Annex 1.

Distinctions and highly competitive success Several members of CEMES have been distinguished, or have succeeded in highly competitive personal applications : J.-P. Cleuziou obtained two Ph D prizes after his thesis in 2007 : the “C’nano prize”, category “fundamental” and the innovation prize of the “Academie des sciences, inscriptions et belles lettres de Toulouse”. C. Joachim obtained for the second time the Feynman prize in Nanotechnology in 2005. M. Hytch obtained the FEI European Microscopy Award in 2008 J.-P. Launay was renewed as senior member of Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) from 2003 to 2007 Finally E. Dujardin obtained in 2008 one of the very few ERC young researcher grants in chemistry and physics (only 4 for CNRS).

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I. CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS UNDER STRESS

Numbers such as Mxy refer to the list of papers of the MC2 group in the Bibliographic list

The « Matériaux Cristallins sous Contrainte » (Crystalline materials under stress) group works to uncover the underlying mechanisms involved in deformation and strain relaxation of materials submitted to external or internal stresses. The main problems to be addressed concern : the plastic deformation of materials undergoing thermal or mechanical applied stresses; the accommodation of internal stresses by epitaxially grown nanostructures or by host lattices submitted to chemical or electrochemical insertion / extraction of guest species; the size effects in nanoparticles. The related analyses focus on the role of crystalline defects and free surfaces, e.g. dislocations and interfaces in deformed materials and strained layers, surfaces in nanosized particles, and more generally on the interaction between stresses, elastic strains and all kinds of perturbation of the crystalline order. The aim of these studies is to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanical, optical, electronic or magnetic properties of the studied materials. To reach these objectives, we have developed a multi-scale approach based on complementary experimental investigations coupled with modelling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used in different modes (conventional, high resolution, EELS, convergent beam diffraction) and x-ray diffraction and scattering are currently used for characterisations at atomic and microscopic scales. A new part of our activity consists in exploring optical and vibrational properties of elastically strained nano-objects through micro-spectroscopy (Raman, Photoluminescence). Efforts are also devoted to develop new methods for measuring stress and strain from transmission electron microscopy in nanostructures. For the studies of plasticity and mechanical properties, we perform in situ straining experiments, a technique for which the CEMES is internationally recognized and is continuously developing new tools. We are also involved in new developments of x-ray diffraction techniques (WAXS : wide-angle x-ray scattering), UV optical spectroscopy and TEM (Cs-correction). Using these techniques, a wide range of materials is investigated, ranging from model materials built for research purpose to materials with complex microstructures designed for applications. The investigated materials are either developed in the group or processed by collaborating groups or industrial companies. In particular, the group benefits from its own expertise in solid state and soft chemistry routes for the synthesis of new chemical compounds. We also perform the epitaxial growth of oxide and magnetic metallic thin layers and nanodots thanks to the sputtering device available at the CEMES. Moreover, we are at the origin of the set-up of the first French Spark Plasma Sintering

(SPS) machine in 2004 and of the creation of the SPS national platform (Plateforme Nationale de Frittage Flash – PNF2 –CNRS) in Toulouse. New routes for the elaboration of materials and device processing have been developed thanks to the astonishing performance of this technique and to the new potentialities it offers. Original materials with attractive properties for energy storage and aeronautic applications have thus been obtained.

During the last few years, our potential in numerical modelling has been increased in such a way that simulation activities are now developed on our five scientific axes. The group makes use of different simulation techniques which are selected depending on the properties to be studied (electronic, optical, structural...) and the system sizes (from atomistic to macroscopic). First-principles methods (Density Functional Theory) are applied to different materials for which an accurate description of the electronic structure is essential. Semi-empirical interaction models are developed in order to investigate specific problems involving large number of atoms, using Molecular Dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Mechanical and thermal properties at a mesoscopic scale are modelled by the Finite Element Method, with a multi-physics approach as required to simulate SPS processes. Twenty five permanent researchers (15 CNRS and 10 lecturers of Universities) belong presently to the MC2 group. During the last four years, the group has recruited three new scientists and has welcomed eight colleagues (three from the LPST-Toulouse, three from the ex-CMI group of the CEMES, one from the CINAM-Marseille and one from the N-mat group of CEMES). At the same time, four persons retired and one is presently working for the foreign office in Barcelona. Eleven PhD students (five of them being shared with a French or a foreign laboratory) and five post-docs are also working in the group. Our research is supported by around fifteen projects (ANR, Régions, …). The group is involved in the direction of 4 GDRs (Relax, Mecano, Nano-alliages and SPS) and has organised several scientific manifestations. We also would like to underline several shared projects with other colleagues of the CEMES and of many other laboratories in Toulouse (LCC, LPCNO, LPQ, CIRIMAT, ISAE, LAAS, EMAC). We are fully implicated in the host activities of the European ESTEEM and French METSA networks, both of them being dedicated to electron microscopy. The group activities are distributed into the five following principal axes:

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1. Crystalline defects and plasticity mechanisms 2. Microstructure and mechanical properties of alloys

for aeronautics 3. Design of materials: elaboration, process, device 4. Stress at the nanometric scale : impact on structural

and physical properties 5. Size effect in nanometer-sized materials I. Crystalline defects and plasticity mechanisms Crystal plasticity is usually controlled by a limited number of elementary defect properties, even in complex structures. It is therefore of fundamental importance to have a detailed description of these mechanisms at the microscopic scale. Our activity is thus devoted to fundamental studies of the properties of crystalline defects, mostly in model materials, combining transmission electron microscope observations (mainly in situ), atomistic simulations and modelling. Three domains of major interest for the mechanical properties of materials have been investigated. The first deals with high-temperature mechanisms involving diffusion which, in spite of their obvious importance, are very poorly documented. The second one is a contribution to the domain of dislocation glide controlled by lattice friction. The third describes important advances in the understanding of interface properties, related to the very actual domain of small-grain materials and nano-layers. For the two last topics, ab initio calculations have been developed, in correlation with former in situ experiments. A book chapter on "dislocations and mechanical properties" has also been written in the book "Alloy Physics". I.1 Diffusion and dislocation climb at high temperature Staff : D. Caillard, A. Couret, F. Mompiou [M33,M37, M64, M70, M79, M211, M212] A new model for the climb motion of dislocations Climb is a dislocation motion involving the diffusion of vacancies over large distances. Although it controls most of the high temperature mechanical properties of materials, it remains very poorly understood, especially as the only available models were derived in the 60's. Moreover, climb is difficult to study experimentally, because it is almost always combined with glide. Under such conditions, quasicrystals, which deform by pure climb only, are ideal model materials for climb studies. A new model of deformation by climb has been derived, based on microscopic observations [M211, M212]. It includes the nucleation of jog pairs on dislocations, and the formation of an osmotic force due to the under/over density of vacancies. It accounts for all "exotic" mechanical properties of quasicrystalline AlPdMn. Without any adjustable parameter, it is thus possible to explain i) the strong strain-hardening measured just after the yield, by the new equation θos = kT/Ωc(T) (Fig. I-1), where Ω is the atomic volume, and c(T) is the vacancy concentration at thermal equilibrium, ii) complex two-

steps relaxations, and iii) values of the activation parameters different from those of the classical "Weertman type" models (abnormally high stress dependence of the climb velocity, activation energy higher than the self-diffusion one). This model can be transposed to the climb deformation of crystalline materials, i.e. superalloys at high temperature, and complex intermetallic alloys. It should be inserted in the near future in dislocation-dynamics calculations.

Fig. I-1: Theoretical and experimental value of the strain-hardening coefficient resulting from the osmotic force, in quasicrystalline AlPdMn. In particular, the creep properties of TiAl alloys have been modelled, on the basis of the observations of mixed climb (i.e. climb in a plane not perpendicular to the Burgers vector) described in section II.2 (alloys for aeronautics).

Fig. I-2: Vanishing of a phason wall trailed by a dislocation, at 580°C (in situ experiment, g = [1/0,0/-1,0/0].

The wall has completely disappeared after 100mn. The exponential decay of the contrast intensity at 570°C is shown in (c) Kinetics of phason diffusion in quasicrystals Because of the lack of periodicity of quasicrystals, any dislocation motion leaves a fault named phason wall. Contrary to stacking faults in crystals, phason walls can vanish at high temperature, by the dispersion of their constituent phasons. The underlying mechanism is however not known. The speed of vanishing of the contrast of phason walls has been measured, as a function of the temperature, in AlPdMn (Fig. I-2). The corresponding activation energy is close to that of self-diffusion in crystals, which

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indicates that, in addition to local changes in interatomic distances, phason motion involves the diffusion of various atomic species over large distances.

Pipe-diffusion Apart from their role in the plasticity of crystals, dislocations can also convey atoms much faster than the perfect lattice. This so called "pipe diffusion" hypothesis, formulated in the 50's, was never evidenced

directly before the set of in situ TEM experiments on Al(1%Si, 0,5%Cu) films carried out in Stuttgart and Toulouse. Small inclusions dissolve very fast into larger ones via the dislocations. First accidental, the experiment was redone and controlled to gain access to the main parameters of this basic phenomenon of solid-state physics. See highlight HL. 1 for more details.

HL1 - In situ TEM observation of giant diffusion through dislocation cores

M.Legros [M31, M207] The term "pipe-diffusion" first appeared in 1964 [1] and refers to the ability of dislocations to transport atoms,

interstitials or vacancies much faster than the bulk crystalline lattice. Although considered as a basic "brick" of solid state physics, because it is involved in several materials science domains such as metallurgy and geology, the pipe-diffusion phenomenon has almost never been observed and thus directly quantified [2]. As for bulk diffusion, the pipe diffusivity DP varies exponentially with temperature:.

Our first observation of the phenomenon was fortuitous since we were looking in situ inside a TEM at the behavior of dislocations in Al thin films containing 1%Si, mainly in nano-sized precipitates [3]. We realized that small Si precipitates connected to larger ones by a dislocation disappeared much faster than when isolated (see Figure). By following the volume change of the dissolving particle, we were able to measure the Si atoms flux through a single dislocation and derive its diffusivity. Repeated at different temperatures, the experiment showed that the activation energy of a "pipe diffusing" Si atom [4] is 20% lower than when diffusing through the perfect lattice. Our results show that, around 420°C, the diffusivity along a single dislocation is between 300 and 800 times faster than bulk. Fig. HL1 : In situ TEM observation of the fast dissolution of a Si nanoparticle A through a dislocation d1 at 420°C. The phenomenon, known as pipe diffusion, has been fully characterized by measuring in real time the volume of the disappearing precipitate (red curve)

[1] LOVE, G. R., Acta Metallurgica 12 (1964) 731-737. [2] VOLIN, T. E., LIE, K. H., BALLUFFI, R. W., Acta Metallurgica 19 (1971) 263-274. [3] LEGROS, M., KAOUACHE, B., GERGAUD, P., THOMAS, O., DEHM, G., BALK, T. J., ARZT, E., Phil. Mag. A 85 (2005) 3541-3552. [4] LEGROS, M., DEHM, G., BALK, T. J., ARZT, E., Science 319 (2008) 1646-1649. I.2 Dislocation glide and lattice friction Staff : M. Benoit, D. Caillard, M. Legros, C. Levade, J. Morillo, H. Tang, G. Vanderschaeve. Post-Doc : N. Tarrat (ANR SIMDIM 2007-2009) PhD : D. Martineau (CIFRE-Freescale, 2009-), B. Khong (CIFRE-Freescale, 2004-2008) [M 53, M171, M230, M262] Dissociation of dislocations in elemental semiconductors The analytical modelling of the motion of dissociated dislocations in semiconductors has shown that a large number of metastable configurations are expected, for which the dissociation distances are asymmetrically distributed with respect to the equilibrium value. This model has been subsequently validated by the re-examination of data from the literature of the dislocation dissociation width under high external stresses, in Si and Ge. One consequence is that, in contrast with earlier hypotheses proposed in the literature, the mobility of a Shockley partial depends

only of its character and not of its position (leading or trailing). In addition, a rough estimate of the depth of the Peierls valleys has been given. Ab-initio calculations of dislocations in titanium The analysis of dislocation properties requires an accurate atomistic characterization of the dislocation core, which can be obtained by ab initio first principles methods like the density functional theory (DFT).

Simultaneously, a good description of the long range associated strain field is needed, which in turns requires atomistic simulations on large cells with periodic or fixed boundary conditions, that are only possible using approximate interaction models. Since 2006, we have initiated atomistic simulations of screw dislocations in hcp α-Ti in the framework of the ANR project « SIMDIM ». This choice results from our sound understanding of the dislocation properties in α-Ti, obtained by earlier in situ experiments. Our study of the core structure of the <11-20> screw dislocation has shown that only approximated models taking explicitly

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into account the covalent directional bonding of d electrons can properly account for the preferential prismatic core spreading against the basal one (Fig.I-3). I.3 Small-grained materials, thin layers, and interfaces Staff : D. Caillard, M. Legros, C. Levade, F. Mompiou, G. Vanderschaeve. PhD : D. Martineau (CIFRE-Freescale, 2009-), B. Khong (CIFRE-Freescale, 2004-2008) [M132, M228, M229, M253, M255] In situ study of the Hall-Petch effect The Hall-Petch effect is at the origin of the high strength of nano-materials. It describes their increase of strength, as a function of the reduction of their grain size, and relies on the interaction between mobile dislocations and interfaces. This effect has been studied in both lamellar TiAl alloy, and aluminium containing a cell structure bounded by dislocation walls. The strengths of domains boundaries in TiAl against the motion of ordinary dislocations and twins have been compared to those of dislocations walls in Al, and the corresponding parameters involved in the Hall Petch law have been measured. The differences have been attributed to the different interface properties.

Fig. I.3: Differential displacement maps for the screw component of a <1 1 -2 0 > screw dislocations in α−Ti, obtained with a) an EAM potential and b) DFT calculations, starting from the same initial position (black square). Black and white circles denote atoms belonging to different planes.

Grain boundary mediated plasticity in metallic nanocrystals Grain boundaries (GB) occupy a high volume fraction in nanocrystalline (nc) and ultrafine grain (UFG) metals. In the past few years, international teams have focused on the role of GB in the plasticity of such nanostructured materials. However, since it was difficult to experimentally precise the mechanisms of plasticity in very small crystallites, mainly earlier works focused only on simulation. Combining micro-mechanical testing and post mortem TEM, we show that the sole motion of GB can carry plasticity, providing an alternate deformation mode to dislocation mechanisms. Indeed, these experiments clearly correlate grain size increase with an increasing plastic strain. In situ TEM straining experiments were also carried out to probe GB mechanisms both at pertinent timescale and length scale. In nc-Al, we recorded the dynamic of GB motion, showing GB migration perpendicular to the interface under an applied stress.

The very fast GB motion even at room temperature indicates that long range diffusion does not operate (Fig. I-4). In UFG Al, we show that GB migration is coupled with the applied stress, in a mechanism producing a small shear strain (see highlight HL. 2). These results could not be satisfactory explained with models accounting for GB motion, because either they were too restricted to peculiar GB or because they imply long range diffusion. The Shear MIgration Geometrical (SMIG) model that we propose is a generalized formulation of existing theories requiring a limited atomic shuffling. It seems suitable to explain GB mediated plasticity in ordinary polycrystals.

Fig. I-4: TEM dark-field micrographs taken in nc-Al deformed in-situ. Note the fast motion of the lower part of the grain-boundary. The dashed line indicates the grain-boundary position in a)

Plastic relaxation of metallic thin films and interconnects Metallic interconnects are usually the first components to undergo plastic deformation in a microprocessor. This happens when thermal stresses arising from the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the different materials (semiconductor, insulators, metal) exceed the yield stress of the metal. This yield stress was found to vary as one over the metal film thickness, but the reason for this dependence remains unclear. The most spread theory is based on the confinement of mobile dislocations that create in their wake interfacial dislocations near the film/substrate interface. However, this theory underestimates the yield stress of films deposited on amorphous interfaces. In collaboration with Austrian and German colleagues, we recently set up a method to strain metal films inside a TEM. These in situ experiments confirmed that interfacial dislocations are confined in the metal film in the case of pseudo epitaxial metal/substrate interface. However, these interfacial dislocations annihilate when an amorphous oxide layer is in contact with the metal film and no dislocations sources were found to compensate this loss. Overall, thermal cycling causes an exhaustion of dislocations in metal films over oxidized substrates. Without easy deformation vector, higher stresses and alternate mechanisms are needed to plastically deform these films. By observing the surface of an Al film after cycling in SEM, we found that many whiskers and hillocks have grown over grain boundaries while other grain boundaries are much more

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grooved. Heavy diffusion at the surface and at grain boundaries may thus contribute significantly to the plastic deformation of metal films and act as a substitute for the exhausted dislocations. This fundamental finding needs to be better quantified to help understand how real devices are aging: a similar diffusion effect is observed in the metallization of real CMOS devices (Freescale Semiconductor) or in copper interconnects (STRESSNET network, ANR Crystal).

Orientation relationships and martensitic transformations Interfaces are also important in shape memory alloys, which exhibit a martensitic transformation at decreasing

temperature and/or increasing stress. In CuAlNi, the interfaces between the austenitic and martensitic phases are parallel to irrational planes, which could be predicted only by the phenomenological theory of martensitic transformation (invariant planes). An alternative method has been proposed, based on the continuity of the dense planes across the interface ("edge-to-edge matching"), obtained by the superposition of the reciprocal lattices of the two structures. It allows one to predict the nature of the interface, irrespective of the deformation induced by the phase transformation.

HL2 - Grain boundary mediated plasticity: from experiments to modelling

F. Mompiou, M. Legros, D. Caillard [M229, M253] Grain boundary (GB) migration has been considered recently as an alternative deformation mode to dislocation mechanisms in nanocrystalline and ultra-fine grain metals. However, because of the difficulty of exploring plasticity mechanisms in very small crystallites, this mechanism has never received a clear confirmation. To investigate this phenomenon, we have performed a series of dynamical observations in a TEM on fine grained Al polycrystals subjected to an applied stress. They show the fast migration of general high angle GB in response to the stress (see fig. a and b). A shear strain, smaller than expected by existing models relying on specific GB, has been measured thanks to markers trapped in the specimen and image correlation analysis. We propose a general model able to describe the shear-migration coupling for a given GB. The Shear MIgration Geometrical (SMIG) model consists in finding the multiple ways two adjacent lattices are related by a combination of a rotation and a shear. For a given GB plane, misorientation angle, and shear strain, the migration distance can then be calculated. An example of coupling is shown in figure c. This model, compatible with small values of the shear strain as experimentally observed, gives a suitable description of GB migration in polycrystals.

Fig. HL2: In-situ stress assisted grain growth in an Al polycrystal. at 350°C. a) and b) are two micrographs of the same area taken at different time. Under a tensile stress (T), G1 grows (the dashed line corresponds to the former position of the GB) at the expense of adjacent grains. Note the presence of small precipitates labelled X which act as markers. c) Example of a coupling mode in the SMIG model: parallelograms 1 and 2 are related by the combination of a rotation (θ) transforming 1 in 1’, and shear transforming 1’ in 2. Knowing the GB plane (P), the migration distance can be deduced.

Simulation of dislocations at GaN/GaAs(001) interfaces The GaN is an important wide gap material for opto-electronic applications in the UV-visible range. The stable wurtzite structure of bulk GaN is at the origin of spontaneous polarization at interfaces of multilayered structures which alters the performance of components. A way to overcome this main drawback is to grow metastable cubic GaN, which can be achieved by epitaxial deposition on GaAs(001) substrate. The huge misfit of 20% between these materials is accommodated by the formation of an edge dislocation array at the interface. The knowledge of atomic

structure at this interface is important for understanding the stability of such layers and their electronic structures. This can be achieved only with the help of precise atomistic calculations by using density functional theory (DFT). In the framework of the ANR ''SIMDIM'' project, we have determined two most stable dislocation cores. The first one (''8 atoms core'' configuration) is stable under the nitrogen rich condition. By removing the most constrained N atoms columns, we have obtained a second configuration (''open core''), stable under the sub-stoichiometric nitrogen condition with lower energy (Fig. I-5). The corresponding electronic structures present negative

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density (hole) distributions localized in between dislocation cores at the interface.

Fig. I-5: Isodensity surface of charge density of the most stable dislocation core.

II. Microstructures and mechanical properties of alloys for aeronautic Metallic alloys for applications in aeronautic have been an important research area in the MC2 group for the last twenty years. The development of high performance, reliable and light alloys requires the understanding of the micro and nano structures as well as the elementary mechanisms responsible for the macroscopic mechanical properties. Our studies at different scales are mainly supported by TEM analysis of the deformation micromechanisms. We use the classical technique of post mortem observations of macroscopically deformed samples. We also carry out in-situ deformation tests inside the TEM, a technique for which the group is internationally recognized. The group has participated to all the national projects on the improvement of the aeronautic alloys (R2IT, RNMP, ANR, FRAE, RTRA) in which numerous academic institutions are involved. Our work in collaboration with the main industrial companies in the field (Airbus/EADS, Aubert & Duval, Safran, Messier-Dowty, Mecachrome) confers to the group an expertise that can be used for the design and the optimization of alloys from fundamental considerations at the nanoscopic and microscopic levels. Recent developments include the four main categories of metallic alloys involved in aeronautic applications. II.1 Superalloys Staff: A. Coujou, J. Douin, L. Durand, F. Pettinari-Sturmel [M43, M66, M101, M106, M107, M133, M138]

Nickel-based superalloys are two-phased materials with hardening γ’ precipitates (L12 structure) embedded in a short range ordered γ phase. These alloys are used in the warmest parts of the turboreactors. In extreme temperature, stress and environment conditions, nickel-based superalloys undergo profound morphological transformations that greatly influence their lifespan. The elementary mechanisms responsible for these evolutions are studied by combining nano and micro scale approaches. The emphasis was put on mechanisms at the origin of the rafting of γ’ precipitates during high temperature creep, and on the presence of heavy elements like rhenium which reduce the rafting

of precipitates by hardening the γ’ phase and decreasing the interphase diffusivity. The existence of short-range order in the γ matrix, responsible for the collective motion of dislocations and formation of pile-ups, was also demonstrated. The individual behavior of dislocations resulting from confined plasticity has been simulated at a mesoscopic scale and compared to observations (Fig. II-1). Also, the Finite Elements models compare fairly well with the macroscopic mechanical properties of non-aged superalloys.

Fig. II-1: Weak-beam micrograph and related dynamical simulation of a a/2[110] dislocation dissociated into two Shockley partial dislocations (L and T) trapped in a γ channel of a deformed MC2 superalloy. The γ’ precipitates are out of contrast and are delimited by the white lines. The width of the channel is approximately 40 nm. The shapes of the partial dislocations under the effective shear stress

r τ

with magnitude 450 MPa and at 20° from [110] are superimposed on the micrograph (black dashed lines).

II.2 Titanium alloys Staff: A. Coujou, J. Douin, F. Pettinari-Sturmel PhD: P. Castany (MESR, 2004-2007), N. Escalé (CIFRE-Aubert & Duval, 2008-) [M124, M179, M239]

Titanium alloys are widely used for aeronautic applications because of their good mechanical properties combined with their low density. The multiphased α/β TA6V alloy is the most studied titanium alloy in aeronautic because of its low density combined with excellent mechanical properties. Its use is however limited by its relatively bad surface properties. Different surface treatments were elaborated to improve the surface properties. We have shown that the nano-crystallised layer formed at the surface is a barrier for the propagation of dislocations, while in the area where nitrogen has diffused, short-range order evolves to the formation of long-range ordered nano-precipitates leading to a more localized deformation. The deformation micromechanisms of the TA6V bulk alloy have also been precisely investigated and it has been shown that the strength of the material is mainly due to the core structure of the screw dislocations (see highlight HL3) and that short range order has a non negligible effect in the deformation of the α phase. The

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role of the different interfaces has also been clearly enlightened. II.3 Structural hardening Staff: A. Coujou, J. Douin, F. Pettinari-Sturmel Post-Doc : V. Vidal (ANR AMARAGE, 2007), B. Kedjar (ANR AMARAGE and ANR CONTRA_PRECI, 2008-2010) The exceptionally good structural hardening of last generation aluminum alloys and steels find their origin

in nanometric precipitation. To understand the macroscopic mechanical properties of these alloys, fine analyses were undergone, at a scale that requires High Resolution TEM imaging combined with geometrical phase analysis. Our study allows not only to determine the nature, size and volume fraction of the nano-precipitates, but also the distance between them or their eventual orientation relationship with the matrix, as well as their strength and the stress field they generate in the matrix.

HL3 - Direct measurement of the Peierls barrier energy

J. Douin, P. Castany, A. Coujou, F. Pettinari-Sturmel [M124, M 179, M239 ]

Fig. HL3. Weak-Beam TEM micrograph of

r a

dislocations extending in the (0001) basal plane of the hexagonal α phase of the TA6V alloy. At the junction between screw and non-screw segments (Fig.b), the dislocations take an angular shape with an angle ϕi at the cusp. The relative variation in energy when stabilizing can be directly related through anisotropic computations to the escape angle ϕ (Fig.c).

Amongst numerous types of obstacles, the stabilization of dislocations along preferential directions provides a major intrinsic contribution to the mechanical properties of numerous metals and alloys. We have developed a NEW general method based on TEM observations of the segmented shape of dislocations under stress for measuring the decrease in dislocations’ self-energy when they are locked in any specific orientations. Having a reliable experimental method to estimate this gain in energy has two major benefits: (i) it allows the strength of locking of such an obstacle to be quantified for the dislocation motion and (ii) it gives a constraint that simulations must fulfill in order to be representative of a crystal. The method is based on the measurement of the escape angle at the junction between a locked straight segment and anon-locked curved segment, the larger the gain in energy when stabilizing, the larger the angle at the cusp (fig.a). The relative variation in energy when stabilizing is then directly related to the escape angle ϕ measured in the glide plane by computing the modification of the shape of a dislocation loop assuming anisotropic elasticity (fig.b). The method has been applied to the hexagonal phase of an industrially important Ti-based alloy where a significant in-core rearrangement of screw

r a

dislocations reduces their energy by about 16% (fig.c).

II.4 Intermetallic alloys Staff : A. Couret, M. Legros, J. Morillo, G. Molénat, J.P. Monchoux [M10, M12, M36, M56, M57, M61, M90, M92, M94, M109, M110, M228] Microstructures and mechanical properties of lamellar TiAl alloys In TiAl alloys, in consistency with the phase diagram, a lamellar microstructure can be formed with an appropriate chemical composition and a controlled thermal cycle. It is well known that an amount of lamellar areas enhances the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys, if the key microstructural parameters (phase and variant distributions, interface relationships, lamellae width, …) are finely tuned. That is true for the cast General Electric (GE) alloy selected for the first certified aero engine containing TiAl blades (GEnx).

The present studies are thus devoted to the formation and plasticity of this lamellar microstructure and to the creep properties of a predominantly lamellar cast alloy. In parallel, we work on the development of TiAl alloys by Spark Plasma Sintering (Cf section III. 2). Our main results can be summarized as follows. During cooling, the formation of γ lamellae results from three different types of lamellar transformations, which are controlled by three competitive driving forces: local chemical composition variations, interfacial energy differences and short range elastic constraints. For the transformation occurring at high temperatures, the formation of precursor γ allotriomorph grains at grain boundaries has been evidenced. In particular, they play a determining role on the selection of the orientation variants. Over large zones (Fig. II-2), the deformation of this lamellar microstructure is controlled by a pilot orientation (among the six available) which imposes a

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deformation mode to the other orientations through the transfer of dislocation across interfaces. From in situ straining experiments, the propagation of deformation across α2 lamellae is explained in terms of an elastically-mediated transfer. Regarding the creep properties, the primary stage corresponds to the strengthening of soft zones and the creep resistance is controlled by the mean free path (lamellar width) of dislocations moving by a mixed climb, a new mechanism which has been investigated in details.

Fig. II-2 : TEM image of a lamellar TiAl alloy deformed at room temperature. For each lamella, the phase, the orientation and the activated deformation mechanisms were determined. It can be seen that lamellae with orientation O1 and O2 deform by dislocations and twins, respectively. No dislocations were found in α2 lamellae.

Defects in Fe-Al Boron and Carbon are used in the Fe-Al intermetallic alloy as additive elements in order to improve their mechanical properties. Using an ab initio DFT approach we have studied some of their properties (complex defects for B in B2 FeAl and the phase diagram of the Fe-Al-C alloy around the κ-Fe3AlC phase). In particular we have shown that, surprisingly, B atoms prefer substutitional sites on the Al sublattice (BAl) and that there is a strong tendency of Fe vacancies (VFe) to form complexes with BAl. The strength of this effect seems sufficient to induce structural complexes in Al-rich alloys like Fe divacancies and VFe-BAl complexes.

III. Design of materials: elaboration, process, device The aim of this thematic is to design and process materials and devices to control the whole chain of the development of a material, going from the synthesis of new phases and microstructures to the processing of devices. For this purpose, our research focuses on two orientations, the first consisting in the chemical control

of atomic arrangement, the second oriented on the mastering of the elaboration processes. The former topic is developed on the basis of an extended knowledge in solid state chemistry including several chemical routes (controlled atmosphere, hydrothermal synthesis, soft chemistry) and a panel of techniques to investigate many kinds of atomic arrangements (from amorphous to crystalline states), and sample shapes (single crystals, powders and thin films). The latter topic was initiated by the rapid development of the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique throughout the world. The performances of this technique being promising, the CEMES set-up in 2004 the first French SPS machine, in order to give further impetus to elaboration studies. Thanks to the astonishing rapidity of the SPS process for many materials, we have proved the potentialities of this technique on ceramics (Al2O3, Cr2O3, SiC, ZrC…) and metallic alloys (TiAl). The control of the parameters of the process has been deduced from finite element simulations. We have studied the reactivity mechanisms during SPS synthesis, from material assembly, where reaction has to be minimized, to reactive sintering, where reactivity rapidity is a key point. This technique brought then together solid-state chemists and metallurgists around this new facility. III.1. Crystal-chemistry as a transverse tool for basic and applied research Staff : M. Benoit, M. Dollé, J. Galy, P. Lecante, P. Rozier, J.C. Trombe PhD : E. Dumont-Bott (CEA, 2008-), G. Jouan (MESR, 2008-), M. Grisolia (Universidad de Los Andes,Merida, Venezuela, 2008-). [M2, M3, M4, M5, M9, M19, M21, M39, M42, M45, M47, M48, M51, M52, M54, M60, M69, M71, M73, M74, M76, M98, M104, M113, M116, M117, M121, M137, M141, M156, M157, M170, M172, M176, M177, M191, M198, M216, M218, M219, M226, M240, M242, M259] Usually solid state chemists proceed via a test and trial process to find new compounds expecting new properties. Our approach is, in addition to the conventional structure/properties relation-ship study, to use the wide structural data base to select known compounds, determine structure/structure relation-ships and define chemical mechanism to develop a predictive approach. This approach allows us to design and synthesize new compounds with atomic lattice optimized to answer both basic and applied bottlenecks in domains ranging, as illustrated below, from solid state physic to electrochemical power sources. Magnetic properties Highly frustrated magnetism corresponds to specific arrangement of s =1/2, 3/2 elements inducing a perturbation in the spin ordering which drives to behaviours far from conventional ones. Only few compounds exhibiting such behaviour, its

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understanding is mainly based on a theoretical approach. To validate these theories, there is a need for experimental data collected on compounds with atomic arrangements designed to be representative of different spin lattices. To answer this requirement, in the frame of an European Science Foundation Program, we developed hybrid chemistry using organic entities to isolate and arrange MX building units (M = Cu, V, Cr ; X= O, Cl). Using a trial and error process we are progressively able to define chemical parameters mastering the atomic arrangement as well as to find ways to grow single crystals large enough to perform magnetic characterisation. New compounds with selected spin lattice geometry (Kagome-type; triangular; square) have been prepared and the nearest-neighbour spin-spin correlations coupling values controlled by the nature of organic entities. The experimental determination of each of the different contributions led then to consolidate and refine the theoretical understanding of highly frustrated magnets. Ionic diffusion and reactivity in solids One of the main restraints of the development of new systems for energy storage such as lithium based batteries and Solid Oxides Fuel Cells resides in the low ionic conductivity of solids. Its improvement implies to be able to favour and enhance the long-range diffusion of ions, i.e. to govern both the nature of their crystallographic site and the way they are linked (diffusion pathway). To achieve these goals, our approach consists to investigate, using neutron or X-Ray diffraction, the structure of compounds selected to be representative of different atomic arrangements and to identify the inert part (host network) as well as the mobile ions (guest species). Fourier analyses are used to determine the electron density maps around guest species. These maps, representative of ions delocalisation, can be considered as the track of ions diffusion pathways. The physical (ionic conductivity) and/or chemical (reactivity) properties of the compounds are determined using impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical tests. The different results are analysed with the aim to define structure / properties relationships and more specifically to determine the structural parameters which govern the efficiency of the processes. In the domain of anionic conductivity we studied model systems such as mBi2O3-MoO3 based columnar and lamellar phases. The structures in Bi2(n+2)MonO6(n+1) series (n=3,4,5,6) were determined ab initio and related to each other via a periodic crystallographic shear mechanism. Observed for the first time to occur in [Bi2O2]n layer, its extrapolation for n=∞ explains the formation of the Aurivillius phase Bi2MoO6. The addition of PbO allowed us to stabilise a columnar type structure for the composition Pb[Bi12O14](MoO4)5. Structural study evidenced that in this compound, the anionic conductivity is due to O2- exchange between MoO4 tetrahedra, however limited by the presence of Pb2+ cations acting as blocking point. Crystal-chemistry concepts have been applied to substitute Ln3+ ions to

Pb2+. The charge compensation generates vacancies corresponding to the removal of some of the blocking points. It results in an increase of the diffusion pathway interconnection, leading to an increase of the anionic conductivity that can be enhanced by the direct control of the Ln3+ size. For cationic diffusion processes, we have investigated the relationship between ionic mobility and chemical reactivity. Previous works on Ag or Cu vanadium based oxides allowed us to define new classes of materials that can be used as positive electrode in Li based batteries. In addition to the conventional insertion mechanism these compounds present a specific displacement phenomenon. This phenomenon is observed during the discharge of a lithium battery and corresponds to the reduction to the metal state and extrusion out of the structure of mobile specie. In the last four years, we have focused our activity on the understanding of the origin, efficiency and reversibility of such a displacement process. Structural investigation of selected compounds in (Ag or Cu) –V – O systems showed the V-O sub-network to correspond to the inert part while the Ag or Cu ions are the mobile and reactive species. The key parameter governing the efficiency of Cu or Ag displacement was found to be related to the host network flexibility. 2D layered host network appeared to be the most convenient. The layer flexibility was found to be dependent on the connection mode between the oxygenated polyhedra. Corner sharing, acting as oxygenated pivot, enhances the flexibility compared to edge or face sharing which increases the rigidity and prevents the displacement process. Lately, we investigated mixed (Ag and Cu)–V – O based compounds. The simultaneous presence of Ag and Cu ions leads to a competitive effect. We evidenced the ability of Ag ions to act as structure pillar inducing a perturbation of Cu ion localisation (Fig. III-1). Electrochemical tests completed by in situ XRD studies confirm the Cu ions to be reactive. Once all Cu ions are fully reduced and extruded, the Ag behaviour change from inert to mobile and the Ag displacement is observed. These studies are currently extended to other transition metals (Nb, Mo) and anions (S, F) host networks with, in addition, the aim to control the electrochemical redox potential i.e. the battery voltage. Study of non-crystalline samples Glasses present interesting properties for different domains such as ionic conductivity, waste confinement or as substrate for electronic devices. However their structure being more complex than that of crystalline samples, they require specific experimental techniques such as Wide Angle X-ray Scattering, often coupled to numerical simulations. The data analysis is usually made using analogous crystals as starting building units of the atomic arrangement and gives clues to interpret physical properties.

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Fig. III-1 : Ag1/2Cu1/2V2O5 structure and experimentally determined electron density maps showing the delocalisation (mobility) of Cu+ ions and the role of Ag+ ions as pillars. We have studied glasses in M2O – Te2 Te2V2O9 systems (M=Li, Ag, Na) which exhibit a electronic to ionic with increasing M2O amount. The results indicate that the increase of M2O amount disturbs the V-O chains leading to a loss of extended connection preventing the long range hopping electron mechanism. Numerical methods were also developed to obtain a better understanding of the structural, dynamical and electronic properties of silicate glasses. Molecular dynamics and DFT simulations performed on calcium aluminosilicate and hydrous silicate liquids and glasses, lead to a better knowledge of the local environment of the cations and to a possible interpretation of the experimental 17O NMR spectra of a calcium aluminosilicate glass (Fig. III.2).

Fig. III-2: Comparison between a) the experimental QMAS 17O NMR spectrum obtained on a calcium aluminosilicate glass by Stebbins and Xu, Nature 390, 60 (1997) and b) a simulated spectrum calculated on a glass of close composition using DFT. NBO and O3 refers to the non-bridging oxygens and to the oxygen triclusters, respectively.

In hydrous silica, we have shown that native defects such as Si-O dangling bonds can play a significant role as precursors in the laser-induced defect formation process. III.2. Processing materials and devices by SPS Staff : A. Couret, M. Dollé, L. Durand, J. Galy, G. Molénat, J.P. Monchoux, P. Rozier PhD : F. Guillard (CEA-, 2004-2007-), H. Jabbar (BDI Rég, 2007-2010), G. Jouan (MESR, 2008-), A. Réhaut (CEA 2005-2008) Post-Doc : G. Delaizir (ANR StockE, 2008-2009) [M134, M145, M147, M158, M183, M199, M200, M227, M243] Understanding and control of the SPS process Since the setting-up of the Spark Plasma Sintering CNRS platform (PNF2) in Toulouse in 2004, which remained unique in France till 2007, experimentalists and theorists have been interacting to get a better understanding of the SPS process. The SPS offers many advantages (ex. rapid sintering, sintering with no additives,...) with respect to conventional processes. The mechanisms occurring during SPS sintering are still controversial, and studies on different families of materials have been performed to understand the impact of SPS parameters, in particular current, voltage and pressure. A finite element method approach was also developed to simulate the spatial distributions of temperature, current and tension, as a function of physical parameters like electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity or specific heat of the die and of the sample and as a function of their geometry (Fig. III.3). The method has been validated by comparing the simulations with experimental temperature measurements on different materials (metal, semi-conductor and insulator). This enabled us to design dies and to control the SPS parameters for the preparation of samples going from simple pellets to ready-made objects (Fig. III.4).

Fig. III-3: FEM simulations of the temperature field in the sample-punches-die assembly. From these simulations, the fields of temperature, current and tension can be established. Microstructure development in metallic alloys by SPS The aim of the present work is to investigate the capability of SPS process to sinter intermetallic TiAl alloys for turbine blade applications. This requires obtaining fully compacted samples exhibiting

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homogeneous microstructures in a short processing time. These researches are presently supported by the Midi-Pyrénées and Aquitaine Interrégional Project SPLASMAP and the ANR-Matériaux and Procédés IRIS, in which the companies Snecma Motors, Turboméca, Mécachrome, Chatagner Delaize and Liebherr Aerospace are involved.

Fig. III-4: Alumina sphere prepared in one step by SPS without additional tooling by the design of a special graphite die. In a context where the literature on the SPS of metallic materials is very restricted, all the experimental conditions and machine parameters were optimized. To control the microstructure of the sample, the knowledge of temperature fields is of first importance. That is the reason why finite element calculations have been

developed and are now used to optimize the SPS parameters, as a predictive tool. In less than thirty minutes, TiAl billets with a good compacity and homogeneous microstructures were synthesized. In an attempt to develop a single step processing, we decided to not apply subsequent thermal treatments to the samples. The various microstructures were fully characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The corresponding formation mechanisms were analysed on the basis of the phase diagram, taking into account the rapidity of the process. We demonstrated that some elements of the powder microstructure – as dendritic morphology, grain size or chemical segregation – are retained in the alloy microstructure, which in turn affects the mechanical properties. The room temperature properties and their reproducibility are outstanding (Highlight HL 4) but the creep resistance is still limited. Till now, attempts to improve these creep properties, e.g. by addition of heavy elements susceptible to reduce the dislocation mobility, were not successful. This was explained by the retention of the powder microstructure.

HL4 - SPS : A new route for aeronautic alloys

A Couret, L Durand, J. Galy, H Jabbar, JP Monchoux [M158, M183] After intensive research during the last few decades, the new General Electric aero engine (GEnx that will power Boeing 787) with TiAl blades will be launched in 2009. The cast Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy which passed the FAR33 certification on May 2007 for this engine is regarded as the greatest breakthrough in the TiAl technology up to now. Nevertheless, the wide use of these materials is still limited by i) a difficulty to found a good balance between acceptable ductility and high temperature strength, ii) a scatter of mechanical properties inherent to the alloy solidification process and iii) high costs, due to the used cast process and difficult machining. In this context, we have demonstrated that the new SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) powder metallurgy process is an alternative route able to promote good structural homogeneity together with sufficient grain refinement. The process also proved to be extremely cost-effective because of its rapidity and the ability to provide near-net shape blades by encapsulating the powders,. The figure shows room temperature tensile deformation curves obtained for three SPS TiAl alloys differing by their chemical composition and their microstructure. The three alloys provide relatively high strength (Yield stress and Ultimate Stress) and ductility (2% and more for alloys 1 and 3) at room temperature. This behaviour is very promising as the obtained mechanical properties largely exceed industry requirements and already match those of the best alloys

obtained by the German expensive wrought processing route. Quite significant is the very low scattering in mechanical data, even by comparing specimens sintered at different temperatures. Compared with the cast alloys such as the General Electric ones, the reproducibility and the reliability of the mechanical properties of SPS TiAl alloys are really outstanding. Fig. HL4. Tensile curves (shifted by 0.5%) at room temperature for three alloys (Alloy 1 : Ti49Al47Cr2Nb2 – Alloy 2 : Ti51Al47W1Re1Si0,2 -Alloy 3 : Ti51Al44Cr2Nb2B1). The indicated temperatures are the maximum temperatures of the SPS compaction.

Assembly Recent results confirm the possibility to sinter in one step stacks of different ceramics with virgin interfaces.

Well defined interfaces are obtained (for example in the system Al2O3/Cr2O3), as the rapidity of the process helps limit inter-diffusion. This process is extended to

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develop graded laminates (like SiC/ZrC), which allows us to use compounds with different thermal expansion coefficients. Indeed, composition gradients appear to be able to absorb thermal stresses generated by the different deformation of the two compounds. Based on these observations, the idea to develop an all-solid-state battery by SPS using a ceramic electrolyte came to light (Highlight HL5). III.3. Reactivity, diffusion Staff : M. Dollé, J. Galy, J.P. Monchoux, P. Rozier [M189, M190, M213] Sample synthesis by reactive sintering is interesting, because this allows obtaining chemically complex samples from powders of simpler chemistry, more easily available. Thus, we have studied diffusion and phase transition phenomena occurring during reaction between different materials in the SPS. In the (Cu,Ag)-V2O5 model system, these phenomena appeared to be spectacularly fast, because the diffusivity of Cu is as fast as in liquids (D = 3x10-8 m2/s, see Fig. III.5). This rapidity was not expected from what is observed during

syntheses in sealed quartz tubes, which usually require hours. The role of the SPS process in this acceleration of the reaction has still to be understood. Yet, taking advantage of this rapidity, we have established an approximate ternary phase diagram of the Cu-V2O5-Ag system. Recently, this reactivity rapidity was used to synthesize complex inorganic materials like fluorides or oxyfluorides in a few minutes. This validates the SPS as a highly promising technique for synthesis in solid-state chemistry.

Fig. III.5: Ultra-fast diffusion of Cu and Ag in V205 during an SPS experiment (520°C, 8 min). Note that the CuxAgyV2O5 phase in yellow and orange has extended over more than 1 mm from the Cu+Ag source in sky blue in only 8 min (colored scanning electron microscopy image).

HL5 - “All-solid-state” battery manufactured by SPS

G. Delaizir, M. Dollé, P. Rozier A new generation of batteries is required to answer the increasing needs of electric energy (hybrid vehicles, storage of sustainable energy, stationary applications...). “All-solid-state” batteries show major advantages, compared to conventional liquid/gel based batteries, including thermal stability, absence of leakage and pollution, high resistance to shocks and vibrations, a large electrochemical stability window and environmental impact on disposal. However, the development of high performance “all-solid-state” lithium batteries has been a long lasting problem due to difficulties in assembling multimaterials together. Recent results obtained in the context of the ANR project CeraLion (Stock-E 2007 call – coordinated by the CEMES) show the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique is particularly well suited for the assembly of batteries in one step on short periods (few minutes). After active materials (negative and positive) and electrolyte are selected following chemical and electrochemical compatibility criteria, the powders with optimised granulometry are thoroughly mixed in order to guarantee positive and negative composite electrodes with high density of interfaces while ensuring electronic and ionic connectivity throu-

ghout the pellet thickness. The components (both composite electrodes and electrolyte) stack is then sintered to create a battery with clear composite electrode/electrolyte interfaces (Fig. HL5). The first prototypes, under consideration to be patented by the CNRS, have an average potential of 1.8 volts and require now additional studies on materials to fit the application requirements. Fig. HL 5: a) Cross-section image and b) backscattered electron micrograph of a cell prepared in one step by SPS.

IV. Stress at the nanometric scale: impact on structural and physical properties Our activities are focused on the role at the nanometric scale of internal stresses in innovative nanostructures. To allow new functionalities in the devices, the nanostructures are often pushed towards the limits permitted by the growth processes. Accommodation of lattice mismatches and strong interactions between substrate and deposit are at the origin of huge internal

stresses, which tend to be concentrated over few atomic layers in these ultimate structures. This strongly determines the growth mechanisms and stability of the active zones, and impacts the optical, electronic or magnetic properties of the devices. We also study self-assembly processes driven by internal stresses which can be exploited for the spatial organization of nano-objects. Two examples are the competition between surface and elastic energies (Stranski-Krastanov growth mode), used for quantum dots (QDs) elaboration, and the competition between

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molecule-molecule interaction and molecule-surface interaction, a mechanism specific to organic molecules adsorbed on inorganic surfaces. These activities are fully integrated in the thematic of the CNRS-GDR MECANO devoted to the mechanics of nano-objects. IV.1 Stressed nanostructures for photonics Staff : F. Demangeot, J. Frandon, C. Gatel, A. Ponchet, A. Rocher PhD : C. Pinquier (MESR, 2003-2006) [M44, M83, M102, M122, M131, M136, M168, M174, M188, M237] New materials are studied in the framework of different collaborations. This activity is supported by C’NANO GSO (2009) and Université Paul Sabatier (NANOMOL 2009-2011).

Relaxation process at the GaN/AlN interface: nanosized QDs versus micrometric islands growth: GaN presents outstanding technological applications in the UV/visible range. GaN QDs self-assembled by a Stranski-Krastanov mechanism have opened the way towards almost dislocation free light emitting diodes and lasers, leading to increased life time compared to previous devices. We have initiated a collaboration with N. Grandjean at EPFL Lausanne to understand the correlation between their structural and optical properties. We have investigated the impact of the stress state of AlN template on the nucleation of GaN islands. The AlN epilayer, grown on a GaN/sapphire substrate, relaxes through a plastic mechanism, and through micro-cracks on the surface. This results in an inhomogeneous state of the strain in AlN, which is elastically relaxed only nearby the cracks, as shown by micro-Raman spectroscopy mapping (Fig. IV-1a). Far from the cracks, topological defects (V-shape pits at the surface) are generated at the vertical of threading dislocations. As a consequence, a competition between two kinds of islands during the further deposition of GaN is clearly evidenced. The V-shape pits act as preferential centers of nucleation for micrometric relaxed islands. Nearby the cracks, where the AlN is elastically relaxed, nucleation of strained GaN islands dominates, with the optical characteristics of QDs as revealed by micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy (Fig. IV-1b). The further step will be to study a single dot.

Highly strained nanostructures: We also focused on the analysis of the growth mode, stability and strain state of small gap quantum nanostructures (InAs, InSb and alloys) able to achieve emission in the middle infra-red (coll. FOTON Rennes). Wavelengths from 2 to 5 µm present several windows of transparency of the atmosphere and very intense absorption lines of many gas and molecules allowing various applications like pollutant detection, gas analysis, telecommunications and medicine. Compatibility with industrial technologies based on InP

substrate supposes to push the level of strain close to the ultimate limits. In this context, two systems have been investigated. An unusual 2D growth mode has been identified for thick deposits of strained InAs on InP (see highlight HL. 6). In InSb on InP, a promising system with a very high lattice mismatch of 10%, we are studying the formation and the strain state of InSb QDs. It is seen that their stability can be compromised by exchanges at interfaces during encapsulation, which appears as the key point to control the QDs properties.

Fig. IV-1: Above: Micrometric mapping of the in-plane strain in AlN, calculated from the E2 optical phonon frequency. The x-axis represents the distance to a crack. Below: Micro-PL at 300 K of the GaN islands, performed at different positions with respect to a crack: (a) near the crack, (b) in intermediate position, and (c) at 35 μm from the crack. IV.2 Structural and electronic properties of strained magnetic oxide layers Staff : M-J. Casanove, C. Gatel [M20, M59, M77, M95, M105, M111, M112, M155, M254, M165, M166] Different strained magnetic oxide layers developed for giant magneto resistance (GMR) properties have been investigated in the frame of long-standing national or international collaborations with different groups. The related studies cover a large range of scales and problems, going from the analysis of a single interface to whole magnetic devices as tunneling magneto-resistance junctions. For instance, we gave evidence for a strong charge effect at the LaAlO3 (LAO) / SrTiO3 (STO) interface, which was revealed by a dilation of the lattice parameter precisely at the interface (coll. J.L. Maurice et al., Thalès, France). The influence of growth and annealing processes on the state of strain of manganites La0.7Sr0.3 MnO3 layers deposited on SrTiO3 through a chemical route was also investigated (coll. X. Obradors group, ICMAB, Barcelona – ESTEEM project). Combined high resolution (HREM) and energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) experiments allowed us to demonstrate the generation

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of spontaneous outcropping of self-assembled insulating nanodots (Fig. IV.2) in films grown with a

La excess, as a result of a strain relaxation process.

HL6 - High elastic strain in InAs quantum well on InP substrate.

C. Gatel, A. Ponchet

During epitaxial growth, highly strained semiconducting layers often relax through the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode, a mechanism combining an elastic deformation and a morphological transition from 2D layers to islands. With a lattice mismatch of 3.2%, 2D InAs layers grown on InP substrate are effectively highly unstable against islanding, which is generally observed above 2-4 atomic layers under an arsenic flux (standard conditions). This mechanism hinders the growth of thick quantum wells required to shift the wavelength of photoluminescence emission towards the middle-infra-red range. Thanks to a residual flux of antimony during the growth, 2D layers have been achieved (coll. FOTON Rennes), as shown by this 15 atomic layers thick InAs quantum well, observed in HREM mode on the TECNAI F-20 (Fig.a). The barriers are Ga0.47In0.53As lattice matched on the InP substrate. The elastic strain was investigated by analyzing the experimental displacements of the (002) atomic planes and modeling them by FEM (Fig.b). The out-of-plane and in-plane elastic strains measured from this HREM image analysis are 0.035 +/- 0.003 and -0.032 +/- 0.003, respectively. This demonstrates that, despite the high level of strain, the modification of surface energy due to Sb adsorption allows a full accommodation of the lattice mismatch through a pure elastic mechanism.

Fig. HL 6: (a) HREM image of 15 atomic layers of InAs embedded in Ga0.47In0.53As barriers lattice matched to InP. (b) Experimental displacements Uz of the (002) atomic planes in the growth direction z and their modeling by FEM with an internal misfit of 0.032 (the modeled curve is shifted along the Uz axis).

Fig. IV-2: Energy filtered TEM chemical mapping of a manganite film grown with a La excess. La-rich insulating nanodots are spontaneous outcropped by a stress release process during annealing.

IV.3 Elementary growth mechanisms Staff : J. Morillo, H. Tang [M1, M2, M22, M32, M50, M120, M143, M193, M195, M263, M265] Elementary growth mechanisms in MgO homo-epitaxy The surface diffusion of ad-atoms and ad-molecules is a fundamental phenomenon of crystal growth. Most of the basic mechanisms that control the atomic scale of oxide growth, and thus make the growth what it is from a macroscopic point of view, remain indeed unknown. We have undertaken a throughout investigation of these mechanisms in the prototypical case of MgO(001) homo-epitaxy. The most elementary mechanisms (O, Mg, MgO adsorption and diffusion, MgO molecule formation and diffusion, stoichiometric and non stoichiometric small clusters) where studied within the ab initio DFT approach, whereas more complex situations involving a large number of atoms (cluster formation), and the high temperature properties (MgO molecule diffusion) were studied with a semi-empirical interaction model coupled to classical molecular dynamics. In particular we have shown that one of the most probable diffusion mechanisms for the MgO molecule involves an exchange mechanism between the molecular Mg and a Mg surface atom.

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Self-assembly and electronic properties due to molecule-substrate interactions Organic semi-conductors are innovative materials developed for their potential applications in organic LED, FET, or photo-voltaic cells. When these molecules are deposited in ultra thin layers (from 1 to a few atomic layers) on inorganic substrates, very specific properties, different than those of the same molecules in crystals, appear. At the nanometer scale, the electronic properties of these hybrid systems are also different from those of corresponding bulk materials since they can be dominated by a charge transfer mechanism localized at the interface. Using semi-empirical and DFT modeling, we have studied the self-assembly induced by the interactions between the molecules and the substrate and calculated the electronic properties for a wide family of metal-phthalocyanine (Pc) molecules (Metal = Co, Fe, Zn, Sn, etc...) adsorbed on different substrates (Cu, Ag, Au, graphite), in cooperation with experimentalists (Kiel University, Technische Universität Chemnitz and Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing). We have demonstrated that self-assembling of H2Pc(CN)8 on graphite is mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions. For CoPc molecules on Cu (Fig. IV-3), we have shown that the Co center of the first monolayer loses its magnetic moment due to its coupling with the copper substrate, an effect limited to the sole first layer: in the second layer, the Co atoms retain their magnetic moment.

Fig. IV-3: Modeling of self-assembly of CoPc molecules (Cobalt-Phthalocyanine) on a Cu(111) surface; one CoPc molecule occupies an ''hollow'' site of the molecules forming the first layer. IV.4 Achieving the initial state of strain or stress in an epitaxial layer Staf : M-J. Casanove, L. Durand, A. Ponchet, A. Rocher, C. Roucau PhD : M. Cabié (MESR, 2002-2005), F. Houdellier (MESR, 2003-2006) [M6, M7, M75, M80, M81, M142, M146, M178, M186, M196, M197] Strain determination has been the subject of intense work at CEMES. TEM is indeed a powerful tool allowing a simultaneous analysis of strain, interfaces and extended defects in nanometric layers. However,

one has to keep in mind that TEM samples are thinned to electron transparency, which induces free surface relaxation and a reduction of the measured strain. Another consequence of thinning, which has received little attention, is the partial transfer of stress from the layer to the substrate. Among the different methods that have been developed at CEMES, we focused these last years on original methods which exploit the substrate deformation as a probe to analyze the strain of the layer. Information on the substrate distortion is obtained with a high accuracy from electron diffraction phenomena. The stress or strain state before thinning can thus be retrieved through fitting procedures combining TEM results and finite element modeling (FEM). Two approaches were developed: TEM curvature The substrate curvature is the main consequence of surface relaxation after thinning for plan-view observations. We use this bending to determine the initial stress in the epilayer. The curvature is measured from bend contours in conventional images. We have shown that even the strongest curvatures observed (cylindrical curvatures with a radius around 5 μm) are the signature of the epitaxial stress and can be reproduced by FEM. If some geometrical constraints are fulfilled, the Timoshenko analytical approach is directly relevant for TEM samples. Quantitative analysis of convergent beam electron diffraction patterns CBED patterns are so highly sensitive to small deformation of the lattice parameters that it hinders a direct measurement of the large strains present in heavily stressed epilayers. We thus developed an original approach to retrieve the initial state of strain in an epilayer through the simulation of the dynamical CBED patterns recorded at different positions in the substrate. In this approach, the TEM specimen is modeled by FEM and the CBED patterns are simulated using a time-dependent dynamical theory (TDDT), which proves particularly efficient to take into account the continuous evolution of the crystal potential along the electron probe (Fig. IV-4). V - Size effects in nanometer-sized objects Our studies aim at analysing the influence of size reduction on the properties of low-dimensional objects (nanoparticles, epitaxially grown layers and islands). In these nano-objects, surface atoms can represent more than 50% of the total number of atoms making them more sensitive to their environment and in particular to surface stresses. They often adopt structural and chemical orders that can strongly differ from the ones in the bulk materials. Moreover they present a large variety of metastable structures, close in energy to the fundamental ones, which are likely to be observed depending on their size and the growth conditions: chemical synthesis in mild conditions, epitaxial growth

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Fig. IV-4: Si0.8Ge0.2 layer (27 nm) on Si. The CBED pattern (left) has been performed at a depth of 200 nm from the

surface (the sample being thinned in cross-section). The broadening of the CBED lines is due to the surface relaxation effect. The crystalline plane bending modelled by FEM (central image) allows to calculate the image with the TDDT

model (right) at various temperatures, thermal treatments.... All these specificities induce macroscopic properties that are either bulk like, but considerably enhanced, or even totally different. Measuring and analysing the structural and chemical order together with the properties of these nano-objects can only be achieved through a strong coupling between a wide variety of complementary experimental techniques and multi-scale modelling. From the experimental side we combine wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), extended x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (EXAFS and XMCD, performed on European synchrotron facilities), Raman spectroscopy, micro-photoluminescence, SQUID magnetometry (in collaboration with LPCNO/INSA in Toulouse). The modelling approach includes ab initio density functional theory (DFT), atomic-scale semi-empirical and empirical interaction models coupled with molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, and analytical approaches. In the last four years, we mainly focussed on metallic alloys and oxide particles. Most of the studied nanoparticles have been synthesized at the Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) in mild conditions by an organometallic route in the presence of stabilizing ligands or polymers at temperatures close to room temperature. The epitaxially grown nanoalloys are prepared at CEMES with a dc magnetron sputtering machine.

V.1 Metallic nanoalloys Staff : M.-J. Casanove, C. Gatel, Y. Kihn, P. Lecante, J. Morillo, C. Roucau Post-Doc : J.-P. Ayoub (CNRS, 2008-2010) [M11, M15, M16, M34, M35, M40, M65, M72, M86, M97, M119, M127, M128, M152, M154, M160, M169, M184, M187, M192, M203, M204, M208, M210, M215, M222, M238, M245, M246, M257, M258 ]

One of the most interesting characteristics of metallic nanoalloys is that they can adopt a much larger variety of stable or metastable chemical orders than those observable in the corresponding bulk alloys: core/shell or onion structures for nanoalloy particles, ordered alloys or even fully segregated phases. Resolving the structural and chemical order of such nano-objects and understanding how they drive their physical properties is then of fundamental interest. Nanoalloys of transition metals are interesting for their potential magnetic (CoRh, CoPt, CoRu, NiFe, FeRh) or catalytic applications (PdRh, PtRu). Our research on nanoalloys is presently supported by the ANR-Pnano 2005 project Nanoconficat (12-2005/05-2009) on the confinement of nanoparticles in carbon nanotubes for highly selective catalytic applications, by the ANR-PNANO project SimNanA (04-2009/04-2012) on the modelling of nanoalloys, and soon by the ANR-blanc MAG@M starting on september 2009 (2009-2012) on multifunctional core/shell metallic particles. Most of our collaborators belong to the new CNRS research network GDR “Nanoalliages”.

Magnetic transition metal nanoalloys 3d/4-5d transition metal nanoparticles are expected to display large magnetic moments (3d elements) together with high magnetic anisotropy (4d-5d elements), an association of magnetic properties which is highly desirable for magnetic recording applications. Due to the used mild synthesis process and the presence of a stabilizing agent at the surface of the nanoparticles, they can be produced in metastable unexpected configurations. This was demonstrated in the case of the CoMRhN nanoparticles (N+M about 400) for Co contents larger or equal to 50% (see highlight HL. 7) through a combined experimental and atomic-scale simulation structural analysis. The structural simulations were performed with an empirical tight-binding model in the second moment approximation (TBSMA), whereas the magnetic properties were indirectly studied within the ab initio DFT scheme (see

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below). The parameters of the TBSMA model were fitted to a selected number of appropriate DFT results and experimental data. The magnetic properties of 3d/4d (CoRh) and 3d/5d (CoPt) binary transition metal alloys have been studied within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) from dimers up to the crystals, as well as multilayered structures, doped surfaces and small clusters (N<32). In most of the alloyed structures, the presence of Co atoms induces increased magnetic moments on their Rh or Pt neighbors, while the Co atoms retain in most cases their magnetic properties. The coordination reduction in low dimension leads to an extra magnetic enhancement. These two effects combine in small CoMRhN and CoMPtN nanoparticles: average magnetic moments are significantly larger than those of the macroscopic alloys, in qualitative agreement with experiments. The interplay between structure, chemical order and magnetism turns out to be very complex: in the non-magnetic Rh4 tetrahedral cluster, the substitution of a unique Rh atom by a Co one results in a remarkable 1.2 μB magnetic induced moment on the Rh atoms; however, the doping effect can be inefficient for highly

symmetric geometries in which the pure 4d or 5d clusters have already a significant magnetic moment (Rh7 or Pt4). The Co doping of a non-magnetic Pt (111) surface reveals enhanced Co magnetic moments, compared to the bulk, and a long-range monotonously decaying polarization of the Pt adjacent layers which amplitude is only slightly modified at the surface. Both contribtutions add to lead to substancial effective magnetic moments of about 2.7µB/Co atom. The comparison with the previously studied Co/Rh(111) case suggests the interest of the Pt host to obtain a higher net host spin polarization. Since 2007, our studies on magnetic metallic nanoalloys include epitaxially grown materials. The growth mode in the sputtering machine is controlled by the temperature, and the deposition rates. The objective is to tune the properties of the alloys through size, composition and epitaxial strain via the different substrates. Our present research concerns the FeRh alloy, which presents a remarkable magnetic transition from an antiferro- to a ferromagnetic phase at 370K in its chemically ordered B2 phase.

HL 7 - Where are the atoms? Uncover the atomic organization in CoRh nanoparticles

M.-C. Fromen, M.-J. Casanove, P. Lecante and J. Morillo [M72, M 40] Due to the prominent influence of surface below a given size, nanoparticles (NPs) present a large variety of metastable structures, bulk-like or original and close in energy. Thus, the observed structures strongly depend on the synthesis and growth conditions. The situation is even more complex in bimetallic NPs, since they can also present a large variety of chemical orders (core/shell, onion, ordered...). Resolving the structural and chemical order of such NPs and understanding how they drive their physical properties is then of fundamental interest. The structures of Co1-xRhx NPs (~ 400-atom) synthesized by a soft chemical route at ~400 K have been resolved by a combination of experimental measurements (WAXS, HREM and EXAFS) and atomic scale simulations. Experimentally, we have found that the Rh-rich NPs (x=0.75 and 1) are in the bulk-like fcc structure, whereas the Co-rich ones (x= 0, 0.25, 0.5) present an unexpected polytetrahedral organisation. The simulations revealed that the former were in their 300K thermal equilibrium structure, while the latter were in a glassy metastable state; and that all the NPs were in the same thermal equilibrium Rh-core/Co-shell chemical order (Fig. a). Such a chemical order explains the large deviation of the mean metal-metal distance d0 to the Vegard’s law as measured by WAXS and consistently reproduced by the simulations (Fig. b). These two last features (chemical order and large d0) favour the development of large magnetic moments that were indeed observed by SQUID (not shown).

(a) Rh-core/Co-shell chemical order of the simulated NPs. Top: cross-sections. Bottom: histograms of the distribution of distances to the centre of the NPs. From left to right: x=0.25, 0.50, 0.75.

(b) Top: anomalous expansion of d0 , the mean metal-metal distance in the NPs. Bottom: distribution of the Rh-Rh, Rh-Co and Co-Co bond lengths dij vs dc , distance to the centre of the simulated NP (x=0.5). Horizontal line: mean dij. Vertical line: mean dc. The corresponding d0 clearly results from the large Rh-Rh central and Rh-Co peripheral bonds.

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Fig. V.1: HREM image of B2-ordered FeRh nanodot grown on a (001) MgO substrate- order and 3D growth

results from a 700°C annealing. As evidenced in Fig. V-1, we succeeded in obtaining the B2 order in nano-islands of FeRh, formed through the annealing at 700°C of a 2nm-thick 2D layer previously grown by co-sputtering of pure Rh and Fe targets at 200°C. The next step will be the measurement of the magnetic properties of these islands. Catalytic bimetallic nanoparticles The PdRh system is known for its efficiency in the catalytic hydrogenation of different organic compounds. Moreover, the selectivity of the process can be enhanced by a control of the chemical order inside the nanoparticles. The radial distribution functions of the interatomic distances (RDFs) deduced from the WAXS experiments for the different studied compositions are consistent with face-centred-cubic (fcc) alloys as in the bulk (Fig. V.2(a)). However, the related values for the lattice parameter of these ultra fine particles (average diameter 1.9nm for all compositions) clearly evidence a strong deviation from the Vegard’s law (Fig. V.2(b)), which is not consistent with the behaviour expected for a perfect alloy. Referring to the CoRh case (see above and highlight) we tentatively attribute the Vegard’s law deviation to a core/shell Pd-Rh segregation. We thus provide direct access to useful parameters for the optimisation of catalysts at the nanometric scale. The aim of the ANR-Pnano Nanoconficat project is to synthesize nanostructured materials composed of functionalised nanoparticles confined in carbon nanotubes (CNT) with 100% selective catalytic properties. The properties of the prepared catalysts are strongly dependant on the properties of CNTs, which present an interesting combination of many physicochemical characteristics: thermal and electronic conduction, low density and mechanical resistance,

absorption capacity and considerable mesoporous volumes. In addition to these properties, intrinsic to the material, the control of their diameter coupled to the large scale production, was one of the key points of the project. The TEM and analytical experiments conducted at the CEMES focused on the precise location of the metallic nanoparticles (Pt, Ru, PtRu) with respect to the CNTs, and on their characteristics. As an example, it has been demonstrated that the mean diameter (1.6 nm) of PtRu nanoparticles located inside CNTs, is smaller than that of the same nanoparticles (2 nm) deposited on CNTs. The spatial location of PtRu nanoparticles in the different samples (as a function of wt% PtRu@CNT, of CNT functionalization and /or ligands) was determined through 2D TEM experiments, eventually completed by 3D TEM tomography (performed at IPCMS-Strasbourg) in non-conclusive cases. Although precise quantification was difficult to establish, we were able to provide a suitable estimate of the percentage of PtRu nanoparticles located inside the CNTs by analyzing the different results (Fig. V.3). (Ref Angewangte Chem.. 2009)

a)

b) Fig. V-2: (a): Top and bottom experimental RDFs for A5 and A3, respectively; middle, computed RDF from bulk Pd (solid line) and Rh (dotted line). (b):cubic lattice parameter vs. composition; Contrary to bulk alloys (open squares), the parameter in the bimetallic nanoparticles (A3 and A5) does not follow Vegard’s law (linear change with Pd/Rh ratio). M1 refers to a mixture of monometallic Pd and Pt particles.

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Fig. V-3: a, b and d : TEM images of 5 wt% PtRu/CNT2. While the nanoparticles are clearly located outside (b) and inside (d) the CNTs, the location in (a) requires the modelling of the reconstruction of 3D-images(c). V.2 Investigation of size and surface effects in Zinc oxyde nanoparticles Staff : N. Combe, F. Demangeot PhD : P.-M. Chassaing (MESR, 2006-2009) [M68, M125, M126, M180, M233, M234] ZnO is a wide band gap semiconductor, which has numerous applications from solar protection to optoelectronics, and can be exploited for the conception of sensors using nanoparticles. We studied their elementary excitations for sizes typically ranging from 2.5nm to about 10nm. The nanoparticles are dressed with organic ligands as a result of the soft chemical synthesis. Surface and spatial confinement effects were investigated through the study of excitons, optical and acoustical phonons. Surface effects have been explored using photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy experiments. We have exhibited that excitonic effects are mainly driven by defects located at the

nanoparticles surface. A slight tensile stress due to the presence of organic ligands bonded to the nanoparticles surface has been evidenced by measuring the frequency shift of the confined optical mode with E2 symmetry (see Fig. V.4(a)). The study of surface optical phonons has allowed us to probe the nanoparticle environment. Surface modes in a cylinder of a wurtzite crystal have been calculated through the dielectric continuum model. Comparison with experimental data allowed us to assign the strong peak at 490 cm-1 in the Raman spectra to a surface optical mode (SO on Fig. V.4(b)). We made clear that the ligands are coordinated on the lateral surface of these prismatic nanoparticles by careful analysis of peak intensity in the Raman spectra. This study illustrates the ability of optical vibration spectroscopy to probe subtle effects related to the surface of the nanoparticles. Finally, due to their linear phonon dispersion curves, acoustical phonons are fully relevant to investigate confinement effects and size effects at the nanometric scale. Their study shows that they can also be sensitive to surface effects. The main theoretical and experimental results concerning these acoustic phonons are reported in the highlight HL 8..

a) b) Fig.V-4:(a): wavenumber of the E2 high phonon plotted as a function of ligand length (number of carbon atoms of the amine Nc). (b): Raman spectra of ZnO nanoparticles: The intensity of the upper spectrum is multiplied by 6 compared to other spectra. The size together with the aspect ratio (AR=H/D) of the NPs is given on the figure. Inset: Plot of ISO / IE2 versus STOP / V for all measured samples. Nanorods and NPs are denoted by filled and open circles, respectively.

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HL 8 - Probing the limit of the elasticity theory in zinc oxide nanoparticles using acoustic phonons.

P.M. Chassaing, N. Combe, F. Demangeot [M233, M234] Does the linear elasticity theory (LET) apply at the nanoscale? What is the characteristic size under which this theory fails to describe the mechanical properties of materials? These issues are of crucial importance to master the mechanical properties of nano-objects. Since direct experimental measurements of stress-strain ratio are very complex at the nanometer scale, we have developed an alternative approach using acoustic phonons. Indeed, following the LET, acoustic phonon frequencies in a nanoparticle (NP) scale as the inverse of the NP size. However, with decreasing NP size, the surface on volume ratio increases giving a greater importance to the surface. Surface stress and surface relaxation then become significant for few nanometer NPs so that they can potentially alter the frequency-spectra scaling predicted by the LET. The choice of zinc oxide nanoprisms, a iono-covalent material was made for its strong surface effects due to its long range electrostatic forces. Comparing the frequencies of specific modes predicted by the LET with those obtained by atomistic calculations based on a shell-model, we show that both methods converge above a characteristic size of about 2.5nm (see Fig. HL8). Discrepancies between the LET and the atomistic simulations only appear under about this size (breathing and extensional n=1 mode). Note that the sensitivity of acoustic phonons to surface effects depends on the considered vibrational mode (see the extensional (n=0) mode in Fig. HL8). Raman spectroscopy experiments performed on Zinc oxide NPs have confirmed this conclusion by investigating acoustic phonons in NPs with sizes ranging from 5nm to 2.3nm. Experiments on NPs of sizes below 2.3nm are not yet accessible due to the high complexity of their soft chemical synthesis. This confirms the outstanding reliability of the LET down to ultimate sizes.

Fig HL8: Frequencies of the

breathing and extensional modes (n=0 and n=1) as a function of the inverse of the NP size. Filled points and dashed lines report to atomistic

and elastic calculations, respectively. White area designed the region of

applicability of the LET. In the shaded region, results for the

breathing mode and the extensional (n=1) modes provided by the LET

and atomistic simulations disagree.

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II. NANOMATERIALS

Numbers refer to the list of papers of the nMat group in the Bibliographic list Evolving at the intersection between « materials science » and « nanotechnology », with physics as a solid background, the nanomaterials group (nMat) develops concepts, methods and techniques allowing the fabrication and the optimization of structures and devices containing “nano-elements” and making use of their specific properties. One of the strengths of the group lies in the characterization of nanomaterials at the atomic scale, using electrons and photons, but also in the measurement, modelling and manipulation of materials physical properties. Through internal support or contractual collaborations, it sustains scientific activities devoted to “nanoelectronics”, “nanomagnetism”, “optics” and “acoustics”.

The group currently consists in 27 permanent scientists (13 University staff, 14 CNRS staff), 13 PhD students, 6 Postdocs and 4 technicians or engineers. Research activity is distributed over 14 “research operations” (RO) integrated into 7 “general topics”, referring to the type of materials, and supported by 3 “transversal activities” aimed at developing or even defining the state-of-the art in fabrication methods and metrology (see Fig. A). RO’s have limited lifetimes while general topics are durable. Researchers evolve in the group environment, joining in where their skills are required and where their pleasure and curiosity can be satisfied. This management is well adapted to our type of activity i.e., fundamental sciences, supported largely by funding obtained through contracts.

Figure II-A: Organizational scheme of the nMat group. 6 vertical “general topics” are supported by “transversal

activities”. Archeometry takes advantage of the overall structure.

Indeed, at the end of 2008, the group is engaged in 29 contracts, 5 with the EU, 12 with the French ANR, 4 with Industry, 3 with MINEFI and 5 with the local MiPy Region. On average, this injects about 1 M€/y into the group, in part attributed to Postdocs salaries. Finally, it has to be noted that, beyond well-cited publications in renown journals, numerous invited talks in international conferences and the organization of several symposia, the group has taken the lead of

application-oriented projects, has filled 8 patents during the last 4 years and “cultivated” solid links with industrial partners where our former PhD students and Postdocs can make their careers. But, for now, let us visit the “nMat Group”…

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e-nMat : Nanomaterials for Electronics 5,6,7,9,10,11,12,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,32,33,34,40,43,46,47,56,57,59,60,63,69,72,73,74,77,78,80,82,88,89,93,97,98,101,102,105,116,117,118,126,131,133,141,142,152,153,161,162,163,164,165,169,175,176,177,178,179,180,185,187,206,209,217,218,224,225,226,228,229,232,233,236,242,243,244,250,253,258,260,266,267,271,276

The aim of the “Nanomaterial for Electronics” activity is to understand, model then optimize some of the new processes, structures and materials used as building blocks for ultimate electronics. We develop a materials science approach based on a deep physical understanding of the phenomena involved during ion implantation, diffusion, precipitation/ripening and oxidation, dopant activation, all involving point and extended defects. During the last 4 years, new competences and techniques have been integrated, notably dealing with strain and optical properties of nanomaterials. Beyond silicon and SiO2, new materials such as high-� dielectrics, SiGe and strained Si or GaN on insulators are being considered. For this, we have sometimes invented, often developed, advanced techniques making use of Cs-corrected high resolution electron microscopy coupled to electron energy-loss spectroscopy and electron holography, but also advanced photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopies. In particular, a new holographic method has been invented for local strain measurements (highlight I); methodologies have been developed for the atomic scale chemical/structural and dielectric description of very thin dielectric layers and for sensing the mechanical properties of semiconductor at the nanoscale. Our activity can be divided into three main research operations: new starting materials for ultimate microelectronics, new materials and processes for ultrashallow source/drain junctions and new gate oxides and nanocrystals engineering. II-1: New starting materials for ultimate microelectronics Staff: Vincent Paillard, Alain Claverie, Nikolay Cherkashin, Jesse Groenen, Martin Hytch, Gérard Ben Assayag PhDs: C. Villeneuve (Cifre Soitec 2005-2007), F. Hue (BDI CEA/LETI 2006-2008), S. Koffel (BDI CEA/LETI 2006-2008), N. Daix (Cifre Soitec 2007-) PostDocs : F. Gloux (ANR 2008) Nowadays, silicon-based electronics is still inspired by Moore’s law but increasing carrier (electron and hole) mobilities, decreasing heat consumption and adding new functionalities to devices may be more important in the future than just reducing the CMOS component size. Such improvements can be achieved by stressing silicon, by introducing new materials (SiGe or Ge) or structures (nanowires), and/or by fabricating new

substrates such as SOI or GaNOI wafers using the SmartCut process. However, the basic mechanisms involved in the processing of these materials (ion implantation, dopant activation and diffusion, oxidation, stress build up, layer splitting…) remain mostly unknown. In this context, it is the role of CEMES to (i) invent or develop experimental techniques able to measure the characteristics of the material at the nanoscale during or after processing (strain, structure, defects…), and (ii), provide scenarii, based on physics, describing the kinetics of these processes (driving forces, energies, pertinent parameters) in a will to model these phenomena. Strained silicon is an integral feature of the present generation of transistors because of the associated enhancement in carrier mobility. Biaxial strain can be obtained by epitaxial growth of Si on SiGe alloys (compressive) or C-rich Si (tensile) templates. Uniaxial strain can be obtained by a combination of growth/deposition and design techniques. However, direct experimental techniques able to measure strain fields at the nanoscale were lacking. In a first step, we have pushed the existing techniques i.e., UV Raman spectrometry coupled to simulations and GPA analysis of HRTEM images to their limits (Hue PRL 2008). In terms of materials sciences, these tools have allowed us to understand and optimize the growth of Ge-rich SiGe alloys and highly strained Si overlayers and to explain the mechanisms limiting the incorporation of C atoms in substitutional sites in Si (Cherkashin APL 2009), a route towards the fabrication of tensile Si layers explored by ST Microelectronics. From the technology point of view, we have provided the first measurements of the strain fields, and thus, the first quantitative explanation of the strain-induced carrier mobility enhancement in the Si channel of MOS transistors, generated either by stressors such as SiGe source and drain or SiN overlayers. The new electron holography-based technique (highlight I), recently invented and patented at CEMES, provides both strain measurement and imaging over a large field of view (microns), coupling a high precision (2.10-4) and 2 nm resolution (Hytch Nature 2008). This technique is being used to understand and optimize, through the confrontation with finite elements simulations, the different technological options for stressing Si in devices (stressors, liners…). CEMES’ works on strained Si and strained SOI defines the state-of-the-art and has been considered by the EC as one of the three breakthroughs of the IP/PULLNANO Project. Germanium is also being reconsidered because of the high hole mobility it offers. Unfortunately, little is known of the basic mechanisms involved in the processing of germanium. For this reason, we have studied the kinetics of several of these phenomena such as, ion implantation induced amorphization, the solid phase epitaxy of amorphous layers, the formation of

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New electron holographic technique for measuring strain at the nanoscale

Strained silicon is now an integral feature of the latest generation of transistors because of the associated enhancement in carrier mobility. The microelectronics industry uses different strategies to engineer strain, leading to complex strain distributions in two and three dimensions. Developing methods of strain measurement at the nanoscale has therefore been an important objective in recent years but had proved elusive in practice: none of the existing techniques combined the necessary spatial resolution, precision and field of view. For example, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been shown to be successful for mapping strain in devices, but only over relatively small sample areas [1]. This led to the invention of a new technique at CEMES, called dark-field holography (HoloDark), which allows the measurement of strain to high precision, with nanometre spatial resolution and for micrometre fields of view [2,3]. The technique is based on interfering a diffracted beam from the substrate, serving as reference, with the beam coming from the region of interest. We can thus measure the geometric phase of the diffracted beam which in turn gives the local strain field. In addition, standard FIB prepared samples (100-300 nm thick) are suitable for HoloDark, thus reducing the influence of thin-film relaxation effects. We are currently exploring the many areas of possible application.

Holodark image of strained Si transistors. Note compression in the channel between the two SiGe stressors.

[1] F. Hüe, M.J. Hÿtch, H. Bender, F. Houdellier, and A. Claverie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 156602. [2] M.J. Hÿtch, F. Houdellier, F. Hüe, and E. Snoeck, Nature 453 (2008) 1086-1089. [3] International Patent Application PCT N° PCT/FR2008/001302 extended defects and the behavior of dopant diffusion during annealing (Koffel JAP 2008). Based on these results, we have proposed physical models able to quantitatively describe these phenomena and to be injected in process simulators. One highlight of this work concerns the first identification of extended interstitial defects in Ge, their role in the non-equilibrium diffusion of dopants and the simulation of this behavior. SOI structures are fabricated by the Smart Cut™ process (see highlight II). During H implantation a large variety of defects are created essentially vacancy-hydrogen complexes. Although the different species and parameters controlling the precipitation of H have been identified (vacancies, strain, diffusion…), the details and kinetics of the transformation of vacancy-H

complexes into platelets then into microcracks are still unclear. For this reason, we undertake a vigorous and systematic characterization of all the species involved during the process and during dedicated experiments by using a large variety of techniques such as FTIR, Raman (Villeneuve JAP 2007), SIMS and TEM (Personnic JAP 2008). The goal is here to propose a physically based scenario allowing us to model and optimize the process for a variety of relevant technological situations. Research needs also to be performed to understand the specificities of the behavior of H in germanium, silicon-germanium alloys (Phuong JAP 2008) and gallium nitride to extend the Smart Cut™ process to the fabrication of “anything on insulator” wafers.

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Nanomaterials synthesis by Ultra Low Energy (ULE) Ion Implantation (II)

Ultra low energy ion beam synthesis (ULE-IBS) is a generic and original method to fabricate 2D arrays of semiconducting or metallic nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous or crystalline matrix at few nanometers below the surface. Our laboratory offers one of the two platforms in Europe providing such a capability. Moreover, the ULE-IBS method is fully compatible with CMOS technology. since nano-objects developed in the laboratory have been readily transferred to a 300 mm wafer size for flash memory devices. The addressed properties concern metal or semiconductor nanoparticle for electronics, optoelectronics or plasmonic applications. The method can be extended by adding a mask during implantation (patterned stencil for example) to organize or reduce the number of synthesized particles down to a single one.

a) ULE IBS generic method b) Ag nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 for molecular sensors (TEM cross section and RAMAN spectrum).

Left, UV Raman mapping of strained silicon patterns (red strips) etched from a strained SOI wafer, center, comparison

between the depth positions of amorphous layers created by the implantation of various ions into Ge measured by XTEM and predicted by the CDED model (CEMES) and, right, typical time-evolutions of the mean size and of the density of H-

platelets during “transfer” annealing evidencing a conservative Ostwald ripening behavior.

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II-2 : Ultra-shallow source/drain junctions (USJs) : new materials and processes Staff :F.Cristiano*, A.Claverie, E.Bedel*, G.Ben Assayag, N.Cherkashin, E.Scheid*, X.Hebras Post-docs: P.F.Fazzini*(EU/Atomics), S.Boninelli(EU/NanoCMOS) PhD students: E.M.Bazizi (BDI STM/CNRS 2006-), J.Boucher*(MRT2008-) M.Gavelle*(BDI STM/CNRS 2008), S.Koffel (BDI CEA/CNRS 2008), O.Marcelot(BDI STM/CNRS 2008), F.Severac*

(EU/ATOMICS 2009) * LAAS-CNRS, 7 av du Col. Roche, 31077 Toulouse Semiconductor doping is usually achieved by combining ion implantation, for the introduction of dopant atoms, and thermal processing that allows these atoms to be activated, i.e. put on substitutional sites in the host crystal. Problems arise because basic physical phenomena involved in this process such as dopant diffusion and activation occur under non-equilibrium conditions. Indeed, after implantation, the host crystal is supersaturated by both impurity atoms and point defects (interstitials and vacancies). During annealing, all these species tend to precipitate and evolve into various types of extended defects. Moreover, the annealing processes used by industry are, in most cases, insufficient to bring the whole system back to its equilibrium state. Within this context, the aim of our research is to investigate these supersaturated systems in order to understand and model the physical phenomena occurring during their evolution towards equilibrium. This knowledge is being used to accompany new technologies and processes aimed at fabricating ultra shallow junctions (<30 nm) in Si, but also in new materials expected to replace it in the future, such as Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) and Ge-based materials. Our research activity in silicon is focused on the identification and on the transformation from one to another of the various types of implantation-induced defects. For example, we showed that the transformation of {113} defects into dislocation loops is accomplished via the formation of intermediate “rod-like” defects (Boninelli APL 2006) (Fig. 2). For highly doped p-type Si, we demonstrated that the defects formed by the co-precipitation of B and Si interstitials (BICs) are in the form of (100) platelets, both in B+-implanted or MBE-grown silicon. Finally, we demonstrated that the basic mechanisms that control the defects ripening are not modified during ultra-fast millisecond anneals. The impact of extended defects on dopant diffusion and activation was also extensively studied. We measured and successfully modeled the trapping of B atoms by extended defects during annealing. For highly doped p-type silicon, we showed that BICs act as additional scattering centers and induce a degradation of both the Hall scattering factor (Severac

JAP 2009) and the drift carrier mobility. Finally, we explained the phenomenon of Boron deactivation/reactivation in pre-amorphised USJs during annealing by the concomitant dissolution of interstitial defects (deactivation) and BICs (reactivation) (Cristiano NIM 2006).

Figure II- 2: Up: Time evolution of the density of trapped interstitials in each defect type of a EOR

population during annealing at 800°C. The majority of interstitials are trapped in [111] rod-like defects (300 sec) during the transformation of {311} defects into dislocation loops.Down : Plan-view TEM images of

[111] rod-like defects (cf. inside white ellipses) taken with various G vectors, allowing to identify

theirBurgers vector (B=1/3[111]).

In SOI structures, Si interstitials may recombine at the buried Si/SiO2 interface during annealing. We have deduced the recombination efficiency of these interstitials from a combination of experiments and simulations. We have shown that SOI structures are advantageous for the fabrication of USJs because of their ability to recombine Si interstitials which helps in quickly dissolving extended defects and reduces

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transient enhanced diffusion of Boron. However, even for very thin strained and unstrained SOI (<20 nm), the formation of extended defects is not completely inhibited (Fazzini JVST 2008), as confirmed by the degradation of electron and hole mobilities when increasing the implant dose. Hence, we have investigated alternative methods to reduce the initial concentration of interstitial Si atoms, for example, by injecting vacancies either before or during the activation anneal, thanks to Si+ or He+ implants. Significant control over dopant diffusion and an increased activation of boron were achieved in such cases (Claverie MRS 2008). The fabrication of strained SiGe source/drain regions inducing uniaxial stress in the silicon channel, or the use of pure Ge substrates are two possible solutions for increasing carrier mobility in MOS devices. We have studied the formation of strained SiGe regions by selectively depositing a pure Ge layer on a Si wafer followed by thermal Ge–Si interdiffusion. To this

purpose, we developed a new MCs2+ SIMS

methodology for the accurate quantification of the Ge concentration in Si1−xGex alloys. We then applied this method to the detailed investigation of Ge–Si interdiffusion in the full range of Si1−xGex composition (Gavelle JAP 2008). We showed that although being predominantly assisted by a vacancy mechanism, Ge–Si interdiffusion exhibits a non-negligible interstitial contribution (fI(Ge–Si) ~ 0.17 at 900 °C). As for the fabrication of USJs in pure Ge the reader is referred to the next section. This work is the result of a 10 year-collaboration between CEMES and LAAS researchers. The experimental and modeling results and procedures obtained by our association have significantly contributed to establish the state-of-the art in the fabrication of USJ as acknowledged on various occasions by the EC. In addition to several invited talks, we have organized three international conferences on this topic.

Breeding basic research and technology

Top, alignment of H2-filled precipitates below the wafer surface. Left, microcrack resulting from the coalescence of these precipitates. Right, 300 mm strained Si On Insultor (sSOI) wafer obtained wit h SmartCutTM

Silicon On Insulator (SOI) wafers are increasingly used in electronics and for sensors. SOITEC, a French SME of 1000 employees, became in ten years the world leader of SOI wafers.

CEMES is an historical partner of this success story, and has co-authored some of the funding publications on the SmartCutTM process central to the industrial fabrication of SOI wafers.

This process involves H and/or He implantation and precipitation upon annealing, leading to the splitting of two bonded substrates.

In the partnership, CEMES provides understanding and modeling of the behavior of defects due to ion implantation. This helps optimizing the existing industrial processes but also contributes to the development of new stacks including strained silicon, SiGe alloys, germanium and III-V compounds.

Alternatively, CEMES benefits from SOITEC's technology, having access to ultra pure materials and industrial processes, which are mandatory for the development of other CEMES activities related to semiconductors (e.g. Si membranes for phononics).

This pragmatic partnership is now transforming into “breeding” of both cultures as several former CEMES PhD students are now working within SOITEC's R&D, and more notably, two former SOITEC engineers are now staff scientists at CEMES. JAP 103, 023508 (2008), JAP 104, 113526 (2008), Patent F06/0104MK

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II-3 : New gate oxides and nanocrystals engineering Staff: C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, A. Arbouet, G. Ben Assayag, J. Groenen, V. Paillard, B. Pécassou and A. Zwick PhDs : H. Coffin (MRT 2005), P. E. Coulon (MRT 2009), C. Dumas (MRT co-direction LPCNO/INSA, 2008), N. Lou (Region 2006-),R. Diaz (LPCNO/CEMES, 2008-) Post-doc: S. Miao (EU/REALISE, 2007-2008) Developing materials for next generations of gate dielectrics and embedding nanocrystals in these materials to give new functions to the MOS transistor were activities in large expansion these last 4 years.

Here, academic studies are directly connected to systems of practical interest for the semiconductor industry. For the success of scaling devices (logic, memory) in the next future, finding new generations of gate dielectrics as alternative to silicon dioxide in MOSFETs is a great challenge. As reliability (device lifetime) and leakage current flow through the MOS structure are concerned, the well-known and remarkable SiO2 thin layer has reached its physical limit (at around 1nm). One way to keep gate dielectrics with improved capacitance density and acceptable physical thickness is to use an insulator with a much higher relative dielectric constant than SiO2 (k >25), the so-called high-k materials.

For this purpose and to go beyond nowadays alternative solutions such as SiON and Hf-based compounds, we have investigated binary and ternary oxides containing transition and/or rare earth metals (Zr, La, Er, Lu, Hf). They are prepared as thin films on semiconductor substrates (Si, Ge) by Atomic layer deposition (ALD) at MDM (Agrate), a method mature for technological transfer and that allows the fine control of the deposition process. Quantitative parameters in relation with the structural and chemical organization at the nanometer level in the films and at the interfaces are determined by HRTEM and STEM-EELS [SchammTAP06]. These parameters are then used to estimate the permittivity k of the different layers in the stack via the use of capacitors models [SchammJES09]. Other electrical parameters such as the density of interface states Dit are also qualitatively considered. With Si as a substrate, an amorphous interfacial layer (IL) of very low k (similar to SiO2) unavoidably forms. This is detrimental for the total permittivity of the stack but can be of interest for the interfacial state and the mobility perturbation induced in the channel [TsoutsouAPL09]. With high mobility Ge substrates, no amorphous IL exists but a chemical IL, germanate in composition and with a higher k than SiO2, occurs. This layer contributes to lower the Dit. Among the different stacks investigated, La-doped ZrO2 deposited on Ge is very promising. In addition to the above advantages, with annealing of the stack, Ge diffuses in ZrO2 and stabilizes the tetragonal phase of high k value (�= 40, see Fig.3). This work has been developed with success within the European project IST/REALISE.

Figure II-3: HRTEM and associated EELS elemental profiles for a Ge/La-doped ZrO2 high-k film with no structural IL but a chemical IL [Coulon PhD Thesis]. Embedding NCs in gate oxides for memory applications consists in the material science investigation and controlled synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) arrays of Si nanoparticles embedded in ultra-thin gate oxides (<10 nm) and the engineering of non volatile memories based on such structures.

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Figure II-4: (a), XS-Defocused Bright Field image of a 2D array of Si-NCs fabricated by ULE-II (Inset) Plan-view EFTEM image showing the NCs surface coverage; (b) PL intensity, the center of a cross (300 x 300 nm2) contains less than 1000 Si-NCs. These nanocrystals fabricated by ultra low energy ion implantation (see highlight III), are electrically addressed by the tunnelling of charges from electrodes sandwiching the structure. The depth-location of these 2D arrays of particles can be controlled with nm precision by tuning the implantation energy while their size and density can be tuned by varying the dose and annealing conditions (Fig. 4(a) [Claverie DDF06]. These parameters were finally optimized to fabricate non volatile memory devices with improved performances (10 yrs retention, see Fig. 5) [Bonafos SSE05].

Figure II-5: Retention measurements on the NCs-memories fabricated by CEMES. This activity relies on a rigorous and systematic experimental work performed by HRTEM, EFTEM and STEM-EELS [Schamm Ultra08] allowing us to make the link between the characteristics of the NC populations and the electrical properties of the device, studied by collaborators (IMEL, InESS, LPCNO). In parallel, we are also developing predictive simulations of the ripening and oxidation of the Si nanoparticles [Coffin JAP06]. In order to improve the programming and retention performances of the nanocrystal

memories, SiO2 is now replaced by high-� dielectrics. The elaboration of Si nanocrystals within HfO2-based thin layers and their use for non volatile memories are the objectives of the ANR P-NANO project “NOMAD” (2008-2010) that we are coordinating. Both the fabrication and spatial organisation of Si-NCs are experimental issues to use quantum properties of Si-NCs, while avoiding or controlling the averaging effect due to size and shape dispersion. Thus, a fine localization of a small amount or even one nanocrystal is necessary. We developed, in collaboration with different partners (LPCNO, IMEL), a technique based on ULE-IBS through stencil masks with sub-micron size apertures to produce localized pockets consisting of a single plane of Si-NCs in a 10 nm-thick SiO2 layer. The NCs number should be governed by the aperture dimensions, for given implant dose and annealing condition. Fig.4(b) shows the photoluminescence mapping of localized Si-NCs. In the cross centre (300x300 nm2), there are about 103 NCs. The method is generic and can be applied to metallic or semiconducting NCs to study quantized charge effects and specific optical properties. Since 2004, we have organized 3 symposia devoted to "non-volatile memories" and parts of MRS Conferences in USA. Contracts: With EC: IP/NanoCMOS (2003-2005), IP/PullNANO (2006-2008), STREP/ATOMICS (2006-2009), STREP REALISE (2006-2009), With ANR: PNANO EXTRADA (2006-2008), PNANO CAMINO (2006-2009), PNANO PREAANS (2007-2010), PNANO SONGES (2007-2009), PNANO NOMAD (2008-2011) With Industries: STMicroelectronics “Minefi Nano 2008” (2003-2007) and “Minefi Nano 2012” (2008-2012), Contrats de Recherche Amont SOITEC, Cifre (2), BDI (3). Recurrent partners : CEA-LETI, IMEL Demokritos (Athens), MDM/INFM (Agrate), Fraunhofer Institute (Erlangen), University of Newcastle, , IEMN-CNRS (Lille), Mattson Thermal Products (Dornstadt), InESS (Strasbourg), CIMAP (Caen), University of Barcelona.

ν-nMat : Nano-acoustics 35,95,108,160,170,186,193,194,221,237,238 Shrinking dimensions and combining more materials at nanometer scale offer routes to design new devices, dealing with carrier or heat transport. Nano-acoustics, i.e. acoustics involving wavelengths in the nm range, acquires therefore increasing relevance. One must rise to the challenge of controlling the corresponding THz acoustic phonons, regarding their generation, detection and interaction with carriers. Optics provides an efficient means to handle with these very high

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frequency acoustic phonons in semiconductor and metallic nanostructures. II-4 : tools and systems for nano-acoustics Staff : J. Groenen, A. Arbouet, R. Carles, A. Mlayah, G. BenAssayag and A. Zwick. Post doc : C. Farcau (PRES, 2008-2009) Doc. : R. Marty (MRT, 2008-), N. Large (MRT, 2007-), N. Lou (Polynesie, 2006-2009), F. Poinsotte (AMN, 2004-2006). Our approach is specifically based on the direct engineering of interactions (i.e., not limited to the tailoring of acoustic properties) and requires multi-scale optimization. Systems are designed considering the different characteristic lengths acoustics, optics and electrons or plasmons deal with. Systems are either fully two-dimensional or contain embedded nanoparticles. Experiments include Raman-Brillouin scattering (highlight IV) and ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy [Burgin Nano Lett (2008) see Fig.6). Quantitative

spectroscopy is performed, experiments being systematically compared to numerical simulations, based on classical and quantum models.

Figure II-6: A silver nano-columns layer embedded in alumina : left TEM Cross section (z) and plan view (x,y). right Transmission changes ΔT/T in an optical pump-probe experiment, evidencing the breathing and extensional modes of the nanocolumns.

Acoustics in silicon membranes : Organ work at nanometer-scale

Light scattering by organ pipe-like acoustic modes in a 32 nm thick silicon membrane. Insets : Micro Raman-Brillouin experiments on arrays of square membranes (250×250 μm2).

As dimensions continuously shrink in electronic devices and NEMS, the tailoring of phononic properties acquires increasing relevance. CEMES develops dedicated tools to investigate nano-acoustics. In particular, a new type of micro Raman-Brillouin multi-channel set-up has been developed providing access to low frequency excitations, with very short acquisition times and high rejection. The silicon membrane spectrum shown here displays acoustic modes which are alike those of open-ended organ pipes ; the 32 nm thick membrane yields acoustic frequencies in the THz range. Data are analyzed quantitatively by comparing experiment and numerical simulations, our arsenal including classical and quantum models. In particular, the concept of Raman-Brillouin Electronic Density we introduced allows one to predict when quantum effects set in. Numerical simulations are tested in particular with model systems we fabricate from SOITEC wafers, with support of the LAAS-RTB platform facilities. Merging spectroscopy and nanofabrication skills at CEMES turns out to be a fruitful initiative, new metrology approaches now being developed.Mlayah et al. Phys. Rev. B 2007, Groenen et al. Phys. Rev. B (2008).

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Breakthroughs are : (i) The development of generic theoretical concepts to undertake spectroscopy at nanoscale; in particular, the concept of Raman-Brillouin Electronic Density (RBED) allows one to predict when quantum effects set in (figure 7). (ii) The development of a new type of micro Raman-Brillouin multi-channel set-up and the implementation of an ultrafast spectroscopy setup, which is nearly completed.

Figure II-7: Raman-Brillouin effective electronic density (RBED) simulations in a 10 nm thick silicon membrane. The RBED shows the spatial distribution of the electronic density which effectively couples with acoustic phonons as a function of the energy detuning between optical excitation and the first confined electronic state. Mlayah et al. Phys. Rev. B (2007) Our approach has been strengthened recently by undertaking the fabrication at CEMES of model systems (SOI based systems, nanoparticles synthesis by low energy implantation...). Combining advanced optical and electronic spectroscopies is expected to provide a sound basis for metrology. We now develop original metrology approaches using the light scattering or modulation by nanostructures as integrated probes. This spectro-inside approach provides for instance access to structural and mechanical properties at nanometer scale. Based on the milestones we established over the last years, dedicated substrates and nanostructures are being developed. Contracts: ACI Nanoacoustique (2004-2007), ANR PNANO « NP-CL » (2008-2011), CPER « Spectrométrie Optique Ultime » (2002-2006), Picasso (2008-2010), CNRS/A*STAR (Singapore, 2008-2010).

CLO nMat : Liquid Crystals for Optics

48,70,75,110,121,135,192,205,255,261,262

Chiral liquid crystals (LCs) give rise to modern research subjects in the field of LC science. The fundamental property of broken symmetry in LC phases and physical properties of paramount importance (linear and nonlinear optical properties, ferro-, antiferro- , pyro- and piezoelectricity, electroclinic effect, thermo- and piezochromism) come from the molecular chirality. Applications in LC optics come from chiral structures (ultra-fast light valves, supertwisted nematic LC screens, smart windows in the future). Chiral phases provide stimulating research subjects which associate chirality and geometrical frustration in condensed matter (blue phases, TGB phases). The (chiral) cholesteric LC phase is omnipresent in living matter with the organization of DNA (in vivo and in vitro), collagen, chitin, or cellulose. We focus on the optical and structural properties of the cholesteric LC (CLC) phase, with a helical structure. (i) CLCs may exhibit (Bragg) light reflection. However, the reflection band has limitations (wavelength bandwidth as well as intensity). We found solutions to overcome these limits. (ii) We investigate the periodic self-assembly of gold nanoparticles whose characteristics are related to the CLC properties in which they are inserted. Novel optical properties are targeted (reflectivity, plasmonics). II-5: Broadening of the light reflection band of CLCs. Staff : M. Mitov G. Agez, , C. Bourgerette Post-doc : N. Dessaud (EU/Smart Win II, 2004-05), Research engineer: E. Nouvet (EU/Smart Win II), 2006-7) PhD student : S. Relaix (MRT 2004-7) At normal incidence, the reflection wavelength is: λ0 = n p, where n is the mean refractive index and p the helical pitch. The bandwidth is: Δλ = Δn p, where Δn is the birefringence. Δλ is limited to a few tens of nm (typically 50 nm in the visible spectrum) because Δn is limited to 0.4. However it is important to increase Δλ for innovative applications such as direct (polarizer-free) reflective displays, optical data storage organic media or smart windows to control the reflection of solar light. We have thus to play with the pitch: How to fabricate novel helical cholesteric structures ? Below we give two different means we found. Two CLC films which reflect the light in the blue and red parts of the visible spectrum are stacked together. A thermally-controlled anisotropic diffusion occurs in this bilayer system. The cholesteric organization is stored inside the film by quenching. The film reflects the light over the visible spectrum due to a continuous pitch-gradient structure as evidenced by TEM. Numerical simulations (Finite-Difference Time-Domain method) have provided an excellent agreement with experimental data (Zografopoulos Phys. Rev. E 2006). Confocal Raman spectrometry mapping gave an indirect access to the helical pitch distribution due to the vibrational

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behaviour evolution of the C=O group (Belalia Phys. Rev. E 2006). The UV-light absorbing properties of the LC during the photoinduced elaboration of a Polymer-Stabilized CLC (PSCLC, or LC gel) may naturally induce the broadening of the bandwidth (Relaix Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006). As seen by TEM, the responsible is a concentration-gradient polymer network. The distribution of color reflections was unexpected and elucidated from the volume distribution of the cholesteric periodicities.

Figure II-8: Broadening of the transmission band before and after gelification as a consequence of UV-light absorbing properties of the liquid crystal.

Going beyond the reflectance limit in cholesteric liquid crystals

Elaboration procedure for hyper-reflective CLCs. The gelification occurs when the helical structure has a pitch = p0 and is right-handed. The reflectance limit is exceeded at a temperature for which the structure had a pitch close to p0 but was left-handed before curing.

The reflectance of CLCs is limited to 50% of ambient unpolarized light at normal incidence because only circularly polarized light of the same handedness than the helix is totally reflected; a linearly polarized beam is broken down into two circularly polarized beams: one that is reflected (same sense that the helix sense) and one that is transmitted (inverse sense). This theoretical limit was exceeded for the first time by fabricating PSCLCs which reflect up to 80% in the infrared spectrum. The goal was to fabricate helical structures for which inverse twist senses may coexist. Photopolymerizable mesogens are blended with a CLC exhibiting a thermally-induced helicity inversion and the mixture is cured with UV-light when the helix is right-handed. The reflectance exceeds 50% when measured at the temperature assigned at a helicoidal structure with the same pitch but a left-handed sense before curing. The reflection intensity may now be tuned over the whole range (0-100% instead of 0-50% as usually). Potential applications are related to smart windows for the dynamic control of solar light and display devices with a larger scale of reflectivity levels. CNRS has deposited two patents. Mitov and Dessaud, Nature Materials (2006).

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What is the structural origin of these unusual properties ? As seen by SEM, the polymer network formed in the volume of the LC acts as a template (pitch and sense are permanently in the memory). Two LC molecules populations coexist: the network-bound fraction (thermally stable) and the free fraction whose helical structure is able to change with temperature. The reflectance limit is exceeded because the related structures have the same pitch but inverse helix senses. Two circularly polarized bands with inverse senses are thus reflected. The optical properties were investigated numerically by means of a one-dimensional finite-difference time-domain algorithm (collab. Univ. of Thessaloniki, Greece). Taking into consideration that the distribution of the domains occupied by the two populations cannot be described by a deterministic model, the overall optical behaviour of the structure is assessed by averaging the contribution of stochastically generated 1D samples. Each sample is subdivided into a number of randomly interlaced network-bound and free fractions with inverse helix senses capable of providing enhanced reflectance that exceeds the 50% limit (see highlight V). The role of geometric and electric constraints on the reflection performances of materials with a double-handed circularly polarized band is crucial (Relaix J. Appl. Phys. 2008). II-6: Self-assembly of gold nanoparticles in a cholesteric liquid crystal. Staff : M. Mitov, A. Mlayah, C. Bourgerette PhD student : R. Bitar (ANR, 2008-) Gold nanoparticles (nps) (diam. = 3 nm) are mixed (C ≤ 0.10%) with a CLC. The hybrid material is solidified by thermal quenching below Tg = 50°C. TEM investigations show arrays of nps (parallel ribbons), the periodicity of which (a few tens of nm or more) is related to the CLC pitch and not, as an original result, to the substrate relief. Originally, the plasmonic response of gold nps is shifted in relation with their relative arrangements; the tuning of optical response in relation with the CLC properties (volume distribution of the twist, periodicity, dielectric constants) is made possible.

Figure II-9: TEM micrographs showing periodic arrays of gold nanoparticles inserted in a cholesteric liquid crystal.

Contract: ANR : PNANO NP-CL (2008-11)

nMat-Mag : Magnetic Nanomaterials

8,23,24,25,26,27,44,45,50,55,67,68,81,83,92,120,127,128,134,139,140,146,199,204,213,214,235,248,251,257,265,269,272,273,274,281 Ferromagnetic nano-materials and nano-devices exhibit unique magnetic properties common to materials with dimensions approaching the atomic scale and have huge potential applications in spintronic, data storage, hyper frequency and also for therapeutic purposes. Technological applications, however, require that the detailed magnetic behaviors and configurations of individual and interacting magnetic nano-objects be clarified. The aim of the « Magnetic Nanomaterials » (nMatMag) activity is to correlate the fundamental magnetic and transport behavior of magnetic nano-materials and nano-devices to their structure and synthesis process in order to be able to optimize and tune their properties. Since the physical properties of these nano-materials drastically depend on their local properties, part of our work concerns the development of new local methods for measuring the magnetic and structural properties at the nanometer scale. The themes in the nMatMag activity are therefore articulated around two main activities: One concerns the development of new methods based on electron microscopy for the local analysis of the magnetic properties. This concerns the Energy loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroism (EMCD) and the so-called L3/L2 branching ratio methods for the local measurements of magnetic moments and the holography for the study of the magnetic configurations of magnetic nanomaterials. The other part is devoted to the study of magnetic nano-materials and nano-devices. It includes the study of nanoparticules and nanowires, magnetoresistive devices (magnetic tunnel junctions and giant magneto-resistance devices) and thin layers and multilayers of magnetic oxides. II-7: Local magnetic measurements Staff: B. Warot-Fonrose, L. Calmels, C. Gatel (MC2), F. Houdellier (TEM), M. Hytch, V. Serin, E. Snoeck PhD: R. Serra (MESR, 2006-2009) Post-Docs: F. Houdellier (ESTEEM, 2005), C. Johnson (ESTEEM, 2008), A. Masseboeuf (ESTEEM, 2009) We have developed original experimental methods to measure the magnetic structure of nanomaterials down to the nanometer scale in a transmission electron microscope. These methods can be used, either to measure the atom magnetic moments in the vicinity of an interface in a magnetic multilayer (methods based on

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electron energy loss spectroscopy EELS), or to measure the magnetic flux lines which couple several magnetic nanostructures (method based on electron holography). Magnetic moments from the L3/L2 branching ratio Thole and Van der Laan (PRB 1988) used atomic calculations to understand why the branching ratio I(L3)/[I(L3)+I(L2)] of 3d transition metals deviates from its statistical value. The factors which are responsible for this deviation are: the valence of the absorbing atom, the nature (high spin or low spin) of the initial state, the crystal field parameter, and the spin orbit coupling for the valence states. Theoretical and experimental studies have all shown that the white line ratio of a 3d transition metal atom generally increases with its magnetic moment. However, a clear relation, or a sum rule, relating these two quantities has never been established, and the absolute value of the magnetic moment cannot be obtained directly from the ratio extracted from EELS spectra. In the present work, we measured the iron L2,3 with line ratio (WLR) I(L3)/I(L3) and we calculated the interface-induced modification of the magnetic moments in very thin iron layers embedded between different substrates. The set of samples which have been studied consist in bcc iron layers of different widths embedded either between two hcp Co substrates, or between two very thin bcc cobalt layers, or delimitated on one side by a hcp cobalt substrate and on the other side by a MgO layer. The results we obtained demonstrate that a correlation exists between the WLR and the magnetic moment variations. The Fe magnetic moment increases at the interfaces with bcc or hcp cobalt, while it is lowered at the interface between strained iron and MgO. Fig. 10 displays the results obtained in the case of the Fe(100)/Co(bcc) superlattices.

Figure II-10 : Variations of the EELS Fe WLR, and of the Fe average magnetic moment calculated using the code Layer-KKR, for Fe(nMLs)/Co(3MLs) superlattices.

Magnetic moments from Energy Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroism (EMCD) spectra EMCD spectra measured in a TEM are equivalent to x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra measured with the synchrotron radiation. The EMCD signal, which is only due to the magnetization of the crystal, corresponds to the difference between electron energy loss spectra recorded at two precise positions in the diffraction pattern of a magnetic sample with suitable orientation. We have developed the EMCD technique from an experimental and from a theoretical point of view. The experimental set-up has been optimised by working on the microscope configuration, the detection method and the data correction. We use the electron microscope in the so-called Energy Spectrum Imaging (ESI) mode to measure the dichroic signal. This method is particularly efficient to measure the EMCD signal: it clearly shows the areas of the diffraction pattern where the EMCD signal is particularly strong and where magnetic information can be obtained more easily (see highlight VI). First experimental attempts have been made on bulk iron films, thin Fe epitaxial layers and FexCo1-x alloys. In this later case, we have observed that the Fe dichroic signal increases with the Co content. This is related to an increase of the iron magnetic moment when the first shell around any Fe atom contains more Co atoms (B. Warot et al, Ultramicroscopy, 2008). We have derived the EMCD sum rules which can be used to deduce spin and orbital magnetic moments from EMCD spectra. The EMCD sum-rules which we obtained are different from the XMCD sum rules (L. Calmels et al, Phys. Rev. B, 2007). Indeed, the electron-matter interaction induces dynamical effects which must be taken into account to describe the interaction between the fast electron probe and the magnetic sample. These dynamical diffraction effects are included in the EMCD sum rules. Our team has been the first one applying these sum rules to obtain quantitative magnetic information from an EMCD spectrum, see Fig. 11. We have finally calculated the fine structure of the EMCD spectra of magnetite Fe3O4 with the atomic multiplet theory.

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Magnetic circular dichroism in the electron microscope

We have developed an original setup to measure energy loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) in a TEM. This method combines the analogous of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) signal obtained with a synchrotron radiation, with the spatial resolution of the electron probe. In an EMCD experiment, the electrons of the beam interact with electrons of the sample through the Coulomb interaction, i.e. by an exchange of virtual photons. The experiment consists in recording an electron energy-loss spectrum with the detector located at two positions in the diffraction pattern where the helicity of the exchanged virtual photon is different (circularly left and right polarized). The figure shows a cartography of the EMCD signal recorded at the iron L3 edge of Fe on a magnetite (Fe3O4) sample. This edge corresponds to transitions from the Fe 2p core state to the unoccupied 3d bands. We have derived the sum rules for EMCD experiment: they give access to the measurement of the magnetic moments with an experimental spatial resolution which we improve constantly. B. Warot-Fonrose et al., Ultramicroscopy. 108 393–398 (2008) L.Calmels et al., Phys. Rev. B, 76 060409 (2007) Programme ANR Jeunes Chercheurs Jeunes Chercheuses 2007-2010

Figure II-11: (a) EELS signal measured at the two symmetric positions pos1 and pos2 in the diffraction pattern of an iron sample oriented in the (110) two beam configuration. (b) Corresponding dichroic signal. Magnetic flux lines from electron holography Electron holography allows the measurement of the phase shift of the electron beam that has interacted with a static electromagnetic field. This phase shift can be separated in an electrostatic contribution and a magnetic

one. Extracting the latter allows measuring the components of the magnetic induction perpendicular to the electron beam. We develop new experimental TEM configurations in Lorentz mode for measuring both contributions with optimal spatial and phase resolutions and also new methods of calculation and image processing to separate the electrostatic and magnetic parts. This work was applied to the study of the magnetic configurations of nano-objects such as nano-wires, nano-sticks and nano-cubes. As an example, Fig.12 successively reports a TEM image of a 30 nm Fe nanocube (11.a), the magnetic contribution to the phase shift which evidences the appearance of a vortex within the cube (11.b), the in-plane components of the magnetic induction (3.c) and the corresponding micromagnetic simulation (11.c). Electron holography allows a local analysis of the magnetic behavior at the nanometer scale in nanomaterials, which cannot be obtained by other methods.

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(b)

Figure II-12: Magnetic configuration of a 30 nm Fe nanocube measured by electron holography (E. Snoeck et al. Nano Lett., 2008). Similar experiments are performed on magnetic devices like magnetic tunnel junctions in which we study the influence of interfaces on the local magnetic configurations and coupling and also on the in-situ study of the switching processes. II-8 : Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanodevices Staff: L. Calmels, J. F. Bobo, , C. Gatel (MC2), P. Lecante, V. Serin, M. Verelst, B. Warot-Fonrose, G. Benassayag and E. Snoeck PhDs: R. Arras (MESR, 2008-2011), O. Benamara (ANR, 2007-2010) Post Docs: B. Belhadji (ANR 2009-2010), C. Magen (Spanish Government, 2007) The macroscopic behavior of nano-materials or nano-devices are mainly governed by local physical properties. For instance, the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) drastically depends on the atomic and electronic structure of the interfaces; the magnetic anisotropy of nanoparticles depends on their size and shape; etc. The aim of our work is to analyse the role of the local structural, chemical and electronic properties on the macroscopic behaviour of magnetic nano-materials to control, optimize and tune their behavior. We focus our studies on magnetic materials and thin layers used for spintronic applications like MTJs or spin filters, and for magnetic recording. More precisely, our activity mainly concerns magnetic nanoparticles, MTJs with metallic magnetic electrodes, ferrimagnetic and

multiferroic thin oxide layers for spintronic applications. We either develop and study the behaviour of new magnetic systems (Fe3O4-based MTJs for instance) or have collaborations with partners to analyse the local properties of various magnetic nanosystems (nano-objects, multilayers, thin films) to optimize their magnetic and/or magneto transport properties. We use different experimental methods i.e.: sputtering, TEM (HREM, EELS, Holographie), VSM, Kerr, WAXS and ab-initio calculations. Nanoparticles and Nanowires WAXS and HREM were used for the structural analysis of magnetic alloy nanoparticles, to study the effect of possible local ordering, see Fig.13. The structure of bimetallic Fe-Co nanoparticles assembled in nano-cubes has been investigated at different scales. This study demonstrated that the annealing process, required to obtain the high magnetic properties which make the very interest of the FeCo alloy, actually triggered the irreversible transition from an array of bimetallic particles characterized by a loose short range order to the perfect bcc FeCo alloy. The nano-cube organization was retained during the whole process (C. Desvaux et al. Nature Materials, 2005).

Figure II-13: Fe-Co supercrystals from a macroscopic to a nanometric scale. (a) SEM-FEG micrograph of a broken supercrystal of Fe-Co nanoparticles. (b) Radial distribution function (RDF) obtained by WAXS of Fe-Co nanoparticules before annealing (dotted line), after annealing (dashed line) and by a model (FeCo body-centred-cubic; full line).

An important part of our work concerns the control of the magnetic configuration versus the shape of nanomaterials. In collaboration with the LPCNO-INSA, we investigated the structure and magnetic configurations of a large variety of Co nanomaterials with different morphologies (nanosticks, nanospheres…). We not only focused our studies on the structure analysis (mainly performed in Cs-corrected HREM) versus the diverse morphologies and for different elaboration conditions, but also on the

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resulting magnetic configurations. In the framework of an ANR project (Batmag), we are studying the oriented growth, on a self structured template of 4 nm diameter, of Co-hcp nanosticks exhibiting perpendicular magnetization. A patent has been filled on this method which combines physical deposition (sputtering) and chemical growth as a possible route towards high density recording media.

Magnetoresistive devices Our activities in this field mainly concern the study of the interfaces and their influence on the magnetotransport properties of TMR devices. We have studied the consequences of the interfaces roughness in the asymmetry of the magnetotransport behaviour in Fe/MgO/Fe epitaxial Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs). We showed that the non symmetrical behaviour of the I/V plots of these MTJs is due to the roughness difference between the top Fe/MgO and the bottom MgO/Fe interfaces induced by the growth process (V. Serin et al, Phys. Rev.,, 2009). Another major point of our researches concerns the development of methods for tuning the magnetic coupling between the two Fe electrodes in Fe/MgO/Fe epitaxial MTJs. We showed that the AF coupling which appears for very thin MgO barriers could be tuned by ion implantation (II) with suitable doses. We concluded that II does not modify a lot the interface roughness while it affects the barrier itself: it modifies the attenuation distance for electron states tunneling across the insulating barrier, and the amplitude and the sign of the interface exchange coupling. The TMR properties of a MTJ depend on the local electronic structure of the interfaces, but also on the materials constituting the ferromagnetic electrodes. It has been suggested that MTJs using half-metals (metallic materials for one spin and insulating for the other spin) as magnetic electrodes should behave like perfect magnetic switches. Magnetite Fe3O4 is an interesting half-metal because it possess a very high Curie temperature. Thanks to our UHV sputtering chamber, we have grown magnetite-based MTJs and elaborated high quality Fe/Fe3O4/MgO/Co epitaxial MTJs (Fig. 14). We evidenced a sign reversal of the TMR indicating that beside the polarization of the electrodes (negative for Fe3O4), the electronic structure of the interfaces (here Fe3O4/MgO and MgO/Co) governs the TMR behavior (F. Greullet et al, APL, 2008).

Figure II-14: HREM image and TMR behavior of a Fe/Fe3O4/MgO/Co MTJ. The TMR obtained in our Fe3O4-based MTJs is however not as high as expected and is 22% negative at 80K with a large flat plateau of 500 Oe. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental TMR behavior of magnetite-based MTJs is due to structural defects called anti-phase boundaries (APBs). We have studied the influence of several buffer layers on the density of APBs in magnetite epitaxial layers. We showed that an iron buffer layer drastically reduces the APB density and enhances the magnetic properties (Hc, Ms and squarness) of the magnetite layer (C. Magen et al. J. Appl. Phys. 2008). This explains the large flat plateau in the TMR loops that we observed. To complete this study we have calculated the modifications of the electronic structure in the vicinity of APBs (see Fig.15), and in the presence of oxygen vacancies that may induce large changes in the magnetotransport behavior of the MTJs. Despite the fact that TMR values obtained with our magnetite-based MTJs are below our expectations, we demonstrated that Fe3O4 remains an interesting magnetic oxide for spintronic applications. Furthermore, additional studies we performed on other ferrites (CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4) indicate that they may be successfully used as spinfilters.

Figure II-15: Majority spin density of states for an iron atom located in a tetrahedral atomic site in bulk Fe3O4 (red curve) and close to an APB (blue curve). Vertical arrows indicate localized electron states (APB states).

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Another major subject we started to tackle concerns Multiferroic materials for spintronic applications. These materials combine two coupled properties among ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity and ferromagnetism and open new possibilities on possible tuning of magnetic behavior with an electrical signal and vice versa. Our first study concerned the intrinsic multiferroic oxides BiFeO3 which combines piezo-electricity and antiferromagnetism (AF). We started to characterize the strain in BiFeO3 layers, responsible for lattice distortions that may induce changes in the AF properties. We also analysed changes in the chemical composition due to the deposition conditions, which can induce multi-phase deposition. The second work under progress concerns an extrinsic multiferroïc BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 system in which a higher magneto-

electric coupling may exist between BiFeO3 and the magnetoelastic ferrite CoFe2O4 (see highlight VII). Contracts: ANR - Jeune chercheur “Dichromet” (2007-2010), ANR/PNANO “Batmag” (2007-2010), ANR/PNANO “Spinchat”(2007-2010) International Programs : Amadeus (TU WIEN), 2008-2009, Picasso (ICMAB – Barcelona), 2008-2010.

Towards the control of magnetization by electric field

Dependence of the magnetization on the bias measured on Pt-YMnO3-NiFe sample at 2K in -100Oe field. Inset : zoom on the -1.2V to 1.2V to 0V portions of the bias V. Laukhin, et al Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 227201 1-4

The NMH team (Nano Magnétisme pour l'Hyperfréquence - Nanomagnetism for microwave) has recently joined the CEMES. This research group, located on the ONERA campus of Toulouse, is part of nMat group since 01-01-09 and develops several collaborations, in particular within nMatMag team. NMH has recently evidenced the possibility of suppressing the exchange coupling with NiFe by applying an electric polarization to an antiferromagnetic YMnO3 thin film, (see figure). This is a first evidence of the multiferroic behavior of this oxide. NMH and nMatMag presently work on several families of multiferroic materials, either intrinsic oxides like BiFeO3, or on composites that combine several materials (i.e. BiFeO3/CoFe2O4). The stoechiometry of the phases and their strain state at the local scale are key factors for the explanation of the magnetoelectric coupling. Materials coupling electric polarization and magnetization, therefore permittivity and permeability, may offer original electromagnetic propagation modes with potential applications in the field of radar, a speciality of ONERA.

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nMat-Carb: NanoStructured Carbons

1, 2, 4, 52, 53, 65, 66, 71, 79, 85, 86, 99, 106, 111, 112, 113, 119, 132, 154, 155, 156, 157, 166, 167, 172, 173, 182, 184, 188, 195, 196, 200, 201, 202, 203, 256, 277 Carbon materials based on sp2 hybridized carbon exhibit the peculiar ability to be nanosized (e.g., single wall carbon nanotubes), or nanotexturized (e.g., PAN-based fibres) or both (e.g., carbon blacks, multi wall carbon nanotubes). They are quite versatile from the point of view of their physical behavior thank to the extreme anisotropy of the assembly of carbon atoms into a planar hexagonal lattice (graphene) which acts as the basic structural unit for building materials up to macroscale. They also are quite versatile regarding their chemical behaviors (e.g., they can be oxidized as well as reduced). Such materials are therefore likely to exhibit a large range of conformations, behaviors, properties, and subsequent applications, which make as many aspects to be studied, mostly based on thorough investigations by (HR)TEM, EELS and Raman spectroscopy. The investigation of non-carbon materials exhibiting structural similarities with polyaromatic carbons is also included for providing valuable alternatives likely to overcome some of carbon weaknesses (e.g., oxidability). In the following, three sub-topics are presented in full respect of the overall strategy of nMat Group, all of them currently focused on carbon nanophases (fullerenes, nanotubes, graphenes) since they are nowadays the most studied nano-objects worldwide because of their potential superiority in a wide range of applications (e.g., for field effect transistors, light emitters, detectors, sensors, electrodes, or in polymer composites, electrical cables, electromagnetic shielding and thermal transport). II-9: Prospects for new synthesis processes and new materials Staff:Marc Monthioux, Wolfgang Bacsa, Pascal Puech, Laure Noé (AI), David Neumeyer (AI), PostDocs: Revathi Bacsa (Toyota, 2005-06), Cécile Arrondo (Toyota, 2006), Pierre-Ivan Raynal (CEA, 2008-09), Delmas (ANR, 2009-2010) Docs: Ali Mansour (Liban,2003-06), Maryline Moréno (Ecole des Mines, 2006), Jean-Pierre Cleuziou (ACI, 2004-07), Vonjy Ramarozatovo (MAE, 2008-) This topic aims to develop new methods for the synthesis and transformation of carbon nanophases such as SWNT, DWNT, MWNT (respectively, single-wall carbon nanotube; double -; multi-.), nanohorns, few-layer graphite or nanostructured carbons, the most recent example of it being the study of a plasma torch-based synthesis process performed with Ecole des Mines-Sophia-Antipolis [Moreno-Carbon2009]. The novelty

may also come from synthesizing new nanosized and/or nanostructured carbon phases, the best example of it being the proposed concept of Meta-NanoTubes, which is developed further below. The optimization of pre-existing synthesis or transformation methods is also studied, either by investigating the effect of new parameters, whose typical example is our several-year collaboration with the Cold Plasma team of LAPLACE-Toulouse, with which we have been sharing three PhD students since 2000 in view of understanding the optimized formation of SWNTs by mean of the electric arc plasma process [Mansour-Carbon2007], or by proposing new analytical methodologies, such as the multi-scale TEM-based procedure we are currently developing for CEA-Saclay to study pyrolytic carbons specifically processed for nuclear applications. In any case, we intend to understand related mechanisms and phenomena, e.g., regarding the nanofibre versus nanotube discrimination as we studied with University of Pau and University of Saragoza, or the configuration and respective dimerization behaviors of C60 and C70 fullerenes encapsulated in SWNTs (nano-peapods) as investigated with LPS-Orsay. The concept of Meta-NanoTubes, that we first introduced at the 2006 E-MRS meeting, states that (i) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were known since the fifties, as the first generation of CNTs; (ii) the CNT revolution that started in the nineties mostly resulted in model materials that fit perfectly the needs for theoretical and fundamental works but are most often useless for applications, as the second generation of CNTs; (iii) Our technological future needs CNTs that are modified in some way that resulting CNTs (so-called Meta-NanoTubes) overcome the drawbacks and limitations of pristine CNTs regarding their actual use and full benefit of their ultimate performances. Five routes were identified (functionalizing, coating, doping, filling, substituting), each of them corresponding to a rich research area. We focused for long on filling (resulting in hybrid CNTs, and more interestingly hybrid SWNTs (Fig. 16), that we were the first – along with Oxford University - to evidence in 1998), and we are now working on extending our expertise to substituting (resulting in hetero-CNTs) and doping functionalizing.

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Figure II-16: HRTEM images of single hybrid SWNTs prepared at CEMES, as seen in cross-section: (a) CrO3@SWNT. (b) HoCl3@SWNT. Dark contrasts inside the SWNTs are understood as CrO4 tetrahedron chains and HoCl4 tetrahedron chains respectively, as seen in cross-section. In both examples, symmetries and distances between the chains are different from the known structures of the crystals as bulk. This illustrates the ability of the encapsulation in SWNT cavity to generate unprecedented crystal structures due to sterical constrains. [Monthioux-JMR2006]. The proposed concept has resulted in a well-cited review article [Monthioux-JMR2006], several invitations as keynotes or plenary lectures in international conferences, and is now being dedicated a whole book, ordered by Wiley Publishers, and currently prepared. II-10: Behaviors, properties and mechanisms, with a focus on interaction with environment

Staf: Wolfgang Bacsa, Pascal Puech, Marc Monthioux,V. Serin, L. Calmels Docs: Ayman Bassil (Liban, 2003-06), Waheed Anwar (Pakistan,2008-) Postdocs: C. Mirguet (EU/FOREMOST, 2008-2009), V. Ivanovskaya, (EU/FOREMOST, 2007-2008) The properties of nanosized objects are likely to be modified by the interaction with their environment. In most of the applications carbon nanotubes are considered for, it is recognized that their electronic properties depend strongly on their environment, for which Raman spectroscopy is one of the most powerful diagnostic tools. We use resonant Raman spectroscopy to study the effect of the environment on the electronic properties by thoroughly studying the vibrational spectrum. With the University of London (Queen Mary) we have carried out high pressure Raman measurements and could show that the pressure exerted on the nanotube depends on the size and electronic properties of the surrounding molecule suggesting that molecules form shells around the nanotube (see Highlight VIII). With CIRIMAT/Toulouse we have much concentrated our work on DWNTs [Puech-PRB2007, Puech-PRB2008, Gerber-PRB2009]. Using double wall carbon nanotubes we can distinguish the effect of pressure reduction for internal tubes. Related work was also carried out with Umea University on C60 and C70 peapods on the one hand, and with University of Manchester on ex-peapod DWNTs/polymer composites. Our expertise in the study of the interaction of carbon nanotube composites with their environment gave us the opportunity to be a partner in a large project (INMAT, which is part of Aerospace valley) involving several academic and industrial partners (among them Airbus and EADS). The effects of doping on DWNTs have been investigated in collaboration with Intel Corporation Ireland considered for chip interconnects. In general the electronic transport in carbon nanotubes is strongly influenced by acoustic and optical electron-phonon scattering. We have investigated laser heating and their influence on the optical phonon spectra to observe the effect of optical heating and the effect on exciton population (Figure 17). Inorganic analogs of graphene-based fullerene-like materials are also investigated regarding their structure (via HREM and EELS) and tribological properties within an European program (FOREMOST) [Ivanoskaya-PRB2008].

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Double wall carbon nanotubes as strain and chemical sensor:

Nanoscale pressure effects in individual double wall carbon nanotubes Puech P., Flahaut E., Sapelkin A., Hubel H., Dunstan DJ., Landa G., Bacsa W.S., Phys Rev B 73, 233408 (2006) The sensitivity of the vibrational mode of double wall carbon nanotube can now be used as a local sensor for measuring how surrounding molecules interact with carbon nanotubes.

Specifically, it can be a tool to study the stress state of carbon nanotubes when embedded in a polymer matrix (to make nanotube composites) and distinguish strain and chemical interaction. This is used in our research project INMAT headed by AIRBUS (2009-2012). Indeed, we have shown, by collaborating with the University of London (Queen Mary), that the shift of the in-plane out-of-phase stretching mode in carbon nanotubes (G band) depends on the type of surrounding molecules, thanks to particular nano-scale pressure effects: one is that the molecules form ordered shells around the carbon nanotube at high pressure which results in the reduction of the pressure actually exerted on the nanotube. Another fascinating one is that the electronic charge transfer influences only on the outer tube and modifies the stress on the inner tube. The molecules of the pressure medium can form a single layer or up to three layers in the case of sulfuric acid which shields the tubes from high pressure but also strongly p-dopes the outer tube at the same time. Understanding the basic physical organization of molecules around the nanotubes allows improving their incorporation in nano composites.

Figure II-17: Raman G band, HEM band position and HWHM in function of band position of DWNTs in function of laser power [Puech-PRB2007]. To have a better insight using our spectroscopic measurements we collaborate with theoreticians at INSA-Toulouse for model calculations on doping and functionalization of carbon nanotubes [Gerber-PRB2009]. With Boston University, we have studied the resonance profile of radial breathing mode of individual carbon nanotubes. Unexpectedly we have found that the

exact spectral position of the radial breathing mode depends on the exact position of the carbon nanotube within the focal point. This result gives a new insight into far field optical microscopy with sub-wavelength lateral resolution when combined with optical microscopy [Walsh-NanoLett2008]. .. II-11: Applications, devices, and demonstrators Staf: Marc Monthioux, Wolfgang Bacsa, Pascal Puech PostDoc : Jun Shen (PRES UPS, 2008-09) PhDs: J. P. Cleuziou (ACI, 2004-07), J. Gomez (Mexique, 2007-), L. Ortolani (Italie, 2007-08) This topic aims to build devices to measure (nano)carbon properties, and we have recently extended our Raman and HRTEM studies on individual carbon nanotubes connected to electrodes and graphene. Ultimately, it also aims to study the feasibility of carbon nanophases as components for devices, and more generally to hopefully demonstrate the ability of nanotructured carbons in being used in specific applications of any kind with some superiority over existing materials. In the ideal case, we attempt that every step of building the demonstrator is handled within the team, from the synthesis of the suitable carbon materials to designing and making the device, in

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order to get the full control of the chain. In the full respect of this spirit, we are part of the ANR project HD-Strain (2009-2012), during which we will design, synthesize, mount, and test a new carbon-based field emission electron source for TEM (due to patenting attempts, no details are provided). Some of the steps are however carried out by or with the help of partners (e.g., Niels Bohr Institute, LNCMI/Toulouse ). One first example are CNT-supported pyrolytic carbon micro-cones, synthesized via a specific time-of-flight chemical vapor deposition process (TOF-CVD), discovered and studied with Applied Science Inc. (Cedarville, Ohio, USA). With the collaboration of T. Ondarçuhu (GNS Group, CEMES), some of such carbon cone morphologies [Monthioux-Carbon2006] have been successfully tested as long lasting, high resolution AFM tips (due to patenting attempts, no details are provided). Another example is the use of SWNTs filled by us with multivalent oxide (CrO3@SWNT) as electrode materials for supercapacitors with remarkable charge-discharge speed, upon collaboration with the University of Poznan

[Lota-CPL2007]. Our best example is probably the SWNT-based Nano-SQUID that we built as a result from the collaboration with Néel Institute which, in addition to its ability in measuring magnetic fields from single molecules (see highlight IX), is also a promising component for a future quantum computer. Contracts: TOYOTA (2003-2006), CNRS (2004-06) "Properties of hybrid CNT assemblies", ACI Nanosciences NOCIEL Project (2004-07), CEA-Saclay (2008-2009), ANR/PNANO “HD-STRAIN” (2009-2012), Region/Aerospace Valley “INMAT” (2009-2012). EU IP/FOREMOST (2005-2010) Recurrent partners: CIRIMAT, LAPLACE, LNCMI, LCC-ENSIACET, LPCNO-INSA, LAAS. National: Néel Institute (Grenoble); LPS (Orsay); CRPP (Bordeaux); IMN (Nantes); University of Pau. International: University of Saragoza (Spain); Queen Mary College, University of Manchester (UK); IMM-CNR, Bologna (Italy); Universidad Federale de Sõa Carlos (Brazil); Boston College (USA), NPL (New Delhi, India).

The nano-SQUID

Cleuziou JP., Wernsdorfer W., Bouchiat V., Ondarçuhu T., Monthioux M., Nature Nanotechnlogy 1 (2006) 53

As a preliminary step to study carbon nanotubes (either single or bundled) filled or associated with magnetic elements or compounds, a single-wall nanotube-based Superconducting Quantum Interference Device was fabricated at CEMES, thanks to the access provided to LAAS-RTB platform facilities in Toulouse). An Atomic Force Microscopy image of what has come out to be the World smallest SQUID is shown here. The sensitive part of the device is a single single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT, diameter ~1.4 nm) which is contacted at three different places by superconducting bimetallic (aluminum/palladium) leads (arrows).The actual efficiency of the device was demonstrated via the partnership with Institut Néel (Grenoble). The specific behaviour of the two uncoated SWNT parts, which act as Josephson junctions (between the arrows), makes the device 1012 times more sensitive to magnetic fields than a regular SQUID, making possible the measurement of magnetic fields at the level of a single molecule.

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Nanopowders: from the lab. to the market

SEM imaging and XR diffractogram of ZnO prepared by SP. Other characteristics: DV50 = 560 nm, SBET=21m2/ The start-up PYLOTE (http://www.pylote.fr) was set up in October 2008 to exploit at the industrial scale the spray-pyrolysis process (SP). For several years, the group nMat has carried on researches involving different French and foreign partners, either academic or industrial, on the elaboration of various nanoparticles, powders, and composites by SP. This is done with the support of European/regional (PROSYNA-MNT ERANET) or national (PRONANOX-ANR/RNMP) R&D programmes and contracts. The most advanced case is the synthesis of ZnO, where the group has succeeded to overcome different chemical and technical steps to produce several kilograms of spherical particles with controlled characteristics (see figure), by diphasic spray-pyrolysis, This powder has been successfully subjected to post-treatments for different applicative aims: i) surface modification by Chemical Vapour Deposition, ii) incorporation in inks (for ink-jet printing), or in polymeric organic matrixes (for plastics and paints).

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n-PRO: Nanomaterials and Processes

15,37,38,62,90,104,145,197,212,215,223,230,231,263,264 The aim of this activity is the controlled synthesis of metal oxides nano-powders up to the industrial scale (see highlight X) and to insert them into nano-composite materials, in view of specific applications. II-12: synthesis and integration of nanometric powders by Spray Pyrolysis Staff: J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, R. Mauricot, H. Dexpert, D.Neumeyer PostDocs : C. Rossignol (ANR 2006- 2008), G. Droval, (EU-MdP 2006-2008), G. Murat (ANR 2007), C. Calmet (ANR 2008), L. Marchin (ANR 2007) Doc: M. Caiut (FAPESP sur CAPES/COFECUB 2005) Spray Pyrolysis (SP) is an aerosol process commonly used to form a wide variety of materials in powder form. One of the major advantages of SP is the flexibility: pyrolysis may be conducted at high temperatures (1270 K or more) so that high temperature phases may be achieved in one step. Alternatively, the whole process may also be conducted at lower temperature: it may then be described as a rapid drying of the spray. In the past years, we intended to take benefit of this flexibility in order to synthesize sub-micrometric or nanometric particles in a wide range of chemical compositions and considering different applications. Sub-micronic powders of different phosphors (exhibiting intense visible emission under vacuum ultra violet excitation) have been elaborated and investigated. A pre-industrial demonstrator has been built and improved all over these years in order to synthesize quantities of powders (several kgs) compatible with their post-synthesis annealing by fluidized bed technology. The synthesis of the red phosphor Y2O3:Eu3+ has been modelled employing the true characteristics and operating parameters of the demonstrator [Reuge, AIChe Journal 2008] The presence of an additional soluble flux in the SP precursor solution permits to obtain agglomerate-free nanoparticles after washing the product (as schematized on figure 19). As an example, pure zinc oxide nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by adding lithium or sodium nitrates to the initial zinc nitrate solution [Rossignol, Adv. Sci. Tech. 2006]. We

have overcome different chemical and technical steps to produce several kilograms of ZnO particles with a spherical morphology, and an average diameter expressed as DV50 = 560 nm. In the framework of several projects at the national level (ANR-RNMP: PRONANOX project), and at the European/regional level (MNT-ERA: PROSYNA project) this ZnO powder has been post-treated and tested for two kinds of applications. 1: The powder from SP has been successfully fluidized and post-treated (at LGC - Toulouse) to deposit very thin films of bismuth oxide on the grains surfaces: the nano-composites may then be used as varistors. 2: the antimicrobial activity against E. coli, St. aureus and A. niger of zinc oxide when blended with polymers has been measured by an applied dynamic method. Two polymers: poly(amide) 6 (PA6) and low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) have been used as matrix. ZnO nanoparticles content as low as 1% w/w in the polymers showed great antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity [Droval, e-polymers (2008].

Figure II-18: Scheme of the biphasic SP. Case i): two types of NPs are dried and decomposed simultaneously, then one type is removed by appropriate washing. Case ii): if the soluble phase acts as a flux then aggregates of NPs are recovered after washing Using the (SP) device, the fast drying of a colloidal solution of boehmite (γ-AlOOH), in order to stop the sol-gel process prior to the long range ordering of the solid phase has been realized. Free spherical particles from 100 to 500 nm have been elaborated. Particles sub-structure is made of nano-crystalline boehmite with very small average crystallite size (one crystal cell along the b axis). The nano-crystalline boehmite synthesized by SP is spontaneously dispersible in water without any surface treatment. Boehmite powder may be transformed to transition γ-alumina by heat post-

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treatment [JMA Caiut, Powder Tech (2009]. The use of boehmite as fire retardant in low density polyethylene and polyamide has been studied in collaboration with GAIKER technological Center (Zamudio, Spain). The filler/matrix interactions and the morphology of the nanocomposites have been investigated. A fire resistance effect has been observed at filler/matrix as low as 2% in volume. Different behaviors as a function of the matrix have been evidenced: with only 2% in volume (5% in weight) of boehmite, the Low Oxygen Index (LOI) increases only of 2.6% with LDPE and of 7% with PA. II-13: Synthesis and characterization of luminescent or magnetic nanocomposites for bio-labelling Staff: J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, R. Mauricot, H. Dexpert, C. Brouca-Cabarrecq, D.Neumeyer, L. Noe Post-docs: M. Caiut ((FAPESP sur CAPES/COFECUB 2007), R. Marques (FAPESP sur CAPES/COFECUB 2005) Docs: C. Garcia (MRT 2004-2006), S. Lechevallier (MRT 2008-), L. Rocha (FAPESP sur CAPES/COFECUB 2008) The aim of this operation is to synthesize well defined particles (either purely inorganic, or mixed organic-inorganic nanocomposites), and to render them suitable for applications as bio-labels (luminescent, magnetic, or both). Nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) have been synthesized using a new process based on electroprecipitation in ethanol medium. This process allows the control of the particles size (4 to 9 nm) with a narrow size distribution (std<20%), without any protecting agent. A mechanism pathway has been proposed consisting of a Fe(OH)3 precipitation followed by the reduction to magnetite in presence of hydroxyl ions which is generated at the cathode [Marques J.Mag.Mag. Mat. 2008]. The use of these magnetite nanoparticles for bio-labelling is under progress. In order to get particles for luminescent bio-labelling, several kinds of nano-composites based on the well known photo-luminescent lanthanide ions (Ln3+ = Eu3+ or Tb3+) have been prepared and studied. It has been possible to obtain sub-micrometric spherical particles of SiO2 with luminescent Eu3+ ions bonded to the silica surface or embedded in amorphous silica beads, by controlling the synthesis and annealing process. These particles exhibit a good luminescence and are good candidates to be used as bio-labels. We have undertaken their surface modification by various organo-silylated molecules, in order to graft active (amine) groups at their surface, and to progress towards their bio-functionalization. Alumina-based luminescent composites have also been investigated in detail. As it has been mentioned here above, nano-crystalline AlOOH synthesized by SP is spontaneously dispersible in water. Lanthanide-doped boehmites demonstrate same properties. It is inferred from the Eu3+

luminescence spectroscopy that partly hydrated europium species are immobilized on the boehmite nanocrystals where they are directly bonded to (OH) groups of the AlOOH surface. The AlOOH:Ln nanoparticles have been modified by amine acids asparagine (ASN) or lysine (LYS). The modification aims to render the NPs compatible for further bio-functionalisation. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that the Ln3+ ions are held at the boehmite surface after this surface modification, which is essential for their use in this objective [Caiut Nanotechnology 2008]. Lanthanide-organic crystals, with the organic part acting as an antenna for luminescence, have also been investigated and their structure established: for instance lanthanide dipic compounds. (dipic = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate) [Brouca-Cabarrecq Inorganica Chimica Acta 2008]. The addition of an organic template during the synthesis of lanthanide oxalates has opened new routes towards the design of a wide range of materials with predetermined structure and useful potentialities such as magnetism or luminescence [Mohanu, J Solid State Chem. 2006] , Organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials activated with a luminescent Ln3+ prove also of great interest as long as effective excitation may be absorbed by the organic part (antenna), and that the inorganic matrix ensures the photo-thermo-chemical stability of the composite. For this purpose, we have first studied the grafting of luminescent complexes [Eu(thd)3,PHEN] or [Eu(thd)3,BIPY] with thd=tetramethyleheptanedionate, PHEN=phenanthroline, BIPY= bipydidine) at the surface of mesoporous silica (SiO2-MCM41). More recently, we have synthesized spheres of mesoporous silica in one step by spray-pyrolysis, and grafted the same luminescent complexes in/on these particles. This is the first step in our objective to employ these particles of mesoporous silica to vectorize the luminescent and/or magnetic probe towards the biological target. Contracts: With ANR: RNMP PRONANOX (2006-2008) With Regional Council: MdP RC/MNT-ERA PROSYNA (2005-2008), MdP/RP KIT TROGOCYTOSE (2007-2008) With Industry: Saint Gobain Recherches (2008) Recurrent partners: LGC, LCC, CIRIMAT, IPBS, LAAS, national: CEA LTMex (Saclay), international: UNESP (IQ-Araraquara), City-U (HK)

Patrimony: Cultural Heritage Materials

54,123,124,125,136,254,270,283 II-14: Decorated coatings Staff: Ph. Sciau, G. Benassayag, C. Brouca-Cabarrecq, R. Carles, Y. Kihn (MC2), C. Roucau (MC2), PostDoc: C. Mirguet (Fond social européen 2006-2007, ATER INSA 2007-2008)

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Docs: Y. Leon (2007-2010, PRES inter-établissements) The aim of this activity is to understand the manufacturing processes of ancient ceramics through the analysis of their physical properties. This material science approach not only provides new insights to archaeologists and historians, but also may offer some opportunities for ceramics technology. In that spirit, our recent efforts are devoted to the development of a multidisciplinary research approach making use of new techniques and involving new collaborations – at the international level - and promoting collaborative projects within the Toulouse University framework. The presence of particular crystalline phases is often used to determine the firing temperatures or to characterize a specific production. We want to go even further with an in-depth examination of shape, exact composition (taking into account any substitutions) and structural defects of crystals with special attention given to sub-micrometric and nanometric crystals, glass phases and the interface between the vessel body and the decorative layers. The investigations at nanometre scale provide very pertinent information about the chemical reactions and phase transformations occurring during the manufacturing process. However because of the complexity and heterogeneity of the ancient materials, the investigation must be carried out in a large volume of matter and often on a large set of samples. For this, in addition to the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used to obtain chemical and structural information at nanometre scale, we used other techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and fluorescence, electron microprobe, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy... In this context, we are now involved into two different multidisciplinary projects: The diffusion of the Terra Sigillata technique in southern Gaul, during the Ist c. AD. We are coordinating this collaborative project which includes two archaeology laboratories (Univ. Toulouse 2, Univ. Montpellier 3), a geology laboratory (Univ. Toulouse 3), the Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (Paris) and the Dpto. di Chimica, Univ. Firenze-Italy (PHC Galilée 2008). The decorative layers of medieval lustre ceramics. This topic is developed in collaboration with different laboratories in Europe (Univ. Bordeaux 3, Univ. Paris 6, Univ. Barcelona-Spain, Univ. Zaragoza-Spain, Univ. Perugia-Italy). Our studies have allowed to retrieve the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of the coatings and so to bring fundamental understandings in the fabrication process used at these epochs (Sciau, JACS, 2006). In particular, TEM study of high quality lustre ceramics (12th c. Fatimid and 14th c. Iran/Kashan style) shows a multilayer spatial distribution of Ag°/Cu° metal nanoparticles, quite different from those observed in

previously studied Mesopotamian, Moresque, Renaissance and modern samples (Mirguet, Phase Transition, 2008). This multilayer particle distribution can only be explained by special firing cycles, with repeated controlled heat flashes induced by the combustion of surface organic residue and/or rapid extraction of the (hot) pottery, from the kiln. Such proceeds make it possible to control the grain size and distribution of the upper layer (Fig.19). Melting of Ag/Cu metal demonstrates that temperatures close to 1000-1100°C are achieved at the peak temperature of the cycle. A significant effort was also dedicated to the analysis of the electronic diffraction patterns and of the chemical information acquired by Electron Energy loss Spectroscopy (EELS). Thanks to the support of the sample preparation service at CEMES, a good deal of the problems related to sample preparation has been solved. The issue of sampling representativity of the area analyzed by TEM has been looked up by comparing results acquired by TEM with those obtained from synchrotron techniques in the frame of a France-Stanford project. For this, an original methodology was developed in order to correlate data obtained from different techniques. Thus, samples of roman potteries in transverse sections containing markings visible to X-rays were prepared at CEMES by depositing Pt dots by FIB. These dots allowed us to align at the micron scale, X-ray absorption and fluorescence measurements taken at SSRL (Stanford, USA), with X-ray microdiffraction measurements collected at ALS (Berkeley, USA). Then, electron transparent membranes were cut-off by the FIB “Lift-out” milling procedure in the areas of interests. Results obtained on marbled Sigillata (yellow and red slip) finally allowed answer to a long-standing question asked by the archaeologists: the origin of the yellow colour, and actually open a new field in the modern ceramic pigment research (See highlight XI).

Figure II-19: 12th c. Fatimid lustre from Fustat (Egypt). Decor detail observed in scattering light (top right) and under specular position (bottom right), and on the left, the bright field image of silver nanoparticle distribution. Work in collaboration with the LADIR (Univ. Paris 6).

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Contracts: With Regional Councils: Région Midi-Pyrénées (2006-2009), interregional program Aquitaine/Midi-Pyrénées (2004-2005)

Nationals and internationals funds: France-Stanford (2006-2007), PHC Galilée (2008), CNRS / Etats-Unis 2008 (2008-2010)

Yellow Pseudobrookite phase stabilization: a modern problem solved by antic potters?

Pseudobrookite (TiFe2O5) exhibits promising properties for ceramic pigments compared to some widely used silicates. However they are not used till now for ceramic application because of synthesis problems and the difficulty to obtain a beautiful yellow color. In the framework of our antic ceramic studies, we showed that this pigment was used by the roman potters for the production of particular type of terra sigillata tableware. Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction (ALS, Berkeley) and TEM-FIB (CEMES) combined investigations revealed that the color of the yellow component of marbled terra sigillata is due to the Pseudobrookite. It is the first known case of such used as pigment.

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III NANOSCIENCES

Numbers such as Gxy refer to the list of papers of the GNS group in the Bibliographic list When working on a surface, the understanding of the number of atoms needed to construct a device or a machine is basic to GNS. This question find its origins on the development of molecule surface science, on the nano-electronic industry race to delineate the end of the roadmap and finally on our interrogation about the motive (computing) power of the quantum superposition principle accessible with and within a single molecule. There is neither order nor no preference in the way GNS is handling those three problems. On a 2D matrix, GNS vertical activities are: Surface Science, chemistry, physical chemistry on surface, quantum chemistry calculations and basic quantum theory. GNS horizontal projects are: molecule machine for computing, for mechanics, nano-communications and nano-optics. III-1 MOLECULE-MACHINES Staff : X. Bouju, A. Gourdon, C. Joachim, J.-P. Launay, G. Rapenne, J. Bonvoisin, M. Hliwa (Pr. Invité), C. Barthes (CDD CHIC)

PhD : H.-P. Jacquot (MESR), G. Vives (AMN), A.Carella (MESR), I. Duchemin (MESR), N. Renaud (MESR), M. Fabre (AMN). Post-doc : F. Ample (PicoInside), S. Goudeau (NanoMan), C. Basu, G. Guirado, G. Jimenez-Bueno S. Nagarajan (BOYSCAST fellowship, CHIC) Publis : [G3, G6, G11, G17-G21, G27, G32-G33, G43, G47, G55, G63-G64, G70-G72, G74, G80-G81, G86, G90, G92, G100, G109-G110, G117,G132-G133, G142,G150-G151] Whatever the experiment, the device or the machine built up at the atomic scale, there is always in GNS a positive feedback between the design, the chemical synthesis and the surface experiments. What distinguishes a molecule for computation to a molecule for mechanics is the way they are running. For a molecule mechanical machine adsorbed on a surface, its overall mechanical response is classical. By their interactions with the supporting surface, the decoherence of the mechanical quantum states render semi-classical the soft mechanical modes of a molecule. The surface is an ally for a wheel chemical group to turn step by step or for an arm to

move up and down. The mechanical motion of all those molecular mechanisms is now predicted by the ASED+ molecular mechanical program developed in GNS. The ASED technique was transformed for surface adsorption, completed by quantum terms when certain parts of the molecule machine are chemisorbed and for the conjugated chemical groups which are participating to the intramolecular mechanisms. GNS had focussed its activity on single molecule machine i.e. on covalent design molecules where all the mechanisms are integrated on one molecule (Highlight A: rotating motion). Of course, the surface itself is opening the possibility to stabilise the construction of a molecular machinery like the molecular rack and pinion device described in highlight A where the pinion is simply a single molecule and its axis, the tip of an STM. By the study of the computing resources available in a large molecule, molecular electronics belongs to the general field of “molecular computing”. It regroups hybrid molecular electronics, molecular circuits, semi-classical molecule-circuit, quantum computing and is overlapping with mesoscopic grapheme and nanotube devices (see section III-3). For molecule logic gates, we have explored the design of all those possibilities up to the point where GNS focussed its molecule logic gate design on using quantum intramolecular resources. Semi-classical circuit design based on the bonding of functional molecular groups like molecular rectifiers, wires or switches in the same molecule leads to very efficient molecule OR and XOR gates. The N-ESQC code and its new multi material electrode version were continuously developed for this purpose. Molecule OR gate molecule were synthesised and their molecular orbital imaged. But forcing a molecule to be an electrical circuit leads to a too large expansion of the molecule size when increasing the complexity of the function embarked on the molecule. Furthermore, through bond electron transfer theory indicates that the running current is too small to be detected after a certain circuit expansion. Alternatively, two types of quantum design are now explored, both based of the long GNS experience on quantum super-exchange mechanism through a molecule. For magnetic super exchange, a qubit like design is followed and for electron transfer like

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Highlight A

Controlling the rotating motion of nanomachines on a surface : Wheels, Gears and Motors

Advances in the imaging and manipulation of single molecules have stimulated much interest in the synthesis of technomimetic molecular nanomachines exhibiting unique mechanical properties. In the macroscopic world, the movement of rotation is at the source of many examples of machines and motors. We demonstrated the very first experimental observation of the rolling motion of a triptycene wheel, thanks to the ultrafine analysis of the current going from the tip to the surface during the manipulation experiment. We also developed molecular gears based on hexabenzocoronenes. Such rack-and-pinion devices should allow us to use the work furnished by the rotating motion through gearing interactions. At the same time, we designed and synthesized a family of molecular motors built around a ruthenium center coordinated to a cyclopentadienyl ligand terminated with five ferrocene electroactive groups linked to the central board through insulating platinum bis-acetylide fragments.

(a) (b) (c) (a) An axle terminated by two wheels (bisethynyltriptycene) in action under the STM tip; (b) An assembly of dissymmetrized hexabenzocoronenes acting as a rack-and-pinion device and (c) a prototype of molecular motor synthesized recently. Grill et al, Nature Nanotech 2007 [G90], Chiaravalloti et al, Nature Materials 2007 [G81], Vives et al, Coord. Chem. Rev 2008 [G151] super exchange, a quantum Hamiltonian computing (QHC) approached is preferred. Those quantum designs are supported by the fact that we have now access to at least the frontier molecular orbitals (see section 3) of a given conjugated molecule (Highlight B: seing the Orbitals). A swap mixed valence complex molecule is under synthesis for the qubit approach. For the QHC approach, we have shown that very simple molecules like a dinitro-anthracene correctly atomic

scale interconnected can perform a QHC NOR-AND gate and a molecule ½ digital adder was designed. A simple starphene NOR gate using single Au atom inputs is under experiment in Singapore. We have demonstrated that QHC approach can reach at least the complexity level of a 2 x 2 digital adder using intramolecular quantum information propagation and the superposition principle to calculate all the output in parallel.

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Highlight B Seeing the orbitals

2- Methylterrylene, synthesized in 9 steps from perylene and 2-methyl-1-nitronaphthalene, is adsorbed on a NaCl bilayer deposited on Cu(111) and imaged by UHV-STM at 5 K. The insulating thin film maintains the molecular at a distance such as the discrete molecular orbitals are only weakly coupled with the metal bands. It prevents broadening and overlapping of orbitals at resonance energies. The images acquired at specific bias voltages show a striking similarity with the spatial distribution of the electronic probability density of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO, shown below) of free 2-methylterrylene. These images are well reproduced by ESQC elastic scattering quantum chemistry calculations. They provide a direct view of the hyperconjugative interaction between the methyl group and the frontier orbitals of the terrylene core.

A-Synthesis of 2-Methylterrylene; B-Experimental STM image at +1.4 V; C-Electronic probability density of the LUMO for ρ=10-7 Å3; D- ESQC calculated image. Villagomez et al, Chem. Phys Lett 2007 [G-109]

Those molecules are designed and synthesised specially for non statistical conductance experiment on a single molecule. Here, we rely on dedicated LT- UHV-STM experiments to measure the conductance of only one and the always same molecule. We rely also on our patient construction of atomic scale, multi-probe interconnection machines in Toulouse (section 3), in Singapore and under the MANA project for multiple planar interconnection to a molecule logic gate. Graphene is a possible material to pass in a monolithic approach from the atomic to the mesoscopic scale (see section 3). III-2 MOLECULE-SURFACE SCIENCE Staff: F. Ajustron, X. Bouju, R. Coratger, E. Dujardin, S. Gauthier, A. Gourdon, O. Guillermet, C. Joachim, R. Laloo, D. Martrou, T. Ondarçuhu, R. Péchou, G. Seine, C. Viala, T. Zambelli, C. Barthes (CDD CHIC)

Ph. D: J. Polesel Maris (MESR 2003), C. Villagomez (Gouv. Mexicain 2005), M. Venegas de la Cerda (Gouv. Mexicain 2006), B. Calmettes (MESR 2007), L. Fabiè (MESR 2008-)

Post-Doc: F. Ample (PicoInside), A. Fang (NaPa), S. Goudeau, H. Guo (NaPa), E. Niemi (CNRS), S. Stojkovic (Fujitsu), S. Nagarajan (BOYSCAST fellowship, CHIC), R. Barattin (Pico-Inside), A. Fang (NaPa, 2005-2006) Publis: [G13, G26, G28, G31, G33, G35, G37-41, G48-49, G52-54, G60, G62, G65-68, G73, G75-79, G85, G91, G104-106, G109, G116, G123, G129, G134, G139, G149] Surfaces are our workbench to investigate the properties of molecules. Transfer of molecules from the solution to the surface and imaging and manipulation by near field microscopy are our main activities in this field. The strategies to communicate with the adsorbed molecules are presented in section 2. One major evolution during the last years has been a shift from metallic surfaces toward insulating surfaces. This change was made possible due to the development of STM on ultrathin insulating films and to the progress in AFM in the so-called “non-contact” mode which is capable of atomic resolution on insulating surfaces.

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III-2-1. Molecular tiling of surfaces. The self-organization of molecules happens to be the consequence of a balance between molecule/substrate and molecule/molecule interactions. Our recent studies have been focused on three points: single molecule characterisation, self-assembly process optimization and study of bi-molecular interactions. In a first approach, we have observed and characterized single molecules after adsorption at low temperature using LT-STM working at 77 K or 4.5K and tunnelling spectroscopy. For example, on anthraquinone compounds, it has been observed that van der Waals interaction leads to the formation of dimers on the surface. Investigations have been also conducted on surfaces after evaporation of molecules at ambient temperature or after annealing at about 450 K in order to favour hydrogen interactions, to decrease diffusion barriers. It has been observed that a mono layer of octachloro Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcCl8) networks evolve from a low density phase called P1 to a high density structure called P3 (after a metastable intermediate structure P2). A way to avoid this phase transition could be the insertion of defects in the molecular layer free spaces. Using co-evaporation of penta-tert-butyl corannulene (PTBC), we have shown that these last molecules form lines or chessboard structures after an original insertion mechanism in the flexible ZnPcCl8 assembly and block the phase transition (highlight: C corranulene). Finally, co-evaporation has been used to create covalent bindings in situ, i.e. directly on the metallic substrate. The two used molecules are benzene di-boronic acid (BDBA) and hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP). Their covalent binding results in the formation of porous structures. Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy at 4.5 K, a characteristic peak at about 2.7 eV above the Fermi level has been

observed when the STM tip is located on the chemical bond between the two moieties. III-2-2. Molecules on ultrathin insulating films on metal: Imaging the molecular orbitals. When a molecule is adsorbed directly on a metallic surface, its levels become broadened and coupled by the metal. As a consequence, most of its specific molecular properties, for instance optical properties, are strongly perturbed. It is possible to limit these perturbations by interposing an ultrathin insulating layer between the molecule and the substrate, for instance a NaCl(001) bilayer on a Cu(111) surface. The film is thin enough to allow the transport of a small tunnelling current (in the range of pA), but thick enough to limit the molecule-metal coupling, to the point where the contribution of single molecular orbitals can be imaged by STM.

Figure III-1: STM image of a covalent network formed by BDBA and HHTP deposited on Ag(111). A HHTP network also appears on top of the topography.

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Highlight C

Observation of corannulene networks on close packed metal surfaces Five-fold rotational point group symmetry plays a special role because of its incompatibility with translational symmetry. The adsorption of a corannulene derivative, penta-tert-butylcorannulene (PTBC) on the Cu(111) surface has been studied by means of low temperature STM and structure calculations. We found an original structure of self-assembled molecules where they form trimers (T) interacting with each other and giving rise to a cavity hosting a single molecule. The presence of the trimers can be seen as a way to generate structures with symmetry compatible with that of the substrate. The symmetry mismatch between the five-fold symmetry of the molecules and the three-fold symmetry of the substrate is resolved in this way.

(a) STM image of an island of PTBC on Cu(111). T=5 K, 18.1 x 21.4 nm2. (b) Zoom on a single PTBC molecule (off-centered monomer M in a cavity), (c) Computational STM image of a single PTBC molecule.Guillermet et al, Angewandte Chemie 2009 48 1970

These molecules have been also studied after deposition on phthalocyanine networks evaporated on Ag(111) surface. In this case, the bicomponent packing is made of PTBC lines (low coverage) or chessboard structures (high coverage) in which the guest molecules are inserted in the phthalocyanine layer. Using the flexibility of the host ZnPcCl8 lattice, the parameters of the final structure can be tuned with a great reproducibility. The low interactions of PTBC with the metallic substrate allow the vertical manipulation of single molecules with the STM tip.

a) STM image of PTBC molecules inserted in a ZnPcCl8 network observed at 4.5 K. The black arrow indicates the propagation directions of PTBC lines. b) Using vertical manipulation, four PTBC have been removed from the bicomponent layer. The ZnPcCl8 initially surrounded by the removed molecules, moves to find a stable position T=4.5K. Calmettes et al, Angewandte Chemie 2008 47 6996 [G116]

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(a) (b)

Figure III-2: Single indigo molecules on a ML of indigo on Cu(111). Dimensions: 20 x 20 nm. T=5K. Tunneling parameters: (a) -1.8V, 5 pA, (b) +1.8V, 5 pA. Two isomers of methylterrylene (highlight B) have been adsorbed on NaCl(001)/Cu(111). In these conditions, two well defined resonances appear on the tunneling spectrum of the adsorbed molecules. When imaging with the bias voltage that correspond to the position of these peaks, one gets particular molecular shapes that are very close to those of the Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (LUMO – highlight B) of the free molecule. This behaviour seems rather general. We investigated different molecules (indigo, dichloromethylantracene, truxene…) on the same NaCl(001)/Cu(111) and found similar behaviour, if the HOMO and LUMO levels are located in the voltage range accessible in STM (+/- 4V from the Fermi level). We observed that a monolayer of indigo plays a decoupling role for single indigo molecules adsorbed on it, in a way that is similar to the NaCl bilayer. This was investigated in detail. In figure 2a, with a bias voltage of -1.8 V, one can distinguish a 4-lobes structure that is very similar to what was previously observed on the NaCl bilayer for the HOMO. In contrast, in the image of the same area obtained at +1.8 V (figure 2b), one recovers the two-lobes aspect of the molecule, as observed in the HOMO-LUMO gap on NaCl. We did not find evidence of the LUMO on the monolayer of indigo. The comparison of these data with what was obtained on NaCl and calculations are under progress. Decoupling the molecules from the substrate has many interesting consequences that we are currently exploring. For instance, we observe that when imaging with a bias voltage corresponding to a molecular resonance, the molecule tend to move under the tip. This phenomenon is clearly related to the excitation of vibronic transitions that couples to the translational or rotational degrees of freedom of the molecule. III-2-3. Imaging on insulating surfaces: NC-AFM. In the so-called “non-contact” or “frequency modulation” mode, the AFM uses the shift of the resonance frequency of the cantilever under the

influence of the tip-sample forces to control the tip-surface distance. The cantilever oscillation is maintained at its resonance frequency by a positive, constant amplitude, feedback loop. This technique is well suited for the high quality factor cantilevers that are used in UHV studies. It has proven to be capable of true atomic resolution on metallic, semi-conducting and insulating surfaces. Our main objective is to learn how to image and manipulate individual molecules on insulating surfaces. The control system of this instrument is rather complex, involving 3 interacting feedback loops. We have analyzed this system by analytical calculations and numerical simulations and proposed a global unified framework for analysing the way noise and small signals propagate in the system. This is important because many methodological issues are not yet fixed in this developing technique. Being able to simulate the experimental behaviour of the apparatus is very important to decide the best strategy to conduct a given experiment. Two UHV AFM heads from Omicron are operating in GNS: A modified VT-AFM/STM to allow dynamic nanostencil experiments (see section III-3) and an RT AFM/STM head used for high resolution NC-AFM studies. This last head was greatly improved recently by replacing the original light source by a superluminescent laser. With this improvement, atomic resolution images were obtained on alkali halide surfaces (figure 3).

Figure III-3: Constant-frequency detuning images of KBr(001). Size: 3 nm × 3 nm: (a) Δf = −340 Hz, Ap−p = 5 nm. (b) Δf = −230 Hz, Ap−p = 7 nm. Parameters of the cantilever: f0 = 269 800 Hz, k ≈ 30 Nm−1, Q ≈ 25 000. The atomic contrast is different in these two images: this phenomenon can be explained by a polarity reversal of the tip. During a detailed study of the KBr(001) surface, we have been able to show that the atomic scale contrast that is observed on the images of the energy dissipation between the tip and the surface is related to an atomic switch, located near the apex of the tip. This switch could be observed because it is accompanied by a characteristic change in the atomic contrast as observed between the images of figures 3a and 3b. This study is one of the first to confirm that the atomic scale contrast in dissipation

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can be explained by an adhesion hysteresis mechanism. Our instrument is now ready for observing single molecules on insulating surfaces. Part of the theory/simulation GNS activity is related to the adsorption of large molecules on perfect and hybrid (metal-insulator and metal-semiconductor) crystal surfaces such as their energetics on the surface including diffusion, stable adsorption sites, electronic and vibrational structures. Basically, two complementary skills are developed. III-2-4. Theory of adsorption of large molecules on surfaces Since the targeted molecules are quite large, mainly different molecular mechanics (MM) methods will be tested. The development of hybrid (embedding) electronic structure methods is undertaken, combining high quality quantum mechanical calculation of a finite part of the system (the cluster) with molecular mechanics calculations for the rest of the surface system. An embedding method based on a semi-empirical electronic structure technique and using the atom superposition and electron delocalization (ASED) scheme has been developed. At the initial code, supplementary terms have been added in order to take into account the three-body interactions and the long-range interactions such as van der Waals and hydrogen bonding. This new code (called ASED+) can be seen as compromise between standard MM codes and DFT methods: ASED+ is faster than DFT and only few parameters (Slater exponents and ionization potentials) are necessary. As a benchmark, the case of a benzene molecule chemisorbed on Cu(110) has been studied and very good agreements have been found with experimental and DFT results. With this efficient and reliable code, one can study the molecules stability and the molecular surface diffusion at various temperatures. III-2-5. STM and AFM image calculations and molecular manipulations. Once the adsorption site and molecular conformation of the adsorbate are found, theoretical interpretation of experimentally

acquired STM and NC-AFM images of adsorbed molecules has to be tackled. For ten years, the EHMO-ESQC method (extended Hückel molecular orbital – elastic scattering quantum chemistry) has demonstrated its efficiency to interpret experimental STM images. At least, fifty papers have already been published where ESQC is used with various adsorbates (atoms, small and large molecules) on metallic (see Fig. X), on semiconducting substrates, and thin insulating films. Actually, there are different ways to simulate a STM image, ranging from the simple Tersoff-Hamann model (especially for bare surface) to non-equilibrium Green's functions density functional theory for modelling the electrical properties of molecular systems. According to the size of the simulated systems that most people are dealing with (typically several hundreds of atoms), the ESQC method is reliable with a reasonable computer time consuming. By reducing the image computation time, it may become possible to perform the optimisation between experimental and numerical results leaving the computer to follow the convergence automatically. A parallel version of ESQC was also developed and is the main tool for image production. NC-AFM is not only able to obtain accurate images of various substrates, but also to get energy dissipation information within the surface/adsorbates/tip system. The identification of molecular soft phonons related to the dissipation channels of a molecule could be used to induce mechanical functions With the help of a numerical NC-AFM, imaging and dissipation signals can be calculated once a specific force-field mesh is introduced as a data set. The improvement of our numerical code was focused on the introduction of different noise sources, similarly to the experimental setup. For STM manipulations of single adsorbates, a virtual STM already exists allowing the direct comparison between experimental manipulation signatures and theoretical ones. The precise mechanical behaviour can then be identified.

Figure III-4: Ball-and-stick model of the a penta-tert-butyl corannulene molecule and the calculated ESQC-STM image of the molecule adsorbed on Cu(111) surface. The molecular conformation on the surface was determined with the ASED+.

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III-2-6. Near field optics and scanning probe methods. A scanning tunnelling microscope can act as an extremely local photon source but it can also be used as a unique tool to investigate the optical properties of nano-objects such as top-down nanostructures (metallic dots or rods, isolated or arranged to form lines or arrays for example) or bottom-up systems (self-assembled metallic colloids or individual molecular entities) in the near field regime or beyond the diffraction limit of light. Starting from this basic idea, we developed a hybrid prototype combining electronic and photonic tunnelling for surface analysis at the nanoscale. This original experimental set-up has been designed on the basis of a pocket size scanning tunnelling microscope, the metallic tip been replaced by a metallized chemically tapered optical fiber whose apex radius determines the resolution of the optical near field cartographies. The main objective is not only to increase the optical resolution beyond the Rayleigh criterion but also to study the electromagnetic properties of matter in this confined regime, to put resonant properties of optically excited nanostructures to good use and to design planar optical networks. In the Photonic Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (PSTM) built in GNS, the sample is placed in the Kretschmann configuration on the hypotenuse of a right angle prism and excited with a laser beam under total internal reflection conditions to create an evanescent optical wave propagating on the sample surface. Sub-wavelength metallic optical waveguides made of gold dots lines have been milled by focused ion beam (FIB) in noble metal films. These structures are known to sustain collective electronic modes (surface plasmon polaritons) under optical excitation enabling a local enhancement, a squeezing over sub-wavelength dimensions and a propagation of the electromagnetic field over micrometric distances. The PSTM prototype has been used to draw near field optical mapping of these structures and demonstrate their sub-wavelength wave guiding ability. Progresses have also been made in self assembly of metallic nanoparticles of about 10 nm in diameter to create networks able to squeeze light to the molecular scale. This PSTM prototype represents the first step towards experimental near field optics in CEMES and opens a new way to optical addressing of individual molecules. In fact, the use of plasmonic nano-objects is a promising strategy to scale down light to molecular addressing through the interconnection of top-down and self-assembled bottom-up nanostructures. A new improved

experimental set-up based on a modified commercial scanning probe microscope linked to various laser lines (Ar+, HeNe, Ti:Sa) ranging from 400 nm to 1000 nm is currently under development to reach these objectives. III-2-7. Wetting at the nanoscale. Controlled deposition of individual molecules on a surface is an important challenge in many studies in nanosciences. We have developed an AFM-based method for dispensing and manipulation of liquid nanodroplets on a surface. This nanoscale dispensing system (NADIS) is based on the direct transfer of liquid from a hollow AFM tip through a small aperture drilled at its apex by focused ion beam (FIB). With an ink supplied from an on-tip reservoir, we can deposit droplets with volume in the femtoliter (10-15 l) to attoliter range (10-18 l)1. The ultimate droplets diameters, as small as 70 nm, contain, for standard dilutions, only few molecules. NADIS is also a versatile technique since any soluble molecule or nano-object (nanoparticle , proteins…) can be deposited. The dimensions of droplets manipulated by NADIS raise the issue of the description of wetting processes at nanometer scale, question which remains largely unanswered. By studying the pinning of a contact line on nanometric steps during the dewetting of polystyrene films on alumina or graphite surfaces, we have found that the macroscopic description remains valid down to dimensions of the order of one polymer chain2. This first example of probing of wetting properties at really nanometer scale gives important information on the structure of the liquid near the contact line which is one of the open questions in wetting. Besides its applications for nanopatterning, the NADIS method provides a useful tool to study fundamental aspects of capillarity at small scale. We have addressed the question of the evaporation of droplets with diameters in the µm range, which corresponds to volumes nine orders of magnitude smaller than presently published data. We have used the NADIS technique to deposit droplets in the femtoliter range on a nanomechanical mass sensing device. During evaporation, we have monitored the droplet mass with a 10 fg (10 attoliters volume) resolution3. We have showed that the evaporation of glycerol droplets with initial volumes ranging from 0.2 fL to 20 fL is non linear and can be interpreted in the framework of existing models, showing the validity of macroscopic models down to sub-micron scale.

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Figure III-5 : (a) Sketch of the NADIS method; (b) Array of molecules spots (diameter 75 nm) deposited with a

NADIS tip with a 35 nm aperture; (c) Evaporation curve of droplets with initial volume ranging from 20 fL down to 0.2 fL, inset : SEM image of a mass sensor with a droplet schematized on top.

III-3 NANO-COMMUNICATIONS

Staff: C. Deshayes, E. Dujardin, S. Gauthier, C. Girard, O. Guillermet, C. Joachim, R. Laloo, D. Martrou, T. Ondarçuhu, B. Pécassou, R. Péchou.

PhD : JP Cleuziou (ACI, 2004-07), I. Duchemin (MESR 2004-07), A. Mahmood (Pakistan, 2005-09), N. Renaud (MESR 2006-09).

Post doc : J. Shen (CS UPS, 2008-09), S. Stojkovich (Pico-Inside, Fujitsu), I. Duchemin (Pico-Inside) J. F. Dayen (ANR JC 2007),H. Guo (NaPa 2005-06), C. Soldano (ANR PNano 2008-09), T. Laroche (PlasmoNanoDevices 2006).

Publis: [G4, G6, G7, G9, G10, G16, G17, G18, G20, G23, G38, G44, G45, G50, G51, G56, G58, G59, G82, G83, G84, G93, G94, G101, G107, G111, G115, G118, G119, G120, G121, G122, G-124, G130, G141, G142, G143, G144, G145.]

The technical implementation of information processing at the molecular level requires the formidable funnelling of information carriers from (to) the macroscopic world of measurement apparatus to (from) individual molecules. When electrons are used as information carriers, two options of molecular electronics are being explored. On one hand, molecules can be contacted by two or more metallic electrodes, which then need to bridge several steps from 0.1 mm metallic wires to 0.1 nm atomic wires. However, the difficulties encountered in fabricating and connecting the atomic wires in contact with molecules could be potentially obviated by using carbon nanotubes as the final extremity of the electrodes. The first section here after describes the progress along the integrated approach, which needs implementing all assembly and nanofabrication steps in-situ on atomically clean surfaces and in UHV environment. The next section is dedicated to recent achievements in

nanofabrication and magneto-transport in nanotubes devices. On another hand, it has long been dreamed that complex molecular cores could combine both an active information processing part as well as the afferent interconnects in an integrated monomolecular device. Graphene is thought to offer a unique opportunity to test this idea and the initial experimental steps in this direction are summarized. Moreover, the recent progress in converting photons into plasmon excitations and to tailor them with smaller features in metallic structures makes it possible to envision replacing electronic communication by its optical counterpart. With the contribution of colloidal self-assembly, this new concept is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Finally, the theoretical framework for the communication to/from a molecular entity with N > 2 electrode is much needed and GNS contribution on this topic concludes this Part.

III-3-1. Ultraclean multi-scale interconnects facility. In a multi-terminal molecular device, each electrical connection to a single molecule should be a succession of wiring with increasing width, starting from the atomic level to reach the macroscopic level as schematized in Figure III-6. The electrical wiring can be separated in 5 interconnects between ‘wires’ of increasing width: (1) Atomic contact between the molecule and atomic wire; (2) Nanocontact between the atomic wire and a metallic island of a few monolayers height; (3) Meso-contact between the metallic island and a thin metallic ribbon; (4) Micro-contact between the thin metallic ribbon and a micro-electrode; (5) Macro-contact between the micro-electrode and the apparatus wiring.

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Figure III-6 : The five interconnect levels allowing an electrical contact to a single molecule deposited on an insulating substrate.

These 5 interconnects can be separated in two groups. The first and second interconnect levels are

related to surface science. The three upper levels can be treated as standard technological interconnects. Our approach consists in realizing the 5 interconnect levels under the same ultra high vacuum (UHV) environment as the molecule deposition on surface and final transport measurement. The conception and fabrication of the dedicated UHV experiment is described in Highlight D: the DUF. To date, we have studied the growth of Pd islands on thin Al2O3 layers grown on NiAl(110) for the For the first interconnect level. However, this system produces specifically 3D islands which are not suitable for our purpose. Our best alternative, for future developments is the growth of metal (Mg, Au) on the 6 eV-gap semiconductor AlN, which can be seen as a good insulating substrate.

To realize under UHV the 5 levels of interconnect, the deposition of molecules, their observation by NC-AFM and the measurement of their electrical porperties, we have designed and realized the DUF (DiNaMo UHV Factory) experiment. This equipment allows to transfer Samples between 5 UHV chambers described on the top Picture. The right figure shows details of the microclean Room. To design the DUF equipment, 19 students Worked since 2005 and 2008 at our CAO office (see highlight of the mechanical service). This project was supported by the ANR project "DiNaMo", 2 european projects (NaPa and PicoInside), 2 CPER (3N and Gaston Dupouy) and a RMNT project.

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Figure III-7: (a) Stencil made at EPFL for microlectrodes deposit, (b) 75 × 75 µm AFM image of the 15 nm thick Au microelectrodes, (c) FIB-drilled cantilever with the distorted pattern, (d) 5 × 5 µm NC-AFM image of the nanoelectrodes obtained by the nanostencil technique using the microclean room.

The second group of interconnects have been demonstrated using the stencils technique under UHV. A dedicated stencil (Fig III-7(a)) made at EPFL by the Brugger team during the European NaPa project allowed us to deposit the microelectrodes (fig III-7(b)). The 6-µm wide micropads allow the electrical connection with dedicated microcombs (level 5) fabricated by the LPN laboratory during the DiNaMo ANR project. At the extremity of the microelectrodes, nanoelectrodes can be evaporated through FIB-drilled cantilever with a specific pattern that corrects the geometrical distortions of our nanostencil set-up(fig III-7(c-d)). The 50-nm gap between the nanoelectrodes will allow us to contact metallic islands (level 2) grown on AlN semiconductors.

III-3-2. Carbon-nanotubes devices. The realization of devices based on individual carbon nanotubes able to probe properties of individual molecules requires an optimal size coupling and as perfect an interconnection process as possible (Fig. III-8a). Therefore, we have optimized the e-beam lithography process to improve the nanotube / metallic electrodes interconnect to obtain devices with well defined transport characteristics. This allowed the exploration of new transport phenomena: - Beyond the usual static measurements, we have studied the electronic fluctuations in nanotubes transistors in collaboration with Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Pulsés (Toulouse). Multiwalled nanotubes showed a decrease of the noise level by a factor of ten when the device was put under vacuum compared to ambient conditions

(Fig. III-8b). Concomitantly, the static conductance varied only by a few percents. The high sensitivity of noise measurements to the environment of the nanotube may lead to a better understanding of adsorption or diffusion processes of single molecules on nanotubes (Fig. III-8). - Nanotube devices were also used in the framework of nanomagnetism studies. In collaboration with Institut Néel (Grenoble), We have fabricated and measured the first nanoSQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) based on a superconducting loop including two Josephson junctions made by an individual carbon nanotube (JP Cleuziou, Nature Nano 2006). This device was shown to be a sufficiently sensitive magnetic flux detector to measure the magnetization of single molecule magnets as detailed in Highlight of section II-11 (nMat). The high frequency response of the Josephson junctions showed well defined voltage steps known as Shapiro steps.

Figure III-8: (a) AFM image of a single wall carbon nanotube contacted by e-beam lithography with lateral gate electrodes; (b) Normalized power spectral density of the noise versus frequency at 300 K, in ambient air (red) and under a 10−6 torr vacuum (black).

III-3-3. Graphene-based monomolecular electronics. An alternative approach in molecular electronics consists in integrating a molecular-scale computing core within a self-wired structure. The bottom-up approach of this mono-molecular concept requires the full design and synthesis of complex molecular architectures. A top-down version necessitates (i) a multi-scale nanopatterning protocol reaching atomic precision and (ii) a 2D support material able to bridge the macroscopic contact pads and the molecular scale within itself. Graphene is one of the candidates, with which we aim at designing and implementing non-CMOS superior logic functions down to a molecular level. For this a number of experimental steps have to be mastered, which was initiated in 2005, namely the production, characterization, macroscopic contacting and patterning of large graphene domains by resist-less, UHV-compatible techniques as well as the characterization of the transport in graphene devices. The first fully demonstrated test devices were simple 100 nm x 2 �m ribbons with side gates (Fig. III-9a) contacted and patterned by Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

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lithography. When realized in multilayered graphene, such ribbons were shown to behave like 1-D arrays of quantum dots separated by tunnelling barriers(Fig. III-9b), which also accounts for the Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) results obtained on similar ribbons fabricated in monolayers (Fig. III-9d). Our work demonstrates that ion-damage patterning of graphene, although, to date, the most versatile method to produce graphene devices, is limited to the mesoscopic regime but will be suitable for understanding the important parameters for contacting the graphene active core. In parallel, alternative contacting methods, such as stenciling, are being applied to graphene monolayer.

Figure III-9: (a) SEM image of a source-canal-drain and two side gates transistor patterned into a 10-nm thick graphitic disc. Inset: detail of the 150x2000 nm canal. (b) Experimental I-V characteristics at 40 K with model fit super-imposed. (c) Optical image of a large graphene flakes showing 1, 2 and 4 monolayer terraces. (d) EFM image of a split gate transistor patterned into a graphene monolayer after charge injection at +2 V and -2 V in the side gates and +1 V in the source electrode.

III-3-4. Optical and nanoplasmonic interconnections.

The pure electronic addressing mode, based on nano-electrodes, STM tips or break junctions, has faced difficulties for many years, which are mainly related to the limitations of electrical contacts between nano-objects. For this reason, the concept of a photonic or a plasmonic addressing device, being able to work down to the nanometric scale has

stimulated many developments these last years. In this topic area, the main objective of GNS is to localize light energy in volumes of 10 to 100 nm cubic dimensions, to handle the plasmonic structures with precision of about 1 nm and to locally excite these systems from the macroscopic world down to the nanometric scale compatible with single molecule excitation. For this purpose, metallic colloids have been synthesized with well-controlled chemical composition, size (typically sub 20 nm), shape and crystalline structure. Colloidal superstructures, such as dimers, trimers, linear chains or branched chain networks have been self-assembled using interactions such as dipolar coupling. We have shown that individual localized surface plasmon resonances are strongly coupled in such colloidal superstructures, giving rise to extended modes potentially able to transfer light energy in sub-15 nm waveguides. Recently, these superstructures have been designed to maximize light confinement and field enhancement. The success of this approach relies on the accurate control of both the separation distance between consecutive colloids (at a sub-10 nm scale) and their organization according to predefined patterns with predictable optical properties as shown in Highlight E Nanoplasmon. In the past four years, we have focused on the synthetic and functionalization chemistry in order to master the fabrication of complex plasmonic networks from monodisperse gold nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Bristol. In a second stage, the transfer of the colloidal particles from a suspension onto a solid dielectric surface has been successfully achieved on functionalized silica surfaces. The near-field optical properties of the deposited objects are studied by molecular photo-migration and scanning near-field optical microscopy. Henceforth, these studies will be reinforced thank to the purchase of a Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (PSTM). Finally, the optical properties of nanometer scale plasmonic objects (self-assembled or colloidal particles) have been analyzed from Green Dyadic Methods or/and in the framework of the coupled-dipole approximation (CDA). These numerical techniques are powerful to analyze and predict both spectral and near-field optical properties of colloidal particles of arbitrary shapes as illustrated in Highlight E:Nanoplasmon.

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III-3-5. Theory of surface interconnects To design the atomic scale circuit converging towards a single molecule logic gate (or a single surface atomic scale circuit) with an atomic precision on the surface of a solid, this surface circuit needs to be theoretically studied in an approach where all the atoms of the circuit including those of the nanopads and those of the supporting surface are taken into account. As presented in the figure III-10, GNS had developed the N-ESQC software based on the generalized propagator technique and able to compute the scattering matrix of an N electrodes interconnection system adsorbed of a passive surface (see figure III-10). All the required valence atomic orbitals of the N electrodes surface junction are taken into account in describing the electronic Hamiltonian of the junction together

with the surface transport properties. I-V characteristics between any 2 couples of electrodes connected with an atomic precision to a surface atomic scale circuit (Fig. III-10b) or to a molecule logic gate (Fig. III-10a and III-10c) can be predicted and compared with experiments. With this standard N-ESQC technique, 100 Giga of central RAM memory are required to simulate a 5 nm x 5 nm Si(100)2x1 H surface with all its surface atoms, dangling bond atomic wires and metallic nano-pads corresponding to 10 000 atoms in the junction with all the required valence orbital structure. In view of the large memory required even for the semi-empirical N-ESQC technique, a new scattering matrix calculation technique had been implemented based on the kernel theory (K-ESQC).

Self-assembled metallic colloidal superstructures, such as the 13-nm gold nanoparticle chain networks showed in (A), combine the high crystallinity and small feature size of the nanoparticle constituents with the macroscopicsize and complex architecture of extended aggregates. The assembly kineticsand the far-field optical properties can be investigated by spectrophotometry as shown in (B) where the isolated nanoparticle spectrum (red) evolves into adual peak spectrum of chain networks (blue) with a longitudinal plasmon at700nm. (C) The simulated near-field properties of the network in (A) exhibit a remarkable enhancement of the local electromagnetic field (> 160%) and aconfinement power exceeding that of nanofabricated plasmonic waveguide(< 50 nm) when illuminated in total internal reflection. Based on such self-organized ensemble, self-assembled plasmonics aims at overcoming the short-comings of standard plasmonic devices: dissipation and limited spatialresolution. Adapted from Dujardin, Girard, et al, Adv Mat 2005 and Phys.Rev. Lett., 2006

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Figure III-10 examples of surface atomic scale circuits whose electronic transport behaviour can now be calculated by N-ESQC or K-ESQC. (a) a QHC molecule-NAND-OR (the dinitro-anthracene molecule) interconnected to its 6 atomic wires on MoS2. (b) a simple 4 atomic wire circuit on the Si(100)H surface with its 4 interconnection pads. (c) a 7 electrodes atomic circuit interconnecting a QHC molecule ½ adder logic gate supposed to be stabilized on an NaCl surface.

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IV. SUPPORT AND TECHNICAL SERVICES, INSTRUMENTATION

IV. 1. General organization

The services in CEMES are structured as shown on the organizational chart (page 0). The size of the laboratory (ca 200 people) and above all the great diversity in its activities necessitate the presence and articulation of many corporations. They are structured in three poles : general services, support services and technical services. This structure has been established recently (in 2008), to cope with the general increase in activity, the extension of the scientific perimeter with the integration of the LPST, and the new working habits with a growing pressure of contracted research. General services include infrastructure (since the CEMES is established on a CNRS campus), finances, staff (human resources), computers and networks, partnership and technology transfer services, and communication. In the recent years, there has been a considerable growing in activities, due to the rise of research contracts, mainly through French ANR and European programs. A great pressure is thus exerted on all services. Thus the number of purchase orders and invoice treatments has risen by 60 % in the last years, the number of connected computers is now above 500. General services are strategic for the laboratory because they can provide a proximity support, by understanding in detail the needs of researchers, and implement adapted solutions in a reactive way, taking into account the laboratory resources. We consider that all kinds of corporations are absolutely necessary in a proper CNRS laboratory like CEMES. No subcontracting solution would provide the same help and reactivity.

Technical services are in strong interaction with research groups, with which they share technical skills, knowledge and scientific motivations. Their actions are mentioned in the report of the groups, and some specific actions are evoked below in IV.2. IV. 2. Examples of original realizations Technical services include Electron Microscopy, Preparations for Electron Microscopy, X-Ray studies, Optical measurements, and Physical measurements. They manage an extremely diverse instrumental park, with unique equipments. The experimental setups are in constant evolution, and new installations are permanently installed. Thus we manage an ensemble of 5 high-performance transmission electron microscopes

(TEM), two of them being equipped with a Field Emission Gun (FEG). The most powerful is the Tecnai F20 equipped with a Cs corrector, allowing 0.12 nm resolution. Another special equipment is the Jeol 2010 dedicated to in-situ measurements through the use of a wide range of sample holders. X-ray studies instruments include powder and single crystal diffractometers, a thin-layer diffractometer (also suitable for constraints and textures), and a Waxs diffractometer, which is particularly suited for studying nanoparticle structures. More than 60 papers in the 4-year period are dependent on X-Ray measurements. Optical measurements (mainly Raman) have been more recently installed as a service in CEMES, through the integration of LPST. The instrument park covers the visible and UV ranges and a special mention is deserved to the T64000 spectrometer, which gives access to particularly low frequencies (below 1 cm-1 !!).

A wide range of Physical Measurements is available in the Physical Characterization Facility (PCF) : electrical and ionic conductivity, UV-Visible-NIR, IR and fluorescence, magnetic and magneto-optic measurements spectroscopies, magnetoresistance measurements. The PCF service can implement new customized setups associating vacuum technology, cryogenics, electronic and software interfaces. Thus a new transport cryostat (10-300 K) for measurements on multi-electrode graphene devices has been entirely refurbished in the frame of an ANR project, with interfacing by LabView and extensive calibration (Figure)

300 to 10 K cryostat for transport measurements on graphene-based nanodevices : general view

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Cryostat, ctnd. Up : detailed view of the sample holder. Down : SEM image of a few layer graphene device (20 μm diameter) connected by Au/Pd electrodes.

In some cases, like TEM samples preparations, there is a unique “savoir-faire”, which is the result of several decades of experience with the use of specific skills and the association of several complementary methods (e. g. using electroerosion for thinning). The capabilities for highly localized thinning have been enhanced recently by a focussed ion beam CrossBeam acquisition.

Instrumentation is an important aspect of technical realizations, because it gives access to original experimental setups with a possibility of patent production and valorization.

Among technical realizations, we can quote the DUF Ultra-High Vacuum Factory, the necessity of which is explained in sect III-3.1. p 62.

An instrumental development : the DUF Ultra-High Vacuum Factory

The DiNaMo UHV factory (DUF) is a large technical project entirely managed in CEMES. As

explained in sect III the core of the DUF is a transport system of the samples between several workshops disposed around a central corridor. It has needed 18 000 study hours, realized by two permanent people, 22 students, from DUT to engineer level, and 1 person on a 18 months-grant. At the present time, it is made of 3360 pieces, of which 1210 are different, with sizes ranging from a few mm to 1 m. The numerical modelization has been performed with the CATIA v5 software, allowing a high level of accuracy in the description, including complex kinematics.

The complete system associates standard commercial components like flanges, straps, clamps, pumps, screws, bolts,… with parts entirely realized here or in collaboration with specialized enterprises, for instance the MBE framework. In many cases, even commercial parts of equipments (STM/AFM microscope, mass spectrometer) have been modified, in particular for the micro-clean-room.

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In this realization, the accuracy in the description and fabrication is extreme, and requires in some cases positioning mobile parts at several tens nm on a 5 mm course. In addition, the UHV environment (10-10 torr) introduces severe additional constraints. This requires a detailed knowledge of the fabrication processes with their associated tolerances, and a procedure to compensate geometrical fabrication defects.

Fabrication processes include lathe-work, conventional or numerical drilling, cutting by wire or electroerosion, even laser cutting of some materials like tantalum. The work distributed between CEMES and subcontractors. The large UHV chambers are subcontracted.

The transport system of the DUF is based on a railway track and elevators. The control has been developed by the electronic team. Positioning is performed with a 0.2 mm accuracy, by means of a specific electronic system including coding devices to determine the position of the mobile equipment and programming of the start/ acceleration/ deceleration/ stop sequences.

Another important realization is the CCD

camera for electronic microscopy, with two versions to cover the imaging function, and the electron spectroscopy function.

This project was initiated for astronomy applications. Since 2001, it is developed in collaboration with Lab Physique des Solides in Orsay. Initially supported by Midi-Pyrénées Region, it is now part of the European project ESTEEM-JRA4. Two versions have been realized :

A version for imaging: It is essential to improve new microscopy methods developed by research teams in CEMES (Holodark, Cbed/Lacbed).

The aim is the total control of the microscope and embedded peripherals such as the camera by electronics instrumentation.

A version for measuring energy losses. This is the most elaborate, because of the known difficulties in EELS spectrometry :

- High dynamic range of the spectrum (strong signal for the nearby energy losses, valence EELS region, compared with the very weak signal of the core loss region.

- Scintillator afterglow. - Spectrometer aberrations. - Difficulties to do real time experiments. - Necessity of a fast deflexion of the beam.

Our device is used to acquire pictures when

connected to an electronic microscope or to detect the electrons of an EELS spectra after a spectrometer. The principle is to control simultaneously the microscope and the data acquisition system.

Three prototypes for EELS have been released: one in CEMES, a second one in LPS Orsay, and a third in standby to be mounted on the future UltraSTEM NION of LPS. A fourth one is planned for Oxford University in the frame of the ESTEEM project in 2011. One prototype for Imaging is installed on the CM20-Lab6 and a second one on the Hitachi in CEMES. Present developments are in progress : - speeding up the beam deflection for the CM20FEG, to avoid CCD saturation in the LL (high intensity) area - development of a “focus mode”, in which the complete spectrum is shifted in one step, adapted to fast real-time settings.

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An instrumental development : the CCD camera for electron microscopy

The camera is based on a CCD sensor, a specific scintillator and an advanced electronics. Broadly

speaking, this system encompasses the functions of two cameras: a video camera of the type used for real time settings and a high sensitivity camera for accurate data recording. Various acquisition modes permit us to improve different characteristics like sensitivity, speed reading or S/N ratio by implementing appropriated reading modes (accumulation, dark correction, binning or multisampling) in accordance with the use domain. For example, remarkable results in diffraction have been obtained due to the high dynamics of the system.

However, this application can be focused in EELS spectroscopy due to the originality of its acquisition. The principle is to display through magnetic deflection the two parts of the EELS spectrum (the Low Loss, LL and the Core Loss, CL) on two different areas of the detector. An elaborate reading system (protected by a patent) relies on a fast switching between LL and CL so that at a given time one part of the CCD is exposed while the other is read. The spectra are sequentially shifted on the CCD surface, so a simultaneously reading of each part of the spectra can be performed.

The performances are really unique, and no commercial equivalent exists. The complete EELS spectrum can be recorded in a single step with a simultaneous display of the LL and CL spectrum. The dynamic range is greater than 108 in signal intensity and amounts to 104 in energy, from 0.1 eV to 1000 eV. The acquisition speed is much better than in conventional CCD cameras.

Fig : Head detector showing the zones on CCD

Fig : The global system

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IV. 3. Outside opening and mutualisation. Technical services of CEMES are closely linked to

the national technical community and several sharing actions are worth to be mentioned.

Outside opening of the technical services of CEMES

The Mechanical and Electronic services are involved in professional networks in order to keep the

highest degree of technical skills, and they even participate in teaching. In the case of Electronics , we have organized a formation cycle about electrical habilitation (51

technical staff/post-docs/contracted researchers from 17 research centers have been validated), and we collaborated with Université Paul Sabatier and Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées for mutualisation and fabrication.

In the case of Mechanics, a special facility, rapid prototyping (or “3D printing”) has been established

with a national opening to all CNRS laboratories. Thus a first 3D printer has been installed in feb 2006, with the help of CNRS MRCT (Mission Ressources et Compétences Technologiques). It is based on a molten ABS wire process with the use of a soluble support for sustaining re-entrant volumes. The range of applications is extremely wide, from mechanical parts, molecular models, to even mathematical models such as potential energy surfaces. This facility is entirely managed by the mechanical service of the laboratory, who takes care of all steps from the first price estimation to the final shipping and invoicing. About 30 french laboratories have used this possibility in its 3 years of existence, and 4 000 h of printing have been devoted to these external solicitations. Some applications, for instance molecular models or mathematical surfaces, require software work for file conversion procedures.

Mechanical pieces for the spectrometer of the Phebus project, orbital probe towards Mercury, 2014-21 In the spirit of technical nationwide networking, 19 tutorials have been written and published on the

Web via the french network of mechanical staff and the dedicated site www.i3d.cemes.fr. A second prototyping machine is under acquisition (may 09) with again MRCT funding. It is called

“stratoconception” and is based on direct cutting of thin 2D layers which are subsequently assembled. The advantage over the first machine is to allow a wide choice of materials (wood, plexiglass, aluminium,…), with a possibility to vary the layer thickness.

Finally, the 3D facilities will be completed by the use of a “3D scanner”. This is achieved through a technical collaboration with a nearby startup, “Noomeo”, hosted by the Incubateur Midi-Pyrénées. Noomeo has developed an original laser-based “3D scanner” or “camera” allowing the full 3D acquisition of objects, thus opening the door to a wide range of applications including reverse engineering, pieces reproduction, etc…

The Electron Microscopy service is a partner in the METSA and ESTEEM networks. “METSA”

(http://www.metsa.cnrs.fr) is a french network coordinated by CEMES, gathering 6 sites (Orsay, Lyon, Grenoble, PACA, Caen-Rouen and Toulouse) specialised in TEM and Atom Probe. It is intended to work as a large instrument. Regarding ESTEEM, it is a European program (http://esteem.ua.ac.be) with 11 partners. In both cases, the Electron Microscopy service together with the electron microscopists organizes the visits and plans the experiments of the external users asking for the CEMES competences and the dedicated instruments in TEM.

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M 49 SCIAU, P., S. RELAIX, Y. KIHN, AND C. ROUCAU, THE ROLE OF MICROSTRUCTURE, NANOSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION IN THE BRILLIANT RED SLIP OF ROMAN TERRA SIGILLATA POTTERY FROM SOUTHERN GAUL. MATERIALS ISSUES IN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY VII, 2005. 852: P. 241-246.

M 50 TANG, H., C. COUDRET, T. MAROUTIAN, AND R. BERNDT, DEFORMATION OF A "RIGID" MOLECULE IN SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOSTRUCTURES. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, 2005. 109(50): P. 24031-24034.

M 51 TARASCON, J.M., S. GRUGEON, M. MORCRETTE, S. LARUELLE, P. ROZIER, AND P. POIZOT, NEW CONCEPTS FOR THE SEARCH OF BETTER ELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES. COMPTES RENDUS CHIMIE, 2005. 8(1): P. 9-15.

M 52 TROMBE, J.C., J. JAUD, AND J. GALY, SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF [CE-2(H2O)(3)](C2O4)(2.5)(H3C2O3) AND CE-2(C2O4)(H3C2O3)(4): THE LATTER STRUCTURE PRESENTS AN INTERESTING NEW FRAMEWORK, WITH 2-FOLD INTERPENETRATION. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2005. 178(4): P. 1094-1103.

M 53 VANDERSCHAEVE, G. AND D. CAILLARD, DISSOCIATION OF DISLOCATIONS AND THE MOBILITY OF PARTIAL DISLOCATIONS IN ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2005. 202(5): P. 939-943.

M 54 VILA, E., J. IGLESIAS, J. GALY, AND A. CASTRO, SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL BISMUTH - MOLYBDENUM OXIDE AND STUDY OF ITS IONIC CONDUCTING BEHAVIOR. SOLID STATE SCIENCES, 2005. 7(11): P. 1369 -1376.

M 55 Wostek-Wojciechowska, D., J. K. Jeszka, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret and P. Lecante, The solid-state synthesis of metal nanoparticles from organometallic precursors. Journal Of Colloid And Interface Science, 2005. 287(1): p. 107-113.

M 56 ZGHAL, S., M. THOMAS, AND A. COURET, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS ACTIVATED DURING THE FORMATION OF THE LAMELLAR

74

MICROSTRUCTURE OF TIAL ALLOYS. INTERMETALLICS, 2005. 13(9): P. 1008-1013.

M 57 ZGHAL, S., M. THOMAS, S. NAKA, A. FINEL, AND A. COURET, PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TIAL BASED ALLOYS. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2005. 53(9): P. 2653 -2664.

YEAR 2006

M 58 ARBOUET, A., M. CARRADA, F. DEMANGEOT, V. PAILLARD, G. BENASSAYAG, C. BONAFOS, A. CLAVERIE, S. SCHAMM, C. DUMAS, J. GRISOLIA, ET AL., PHOTOLUMINESCENCE CHARACTERIZATION OF FEW-NANOCRYSTALS ELECTRONIC DEVICES. JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, 2006. 121(2): P. 340-343.

M 59 BATAILLE, A.-M., L. PONSON, S. GOTA, L. BARBIER, D. BONAMY, M. GAUTIER-SOYER, C. GATEL AND E. SNOECK, CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIPHASE BOUNDARY NETWORK IN FE3O4(111)

EPITAXIAL THIN FILMS: EFFECT ON ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR, PHYS. REV.B., (2006) 74, 155438

M 60 BERT, F., P. MENDELS, D. BONO, A. OLARIU, F. LADIEU, J.C. TROMBE, F. DUC, C. BAINES, A. AMATO, AND A. HILLIER, DYNAMICS IN PURE AND SUBSTITUTED VOLBORTHITE KAGOME-LIKE COMPOUNDS. PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, 2006. 374: P. 134-137.

M 61 BESSON, R., A. LEGRIS, AND J. MORILLO, INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX POINT DEFECTS IN ORDERED ALLOYS: AN AB INITIO STUDY OF B2FE-AL-B. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2006. 74(9): P. ART N°: 094103.

M 62 BLANC, C., A. FREULON, M.C. LAFONT, Y. KIHN, AND G. MANKOWSKI, MODELLING THE CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF AL2CUMG COARSE PARTICLES IN COPPER-RICH ALUMINIUM ALLOYS. CORROSION SCIENCE, 2006. 48(11): P. 3838-3851.

M 63 BLANC, C., G. MANKOWSKI, C. DUFAURE, C. MIJOULE, AND Y. KIHN, LOCALIZED CORROSION OF 2024 ALLOY: STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF OXIDE FILMS GROWN ON MODEL ALLOYS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DIFFERENT METALLURGICAL PHASES. PASSIVATION OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AND PROPERTIES OF THIN OXIDE LAYERS, 2006: P. 615 -620.

M 64 CAILLARD, D., DISLOCATION MECHANISMS AND PLASTICITY OF QUASICRYSTALS: TEM OBSERVATIONS

IN ICOSAHEDRAL AIPDMN. ADVANCED STRUCTURAL MATERIALS II MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, 2006. 509: P. 49-56.

M 65 CALMELS, L., C. MIRGUET, AND Y. KIHN, EVIDENCE OF ALLOYING EFFECTS IN TICXN1-X COMPOUNDS FROM CALCULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2006. 73(2): P. ART N°: 024207.

M 66 CLÉMENT, N., M. BENYOUCEF, M. LEGROS, P. CARON, AND A. COUJOU, IN SITU DEFORMATION AT 850 DEGREES C OF STANDARD AND RAFTED MICROSTRUCTURES OF NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOYS. ADVANCED STRUCTURAL MATERIALS II MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, 2006. 509: P. 57- 62.

M 67 DEHM, G., M. LEGROS, AND B. HEILAND, IN-SITU TEM STRAINING EXPERIMENTS OF AL FILMS ON POLYIMIDE USING A NOVEL FIB DESIGN FOR SPECIMEN PREPARATION. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2006. 41(14): P. 4484 - 4489.

M 68 DEMANGEOT, F, V. PAILLARD, P.-M. CHASSAING, C. PAGES, M.L. KAHN, A. MAISONNAT, B. CHAUDRET, EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LO PHONONS AND EXCITONS IN ZNO NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY ROOM-TEMPERATURE ORGANOMETALLIC SYNTHESIS. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 2006. 88 (7): P.071921-071923.

M 69 DUC, F., S. GONTHIER, M. BRUNELLI, AND J.C. TROMBE, HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THE NEW VANADIUM MOLYBDENUM MIXED OXIDE V1.1MO0.9O5 FROM SYNCHROTRON X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2006. 179(12): P. 3591-3598.

M 70 FEUERBACHER, M. AND D. CAILLARD, DYNAMICS OF PHASON DIFFUSION IN ICOSAHEDRAL AL-PD-MN QUASICRYSTALS. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2006. 54(12): P. 3233 -3240.

M 71 FRINGS, P., J. VANACKEN, C. DETLEFS, F. DUC, J.E. LORENZO, M. NARDONE, J. BILLETTE, A. ZITOUNI, W. BRAS, AND G. RIKKEN, SYNCHROTRON X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION STUDIES IN PULSED MAGNETIC FIELDS. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, 2006. 77(6).

M 72 FROMEN, M.C., J. MORILLO, M.J. CASANOVE, AND P. LECANTE, STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL ORDER IN CO-RH NANOPARTICLES. EUROPHYSICS LETTERS, 2006. 73(6): P. 885 - 891.

M 73 GALY, J., A. RATUSZNA, J.E. IGLESIAS, AND A. CASTRO, COMPLEX THERMAL EVOLUTION OF V2O5

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AND MOO3 CELL PARAMETERS IN THE RANGE 15 < T (K)< 900. SOLID STATE SCIENCES, 2006. 8(12): P. 1438 -1442.

M 74 GALY, J., P. SALLES, P. ROZIER, AND A. CASTRO, ANIONIC CONDUCTORS LN(2/3)[BI12O14](MOO4)(5) WITH LN = LA, ND, GD, HO, YB. SYNTHESIS-SPARK PLASMA SINTERING-STRUCTURE-ELECTRIC PROPERTIES. SOLID STATE IONICS, 2006. 177(33 -34): P. 2897-2902.

M 75 GATEL, C. AND E. SNOECK, COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PT, AU AND AG GROWTH ON FE3O4(001) SURFACE. SURFACE SCIENCE, 2006. 600(13): P. 2650 -2662.

M 76 GAVILANO, J.L., E. FELDER, D. RAU, H.R. OTT, P. MILLET, F. MILA, T. CICHOREK, AND A.C. MOTA, NA2V3O7: AN UNUSUAL LOW-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM MAGNET. PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, 2006. 378 - 80: P. 123 -124.

M 77 GAZQUEZ, J., F. SANDIUMENGE, M. COLL, A. POMAR, N. MESTRES, T. PUIG, X. OBRADORS, Y. KIHN, M.J. CASANOVE, AND C. BALLESTEROS, PRECURSOR EVOLUTION AND NUCLEATION MECHANISM OF YBA2CU3OX FILMS BY TFA METAL-ORGANIC DECOMPOSITION. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2006. 18(26): P. 6211- 6219.

M 78 GIANOLA, D.S., S. VAN PETEGEM, M. LEGROS, S. BRANDSTETTER, H. VAN SWYGENHOVEN, AND K.J. HEMKER, STRESS-ASSISTED DISCONTINUOUS GRAIN GROWTH AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF NANOCRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM THIN FILMS. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2006. 54(8): P. 2253 -2263.

M 79 GRATIAS, D., J.T. BEAUCHESNE, F. MOMPIOU, AND D. CAILLARD, GEOMETRY OF DISLOCATIONS IN ICOSAHEDRAL QUASICRYSTALS. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2006. 86(25-26): P. 4139 - 4151.

M 80 HOUDELLIER, F., M.J. HYTCH, E. SNOECK, AND M.J. CASANOVE, HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY FOR THE STUDY OF COMPOSITION AND STRAIN IN THIN FILM SEMICONDUCTORS. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, 2006. 135(3): P. 188 -191.

M 81 HOUDELLIER, F., C. ROUCAU, L. CLEMENT, J.L. ROUVIERE, AND M.J. CASANOVE, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HOLZ LINE SPLITTING IN CBED PATTERNS OF EPITAXIALLY STRAINED LAYERS. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 2006. 106(10): P. 951 - 959.

M 82 HUNGRIA, T., M. ALGUERO, AND A. CASTRO, SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZED (1-X)NANBO3-XSRTIO(3) SOLID SOLUTION BY MECHANOCHEMICAL ACTIVATION, PROCESSING OF CERAMICS, AND PHASE

TRANSITIONS. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2006. 18(22): P. 5370 -5376.

M 83 HUNTZINGER, J. R., A. MLAYAH, V. PAILLARD, A. WELLNER, N. COMBE AND C. BONAFOS, ELECTRON-ACOUSTIC PHONON INTERACTION AND RESONANT RAMAN SCATTERING IN GE QUANTUM DOTS: MATRIX AND QUANTUM CONFINEMENT EFFECTS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2006. 74, 115308

M 84 IBARRA, A., J. SAN JUAN, E.H. BOCANEGRA, D. CAILLARD, AND M.L. NO, "IN SITU" AND "POST-MORTEM" TEM STUDY OF THE SUPER-ELASTIC EFFECT IN CU-AL-NI SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, 2006. A 438 - 440: P. 787-790.

M 85 Jansat, S., D. Picurelli, K. Pelzer, K. Philippot, M. Gomez, G. Muller, P. Lecante and B. Chaudret, Synthesis, characterization and catalytic reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized by chiral N-donor ligands. New Journal Of Chemistry, 2006. 30(1): p. 115-122

M 86 LAMOUROUX, E., P. SERP, Y. KIHN, AND P. KALCK, NEW EFFICIENT FE2O3 AND FEMO SUPPORTED OMCVD CATALYSTS FOR SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES GROWTH. CATALYSIS COMMUNICATIONS, 2006. 7(8): P. 604 - 609.

M 87 LANCIN, M., G. REGULA, J. DOUIN, H. IDRISSI, L. OTTAVIANI AND B. PICHAUD, INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL STRESS INDUCED-DOUBLE STACKING FAULTS IN (11-20) HIGHLY N-DOPED 4H-SIC COMBINING OPTICAL MICROSCOOP, TEM, CONTRAST SIMULATION AND DISLOCATION CORE RECONSTRUCTION, MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, 2006, 527-529,:P. 379-382.

M 88 LAVAGNE, S., C. LEVADE, AND G. VANDERSCHAEVE, TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN SITU INVESTIGATION OF DISLOCATION BEHAVIOUR IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATION. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2006. 86(29 - 31): P. 4923 - 4940.

M 89 LAVAGNE, S., C. LEVADE, AND G. VANDERSCHAEVE, TEM IN SITU STUDY OF DEGRADATION MECHANISMS INDUCED BY TEMPERATURE ANNEALING AND ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION IN A ZNSE/GAAS HETEROSTRUCTURE. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, 2006. 128(1-3): P. 1-6.

M 90 LEGROS, M., A. COURET, AND D. CAILLARD, COMPARISON OF GLIDE MECHANISMS IN HCP TI AND TI3AL. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2006.

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41(9): P. 2647-2657.

M 91 LOHONKA, R. G. VANDERSCHAEVE AND J. KRATOCHVIL, INDENTATION TESTS ON GAAS: MODELLING OF THE PLASTIC ZONE. JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL OF BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS, 2006. 17(2): P. 137 -148.

M 92 MALAPLATE, J., M. THOMAS, P. BELAYGUE, M. GRANGE, AND A. COURET, PRIMARY CREEP AT 750 DEGREES C IN TWO CAST AND PM TI48AL48CR2NB2 ALLOYS. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2006. 54(3): P. 601- 611.

M 93 MASSAOUDI, M. AND L. DURAND, MODELLING BY FEM THE EFFECT OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL MODIFICATIONS OF THE SUPERALLOYS �� JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL OF BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS, 2006. 17(2): P. 121 -135.

M 94 MAUGIS, P., J. LACAZE, R. BESSON, AND J. MORILLO, AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF PHASE STABILITIES IN THE FE-AL-C SYSTEM AND CALPHAD-TYPE ASSESSMENT OF THE IRON-RICH CORNER. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2006. 37A(12): P. 3397-3401.

M 95 MAURICE, J.L., C. CARRETERO, M.J. CASANOVE, K. BOUZEHOUANE, S. GUYARD, E. LARQUET, AND J.P. CONTOUR, ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND STRUCTURAL DISTORTION AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN INSULATORS SRTIO(3)AND LAALO3. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2006. 203(9): P. 2209 - 2214.

M 96 MELTCHAKOV, E., V. VIDAL, H. FAIK, M.J. CASANOVE, AND B. VIDAL, PERFORMANCE OF MULTILAYER COATINGS IN RELATIONSHIP TO MICROSTRUCTURE OF METAL LAYERS. CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MO/SI MULTILAYERS IN EXTREME ULTRA-VIOLET AND X-RAY RANGES. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, 2006. 18(13): P. 3355 - 3365.

M 97 MIRGUET, C., L. CALMELS, AND Y. KIHN, ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA NEAR STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN TIN AND TIC. MICRON, 2006. 37(5): P. 442 - 448.

M 98 MOHANU, A., C. BROUCA-CABARRECQ, AND J.C. TROMBE, NEW OPEN-FRAMEWORK THREE-DIMENSIONAL LANTHANIDE OXALATES CONTAINING AS A TEMPLATE THE DIPROTONATED 1,2- OR 1,3-DIAMINOPROPANE. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2006. 179(1): P. 3 -17.

M 99 MOHANU, A. AND J.C. TROMBE, VF(C4O4)(H2O)(2): A NEW LAYER TYPE OF

DIAQUAVANADIUM(III) FLUORIDE SQUARATE. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2006. 62: P. M16 - M18 PART 1.

M 100 MONCHOUX, J., D. CHATAIN, AND P. WYNBLATT, IMPACT OF SURFACE PHASE TRANSITION AND STRUCTURE ON SURFACE DIFFUSION PROFILES OF PB AND BI OVER CU(100). SURFACE SCIENCE, 2006. 600: P. 1265 - 1276.

M 101 PETTINARI-STURMEL, F., J. DOUIN, A. COUJOU, AND N. CLEMENT, CHARACTERISATION OF SHORT-RANGE ORDER USING DISLOCATIONS. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR METALLKUNDE, 2006. 97(3): P. 200 -204.

M 102 PINQUIER, C., F. DEMANGEOT, J. FRANDON, J.C. CHERVIN, A. POLIAN, B. COUZINET, P. MUNSCH, O. BRIOT, S. RUFFENACH, B. GIL, ET AL., RAMAN SCATTERING STUDY OF WURTZITE AND ROCKSALT INN UNDER HIGH PRESSURE. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2006. 73(11): P. 115211 - 115215.

M 103 PIROUZ, P., M. ZHANG, H.M. HOBGOOD, M. LANCIN, J. DOUIN, AND B. PICHAUD, NITROGEN DOPING AND MULTIPLICITY OF STACKING FAULTS IN SIC. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2006. 86(29 - 31): P. 4685 - 4697.

M 104 PRAKASH, A.S., P. ROZIER, L. DUPONT, H. VEZIN, F. SAUVAGE, AND J.M. TARASCON, ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF LI2VOSIO4 TOWARD LI. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2006. 18(2): P. 407- 412.

M 105 RAMOS, A.V., J.B. MOUSSY, M.J. GUITTET, A.M. BATAILLE, M. GAUTIER-SOYER, M. VIRET, C. GATEL, P. BAYLE-GUILLEMAUD, AND E. SNOECK, MAGNETOTRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF FE3O4 EPITAXIAL THIN FILMS: THICKNESS EFFECTS DRIVEN BY ANTIPHASE BOUNDARIES. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 2006. 100(10).

M 106 RAUJOL, S., M. BENYOUCEF, D. LOCQ, P. CARON, F. PETTINARI, N. CLEMENT, AND A. COUJOU, DECORRELATED MOVEMENTS OF SHOCKLEY PARTIAL DISLOCATIONS IN THE GAMMA-PHASE CHANNELS OF NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2006. 86(9): P. 1189 -1200.

M 107 RAUJOL, S., F. PETTINARI-STURMEL, J. DOUIN, N. CLEMENT, A. COUJOU, D. LOCQ, AND P. CARON, A NEW TEM METHOD FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TERTIARY GAMMA NANO-PRECIPITATES IN A PM DISK SUPERALLOY: INFLUENCE OF AGEING. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2006. 86(28): P. 4507- 4518.

M 108 SCIAU, P., S. RELAIX, C. ROUCAU, Y. KIHN, AND D. CHABANNE, MICROSTRUCTURAL AND

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MICROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ROMAN PERIOD TERRA SIGILLATE SLIPS FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2006. 89(3): P. 1053 -1058.

M 109 SINGH, J.B., G. MOLENAT, M. SUNDARARAMAN, S. BANERJEE, G. SAADA, P. VEYSSIERE, AND A. COURET, THE ACTIVATION AND THE SPREADING OF DEFORMATION IN A FULLY LAMELLAR TI-47 AT.% AL-1 AT.% CR-0.2 AT.% SI ALLOY. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2006. 86(16): P. 2429 -2450.

M 110 SINGH, J.B., G. MOLENAT, M. SUNDARARAMAN, S. BANERJEE, G. SAADA, P. VEYSSIERE, AND A. COURET, IN SITU STRAINING INVESTIGATION OF SLIP TRANSFER ACROSS ALPHA(2) LAMELLAE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE IN A LAMELLAR TIAL ALLOY. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LETTERS, 2006. 86(1): P. 47- 60.

M 111 SNOECK, E., C. GATEL, R. SERRA, G. BENASSAYAG, J.-B. MOUSSY, A.M. BATAILLE, M. PANNETIER AND M. GAUTIER-SOYER, EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE SPIN-DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRONS REFLECTION IN EPITAXIAL MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS, PHYS. REV.B., (2006) 73, 104434

M 112 SNOECK, E., C. GATEL, R. SERRA, J.-C. OUSSET, J.-B. MOUSSY, A.M. BATAILLE, M. PANNETIER AND M. GAUTIER-SOYER, EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE SPIN-DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRONS REFLECTIONS IN MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: B, (2006) 126: P. 120-125

M 113 TAKAGI, R., F. DUC, AND M. JOHNSSON, MOCU3TEO7CL2 CENTER DOT 0.5H(2)O. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2006. 62: P. 116 - 118 (PART 2).

M 114 Tristany, M., B. Chaudret, P. Dieudonne, Y. Guari, P. Lecante, V. Matsura, M. Moreno-Manas, K. Philippot and R. Pleixats, Synthesis of ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized by heavily fluorinated compounds. Advanced Functional Materials, 2006. 16(15): p. 2008-2015.

M 115 VU, H., F. GONCALVES, R. PHILIPPE, E. LAMOUROUX, M. CORRIAS, Y. KIHN, D. PLEE, P. KALCK, AND P. SERP, BIMETALLIC CATALYSIS ON CARBON NANOTUBES FOR THE SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF CINNAMALDEHYDE. JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS, 2006. 240(1): P. 18 -22.

YEAR 2007

M 116 ALGUERO, M., T. HUNGRIA, H. AMORIN, J. RICOTE, J. GALY, AND A. CASTRO, RELAXOR BEHAVIOR, POLARIZATION BUILDUP, AND SWITCHING IN NANOSTRUCTURED 0.92 PBZN1/NB-3(2)/O-3(3)-0.08 PBTIO3 CERAMICS. SMALL, 2007. 3(11): P. 1906-1911.

M 117 ALGUERO, M., J. RICOTE, T. HUNGRIA, AND A. CASTRO, HIGH-SENSITIVITY PIEZOELECTRIC, LOW-TOLERANCE-FACTOR PEROVSKITES BY MECHANOSYNTHESIS. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2007. 19(20): P. 4982-4990.

M 118 BACSA, R., Y. KIHN, M. VERELST, J. DEXPERT, W. BACSA, AND P. SERP, LARGE SCALE SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE NANORODS BY HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION AND THEIR CHARACTERISATION. SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 2007. 201(22-23): P. 9200-9204.

M 119 BERGOUNHOU, C., C. BLANDY, R. CHOUKROUN, P. LECANTE, C. LORBER, AND J.L. PELLEGATTA, CATALYTIC EVIDENCE OF THE CORE/SHELL STRUCTURE OF BIMETALLIC PD/RH COLLOIDS. NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, 2007. 31(2): P. 218-223.

M 120 BERNARD, R., G. COMTET, G. DUJARDIN, A.J. MAYNE, V. HUC, AND H. TANG, MOLECULAR LIGANDS GUIDE INDIVIDUAL NANOCRYSTALS TO A SOFT-LANDING ALIGNMENT ON SURFACES. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2007. 75(4).

M 121 Bert F., Nakamae S., Ladieu F. L’Hote D., Bonville P. Duc F. Trome JC, Mendels P. Low temperature magnetization of the s=1/2 kagome antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2, Physical Review B 76(13) Art 132411 2007

M 122 BUTTE, R., J.F. CARLIN, E. FELTIN, M. GONSCHOREK, S. NICOLAY, G. CHRISTMANN, D. SIMEONOV, A. CASTIGLIA, J. DORSAZ, H.J. BUEHLMANN, S. CHRISTOPOULOS, G.B.H. VON HOGERSTHAL, A.J.D. GRUNDY, M. MOSCA, C. PINQUIER, M.A. PY, F. DEMANGEOT, J. FRANDON, P.G. LAGOUDAKIS, J.J. BAUMBERG AND N. GRANDJEAN, CURRENT STATUS OF ALINN LAYERS LATTICE-MATCHED TO GAN FOR PHOTONICS AND ELECTRONICS. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, 2007. 40(20): P. 6328-6344.

M 123 CALMELS, L., F. HOUDELLIER, B. WAROT-FONROSE, C. GATEL, MJ HŸTCH, V. SERIN, E. SNOECK, EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION OF SUM RULES FOR ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS MAGNETIC CHIRAL DICHROISM, PHYS. REV.B., (2007) 76, 060409

M 124 CASTANY, P., F. PETTINARI-STURMEL, J. CRESTOU,

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J. DOUIN, AND A. COUJOU, EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DISLOCATION MOBILITY IN A TI-6AL-4V ALLOY. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2007. 55(18): P. 6284-6291.

M 125 CHASSAING, P.M., F. DEMANGEOT, V. PAILLARD, A. ZWICK, N. COMBE, C. PAGES, M.L. KAHN, A. MAISONNAT, AND B. CHAUDRET, SURFACE OPTICAL PHONONS IN CYLINDRICAL ZNO NANOPARTICLES: DIELECTRIC EFFECT OF OUTER MEDIUM. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONFERENCE SERIES, 2007. 92: P. 012165 - 012168.

M 126 CHASSAING, P.M., F. DEMANGEOT, V. PAILLARD, A. ZWICK, N. COMBE, C. PAGES, M.L. KAHN, A. MAISONNAT, AND B. CHAUDRET, RAMAN STUDY OF E2 AND SURFACE PHONON IN ZINC OXIDE

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M 127 CIUCULESCU, D., C. AMIENS, M. RESPAUD, A. FALQUI, P. LECANTE, R.E. BENFIELD, L. JIANG, K. FAUTH, AND B. CHAUDRET, ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF CORE - SHELL FERH NANOPARTICLES. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2007. 19(19): P. 4624-4626.

M 128 Ciuculescu, D., C. Amiens, M. Respaud, P. Lecante, A. Falqui and B. Chaudret, Synthesis and characterization of FeRh nanoparticles. Modern Physics Letters B, 2007. 21(18): p. 1153-1159.

M 129 COLIN, J., P. BEAUCHAMP, S. BROCHARD, J. GRILHE, AND A. COUJOU, NON-LINEAR ELASTIC EFFECTS IN PLASTICITY: {100} DISLOCATION GLIDING IN ALUMINUM-BASED ALLOY. EPL, 2007. 78(1).

M 130 COMBE, N. AND D. FRENKEL, SIMPLE OFF-LATTICE MODEL TO STUDY THE FOLDING AND AGGREGATION OF PEPTIDES. MOLECULAR PHYSICS, 2007. 105(4): P. 375-385.

M 131 COMBE, N., J.R. HUNTZINGER, AND A. MLAYAH, VIBRATIONS OF QUANTUM DOTS AND LIGHT SCATTERING PROPERTIES: ATOMISTIC VERSUS CONTINUOUS MODELS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2007. 76(20) 205425.

M 132 CONFORTO, E. AND D. CAILLARD, A FAST METHOD FOR DETERMINING FAVOURABLE ORIENTATION RELATIONSHIPS AND INTERFACE PLANES: APPLICATION TO TITANIUM-TITANIUM HYDRIDES TRANSFORMATIONS. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2007. 55(3): P. 785-798.

M 133 COUPEAU, C., S. BROCHARD, F. PETTINARI-STURMEL, A. COUJOU, AND J. GRILHE, SHORT RANGE ORDER HETEROGENEITY ON PLASTIC

MECHANISMS IN GAMMA-PHASE NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 2007. 87(26): P. 3893-3904.

M 134 COURET, A. , G. MOLENAT, J. GALY AND M. THOMAS, Effect of SPS processing temperature on the microstructure and properties of a Ti49Al47Cr2Nb2 alloy. Materials Research Society symposium proceedings, 2007. 980: p. 389 -394.

M 135 DEHM, G., S.H. OH, P. GRUBER, M. LEGROS, AND F.D. FISCHER, STRAIN COMPENSATION BY TWINNING IN AU THIN FILMS: EXPERIMENT AND MODEL. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2007. 55(19): P. 6659-6665.

M 136 DEVOS, A., F. POINSOTTE, J. GROENEN, O. DEHAESE, N. BERTRU, AND A. PONCHET, STRONG GENERATION OF COHERENT ACOUSTIC PHONONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2007. 98(20), 207402

M 137 DOMPABLO, M., P. ROZIER, M. MORCRETTE, AND J.M. TARASCON, ELECTROCHEMICAL DATA TRANSFERABILITY WITHIN LIYVOXO4 (X = SI, GE0.5SI0.5, GE, SI0.5AS0.5, SI0.5P0.5, AS, P) POLYOXYANIONIC COMPOUNDS. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 2007. 19(10): P. 2411-2422.

M 138 DOUIN, J., F. PETTINARI-STURMEL, AND A. COUJOU, DISSOCIATED DISLOCATIONS IN CONFINED PLASTICITY. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2007. 55(19): P. 6453-6458.

M 139 DRAC, J., G. MANKOWSKI, G. THOMPSON, P. SKELDON, Y. KIHN, AND C. BLANC, GALVANIC CORROSION OF ALUMINIUM-COPPER MODEL ALLOYS. ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 2007. 52(27): P. 7626-7633.

M 140 FERNANDEZ, F., B. CORDERO, J. DURAND, G. MULLER, F. MALBOSC, Y. KIHN, E. TEUMA, AND M. GOMEZ, PALLADIUM CATALYZED SUZUKI C-C COUPLINGS IN AN IONIC LIQUID: NANOPARTICLES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY. DALTON TRANSACTIONS, 2007(47): P. 5572-5581.

M 141 GANSTER, P., M. BENOIT, J.M. DELAYE, AND W. KOB, STRUCTURAL AND VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF A CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS: CLASSICAL FORCE-FIELDS VS. FIRST-PRINCIPLES. MOLECULAR SIMULATION, 2007. 33(13): P. 1093-1103.

M 142 GATEL C. AND E. SNOECK, EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF AU AND P ON FE3O4(111) SURFACE, SURFACE

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M 143 GENESTE, G., J. MORILLO, F. FINOCCHI, AND M. HAYOUN, PRIMARY NUCLEATION PROCESSES IN

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M 144 GEORGE, A., A. JACQUES, AND M. LEGROS, LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE IN SILICON: COMPARISON WITH FCC METALS. FATIGUE AND FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE, 2007. 30(1): P. 41-56.

M 145 GUILLARD, F., A. ALLEMAND, J.D. LULEWICZ, AND J. GALY, DENSITICATION OF SIC BY SPS-EFFECTS OF TIME, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2007. 27(7): P. 2725-2728.

M 146 HOUDELLIER, F., C. ROUCAU, AND M.J. CASANOVE, CONVERGENT BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION FOR STRAIN DETERMINATION AT THE NANOSCALE. MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, 2007. 84(3): P. 464-467.

M 147 HUNGRIA, T., M. ALGUERO, AND A. CASTRO, GRAIN GROWTH CONTROL IN NANBO3-SRTIO3 CERAMICS BY MECHANOSYNTHESIS AND SPARK PLASMA SINTERING. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2007. 90(7): P. 2122-2127.

M 148 IBARRA, A., D. CAILLARD, J. SAN JUAN, AND M.L. NO, MARTENSITE NUCLEATION ON DISLOCATIONS IN CU-AL-NI SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 2007. 90(10).

M 149 IDRAC, J., C. BLANC, Y. KIHN, M.C. LAFONT, G. MANKOWSKI, P. SKELDON, AND G.E. THOMPSON, ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF MAGNETRON-SPUTTERED AL-CU ALLOY FILMS IN SULFATE SOLUTIONS. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, 2007. 154(6): P. C286-C293.

M 150 KHONG, B., M. LEGROS, P. DUPUY, C. LEVADE AND G. VANDERSCHAEVE, ALTERATIONS INDUCED IN THE STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENT POWER DEVICES BY EXTREME ELECTRO-THERMAL FATIGUE. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C), 2007. 4(8):P. 2997-3001.

M 151 KHONG, B., M. LEGROS, P. TOUNSI, P. DUPUY, X. CHAUFFLEUR, C. LEVADE, G. VANDERSCHAEVE, AND E. SCHEID, CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELLING OF AGEING FAILURES ON POWER MOSFET DEVICES. MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY, 2007. 47(9-11): P. 1735-1740.

M 152 LAMOUROUX, E., P. SERP, Y. KIHN, AND P. KALCK, IDENTIFICATION OF KEY PARAMETERS FOR THE SELECTIVE GROWTH OF SINGLE OR DOUBLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES ON FEMO/AL2O3 CVD CATALYSTS. APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL, 2007. 323: P. 162-173.

M 153 LAVAGNE, S., C. LEVADE, AND G. VANDERSCHAEVE, SOURCES OF MISFIT

DISLOCATIONS IN ZNSE/GAAS (001) HETEROSTRUCTURES. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C), 2007. 4(8):P. 3015-3019.

M 154 MARGEAT, O., D. CIUCULESCU, P. LECANTE, M. RESPAUD, C. AMIENS, AND B. CHAUDRET, NIFE NANOPARTICLES: A SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIAL? SMALL, 2007. 3(3): P. 451-458.

M 155 MAURICE J.-L., I. DEVOS, M.-J. CASANOVE, C. CARRÈTÈRO, G. GACHET, G. HERRANZ, D.-G. CRÈTÈ, D. IMHOFF, A. BARTHÈLÈMY, M. BIBES, K. BOUZEHOUANE, C. DERANLOT, S. FUSIL, …. JACQUET, B. DOMENGËS AND D. BALLUTAUD, CHARGE IMBALANCE AT OXIDE INTERFACES : HOW NATURE DEALS WITH IT. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B, 2007.144: P.1-6

M 156 MENDELS, P., F. BERT, M.A. DE VRIES, A. OLARIU, A. HARRISON, F. DUC, J.C. TROMBE, J.S. LORD, A. AMATO, AND C. BAINES, QUANTUM MAGNETISM IN THE PARATACAMITE FAMILY: TOWARDS AN IDEAL KAGOME LATTICE. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2007. 98(7).

M 157 MENDELS, P., A. OLARIU, F. BERT, D. BONO, L. LIMOT, G. COLLIN, B. UELAND, P. SCHIFFER, R.J. CAVA, N. BLANCHARD, ET AL., SPIN DYNAMICS IN FRUSTRATED MAGNETS: FROM EDGE- TO CORNER-SHARING GEOMETRIES. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, 2007. 19(14).

M 158 MOLENAT, G., M. THOMAS, J. GALY, AND A. COURET, APPLICATION OF SPARK PLASMA SINTERING TO TITANIUM ALUMINIDE ALLOYS. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, 2007. 9(8): P. 667-669.

M 159 MONCHOUX, J.P., D. CHATAIN, AND P. WYNBLATT, INTERDIFFUSION OF ADSORBED PB AND BI ON CU(100). SURFACE SCIENCE, 2007. 601(4): P. 1101-1107.

M 160 MORANCAIS, A., B. CAUSSAT, Y. KIHN, P. KALCK, D. PLEE, P. GAILLARD, D. BERNARD, AND P. SERP, A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES BY FLUIDIZED BED CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION. CARBON, 2007. 45(3): P. 624-635.

M 161 MULLER, F.A., L. MULLER, D. CAILLARD, AND E. CONFORTO, PREFERRED GROWTH ORIENTATION OF BIOMIMETIC APATITE CRYSTALS. JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, 2007. 304(2): P. 464-471.

M 162 OH, S.H., M. LEGROS, D. KIENER, P. GRUBER, AND G. DEHM, IN SITU TEM STRAINING OF SINGLE CRYSTAL AU FILMS ON POLYIMIDE: CHANGE OF DEFORMATION MECHANISMS AT THE NANOSCALE. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2007. 55(16): P. 5558-5571.

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M 163 PHILIPPE, R., A. MORANQAIS, M. CORRIAS, B. CAUSSAT, Y. KIHN, P. KALCK, D. PLEE, P. GAILLARD, D. BERNARD, AND P. SERP, CATALYTIC PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANOTUBES BY FLUIDIZED-BED CVD. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION, 2007. 13(9): P. 447-457.

M 164 RAMIREZ, E., L. ERADES, K. PHILIPPOT, P. LECANTE, AND B. CHAUDRET, SHAPE CONTROL OF PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, 2007. 17(13): P. 2219-2228.

M 165 RAMOS, A.V., M.J. GUITTET, J.B. MOUSSY, R. MATTANA, C. DERANLOT, F. PETROFF, AND C. GATEL, ROOM TEMPERATURE SPIN FILTERING IN EPITAXIAL COBALT-FERRITE TUNNEL BARRIERS. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 2007. 91(12).

M 166 RAMOS, A.V., J.B. MOUSSY, M.J. GUITTET, M. GAUTIER-SOYER, C. GATEL, AND P. BAYLE-GUILLEMAUD, INFLUENCE OF A METALLIC OR OXIDE TOP LAYER IN EPITAXIAL MAGNETIC BILAYERS CONTAINING COFE2O4(111) TUNNEL BARRIERS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2007. 75(22).

M 167 J.F. SILVAIN, P. RICHARD, J. DOUIN, M. LAHAYE, AND J.M. HEINTZ, ELECTROLESS COATING PROCESS OF CARBON NANO FIBERS BY COPPER METALS, MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, 2007, 534-536: P.1445-1448.

M 168 SIMEONOV, D, E. FELTIN, F. DEMANGEOT, C. PINQUIER, J.F. CARLIN, R. BUTTE, J. FRANDON AND N. GRANDJEAN, STRAIN RELAXATION OF ALN FOR STRANSKI-KRASTANOV GAN/ALN QUANTUM DOTS GROWN BY METAL ORGANIC VAPOR PHASE EPITAXY. JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, 2007. 299(2): P. 254-258.

M 169 Sronek, L., J. Majimel, Y. Kihn, Y. Montardi, A. Tressaud, M. Feist, C. Legein, J.Y. Buzar, M. Body, and A. Demourgues, New highly divided Ce-Ca-based oxyfluorides with UV-shielding properties: Study of the Ce1-xCaxO2-x and Ce1-xCaxO2-x-y/2Fy series. Chemistry Of Materials, 2007. 19(21): p. 5110-5121.

M 170 TROMBE, J.C., O. SZAJWAJ, P. SALLES, AND J. GALY, SYNTHESIS OF NEW MIXED VALENCE COMPOUNDS MV5+V24+O7(M= NH4, K): CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF NH4V3O7 AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF KV3O7. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2007. 180(7): P. 2102-2109.

M 171 VANDERSCHAEVE, G. AND D. CAILLARD, ON THE MOBILITY OF DISLOCATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING,

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M 172 VILA, E., A.R. LANDA-CANOVAS, J. GALY, J.E. IGLESIAS, AND A. CASTRO, BI2N+4MONO6(N+1) WITH N=3, 4, 5, 6: A NEW SERIES OF LOW-TEMPERATURE STABLE PHASES IN THE MBI(2)O(3)-MOO3 SYSTEM (1.0 < M < 1.7): STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS AND CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2007. 180(2): P. 661-669.

M 173 WYNBLATT, P, D. CHATAIN, A. RANGUIS, J.P. MONCHOUX, J. MOON, S. GAROFF, FACTORS AFFECTING THE COVERAGE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIFFUSIVITY OF ONE METAL OVER THE SURFACE OF ANOTHER. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS 28 (2007) P. 646-660.

M 174 ZYTKIEWICZ, Z.R., J.Z. DOMAGALA, D. DOBOSZ, L. DOBACZEWSKI, A. ROCHER, C. CLEMENT, AND J. CRESTOU, TILT AND DISLOCATIONS IN EPITAXIAL LATERALLY OVERGROWN GAAS LAYERS. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 2007. 101(1), 013508

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M 175 Axet, M. R., S. Castillon, C. Claver, K. Philippot, P. Lecante and B. Chaudret, Chiral diphosphite-modified rhodium(0) nanoparticles: Catalyst reservoir for styrene hydroformylation. European Journal Of Inorganic Chemistry, 2008. (22): p. 3460-3466.

M 176 BENOIT, M., M. POHLMANN, AND W. KOB, ON THE NATURE OF NATIVE DEFECTS IN HIGH OH-CONTENT SILICA GLASSES: A FIRST-PRINCIPLES STUDY. EPL, 2008. 82(5): P. N°ART: 57004.

M 177 BROUCA-CABARRECQ, C., J. DEXPERT-GHYS, A. FERNANDES, J. JAUD, AND J.C. TROMBE, SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF THREE NEW LANTHANIDE 2,6-PYRIDINEDICARBOXYLATE COMPLEXES WITH ZERO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE. INORGANICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2008. 361(9-10): P. 2909-2917.

M 178 CASANOVE, M.J., C. GATEL, A. PONCHET, AND C. ROUCAU, TEM ANALYSIS OF ADVANCED DEVICES FOR ELECTRONICS OR SPINTRONICS: FROM STRUCTURE TO PROPERTIES. SMART MATERIALS FOR ENERGY, COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY, NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES B - PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS, 2008: P. 249 -262.

M 179 CASTANY, P., E. PETTINARI-STURMEL, J. DOUIN, AND A. COUJOU, IN SITU TRANSMISSION ELECTRON

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MICROSCOPY DEFORMATION OF THE TITANIUM ALLOY TI-6AL-4V: INTERFACE BEHAVIOUR. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, 2008. 483: P. 719 -722.

M 180 CHASSAING, P., F. DEMANGEOT, V. PAILLARD, A. ZWICK, N. COMBE, C. PAGÈS, M.L. KAHN, A. MAISONNAT, AND B. CHAUDRET, SURFACE OPTICAL PHONONS AS A PROBE OF ORGANIC LIGANDS ON ZNO NANOPARTICLES: AN INVESTIGATION USING A DIELECTRIC CONTINUUM MODEL AND RAMAN SPECTROMETRY (SELECTED BY VIRTUAL J.OF NANOSCALE SCI & TECHNOL; VOL.17, N° 18). PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2008. 77(15): P. 153306 - 153309.

M 181 CONFORTO, E., F.A. MULLER, L. MULLER, AND D. CAILLARD, CHEMICALLY PRE-TREATED AND BIOMIMETICALLY COATED TITANIUM FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: THE TRUE STRUCTURE REVEALED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. BIOCERAMICS, VOL 20, PTS 1 AND 2, 2008. 361-363: P. 637-640.

M 182 CONFORTO, E., D. CAILLARD, L. MULLER, AND F.A. MULLER, THE STRUCTURE OF TITANATE NANOBELTS, USED AS SEEDS FOR THE NUCLEATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE AT THE SURFACE OF TITANIUM. ACTA BIOMATERIALIA, 2008. 4: P. 1934-1943.

M 183 COURET, A., G. MOLENAT, J. GALY, AND M. THOMAS, MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIAL ALLOYS CONSOLIDATED BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING. INTERMETALLICS, 2008. 16(9): P. 1134-1141.

M 184 DENNLER, S., M.C. FROMEN, M.J. CASANOVE, G.M. PASTOR, J. MORILLO, AND J. HAFNER, TOWARDS ATOMIC-SCALE DESIGN: A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AND ULTRATHIN FILMS. MICROELECTRONICS JOURNAL, 2008. 39(2): P. 184-189.

M 185 DUPOUY, C. N. ICHE-TARRAT, M-P. DURRIEU, A. VIGROUX, AND J-M. ESCUDIER, ��-D-CNA INDUCED RIGIDITY WITHIN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE. ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY, 2008. 6: P. 2849-2851

M 186 DURAND, L., M. MASSAOUDI, M. CABIE, AND A. PONCHET, MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A TWO-PHASE MATERIAL FROM THE BEHAVIOUR OF ITS COMPONENTS: INTERFACE MODELLING BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. MATERIALS & DESIGN, 2008. 29: P. 1609-1615.

M 187 DURAND, J., E. TEUMA, F. MALBOSC, Y. KIHN, AND M. GOMEZ, PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES

IMMOBILIZED IN IONIC LIQUID: AN OUTSTANDING CATALYST FOR THE SUZUKI C-C COUPLING. CATALYSIS COMMUNICATIONS, 2008. 9: P. 273 -275.

M 188 FARDEHEB-MAMMERI, A. , M. B. ASSOUAR, O. ELMAZRIA, C. GATEL, J-J. FUNDENBERGER AND B. BENYOUCEF, C-AXIS INCLINED ALN FILM GROWTH IN PLANAR SYSTEM FOR SHEAR WAVE DEVICES, DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS SERIES, (2008) 17:P. 1770-1774

M 189 GALY, J. AND J.P. MONCHOUX, SPARK PLASMA SYNTHESIS AND DIFFUSION OF CU AND AG IN VANADIUM MIXED VALENCE OXIDES. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2008. 43(19): P. 6391-6399.

M 190 GALY, J., M. DOLLÉ, T. HUNGRIA, P. ROZIER, AND J.P. MONCHOUX, A NEW WAY TO MAKE SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY: SPARK PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OR SILVER VANADIUM OXIDE BRONZES. SOLID STATE SCIENCES, 2008. 10(8): P. 976-981.

M 191 GANSTER, P., M. BENOIT, J. DELAYE, AND W. KOB, SURFACE OF A CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS BY CLASSICAL AND AB INITIO MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS. SURFACE SCIENCE, 2008. 602: P. 114.

M 192 Garcia, C., P. Lecante, B. Warot-Fonrose, D. Neumeyer and M. Verelst, Electrochemical synthesis of cobalt nickel nanowires in an ethanol-water bath. Materials Letters, 2008. 62(14): p. 2110-2113.

M 193 GE, X., J. KUNTZE, R. BERNDT, H. TANG, AND A. GOURDON, TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY OF LANDER MOLECULES ON COINAGE METAL SURFACES. CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, 2008. 458(1-3): P. 161-165.

M 194 Glaria, A., M. L. Kahn, P. Lecante, B. Barbara and B. Chaudret, Fe1-yO nanoparticles: Organometallic synthesis and magnetic properties. Chemphyschem, 2008. 9(5): p. 776-780.

M 195 GOPAKUMAR, T.G., H. TANG, W.R. THIEL, AND M. HIETSCHOLD, POROUS NETWORK STRUCTURE OF OCTACYANO-METAL-FREE PHTHALOCYANINE ON THE BASAL PLANE OF HIGHLY ORIENTED PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS C, 2008. 112(20): P. 7698-7705.

M 196 HOUDELLIER, F., D. JACOB, M.J. CASANOVE, AND C. ROUCAU, EFFECT OF SAMPLE BENDING ON DIFFRACTED INTENSITIES OBSERVED IN CBED PATTERNS OF PLAN VIEW STRAINED SAMPLES. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 2008. 108(4): P. 295-301.

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M 197 HOUDELLIER, F., A. ALTIBELLI, C. ROUCAU, AND M. CASANOVE, NEW APPROACH FOR THE DYNAMICAL SIMULATION OF CBED PATTERNS IN HEAVILY STRAINED SPECIMENS. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 2008. 108(5): P. 426-432.

M 198 HUNGRIA, T., I. MACLAREN, H. FUESS, J. GALY, AND A. CASTRO, HREM STUDIES OF INTERGROWTHS IN SR-2[SRN-1TINO3N+1] RUDDLESDEN-POPPER PHASES SYNTHESIZED BY MECHANOCHEMICAL ACTIVATION. MATERIALS LETTERS, 2008. 62(17-18): P. 3095-3098.

M 199 HUNGRIA, T., A. CASTRO, M. ALGUERO, AND J. GALY, UNCONTROLLABLE EXPANSION OF PBZN1/3NB2/3O3-PBTIO3 PEROVSKITE DOUBLE RIGHT ARROW PYROCHLORE TRANSITION DURING SPARK PLASMA SINTERING: MECHANISM PROPOSAL USING INFINITE PERIODIC MINIMAL SURFACES. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2008. 181(11): P. 2918-2923.

M 200 HUNGRIA, T., H. AMORIN, J. GALY, J. RICOTE, M. ALGUERO, AND A. CASTRO, NANOSTRUCTURED CERAMICS OF 0.92PBZN(1/3)NB(2/3)O(3)-0.08PBTIO(3) PROCESSED BY SPS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS OBTAINED BY MECHANOSYNTHESIS. NANOTECHNOLOGY, 2008. 19(15): P. N° ART: 155609.

M 201 ICHE-TARRAT, N. AND C.J. MARSDEN, EXAMINING THE PERFORMANCE OF DFT METHODS IN URANIUM CHEMISTRY: DOES CORE SIZE MATTER FOR A PSEUDOPOTENTIAL? JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, 2008. 112(33): P. 7632-7642.

M 202 KHONG, B., M. LEGROS, P. DUPUY, C. LEVADEL, AND G. VANDERSCHAEVE, ON THE FAILURE OF INTELLIGENT POWER DEVICES INDUCED BY EXTREME ELECTRO-THERMAL FATIGUE. A MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. GETTERING AND DEFECT ENGINEERING IN SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY XII, SOLID STATE PHENOMENA 2008. 131-133: P. 523-528.

M 203 Lacroix, L. M., S. Lachaize, A. Falqui, T. Blon, J. Carrey, M. Respaud, F. Dumestre, C. Amiens, O. Margeat, B. Chaudret, P. Lecante and E. Snoeck, Ultrasmall iron nanoparticles: Effect of size reduction on anisotropy and magnetization. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2008. 103(7) : p. 1-3.

M 204 LAMOUROUX, E., M. CORRIAS, L. RESSIER, Y. KIHN, P. SERP, AND P. KALCK, IMPROVING PURITY AND SIZE CONTROL OF IRON- AND MOLYBDENUM-SUPPORTED NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY OMCVD FROM THEIR CARBONYL PRECURSORS. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION, 2008. 14(9-10): P. 275-278.

M 205 LEGROS, M., D.S. GIANOLA, AND K.J. HEMKER, IN

SITU TEM OBSERVATIONS OF FAST GRAIN-BOUNDARY MOTION IN STRESSED NANOCRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM FILMS. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2008. 56(14): P. 3380-3393.

M 206 LEGROS, M., O. FERRY, F. HOUDELLIER, A. JACQUES, AND A. GEORGE, FATIGUE OF SINGLE CRYSTALLINE SILICON: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR AND TEM OBSERVATIONS. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, 2008. 483: P. 353-364.

M 207 LEGROS, M., G. DEHM, E. ARZT, AND T.J. BALK, OBSERVATION OF GIANT DIFFUSIVITY ALONG DISLOCATION CORES. SCIENCE, 2008. 319(5870): P. 1646-1649.

M 208 LEPAROUX, M., Y. KIHN, S. PARIS, AND C. SCHREUDERS, MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF RF PLASMA SYNTHESIZED TICN NANOPOWDERS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS, 2008. 26(4): P. 277-285.

M 209 Marques, R. F. C., C. Garcia, P. Lecante, S. J. L. Ribeiro, L. Noe, N. J. O. Silva, V. S. Amaral, A. Millan and M. Verelst, Electro-precipitation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in ethanol. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 2008. 320(19): p. 2311-2315.

M 210 MASSEBOEUF, A., C. GATEL, A. MARTY, J.-C. TOUSSAINT AND P. BAYLE-GUILLEMAUD, LORENTZ MICROSCOPY MAPPING DURING MAGNETIZATION PROCESS OF L10 FEPD THIN FILMS, EMAG, J. OF PHY. CONF. SERIES, (2008) 126, 12055

M 211 MOMPIOU, F. AND D. CAILLARD, ON THE STRESS EXPONENT OF DISLOCATION CLIMB VELOCITY. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, 2008. 483: P. 143-147.

M 212 MOMPIOU, F. AND D. CAILLARD, DISLOCATION-CLIMB PLASTICITY: MODELLING AND COMPARISON WITH THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ICOSAHEDRAL ALPDMN. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2008. 56(10): P. 2262-2271.

M 213 MONCHOUX, J.P. AND J. GALY, DIFFUSION AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN SPARK PLASMA SYNTHESIZED AND SINTERED CU-V2O5 COUPLES. JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2008. 181(4): P. 693-699.

M 214 MORNIROLI, J.P., F. HOUDELLIER, C. ROUCAU, J. PUIGGALI, S. GESTI, AND A. REDJAIMIA,

83

LACDIF, A NEW ELECTRON DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUE OBTAINED WITH THE LACBED CONFIGURATION AND A C-S CORRECTOR: COMPARISON WITH ELECTRON PRECESSION. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 2008. 108(2): P. 100-115.

M 215 MUNOZ-NAVIA M., J. DORANTES-DAVILA, D. ZITOUN, C. AMIENS, B. CHAUDRET, M.-J. CASANOVE, P. LECANTE, N. JAOUEN, A. ROGALEV, M. , RESPAUD, G.M. PASTOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CONRHM NANOPARTICLES: EXPERIMENT AND THEORY MEETING ON NANOALLOYS. FROM THEORY TO APPLICATION, 2007. UNIV BIRMINGHAM BIRMINGHAM ENGLAND FARADAY DISCUSSIONS, 2008. 138: P. 181-192.

M 216 Olariu A, Mendels P., Bert F., Duc F., Trombe JC, de Vries MA, Harrison A., O-17 NMR study of the intrinsic magnetic susceptibility and spin dynamics of the quantum kagome antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2, Physical Review Letters 100(8) Art n° 087202 2008

M 217 RIZK, S. , M. B. ASSOUAR, C. GATEL, M. BELMAHI, J. LAMBERT AND J. BOUGDIRA, SYNTHESIS OF CARBON COATED Β-SIC NANOFIBERS BY MICROWAVE PLASMA ASSISTED CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION INCH4/CH2 GAS MIXTURE, Diamond and Related Materials Series, (2008) 17:p. 1660-1665

M 218 ROZIER P., M. MORCRETTE, O. SWAJZAJ, V. BODENEZ, M. DOLLÉ, C. SURCIN, L. DUPONT, J.-M. TARASCON, LI-DRIVEN COPPER EXTRUSION/RE-INJECTION IN VARIOUS CU-BASED OXIDES AND SULFIDES, ISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, 2008. 48:P. 235-249

M 219 ROZIER P., SZAJWAJ O., CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY IN THE AG2O-NB2O5 SYSTEM: AGNB3O8 STRUCTURE DETERMINATION, JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY, 2008. 181(2):P. 228-234

M 220 SENNOUR, M., S. LARTIGUE-KORINEK, Y. CHAMPION, AND M.J. HYTCH, LOCAL STRAIN ANALYSIS IN TWIN BOUNDARIES IN ULTRAFINE GRAINED COPPER. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2008. 43(11): P. 3806-3811.

M 221 SNOECK, E. , C. GATEL, L.-M. LACROIX, T. BLON, S. LACHAIZE, J. CARREY, M. RESPAUD AND B. CHAUDRET, MAGNETIC CONFIGURATIONS OF 30 NM IRON NANOCUBES STUDIED BY ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY NANOLETTERS, (2008) 8:P. 4293-4298

M 222 SOLHY, A., B.F. MACHADO, J. BEAUSOLEIL, Y. KIHN, F. GONCALVES, M.F.R. PEREIRA, J.J.M. ORFAO, J.L. FIQUEIREDO, J.L. FARIA, AND P. SERP, MWCNT ACTIVATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON

THE CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF PT/MWCNT CATALYSTS FOR SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION. CARBON, 2008. 46(9): P. 1194-1207.

M 223 Tristany, M., M. Moreno-Manas, R. Pleixats, B. Chaudret, K. Philippot, P. Dieudonne and P. Lecante, Formation of nanocomposites of platinum nanoparticles embedded into heavily fluorinated aniline and displaying long range organization. Journal Of Materials Chemistry, 2008. 18(6): p. 660-666.

M 224 VERBEECK, J., C. HEBERT, S. RUBINO, P. NOVAK, J. RUSZ, F. HOUDELLIER, C. GATEL, AND P. SCHATTSCHNEIDER, OPTIMAL APERTURE SIZES AND POSITIONS FOR EMCD EXPERIMENTS. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 2008. 108(9): p. 865-872.

M 225 ZHAO, Z., J.P. MORNIROLI, A. LEGRIS, A. AMBARD, Y. KHIN, L. LEGRAS, AND M. BLAT-YRIEIX, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW ZIRCONIUM HYDRIDE. JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD, 2008. 232(3): P. 410-421.

M 226 Zorko A., Nellutia S., van Tol J., Brunel LC, Bert F., Duc F., Trombe JC, de Vries MA, Harrison A., Mendels P., Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya anisotropy in the spin ½ kagome compound ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2, Physical Review Letters, 101(2) Art n°026405 2008

YEAR 2009

M 227 ALGUERO, M., H. AMORIN, T. HUNGRIA, J. GALY, AND A. CASTRO. MACROSCOPIC FERROELECTRICITY AND PIEZOELECTRICITY IN NANOSTRUCTURED BISCO3-PBTIO3 CERAMICS. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS,2009. 94, 012902.

M 228 CAILLARD, D., AND A. COURET, THE HALL-PETCH LAW INVESTIGATED BY MEANS OF IN SITU STRAINING EXPERIMENTS IN LAMELLAR TIAL AND DEFORMED AL. MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, 2009. 72: P. 261-269.

M 229 CAILLARD D., F. MOMPIOU, AND M. LEGROS, GRAIN BOUNDARY SHEAR-MIGRATION COUPLING, II- GEOMETRICAL MODEL FOR GENERAL BOUNDARIES. ACTA MATERIALIA, 2009. 57: P. 2390-2402.

M 230 CAILLARD, D., TEM IN SITU STRAINING EXPERIMENTS IN FE AT LOW TEMPERATURE. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LETTERS, 2009. 89: P. 517-526.

M 231 Caiut J. M. A., J. Dexpert-Ghys , Y. Kihn, M.

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Vérelst , H. Dexpert, S. J. L. Ribeiro, Y. Messaddeq, Elaboration of boehmite nano-powders by spray-pyrolysis, Powder Technology, 2009, 190, p. 95-98.

M 232 Castillejos E., P-J Debouttière, L. Roiban, A. Solhy, V. Martinez,Y. Kihn, O. Ersen, K. Philippot, B. Chaudret, and P. Serp, An Efficient Strategy to Drive Nanoparticles into Carbon Nanotubes and the Remarkable Effect of Confinement on Their Catalytic Performance, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2009, 48, p.2529 –2533.

M 233 CHASSAING, P.M, F. DEMANGEOT, N, COMBE, L. SAINT MACARY, M.L. KAHN AND B. CHAUDRET, RAMAN SCATTERING BY ACOUSTICAL PHONONS IN PRISMATIC WURTZITE ZNO NANOPARTICLES. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2009. 79 (15): P. 155314 - 155316.

M 234 Combe, N., P.M. Chassaing, F. Demangeot, Surface effects in ZnO nanoparticles. Physical Review B, 2009. 79 (4): p. 045408 - 045416.

M 235 Combe, N., J.R. Huntzinger and J. Morillo, Surface loving and avoiding modes Europhys. B, 68, 47 (2009)

M 236 Combe, N. and L. Saviot, Acoustic modes in metallic nanoparticles: atomistic versus elasticity modeling, Physical Review B 80, 035411 (2009)

M 237 Demangeot, F., D. Simeonov, A. Dussaigne, R. Butté and N. Grandjean, Homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidth broadening in single polar GaN/AlN quantum dots. Physica Status Solidi C, 2009. 6 (S2): p. S598 - S601.

M 238 Desvaux, C., F. Dumestre, C. Amiens, M. Respaud, P. Lecante, E. Snoeck, P. Fejes, P. Renaud and B. Chaudret, FeCo nanoparticles from an organometallic approach: synthesis, organisation and physical properties. Journal Of Materials Chemistry, 2009. 19(20): p. 3268-3275.

M 239 Douin, J, F. Pettinari-Sturmel and A. Coujou, Direct measurement of the variation in the energy of a dislocation locked in specific orientations, Acta Materialia, 2009. 55: p. 466-473.

M 240 Galy J., J. Hernandez-Velasco, A.R. Landa-Canovas and A. Castro, Ab initio structure determination and Rietveld refinement of Bi10Mo3O24 the member n=3 of the Bi(2n+4)MonO(6(n+1)) series. J. Solid State Chem., 2009. 182: p. 1177-1187.

M 241 C. Gatel, B. Warot-Fonrose and P.

Schattschneider, Distortion corrections of ESI data cubes for magnetic studies, Ultramicroscopy, doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.08.001

M 242 Landa-Canovas A.R., E. Vila, J. Hernandez-

Velasco, J. Galy and A. Castro, Structural elucidation of the Bi(2n+4)MonO(6(n+1)) (n=3,4,5 and 6) family of fluorite super structures by TEM. Acta Cryst., 2009. B65: p.458-466.

M 243 Hungria, T., J. Galy and A. Castro. Spark plasma sintering as a useful technique to the nanostructuration of piezo –ferroelectric materials. Adv. Eng. Mat., 2009. 11(8): p. 615-631.

M 244 Legros, M., Cabié, M. and Gianola D.S., In situ deformation of thin films on substrates, Microscopy Research and Technique, 72, 3, p. 270-283.

M 245 Masseboeuf, A. , C. Gatel, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, Y. Lamy and B. Viala, The use of Lorentz microscopy for the determination of magnetic reversal mechanism of exchange-biased Co30Fe70/NiMn bilayer, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 321,3080-3083 (2009)

M 246 Masseboeuf, A. , A. Marty, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, C. Gatel and E. Snoeck, Quantitative observation of magnetic flux distribution in new magnetic films for future high density recording media, Nanoletters, 9, 2803ñ2806 (2009)

M 247 Masseboeuf, C. Gatel, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, A.

Marty and J.-C. Toussaint, Lorentz microscopy mapping for domain walls structure study in L10 FePd thin films, Ultramicroscopy, doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.08.006

M 248 Maurer, T., F. Zighem, F. Ott, G. Chaboussant,

G. André, Y. Soumare, J.-Y. Piquemal, G. Viau and C. Gatel, Exchange bias in Co1-xNix/CoO core-shell nanowires : role of the antiferromagnetic superparamagnetic fluctuations, Phys. Rev.B, 80, 064427 (2009)

M 249 Millan, A., A. Urtizberea, E. Natividad, F. Luis, N. J. O. Silva, F. Palacio, I. Mayoral, M. L. Ruiz-Gonzalez, J. M. Gonzalez-Calbet, P. Lecante and V. Serin, Akaganeite polymer nanocomposites. Polymer, 2009. 50(5): p. 1088-1094.

M 250 Mirguet C., C. Roucau and P. Sciau. Transmission Electron Microscopy a Powerful Means to Investigate the Glazed Coating of Ancient Ceramics. Journal of Nano Research,

85

2009. 8: p. 141-146.

M 251 Mirguet C., C. Dejoie, C. Roucau, Ph. De ParsevalL, S. J. Teat and Ph. Sciau, Nature and microstructure of gallic imitations of sigillata slips from the La Graufesenque workshop. Archaeometry, 2009. 51,(5): p.748-762.

M 252 Mocuta, C. , A. Barbier, A.V. Ramos, M.-J. Guittet, J.-B. Moussy, S. Stanecu, C. Gatel, R. Mattana, C. Deranlot and F. Petroff, Crystalline structure of oxide-based epitaxial tunnel junctions, European Physical Journal – Special Topics, (2009) 167: p. 53-58

M 253 Mompiou, F., D. Caillard, and M. Legros, Grain boundary shear-migration coupling, II- In situ straining experiments in Al polycrystals. Acta Materialia, 2009. 57: p. 2198-2209.

M 254 Moreno C., P. Abellán, A. Hassini, A. Ruyter, A. Pérez del Pino, F. Sandiumenge, M. J Casanove, J. Santiso, T. Puig and X. Obradors, Spontaneous Outcropping of Self-Assembled Insulating Nanodots in Solution Derived Metallic Ferromagnetic La_0.7 Sr_0.3 MnO_3 Films. Advanced Functional Materials, 2009. 19: p. 2139-2146.

M 255 No, M.L., D. Caillard, and J. San Juan, A TEM study of martensite habit planes and orientation relationships in CuAlNi shape-memory alloys using a fast �g-based method. Acta Materialia, 2009. 57: p. 1004-1014.

M 256 Oh, S.H., Legros M., Kiener, D. and Dehm G., In situ observation of dislocation nucleation and escape in a submicrometre aluminium single crystal, Nature Materials, 8, p. 95-100.

M 257 Philippe R., Ph. Serp, Ph. Kalck, Y. Kihn, S. Bordère, D. Plee, P. Gaillard, D. Bernard, B. Caussat, Kinetic Study of Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis by Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition, AlChE Journal, 2009, 55, n°2, p.450-464.

M 258 Philippe R.,, B. Caussat , A. Falqui, Y. Kihn, P. Kalck, S. Bordère ,D. Plee, P. Gaillard, D. Bernard, P. SERP, An original growth mode of MWCNTs on alumina supported iron catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 2009, 263, p. 345–358.

M 259 Rozier P., Dollé M., Galy J., Ionic diffusion mastering using crystal-chemistry parameters. -Cu1/2Ag1/2V2O5 structure determination and comparison, with refined -AgxV2O5 and -CuxV2O5 ones. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2009, 182(6): p.1481-1491.

M 260 Sciau Ph., Ph. Salles, C. Roucau, A. Mehta, G.

Benassayag. Applications of focused ion beam for preparation of specimens of ancient ceramic for electron microscopy and synchrotron x-ray studies. Micron,2009. 40: p. 597-604.

M 261 Sciau Ph., C, Mirguet, C, Roucau D. Chabanne, M. Schvoerer.Double Nanoparticle Layer in a 12th Century Lustreware Decoration: Accident or Technological Mastery? Journal of Nano Research, 2009. 8: p. 133-139.

M 262 Tarrat N., M. Benoit and J. Morillo, Core structure of screw dislocations in hcp Ti – An ab initio DFT study”, International Journal of Material Research, 2009. 100: p. 329-332 “

M 263 Tristany, M., M. Moreno-Manas, R. Pleixats, B. Chaudret, K. Philippot, Y. Guari, V. Matsura and P. Lecante, Self-assembled platinum nanoparticles into heavily fluorinated templates: reactive gas effect on the morphology. New Journal Of Chemistry, 2009. 33(7): p. 1529-1534.

M 264 Wang Y., X. Ge, C. Manzano, J. Kröger, R. Berndt, W.A. Hofer, H. Tang, and J. Cerda, Supramolecular Patterns Controlled by Electron Interference and Direct Intermolecular Interactions. Journal of American Chemical Society, 2009. 13: p. 10400-10402.

M 265 Geneste G., Hayoun M., Finocchi F., and Morillo J., Competing mechanisms in the atomic diffusion of a MgO admolecule on the MgO(001) surface, J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 21 (2009) 315004/1-7

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N-6 Ben Assayag, G., M. Shalchian, H. Coffin, A. Claverie, J. Grisolia, C. Dumas, and S.M. Atarodi, Electrical properties of nanocontacts on silicon nanoparticles embedded in thin SiO2 synthesized by ultralow energy ion implantation. Journal Of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 2005. 23(6): p. 2821-2824.

N-7 BenAssayag, G., M. Shalchian, J. Grisolia, C. Bonafos, S.M. Atarodi, and A. Claverie, From continuous to quantized charging phenomena in few nanocrystals MOS structures. Gettering And Defect Engineering In Semiconductor Technology Xi, 2005. 108-109: p. 25-32.

N-8 Bertoni, G., L. Calmels, A. Altibelli, and V. Serin, First-principles calculation of the electronic structure and EELS spectra at the graphene/Ni(III) interface. Physical Review B, 2005. 71(7).

N-9 Bogumilowicz, Y., J.M. Hartmann, F. Laugier, G. Rolland, T. Billon, N. Cherkashin, and A. Claverie, High germanium content SiGe virtual substrates grown at high temperatures. Journal Of Crystal Growth, 2005. 283(3-4): p. 346-355.

N-10 Bogumilowicz, Y., J.M. Hartmann, N. Cherkashin, A. Claverie, G. Rolland, and T. Billon, SiGe virtual substrates growth up to 50% Ge concentration for Si/Ge dual channel epitaxy. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2005. 124: p. 113-117.

N-11 Bonafos, C., H. Coffin, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, G. Ben Assayag, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, M. Carrada, V. Paillard, and A. Claverie, Si nanocrystals by ultra-low-energy ion beam-synthesis for non-volatile memory applications. Solid-State Electronics, 2005. 49(11): p. 1734-1744.

N-12 Bonafos, C., N. Cherkashin, M. Carrada, H. Coffin, G. Ben Assayag, S. Schamm, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, M. Perego, M. Fanciulli, et al., Manipulation of 2D arrays of Si nanocrystals by ultra-low-energy ion beam-synthesis for nonvolatile memories applications. Materials and Processes for Nonvolatile Memories, 2005. 830: p. 217-222.

N-13 Bonhommeau, S., N. Brefuel, V.K. Palfi, G. Molnar, A. Zwick, L. Salmon, J.P. Tuchagues, J.S. Costa, J.F. Letard, H. Paulsen, et al., High-spin to low-spin relaxation kinetics in the [Fe(TRIM)(2)]Cl-2 complex. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2005. 7(15): p. 2909-2914.

N-14 Bonhommeau, S., G. Molnar, A. Galet, A. Zwick, J.A. Real, J.J. McGarvey, and A. Bousseksou, One shot laser pulse induced reversible spin transition in the spin-crossover complex [Fe(C4H4N2]{Pt(CN)(4)}] at room temperature. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2005. 44(26): p. 4069-4073.

N-15 Bueno, L.A., A.S.L. Gomes, Y. Messaddeq, C.V. Santilli, J. Dexpert-Ghys, and S. Ribeiro, Tm3+ and Tm3+-Ho3+ doped fluorogermanate glasses for S-band amplifiers. Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2005. 351(21-23): p. 1743-1746.

N-16 Cabie, M., G. Benassayag, A. Rocher, A. Ponchet, J.M. Hartmann, and F. Fournel, TEM

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N-17 Carrada, M., A. Wellner, V. Paillard, C. Bonafos, H. Coffin, and A. Claverie, Photoluminescence of Si nanocrystal memory devices obtained by ion beam synthesis. Applied Physics Letters, 2005. 87(25).

N-18 Cherkashin, N., M.J. Hytch, E. Snoeck, A. Claverie, J.M. Hartmann, and Y. Bogumilowicz, Quantitative strain and stress measurements in Ge/Si dual channels grown on a Si0.5Ge0.5 virtual substrate. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2005. 124: p. 118-122.

N-19 Cherkashin, N., C. Bonafos, H. Coffin, M. Carrada, S. Schamm, G. Ben Assayag, D. Chassaing, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, M. Perego, et al., Fabrication of nanocrystal memories by ultra low energy ion implantation. Physica Status Solidi C - Conferences and Critical Reviews, Vol 2, No 6, 2005. 2(6): p. 1907-1911.

N-20 Cherkashin, N., M. Hytch, F. Cristiano, and A. Claverie, Structure determination of clusters formed in ultra-low energy high-dose implanted silicon. Gettering And Defect Engineering In Semiconductor Technology Xi, 2005. 108-109: p. 303-308.

N-21 Coffin, H., C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, M. Carrada, N. Cherkashin, G. Ben Assayag, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, M. Respaud, and A. Claverie, Si nanocrystals by ultra-low energy ion implantation for non-volatile memory applications. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2005. 124: p. 499-503.

N-22 Coffin, H., C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, M. Respaud, G. Ben Assayag, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, M. Tence, C. Colliex, et al., Oxidation of Si nanocrystals fabricated by ultra-low energy ion implantation in thin SiO2 layers. Materials and Processes for Nonvolatile Memories, 2005. 830: p. 281-286.

N-23 Contreras, O., C. Power, M. Quintero, M. Morocoima, R. Tovar, E. Quintero, J. Gonzalez, V. Munoz-SanJose, J.M. Broto, and E. Snoeck, Quantum dots of CDO.5MNO.5TE semimagnetic semiconductor formed by the cold isostatic pressure method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2005. 294(2): p. 77 - 81.

N-24 Desvaux, C., C. Amiens, P. Fejes, P. Renaud, M. Respaud, P. Lecante, E. Snoeck, and B. Chaudret, Multi-Millimetre large superlattices of air-stable

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N-25 Dubourg, S., J.F. Bobo, B. Warot, E. Snoeck, and J.C. Ousset, Complex angular dependence of exchange bias on (001) epitaxial NiO-Co bilayers. European Physical Journal B, 2005. 45(2): p. 175-179.

N-26 Dubourg, S., J.F. Bobo, B. Warot-Fonrose, E. Snoeck, and J.C. Ousset, Oscillatory angular dependence of exchange BIAS on (001) epitaxial NIO-CO Bilayers. European Physics Journal B, 2005. 45: p. 175 - 179.

N-27 Gatel, C., E. Snoeck, V. Serin, and A.R. Fert, Epitaxial growth and magnetic exchange anisotropy in Fe3O4/NiO bilayers grown on MgO(001) and Al2O3(0001). European Physical Journal B, 2005. 45: p. 157-168.

N-28 Gierak, J., D. Mailly, P. Hawkes, R. Jede, L. Bruchhaus, L. Bardotti, B. Prevel, P. Melinon, A. Perez, R. Hyndman, et al., Exploration of the ultimate patterning potential achievable with high resolution focused ion beams. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 2005. 80(1): p. 187-194.

N-29 Gierak, J., E. Bourhis, M.N.M. Combes, Y. Chriqui, I. Sagnes, D. Mailly, P. Hawkes, R. Jede, L. Bruchhaus, L. Bardotti, et al., Exploration of the ultimate patterning potential achievable with focused ion beams. Microelectronic Engineering, 2005. 78-79: p. 266-278.

N-30 Gonzalez, J., O. Contreras, C. Power, E. Calderon, M. Quintero, D. Martinez-Garcia, V. Munoz-San Jose, J.C. Chervin, G. Hamel, E. Snoeck, et al., II-VI and II1-xMnxVI semiconductor nanocrystals formed by the pressure cycle method. High Pressure Research, 2005. 25(2): p. 119-135.

N-31 Gorev, M.V., V.S. Bondarev, I.N. Flerov, P. Sciau, and J.M. Savariault, Heat capacity study of double perovskite-like compounds BaTi1-xZrxO3. Physics Of The Solid State, 2005. 47(12): p. 2304-2308.

N-32 Grisolia, J., M. Shalchian, G. BenAssayag, H. Coffin, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, S.M. Atarodi, and A. Claverie, Oxidation effects on transport characteristics of nanoscale MOS capacitors with an embedded layer of silicon nanocrystals obtained by low energy ion implantation. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2005. 124: p. 494-498.

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N-34 Grisolia, J., M. Shalchian, G. BenAssayag, H. Coffin, C. Bonafos, C. Dumas, S.M. Atarodi, and A. Claverie, Evolution of quantum electronic features with the size of silicon nanoparticles embedded in a SiO2 layer obtained by low energy ion implantation. Gettering And Defect Engineering In Semiconductor Technology Xi, 2005. 108-109: p. 71-76.

N-35 Gucciardi, P.G., G. Bachelier, A. Mlayah, and M. Allegrini, Interferometric measurement of the tip oscillation amplitude in apertureless near-field optical microscopy. Review Of Scientific Instruments, 2005. 76(3): p. Art 036105.

N-36 Hawkes, P.W., Congresses and compilations, treatises and tributes. Ultramicroscopy, 2005. 104(3-4): p. 302-329.

N-37 Joffin, N., J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, G. Baret, and A. Garcia, The influence of microstructure on luminescent properties of Y2O3: Eu prepared by spray pyrolysis. Journal Of Luminescence, 2005. 113(3-4): p. 249-257.

N-38 Joffin, N., B. Caillier, J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, G. Baret, A. Garcia, P. Guillot, J. Galy, R. Mauricot, and S. Schamm, Elaboration by spray pyrolysis and characterization in the VUV range of phosphor particles with spherical shape and micronic size. Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics, 2005. 38(17): p. 3261-3268.

N-39 Kahn, M.L., M. Monge, E. Snoeck, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret, Spontaneous formation of ordered 2-D and 3-D superlatticies of ZNO Nanocrystals. Small, 2005. 1(2): p. 221 - 224.

N-40 Kanjilal, A., J.L. Hansen, P. Gaiduk, A.N. Larsen, P. Normand, P. Dimitrakis, D. Tsoukalas, N. Cherkashin, and A. Claverie, Size and aerial density distributions of Ge nanocrystals in a SiO2 layer produced by molecular beam epitaxy and rapid thermal processing. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 2005. 81(2): p. 363-366.

N-41 Kihn, Y., C. Mirguet, and L. Calmels, EELS studies of Ti-bearing materials and ab initio calculations. Journal Of Electron Spectroscopy And Related Phenomena, 2005. 143(2-3): p. 117-127.

N-42 Kudera, S., L. Carbone, M.F. Casula, R.

Cingolani, A. Falqui, E. Snoeck, W.J. Parak, and L. Manna, Selective growth of PbSe on one or both tips of colloidal semiconductor nanorods. Nano Letters, 2005. 5(3): p. 445-449.

N-43 Laanab, L., B. Colombeau, F. Cristiano, C. Bonafos, A. Essaid, and A. Claverie, Variation of end of range defects density with ion beam energy and dose: Experiments and simulations. Journal De Physique Iv, 2005. 123: p. 345-349.

N-44 Le Brizoual, L., P. Alnot, M. Hehn, F. Montaigne, M. Alnot, A. Schuhl, and E. Snoeck, Magnetic tunnel junctions with a zinc oxide-cobalt oxide composite tunnel barrier. Applied Physics Letters, 2005. 86(11).

N-45 Le Brizoual, L., M. Hehn, E. Snoeck, F. Montaigne, M. Alnot, A. Schuhl, and P. Alnot, Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with A Zinc Oxide- Cobalt Oxide Composite Tunnel Barrier. Journal Applied Physics Letters, 2005. 86: p. N° ART: 112505.

N-46 Lerch, W., S. Paul, J. Niess, S. McCoy, T. Selinger, J. Gelpey, F. Cristiano, F. Severac, M. Gavelle, S. Boninelli, et al., Advanced activation of ultra-shallow junctions using flash-assisted RTP. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2005. 124: p. 24-31.

N-47 Lerch, W., S. Paul, J. Niess, F. Cristiano, Y. Lamrani, P. Calvo, N. Cherkashin, D.F. Downey, and E.A. Arevalo, Deactivation of solid phase epitaxy-activated boron ultrashallow junctions. Journal Of The Electrochemical Society, 2005. 152(10): p. G787-G793.

N-48 Mitov, M., F. de Guerville, and C. Bourgerette, Evidence of surface segregation in the organization of metallic nanoparticles dispersed in a cholesteric liquid crystal. Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals, 2005. 435: p. 673-+.

N-49 Moussa, N O, G. Molnar, S. Bonhommeau, A. Zwick, S. Mouri, K. Tanaka, J.A. Real, and A. Bousseksou, Selective photoswitching of the binuclear spin crossover compound…. Phys. Rev. Lett, 2005. 94: p. N° Article 107205.

N-50 Morillo, J., S. Dennler, M.C. Fromen, M.J. Casanove, P. Lecante, and G.M. Pastor, Mixed transition metal nanoparticles structural and magnetic properties. Condensed Matter Theories, Vol 19, 2005. 19: p. 49-59.

N-51 Moussa, N.O., G. Molnar, X. Ducros, A. Zwick, T. Tayagaki, K. Tanaka, and A. Bousseksou, Decoupling of the molecular spin-state and the crystallographic phase in the spin-crossover complex [Fe(ptz)(6)](BF4)(2) studied by Raman

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N-52 Puech, P., A. Bassil, J. Gonzalez, C. Power, E. Flahaut, S. Barrau, P. Demont, C. Lacabanne, E. Perez, and W.S. Bacsa, Similarities in the Raman RBM and D bands in double-wall carbon nanotubes. Physical Review B, 2005. 72(15): p. Art 155436.

N-53 Rafailov, P.M., C. Thomsen, A. Bassil, K. Komatsu, and W. Bacsa, Inelastic light scattering of hydrogen containing Open-Cage Fullerene ATOCF. Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics, 2005. 242(12): p. R 106-108.

N-54 Sciau, P., S. Relaix, Y. Kihn, and C. Roucau, The role of microstructure, nanostructure and composition in the brilliant red slip of Roman Terra sigillata pottery from southern Gaul. Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII, 2005. 852: p. 241-246.

N-55 Serres, A., M. Respaud, G. BenAssayag, J.C. Pesant, C. Armand, and A. Claverie, Studies of ion implantation conditions and magnetic properties of MnAs nanoparticles buried in GaAs substrate. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 2005. 295(2): p. 183-185.

N-56 Shalchian, M., J. Grisolia, G. Ben Assayag, H. Coffin, S.M. Atarodi, and A. Claverie, Room-temperature quantum effect in silicon nanoparticles obtained by low-energy ion implantation and embedded in a nanometer scale capacitor. Applied Physics Letters, 2005. 86(16).

N-57 Shalchian, M., J. Grisolia, G. Ben Assayag, H. Coffin, S.M. Atarodi, and A. Claverie, From continuous to quantized charging response of silicon nanocrystals obtained by ultra-low energy ion implantation. Solid-State Electronics, 2005. 49(7): p. 1198-1205.

N-58 Tayagaki, T., A. Galet, G. Molnar, M.C. Munoz, A. Zwick, K. Tanaka, J.A. Real, and A. Bousseksou, Metal dilution effects on the spin-crossover properties of the three-dimensional coordination polymer Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)(4)]. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2005. 109(31): p. 14859 - 14867.

N-59 Tsamis, C., D. Skarlatos, G. BenAssayag, A. Claverie, W. Lerch, and V. Valamontes, Interstitial injection in silicon after high-dose, low-energy arsenic implantation and annealing. Applied Physics Letters, 2005. 87(20).

N-60 Tsamis, C., D. Skarlatos, V. Valamontes, D. Tsoukalas, G. BenAssayag, A. Claverie, and W. Lerch, Injection of point defects during annealing of low energy As implanted silicon. Materials

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N-63 Arbouet, A., M. Carrada, F. Demangeot, V. Paillard, G. BenAssayag, C. Bonafos, A. Claverie, S. Schamm, C. Dumas, J. Grisolia, et al., Photoluminescence characterization of few-nanocrystals electronic devices. Journal Of Luminescence, 2006. 121(2): p. 340-343.

N-64 Bacsa, W., B. Levine, M. Caumont, and B. Dwir, Local optical field variation in the neighborhood of a semiconductor micrograting. Journal Of The Optical Society Of America B-Optical Physics, 2006. 23(5): p. 893-896.

N-65 Bassil, A., P. Puech, W. Bacsa, P.S. Pizani, R.G. Jasinevicius, P. Demont, S. Barrau, C. Lacabanne, R. Bacsa, and E. Flahaut, Laser induced modifications of carbon nanotube composite surfaces. Japanese Journal Of Applied Physics Part 1-Regular Papers Brief Communications & Review Papers, 2006. 45(10A): p. 7776-7779.

N-66 Bassil, A., P. Puech, L. Tubery, W. Bacsa, and E. Flahaut, Controlled laser heating of carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 88(17).

N-67 Bataille, A.M., L. Ponson, S. Gota, L. Barbier, D. Bonamy, M. Gautier-Soyer, C. Gatel, and E. Snoeck, Characterization of antiphase boundary network in Fe_3O_4 111 epitaxial thin films: Effect on anormalous magnetic behavior. Phys Rev B, 2006. B 74: p. N° Article: 155438.

N-68 Béa, H., M. Bibes, S. Cherifi, B. Warot-Fonrose, S. Fusil, G. Herranz, C. Deranlot, E. Jacquet, K. Bouzehouane, and A. Barthélémy, Tunnel magnetoresistance and exchange bias with multiferroic epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89: p. N° Art: 242114.

N-69 Bedjaoui, M., B. Despax, M. Caumont, and C. Bonafos, Post-annealed silicon nanocrystal formation on substoichiometric SiOxNy (x < 2, y < 1) layers deposited in SiH4-N2O radiofrequency discharges. European Physical Journal-Applied Physics, 2006. 34(2): p. 147-150.

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N-71 Bertoni, G. and L. Calmels, First-principles calculation of the electronic structure and energy loss near edge spectra of chiral carbon nanotubes. Micron, 2006. 37(5): p. 486-491.

N-72 Boninelli, S., N. Cherkashin, A. Claverie, and F. Cristiano, Transformation of {113} defects into dislocation loops mediated by the {111} rod-like defects. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2006. 253(1-2): p. 80-84.

N-73 Boninelli, S., N. Cherkashin, A. Claverie, and F. Cristiano, Evidences of an intermediate rodlike defect during the transformation of {113} defects into dislocation loops. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(16): p. N° Art:161904.

N-74 Boninelli, S., A. Claverie, G. Impellizzeri, S. Mirabella, F. Priolo, E. Napolitani, and F. Cristiano, Evidences of F-induced nanobubbles as sink for self-interstitials in Si. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(17): p. N° Art: 171916.

N-75 Bourgerette, C., B. Chen, H. Finkelmann, M. Mitov, J. Schmidtke, and W. Stille, Variation of the network anisotropy of cholesteric side chain elastomers. Macromolecules, 2006. 39(23): p. 8163-8170.

N-76 Calmels, L., C. Mirguet, and Y. Kihn, Evidence of alloying effects in TiCxN1-x compounds from calculated and experimental electron energy loss spectra. Physical Review B, 2006. 73(2): p. Art N°: 024207.

N-77 Cherkashin, N., M.J. Hytch, E. Snoeck, F. Hue, J.M. Hartmann, Y. Bogumilowicz, and A. Claverie, Quantitative local strain measurements in compressive strained Ge/tensile strained Si bi-layers grown on top of relaxed Si0.5Ge0.5 virtual substrates. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2006. 253(1-2): p. 145 -148.

N-78 Claverie, A., C. Bonafos, G. Benassayag, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, V. Paillard, P. Dimitrakis, E. Kapetenakis, D. Tsoukalas, T. Muller, et al., Materials Science Issues for the fabrication of nanocrystal memory devices by ultra low energy ion implantation. Diffusion in

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N-79 Cleuziou, J.P., W. Wernsdorfer, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarcuhu, and M. Monthioux, Carbon nanotube superconducting quantum interference device. Nature Nanotechnology, 2006. 1(1): p. 53 -59.

N-80 Coffin, H., C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, G.B. Assayag, A. Claverie, M. Respaud, P. Dimitrakis, and P. Normand, Oxidation of Si nanocrystals fabricated by ultralow-energy ion implantation in thin SiO2 layers. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2006. 99(4): p. N° Art: 044302.

N-81 Cozzoli, P.D., E. Snoeck, M.A. Garcia, C. Giannini, A. Guagliardi, A. Cervellino, F. Gozzo, A. Hernando, K. Achterhold, N. Ciobanu, et al., Colloidal synthesis and characterization of tetrapod-shaped magnetic nanocrystals. Nano Letters, 2006. 6(9): p. 1966-1972.

N-82 Cristiano, F., Y. Lamrani, F. Severac, M. Gavelle, S. Boninelli, N. Cherkashin, O. Marcelot, A. Claverie, W. Lerch, S. Paul, et al., Defects evolution and dopant activation anomalies in ion implanted silicon. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2006. 253(1-2): p. 68 -79.

N-83 De Buttet, C., M. Hehn, F. Montaigne, C. Tiusan, G. Malinowski, A. Schuhl, E. Snoeck, and S. Zoll, Low-resistance magnetic tunnel junctions with an MgO-Al2O3 composite tunnel barrier: Asymmetric transport characteristics and free electron modeling of a self-limited oxidation bilayer. Physical Review B, 2006. 73(10): p. N° Art: 104439.

N-84 Demangeot, F., V. Paillard, P.M. Chassaing, C. Pages, M.L. Kahn, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret, Experimental study of LO phonons and excitons in ZnO nanoparticles produced by room-temperature organometallic synthesis. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 88(7): p. N° Art: 071921.

N-85 Dussault, L., J.C. Dupin, N. Latorre, T. Ubieto, L. Noe, M. Monthioux, E. Romeo, C. Royo, A. Monzon, and C. Guimon, New Ni-Cu-Mg-Al-based catalysts preparation procedures for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes. Journal Of Physics And Chemistry Of Solids, 2006. 67(5-6): p. 1162-1167 Sp. Iss.SI.

N-86 Dwivedi, H., R.B. Mathur, T.L. Dhami, O.P. Bahl, M. Monthioux, and S.P. Sharma, Evidence for the benefit of adding a carbon interphase in an all-carbon composite. Carbon, 2006. 44(4): p. 699 -709.

N-87 Elleuch, S., H. Feki, Y. Abid, and A. Mlayah,

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N-88 Fanciulli, M., M. Perego, C. Bonafos, A. Mouti, S. Schamm, and G. BenAssayag, Nanocrystals in hight-k dielectric stacks for non volatile memory applications. Advances in Science and Technology, 2006. 51: p. 156 - 166.

N-89 Florakis, A., D. Tsoukalas, I. Zergioti, K. Giannakopoulos, P. Dimitrakis, D.G. Papazoglou, G. Bennassayag, H. Bourdon, and A. Halimaoui, Laser annealing of plasma implanted boron for ultra-shallow junctions in Silicon. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2006. 253(1-2): p. 13-17.

N-90 Fontaine, M.L., C. Laberty-Robert, M. Verelst, J. Pielaszeck, P. Lenormand, F. Ansart, and P. Tailhades, Synthesis of La2NiO4+delta oxides by sol-gel process: Structural and microstructural evolution from amorphous to nanocrystallized powders. Materials Research Bulletin, 2006. 41(9): p. 1747-1753.

N-91 Fromen, M.C., J. Morillo, M.J. Casanove, and P. Lecante, Structure and chemical order in Co-Rh nanoparticles. Europhysics Letters, 2006. 73(6): p. 885 - 891.

N-92 Gatel, C. and E. Snoeck, Comparative study of Pt, Au and Ag growth on Fe3O4(001) surface. Surface Science, 2006. 600(13): p. 2650 -2662.

N-93 Gierak, J., E. Bourhis, A. Madouri, M. Strassner, I. Sagnes, S. Bouchoule, M.N.M. Combes, D. Mailly, P. Hawkes, R. Jede, et al., Exploration of the ultimate patterning potential of focused ion beams. Journal Of Microlithography Microfabrication And Microsystems, 2006. 5(1): p. N° Art: 011011.

N-94 Gorev, M., V. Bondarev, P. Sciau, and J.M. Savariault, Heat capacity study of relaxors BaTi0.65Zr0.35O3 and BaTi0.60Zr0.40O3. Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter, 2006. 18(17): p. 4407- 4416.

N-95 Groenen, J., F. Poinsotte, A. Zwick, and A. Mlayah, When sound meets quantum dots. Microelectronics Journal, 2006. 37(12): p. 1430 -1435.

N-96 Guillon, T., S. Bonhommeau, J.S. Costa, A. Zwick, J.F. Letard, P. Demont, G. Molnar, and A. Bousseksou, On the dielectric properties of the spin crossover complex [Fe(bpp)(2)] [BF4](2). Physica Status Solidi A-Applications And

Materials Science, 2006. 203(11): p. 2974-2980.

N-97 Houdellier, F., M.J. Hytch, E. Snoeck, and M.J. Casanove, High-resolution electron holography for the study of composition and strain in thin film semiconductors. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2006. 135(3): p. 188 -191.

N-98 Huntzinger, J.R., A. Mlayah, V. Paillard, A. Wellner, N. Combe, and C. Bonafos, Electron-acoustic-phonon interaction and resonant Raman scattering in Ge quantum dots: Matrix and quantum confinement effects. Physical Review B, 2006. 74(11): p. N° Art: 115308.

N-99 Hurt, R.H., M. Monthioux, and A. Kane, Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials: Status, trends, and perspectives on the special issue. Carbon, 2006. 44(6): p. 1028 -1033.

N-100 Hytch, M.J., J.L. Putaux, and J. Thibault, Stress and strain around grain-boundary dislocations measured by high-resolution electron microscopy. Philosophical Magazine, 2006. 86(29 - 31): p. 4641 - 4656.

N-101 Jambois, O., B. Garrido, P. Pellegrino, J. Carreras, A. Perez-Rodriguez, J. Montserrat, C. Bonafos, G. BenAssayag, and S. Schamm, White electroluminescence from C- and Si-rich thin silicon oxides. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(25): p. Art N°: 253124.

N-102 Jambois, O., A. Vila, P. Pellegrino, J. Carreras, A. Perez-Rodriguez, B. Garrido, C. Bonafos, and G. BenAssayag, Charge transport along luminescent oxide layers containing Si and SiC nanoparticles. Journal Of Luminescence, 2006. 121(2): p. 356 -360.

N-103 Jansat, S., D. Picurelli, K. Pelzer, K. Philippot, M. Gomez, G. Muller, P. Lecante, and B. Chaudret, Synthesis, characterization and catalytic reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized by chiral N-donor ligands. New Journal Of Chemistry, 2006. 30(1): p. 115 -122.

N-104 Joffin, N., B. Caillier, A. Garcia, P. Guillot, J. Galy, A. Fernandes, R. Mauricot, and J. Dexpert-Ghys, Phosphor powders elaborated by spray-pyrolysis: Characterizations and possible applications. Optical Materials, 2006. 28(6-7): p. 597- 601.

N-105 Koffel, S., A. Claverie, G. BenAssayag, and P. Scheiblin, Amorphization kinetics of germanium under ion implantation. Materials Science In Semiconductor Processing, 2006. 9(4 - 5): p. 664 - 667.

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N-106 Lassagne, B., B. Raquet, J.M. Broto, J.P. Cleuziou, T. Ondarcuhu, M. Monthioux, and A. Magrez, Electronic fluctuations in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. New Journal Of Physics, 2006. 8: p. Art N°: 31-1 31-12.

N-107 Lebedev, O.I., S. Bals, G. Van Tendeloo, E. Snoeck, R. Retoux, S. Boudin, and M. Hervieu, Mixed (Sr1-xCax)(33)Bi24Al48O141 fullerenoids: The defect structure analysed by (S)TEM techniques. International Journal Of Materials Research, 2006. 97(7): p. 978 - 984.

N-108 Margueritat, J., J. Gonzalo, C.N. Afonso, A. Mlayah, D.B. Murray, and L. Saviot, Surface plasmons and vibrations of self-assembled silver nanocolumns. Nano Letters, 2006. 6(9): p. 2037- 2042.

N-109 Mirguet, C., L. Calmels, and Y. Kihn, Electron energy loss spectra near structural defects in TiN and TiC. Micron, 2006. 37(5): p. 442 - 448.

N-110 Mitov, M. and N. Dessaud, Going beyond the reflectance limit of cholesteric liquid crystals. Nature Materials, 2006. 5(5): p. 361 - 364.

N-111 Monthioux, M., H. Allouche, and R.L. Jacobsen, Chemical vapour deposition of pyrolytic carbon on carbon nanotubes - Part 3: Growth mechanisms. Carbon, 2006. 44(15): p. 3183 - 3194.

N-112 Monthioux, M., E. Flahaut, and J.P. Cleuziou, Hybrid carbon nanotubes: Strategy, progress, and perspectives. Journal Of Materials Research, 2006. 21(11): p. 2774 - 2793.

N-113 Monthioux, M. and V. Kuznetsov, Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes? Carbon, 2006. 44(9): p. 1621 - 1623.

N-114 Monzon, A., N. Latorre, T. Ubieto, C. Royo, E. Romeo, J. Villacampa, L. Dussault, J.C. Dupin, C. Guimon, and M. Monthioux, Improvement of activity and stability of Ni-Mg-Al catalysts by Cu addition during hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane. Catalysis Today, 2006. 116(3): p. 264 -270.

N-115 Ohkoshi, S., H. Tokoro, T. Hozumi, Y. Zhang, K. Hashimoto, C. Mathoniere, I. Bord, G. Rombaut, M. Verelst, C.C.D. Moulin, et al., Photoinduced magnetization in copper octacyanomolybdate. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 2006. 128(1): p. 270-277.

N-116 Paul, S., W. Lerch, B. Colombeau, N.E.B. Cowern, F. Cristiano, S. Boninelli, and D. Bolze, Effect of fluorine on the activation and diffusion behavior of boron implanted preamorphized silicon. Journal Of Vacuum Science &

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N-117 Perego, M., M. Fanciulli, C. Bonafos, and N. Cherkashin, Synthesis of mono and bi-layer of Si nanocrystals embedded in a dielectric matrix by e-beam evaporation of SiO/SiO2 thin films. Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic And Supramolecular Systems, 2006. 26(5-7): p. 835-839 SP Iss. SI.

N-118 Pichler, P., C.J. Ortiz, B. Colombeau, N.E.B. Cowern, E. Lampin, S. Uppal, M.S.A. Karunaratne, J.M. Bonar, A.F.W. Willoughby, A. Claverie, et al., Diffusion and activation of dopants in silicon and advanced silicon-based materials. Physica Scripta, 2006. T126: p. 89 - 96.

N-119 Puech, P., E. Flahaut, A. Sapelkin, H. Hubel, D.J. Dunstan, G. Landa, and W.S. Bacsa, Nanoscale pressure effects in individual double-wall carbon nanotubes. Physical Review B, 2006. 73(23).

N-120 Ramos, A.V., J.B. Moussy, M.J. Guittet, A.M. Bataille, M. Gautier-Soyer, M. Viret, C. Gatel, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, and E. Snoeck, Magnetotransport properties of Fe3O4 epitaxial thin films: Thickness effects driven by antiphase boundaries. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2006. 100(10).

N-121 Relaix, S., C. Bourgerette, and M. Mitov, Broadband reflective liquid crystalline gels due to the ultraviolet light screening made by the liquid crystal. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(25).

N-122 Ribeiro, S.J.L., Y. Messaddeq, L.A. Bueno, J. Dexpert-Ghys, A.S. Gouveia-Neto, C.C. Tambelli, J.P. Donoso, and C. Magon, Lead-cadmium fluorogermanate glasses and transparent glass-ceramics. Spectroscopy and structure. Advanced Materials Forum Iii, Pts 1 And 2, 2006. 514 - 516(Part 1 - 2): p. 1299 -1304.

N-123 Roqué, J., J. Molera, P. Sciau, E. Pantos, and A. Vendrell-Saz, Copper and silver nanocrystals in lustre lead glazes: Development and optical properties. Journal Of The European Ceramic Society, 2006. 26(16): p. 3813 - 3824.

N-124 Sciau, P., P. Goudeau, N. Tamura, and E. Dooryhee, Micro scanning X-ray diffraction study of Gallo-Roman Terra Sigillata ceramics. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 2006. A 83(2): p. 219 - 224.

N-125 Sciau, P., S. Relaix, C. Roucau, Y. Kihn, and D. Chabanne, Microstructural and microchemical characterization of Roman period Terra Sigillate slips from archeological sites in southern France. Journal Of The American Ceramic Society, 2006.

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N-126 Sharp, J.A., N.E.B. Cowern, R.P. Webb, K.J. Kirkby, D. Giubertoni, S. Gennaro, M. Bersani, M.A. Foad, F. Cristiano, and P.F. Fazzini, Deactivation of ultrashallow boron implants in preamorphized silicon after nonmelt laser annealing with multiple scans. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(19).

N-127 Snoeck, E., C. Gatel, R. Serra, G. BenAssayag, J.B. Moussy, A.M. Bataille, M. Pannetier, and M. Gautier-Soyer, Experimental evidence of the spin dependence of electron reflections in magnetic CoFe2O4/Au/Fe3O4 trilayers. Physical Review B, 2006. 73(10): p. N° Art: 104434.

N-128 Snoeck, E., C. Gatel, R. Serra, J.C. Ousset, J.B. Moussy, A. Bataille, M. Pannetier, and M. Gautier-Soyer, Experimental evidence of the spin-dependence of electrons reflections in magnetic multilayers. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2006. 126(2-3): p. 120 -125.

N-129 Snoeck, E., J. Majimel, M.O. Ruault, and M.J. Hytch, Characterization of helium bubble size and faceting by electron holography. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2006. 100(2): p. Art N°: 023519.

N-130 Tristany, M., B. Chaudret, P. Dieudonne, Y. Guari, P. Lecante, V. Matsura, M. Moreno-Manas, K. Philippot, and R. Pleixats, Synthesis of ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized by heavily fluorinated compounds. Advanced Functional Materials, 2006. 16(15): p. 2008 - 2015.

N-131 Tsouroutas, P., D. Tsoukalas, A. Florakis, I. Zergioti, A.A. Serafetinides, N. Cherkashin, B. Marty, and A. Claverie, Laser annealing for n(+)/p junction formation in germanium. Materials Science In Semiconductor Processing, 2006. 9(4 -5): p. 644 - 649.

N-132 Utko, P., J. Nygard, M. Monthioux, and L. Noe, Sub-Kelvin transport spectroscopy of fullerene peapod quantum dots. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(23): p. Art N°: 233118.1 - 233118.3.

N-133 Villeneuve, C., V. Paillard, K.K. Bourdelle, I. Cayrefourcq, A. Boussagol, and M. Kennard, Hydrogen implantation-induced defects in bulk Si studied by Raman spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2006. 253(1-2): p. 182 -186.

N-134 Warot-Fonrose, B., A. Traverse, L. Calmels, V. Serin, and E. Snoeck, Structural and magnetic studies of Co thin films. Micron, 2006. 37(5): p.

478 - 485.

N-135 Zografopoulos, D.C., E.E. Kriezis, M. Mitov, and C. Binet, Theoretical and experimental optical studies of cholesteric liquid crystal films with thermally induced pitch gradients. Physical Review E, 2006. 73(6): p. N° Art: 061701 part 1.

N-136 Zoppi, A., C. Lofrumento, E.M. Castellucci, C. Dejoie, and P. Sciau, Micro-Raman study of aluminium-bearing hematite from the slip of Gaul sigillata wares. Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy, 2006. 37(10): p. 1131 - 1138.

2007

N-137 Barud, H.S., C.A. Ribeiro, M.S. Crespi, M.A.U. Martines, J. Dexpert-Ghys, R.F.C. Marques, Y. Messaddeq, and S.J.L. Ribeiro, Thermal characterization of bacterial cellulose-phosphate composite membranes. Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, 2007. 87(3): p. 815-818.

N-138 Blomqvist, M., G. Bongiorno, A. Podesta, V. Serin, G. Abrasonis, U. Kreissig, W. Moller, E. Coronel, S. Wachtmeister, S. Csillag, et al., Structural and tribological properties of cluster-assembled CNx films. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 2007. 87(4): p. 767-772.

N-139 Blon, T., P. Baules, G. Ben Assayag, V. Kolinsky, J.C. Ousset, and E. Snoeck, Structural and magnetic properties of N+-irradiated Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular bimodal behaviour. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 2007. 315(1): p. 5-11.

N-140 Blon, T., G. Ben Assayag, J.C. Ousset, B. Pecassou, A. Claverie, and E. Snoeck, Magnetic easy-axis switching in Co/Pt and Co/Au superlattices induced by nitrogen ion beam irradiation. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2007. 257: p. 374-378.

N-141 Boninelli, S., F. Cristiano, W. Lerch, S. Paul, and N.E.B. Cowern, Influence of F+ co-implants on EOR defect formation in B+-implanted, ultrashallow junctions. Electrochemical And Solid State Letters, 2007. 10(9): p. H264-H266.

N-142 Boninelli, S., S. Mirabella, E. Bruno, F. Priolo, F. Cristiano, A. Claverie, D. De Salvador, G. Bisognin, and E. Napolitani, Evolution of boron-interstitial clusters in crystalline Si studied by transmission electron microscopy. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 91(3).

N-143 Bregiroux, D., O. Terra, F. Audubert, N.

95

Dacheux, V. Serin, R. Podor, and D. Bernache-Assollant, Solid-state synthesis of monazite-type compounds containing tetravalent elements. Inorganic Chemistry, 2007. 46(24): p. 10372-10382.

N-144 Bres, E.F., V. Serin, G.C. de la Torre, C. Combes, G. Leroy, and C. Rey, Spectrometric analysis of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. Tissue Engineering, 2007. 13(6): p. 1384-1384.

N-145 Caiut, J.M.A., S.J.L. Ribeiro, Y. Messaddeq, J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, and H. Dexpert, Synthesis and luminescence properties of water dispersible Eu3+-doped boehmite nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 2007. 18(45).

N-146 Calmels, L., F. Houdellier, B. Warot-Fonrose, C. Gatel, M.J. Hytch, V. Serin, and E. Snoeck, Experimental application of sum rules for electron energy loss magnetic chiral dichroism. Physical Review B, 2007. 76(6).

N-147 Calvo, F. and G. Torchet, Onset of crystalline order in oxygen clusters. Journal Of Crystal Growth, 2007. 299(2): p. 374-385.

N-148 Carbone, L., C. Nobile, M. De Giorg, F.D. Sala, G. Morello, P. Pompa, M. Hytch, E. Snoeck, A. Fiore, I.R. Franchini, et al., Synthesis and micrometer-scale assembly of colloidal CdSe/CdS nanorods prepared by a seeded growth approach. Nano Letters, 2007. 7(10): p. 2942-2950.

N-149 Cardoso, M.B., J.L. Putaux, Y. Nishiyama, W. Helbert, M. Hytch, N.P. Silveira, and H. Chanzy, Single crystals of V-amylose complexed with alpha-naphthol. Biomacromolecules, 2007. 8(4): p. 1319-1326.

N-150 Chassaing, P.M., F. Demangeot, V. Paillard, A. Zwick, N. Combe, C. Pages, M.L. Kahn, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret, Raman study of E-2 and surface phonon in zinc oxide nanoparticles surrounded by organic molecules. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 91(5): p. N° Article: 053108.

N-151 Chassaing, P.M., F. Demangeot, V. Paillard, A. Zwick, N. Combe, C. Pagès, M.L. Kahn, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret, Vibrational properties of zinc oxyde nanoparticles surrounded by organic molecules. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2007. 92: p. N° Article: 012165.

N-152 Cherkashin, N.A., A. Claverie, C. Bonafos, V.V. Chaldyshev, N.A. Bert, V.V. Preobrazhenskii, M.A. Putyato, B.R. Semyagin, and P. Werner, Influence of the initial supersaturation of solute

atoms on the size of nanoparticles grown by an Ostwald ripening mechanism. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 102(2).

N-153 Cherkashin, N., A. Gouyé, F. Houdellier, M. Hÿtch, F. Hüe, E. Snoeck, V. Paillard, O. Kermarrec, D. Rouchon, M. Burdin, et al., Determination of strain within Si1-yCy layers grown by CVD on a Si substrate. Mater. Res.Soc.Symp.Proc., 2007. 1026E: p. P07 - 03.

N-154 Chorro, M., J. Cambedouzou, A. Iwasiewicz-Wabnig, L. Noe, S. Rols, M. Monthioux, B. Sundqvist, and P. Launois, Discriminated structural behaviour of C-60 and C-70 peapods under extreme conditions. European Physics Letters, 2007. 79(5).

N-155 Chorro, M., A. Delhey, L. Noe, M. Monthioux, and P. Launois, Orientation of C-70 molecules in peapods as a function of the nanotube diameter. Physical Review B, 2007. 75(3).

N-156 Cleuziou, J.P., W. Wernsdorfer, S. Andergassen, S. Florens, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarcuhu, and M. Monthioux, Gate-tuned high frequency response of carbon nanotube josephson junctions. Physical Review Letters, 2007. 99(11).

N-157 Cleuziou, J.P., W. Wernsdorfer, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarcuhu, and M. Monthioux, Carbon nanotube based magnetic flux detector for molecular spintronics. Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics, 2007. 244: p. 4351-4355.

N-158 Dammak, T., N. Fourati, Y. Abid, H. Boughzala, A. Mlayah, and C. Minot, Structural, vibrational and ab initio studies of L-histidine oxalate. Spectrochimica Acta Part A-Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2007. 66(4-5): p. 1097-1101.

N-159 Dammak, T., N. Fourati, H. Boughzala, A. Mlayah, and Y. Abid, X-ray diffraction, vibrational and photoluminescence studies of the self-organized quantum well crystal H3N(CH2)(6)NH3PbBr4. Journal Of Luminescence, 2007. 127(2): p. 404-408.

N-160 Devos, A., F. Poinsotte, J. Groenen, O. Dehaese, N. Bertru, and A. Ponchet, Strong generation of coherent acoustic phonons in semiconductor quantum dots. Phys.Rev.Lett., 2007. 98: p. N° Article: 207402.

N-161 Dumas, C., J. Grisolia, G. BenAssayag, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, A. Claverie, A. Arbouet, M. Carrada, V. Paillard, and M. Shalchian, Influence of the thickness of the tunnel layer on the charging characteristics of Si nanocrystals embedded in an ultra-thin SiO2 layer. Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures,

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2007. 38(1-2): p. 80-84.

N-162 Dumas, C., J. Grisolia, L. Ressier, A. Arbouet, V. Paillard, G. Ben Assayag, A. Claverie, M.A.F. van den Boogaart, and J. Brugger, Synthesis of localized 2D-layers of silicon nanoparticles embedded in a SiO2 layer by a stencil-masked ultra-low energy ion implantation process. Physica Status Solidi A-Applications And Materials Science, 2007. 204(2): p. 487-491.

N-163 Dumas, C., J. Grisolia, M. Carrada, A. Arbouet, V. Paillard, G. BenAssayag, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, and A. Claverie, Photoluminescence spectroscopy and transport electrical measurements reveal the quantized features of Si nanocrystals embedded in an ultra thin SiO2 layer. Physica Status Solidii (c), 2007. 4(2): p. 311 - 315.

N-164 Dunaevskii, M.S., A.N. Titkov, S.Y. Larkin, A.B. Speshilova, S.E. Aleksandrov, C. Bonafos, A. Claverie, and R. Laiho, Nanolocalized charge writing in thin SiO2 layers with embedded silicon nanocrystals under an atomic force microscope probe. Technical Physics Letters, 2007. 33(10): p. 889-892.

N-165 Dupre, C., T. Ernst, J.M. Hartmann, F. Andrieu, J.P. Barnes, P. Rivallin, O. Faynot, S. Deleonibus, P.F. Fazzini, and A. Claverie, Carrier mobility degradation due to high dose implantation in ultrathin unstrained and strained silicon-on-insulator films. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 102(10).

N-166 Dussault, L., J.C. Dupin, C. Guimon, M. Monthioux, N. Latorre, T. Ubieto, E. Romeo, C. Royo, and A. Monzon, Development of Ni-Cu-Mg-Al catalysts for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers by catalytic decomposition of methane. Journal Of Catalysis, 2007. 251(1): p. 223-232.

N-167 Farhat, S., B. Weinberger, F.D. Larnari, T. Izouyar, L. Noe, and M. Monthioux, Performance of carbon arc-discharge nanotubes to hydrogen energy storage. Journal Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology, 2007. 7(10): p. 3537-3542.

N-168 Gatel, C. and E. Snoeck, Epitaxial growth of Au and Pt on Fe3O4(111) surface. Surface Science, 2007. 601(4): p. 1031-1039.

N-169 Gavelle, M., E. Scheid, F. Cristiano, C. Armand, J.M. Hartmann, Y. Campidelli, A. Halimaoui, P.F. Fazzini, and O. Marcelot, Detection of Cs2Ge+ clusters for the quantification of germanium atoms by secondary ion mass spectrometry: Application to the characterization of Si1-xGex layers (0 <= x <= 1) and germanium

diffusion in silicon. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 102(7).

N-170 Genevieve, M., C. Vieu, R. Carles, A. Zwick, G. Briere, L. Salome, and E. Trevisiol, Biofunctionalization of gold nanoparticles and their spectral properties. Microelectronic Engineering, 2007. 84(5-8): p. 1710-1713.

N-171 Gich, M., A. Roig, E. Taboada, E. Molins, C. Bonafos, and E. Snoeck, Stabilization of metastable phases in spatially restricted fields: the case of the Fe2O3 polymorphs. Faraday Discussions, 2007. 136: p. 345-354.

N-172 Gonzalez, J., C. Power, E. Belandria, J.M. Broto, P. Puech, J. Sloan, and E. Flahaut, Pressure dependence of Raman modes in DWCNT filled with PbI2 semiconductor. Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics, 2007. 244(1): p. 136-141.

N-173 Gupta, N.D., C. Longeaud, C. Bazin, S. Vignoli, V. Paillard, A. Bandyopadhyay, A. Bhaduri, and P. Chaudhuri, Deposition of ultraviolet photoconductive films of amorphous hydrogenated carbon. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 101(10).

N-174 Hebras, X., P. Nguyen, K.K. Bourdelle, F. Letertre, N. Cherkashin, and A. Claverle, Comparison of platelet formation in hydrogen and helium-implanted silicon. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2007. 262(1): p. 24-28.

N-175 Hytch, M.J. and F. Houdellier, Mapping stress and strain in nanostructures by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Microelectronic Engineering, 2007. 84(3): p. 460-463.

N-176 Ioannou-Sougleridis, V., P. Dimitrakis, V.E. Vamvakas, P. Normand, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, G. Ben Assayag, M. Perego, and M. Fanciulli, Wet oxidation of nitride layer implanted with low-energy Si ions for improved oxide-nitride-oxide memory stacks. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 90(26).

N-177 Ioannou-Sougleridis, V., P. Dimitrakis, V.E. Vamvakas, P. Normand, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, G. Ben Assayag, M. Perego, and M. Fanciulli, Oxide-nitride-oxide memory stacks formed by low-energy Si ion implantation into nitride and wet oxidation. Microelectronic Engineering, 2007. 84(9-10): p. 1986-1989.

N-178 Ioannou-Sougleridis, V., P. Dimitrakis, V.E. Vamvakas, P. Normand, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, A. Mouti, G. Ben Assayag, and V. Paillard,

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Oxide-nitride-oxide dielectric stacks with Si nanoparticles obtained by low-energy ion beam synthesis. Nanotechnology, 2007. 18(21).

N-179 Ioannou-Sougleridis, V., P. Dimitrakis, V.E. Vamvakas, P. Normand, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, and G. BenAssayag, Oxide-nitrite-oxide dielectric stacks with embedded Si-nanoparticles fabricated by low-energy ion-beam-synthesis. Materials and Processes for Non Volatile Memories II, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 2007. 997: p. 121 - 125.

N-180 Jambois, O., J. Carreras, A. Perez-Rodriguez, B. Garrido, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, and G. Ben Assayag, Field effect white and tunable electroluminescence from ion beam synthesized Si- and C-rich SiO2 layers. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 91(21).

N-181 Langlois, C., S. Guerin, M. Sennour, M.J. Hytch, C. Duhamel, and Y. Champion, Thermo-mechanical behaviour of nanostructured copper. Journal Of Alloys And Compounds, 2007. 434: p. 279-282.

N-182 Lota, G., E. Frackowiak, J. Mittal, and M. Monthioux, High performance supercapacitor from chromium oxide-nanotubes based electrodes. Chemical Physics Letters, 2007. 434(1-3): p. 73-77.

N-183 Madeline, J.B., M. Meireles, C. Bourgerette, R. Botet, R. Schweins, and B. Cabane, Restructuring of colloidal cakes during dewatering. Langmuir, 2007. 23(4): p. 1645-1658.

N-184 Mansour, A., M. Razafinimanana, M. Monthioux, M. Pacheco, and A. Gleizes, A significant improvement of both yield and purity during SWCNT synthesis via the electric arc process. Carbon, 2007. 45(8): p. 1651-1661.

N-185 Marcelot, O., A. Claverie, F. Cristiano, F. Cayrel, D. Alquier, W. Lerch, S. Paul, L. Rubin, H. Jaouen, and C. Armand, Effect of voids-controlled vacancy supersaturations on B diffusion. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2007. 257: p. 249-252.

N-186 Margueritat, J., J. Gonzalo, C.N. Afonso, G. Bachelier, A. Mlayah, A.S. Laarakker, D.B. Murray, and L. Saviot, From silver nanolentils to nanocolumns: surface plasmon-polaritons and confined acoustic vibrations. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 2007. 89(2): p. 369-372.

N-187 Mathiot, D., M. Perego, M. Fanciulli, and G. Ben Assayag, Evidence for a dose dependence for

thermal redistribution of implanted silicon in SiO2. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms, 2007. 254(1): p. 139-142.

N-188 Maugey, M., W. Neri, C. Zakri, A. Derre, A. Nnicaud, L. Noe, M. Chorro, P. Launois, M. Monthioux, and P. Poulin, Substantial improvement of nanotube processability by freeze-drying. Journal Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology, 2007. 7(8): p. 2633-2639.

N-189 Millan, A., F. Palacio, A. Falqui, E. Snoeck, V. Serin, A. Bhattacharjee, V. Ksenofontov, P. Gutlich, and I. Gilbert, Maghemite polymer nanocomposites with modulated magnetic properties. Acta Materialia, 2007. 55(6): p. 2201-2209.

N-190 Millan, A., A. Urtizberea, N.J.D. Silva, P. Boesecke, E. Natividad, F. Palacio, E. Snoeck, L. Soriano, A. Gutierrez, and C. Quiros, Multiple-length-scale small-angle X-ray scattering analysis on maghemite nanocomposites. Journal Of Applied Crystallography, 2007. 40: p. S696-S700.

N-191 Millan, A., A. Urtizberea, N.J.O. Silva, F. Palacio, V.S. Amaral, E. Snoeck, and V. Serin, Surface effects in maghemite nanoparticles. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 2007. 312(1): p. L5-L9.

N-192 Mitov, M. and N. Dessaud, Cholesteric liquid crystalline materials reflecting more than 50% of unpolarized incident light intensity. Liquid Crystals, 2007. 34(2): p. 183-193.

N-193 Mlayah, A. and J. Groenen, Resonant Raman scattering by acoustic phonons in quantum dots. Light Scattering In Solids Ix, 2007. 108: p. 237-315.

N-194 Mlayah, A., J.R. Huntzinger, and N. Large, Raman-Brillouin light scattering in low-dimensional systems: Photoelastic model versus quantum model. Physical Review B, 2007. 75(24).

N-195 Monthioux, A. and E. Flahaut, Meta- and hybrid-CNTs: A clue for the future development of carbon nanotubes. Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic And Supramolecular Systems, 2007. 27(5-8): p. 1096-1101.

N-196 Monthioux, M., L. Noe, L. Dussault, J.C. Dupin, N. Latorre, T. Ubieto, E. Romeo, C. Royo, A. Monzon, and C. Guimon, Texturising and structurising mechanisms of carbon nanofilaments during growth. Journal Of Materials Chemistry, 2007. 17(43): p. 4611-4618.

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N-197 Muthuswamy, E., S.S. Ramadevi, H.N. Vasan, C. Garcia, L. Noe, and M. Verelst, Highly stable Ag nanoparticles in agar-agar matrix as inorganic-organic hybrid. Journal Of Nanoparticle Research, 2007. 9(4): p. 561-567.

N-198 Paluskar, P.V., F.L. Bloom, J.T. Kohlhepp, H.J.M. Swagten, B. Koopmans, and E. Snoeck, Impact of interface crystallization on inelastic tunneling in Al/AlOx/CoFeB. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 91(22): p. N° Article 222501.

N-199 Paluskar, P.V., J.T. Kohlhepp, H.J.M. Swagten, B. Koopmans, R. Wolters, H. Boeve, and E. Snoeck, Influence of interface structure on the tunnelling spin polarization of CoFeB alloys. Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics, 2007. 40(5): p. 1234-1237.

N-200 Puccianti, F., P. Puech, R. Bacsa, C. Arrondo, M. Monthioux, W. Bacsa, V. Paillard, A. Bassil, and F. Bardé, Thermal transfer in SWNTs and peapods under UV-irradiation. Physica Status Solidii b, 2007. 244: p. 4064 - 4068.

N-201 Puech, P., E. Flahaut, A. Bassil, T. Juffmann, F. Beuneu, and W.S. Bacsa, Raman bands of double-wall carbon nanotubes: comparison with single- and triple-wall carbon nanotubes, and influence of annealing and electron irradiation. Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy, 2007. 38(6): p. 714-720.

N-202 Puech, P., F. Puccianti, R. Bacsa, C. Arrondo, V. Paillard, A. Bassil, M. Monthioux, E. Flahaut, F. Bardé, and W. Bacsa, Ultraviolet photon absorption in single, double wall carbon nanotubes and peapods: heating-induced phonon line broadening, wall coupling, and transformation. Physical Review B, 2007. B 76: p. N° Article: 054118.1 - 054118.4.

N-203 Puech, P., F. Puccianti, R. Bacsa, C. Arrondo, M. Monthioux, W. Bacsa, V. Paillard, A. Bassil, and F. Bardé, Thermal Transfer in SWNTs and Peapods under UV irradiation. Phys. Stat.Sol.B, 2007. B244: p. 4064 - 4068.

N-204 Ramos, A.V., J.B. Moussy, M.J. Guittet, M. Gautier-Soyer, C. Gatel, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, B. Warot-Fonrose, and E. Snoeck, Influence of a metallic or oxide top layer in epitaxial magnetic bilayers containing CoFe_2O_4//(111) tunnel barriers. Phys Rev B, 2007. B 75: p. N° Article: 224421.

N-205 Relaix, S., C. Bourgerette, and M. Mitov, Broadband reflective cholesteric liquid crystalline gels: volume distribution of reflection properties and polymer network in relation with the geometry of the cell photopolymerization. Liquid Crystals, 2007. 34(9): p. 1009-1018.

N-206 Schamm, S., G. Scarel, and M. Fanciulli, Local structure, composition and electronic properties of rare earth oxide thin films studied using advanced transmission electron microscopy techniques (TEM-EELS). Rare Earth Oxide Thin Films: Growth, Characterization, And Applications, 2007. 106: p. 153-177.

N-207 Sonois, V., P. Faller, W. Bacsa, N. Fazouan, and A. Esteve, Nanoscale needle shaped histidine and narrow vibrational Raman bands using visible excitation. Chemical Physics Letters, 2007. 439(4-6): p. 360-363.

N-208 Urbonaite, S., S. Wachtmeister, C. Mirguet, E. Coronel, W.Y. Zou, S. Csillag, and G. Svensson, EELS studies of carbide derived carbons. Carbon, 2007. 45(10): p. 2047-2053.

N-209 Villeneuve, C., K.K. Bourdelle, V. Paillard, X. Hebras, and M. Kennard, Raman spectroscopy study of damage and strain in (001) and (011) Si induced by hydrogen or helium implantation. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 102(9).

N-210 Wetz, T., K. Soulantica, A. Talqui, M. Respaud, E. Snoeck, and B. Chaudret, Hybrid Co-Au nanorods: Controlling Au nucleation and location. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2007. 46(37): p. 7079-7081.

N-211 Wu, D., P. Sciau, S. Schamm, F. Gloux, and M. Varela Fernandez, Preparation and microstructures of BaTi1-xZrxO3 hetero-epitaxial thin films on SrTiO3 substrates. Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics, 2007. 40(15): p. 4701-4706.

2008

N-212 Alavi, S., J. Dexpert-Ghys, and B. Caussat, High temperature annealing of micrometric Zn2SiO4: Mn phosphor powders in fluidized bed. Materials Research Bulletin, 2008. 43(10): p. 2751-2762.

N-213 Ammar, M., M. LoBue, E. Snoeck, M. Hytch, Y. Champion, R. Barrue, and F. Mazaleyrat, A quantitative analysis of magnetic vortices in Permalloy nanoparticles characterized by electron holography. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 2008. 320(20): p. E716-E719.

N-214 Avisou, A., C. Dufour, K. Dumesnil, A. Rogalev, F. Wilhelm, and E. Snoeck, Long range spin ferromagnetic order with zero magnetization in (111) Sm1-xGdxAl2 films. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2008. 20: p. Art N°: 265001.

N-215 Barud, H.S., C. Barrios, T. Regiani, R.F.C. Marques, M. Verelst, J. Dexpert-Ghys, Y. Messaddeq, and S.J.L. Ribeiro, Self-supported

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silver nanoparticles containing bacterial cellulose membranes. Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic And Supramolecular Systems, 2008. 28(4): p. 515-518.

N-216 Ben Ahmed, A., H. Feki, Y. Abid, H. Boughzala, and A. Mlayah, Structural, vibrational and theoretical studies of L-histidine bromide. Journal Of Molecular Structure, 2008. 888(1-3): p. 180-186.

N-217 Bonafos, C., S. Schamm, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, V. Ioannou-Sougleridis, A. Mouti, M. Carrada, A. Slaoui, J.J. Grob, G. BenAssayag, et al., Low-Energy Ion-Beam-Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals in very Thin High-k Layers for Memory applications. Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials 2007, 2008. 120: p. 321 - 324.

N-218 Boninelli, S., G. Impellizzeri, S. Mirabella, F. Priolo, E. Napolitani, N. Cherkashin, and F. Cristiano, Formation and evolution of F nanobubbles in amorphous and crystalline Si. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 93(6).

N-219 Bosco, A., M.G.M. Jongejan, R. Eelkema, N. Katsonis, E. Lacaze, A. Ferrarini, and B.L. Feringa, Photoinduced Reorganization of Motor-Doped Chiral Liquid Crystals: Bridging Molecular Isomerization and Texture Rotation. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 2008. 130(44): p. 14615-14624.

N-220 Brouca-Cabarrecq, C., J. Dexpert-Ghys, A. Fernandes, J. Jaud, and J.C. Trombe, Synthesis, crystal structures and properties of three new lanthanide 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate complexes with zero-dimensional structure. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2008. 361(9-10): p. 2909-2917.

N-221 Burgin, J., P. Langot, A. Arbouet, J. Margueritat, J. Gonzalo, C.N. Afonso, F. Vallee, A. Mlayah, M.D. Rossell, and G. Van Tendeloo, Acoustic vibration modes and electron-lattice coupling in self-assembled silver nanocolumns. Nano Letters, 2008. 8(5): p. 1296-1302.

N-222 Caiut, J., L.A. Rocha, F.A. Sigoli, Y. Messaddeq, J. Dexper-Ghys, and S. Ribeiro, Aluminoxane -epoxi-siloxane hybrids waveguides. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2008. 354: p. 4795 - 4799.

N-223 Caiut, J., L. Bazin, R. Mauricot, H. Dexpert, S. Ribeiro, and J. Dexpert-Ghys, Luminescent nano-composites generated from a spray. Journal of Non -Crystalline Solids, 2008. 354: p. 4860 - 4860.

N-224 Carrada, M., A. Zerga, A. Amann, J. Grob, J.P. Stoquert, A. Slaoui, C. Bonafos, and S. Schamm,

Structural and optical properties of high density Si-ncs synthesized in SiNx: H by remote PECVD and annealing. Materials Science And Engineering B-Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, 2008. 147(2-3): p. 218-221.

N-225 Carreras, J., C. Bonafos, J. Montserrat, C. Dominguez, J. Arbiol, and B. Garrido, Auger quenching-based modulation of electroluminescence from ion-implanted silicon nanocrystals. Nanotechnology, 2008. 19(20): p. N° Art: 205201.

N-226 Carreras, J., J. Arbiol, B. Garrido, C. Bonafos, and J. Montserrat, Direct modulation of electroluminescence from silicon nanocrystals beyond radiative recombination rates. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 92(9): p. N° art: 091103.

N-227 Chassaing, P., F. Demangeot, V. Paillard, A. Zwick, N. Combe, C. Pagès, M.L. Kahn, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret, Surface optical phonons as a probe of organic ligands on ZnO nanoparticles: an investigation using a dielectric continuum model and Raman spectrometry

(Selected by Virtual J.of Nanoscale Sci & Technol; Vol.17, N° 18). Phys Rev B, 2008. B77: p. N° Art: 153306.

N-228 Claverie, A., F. Cristiano, M. Gavelle, F. Severac, F. Cayrel, D. Alquier, W. Lerch, S. Paulo, L. Rubins, V. Raineri, et al., Strengths and Limitations of the Vacancy Engineering Approach for the Control of Dopant Diffusion and Activation in Silicon. Doping Engineering For Front-End Processing, 2008. 1070: p. 3-14.

N-229 Cooper, D., F. Bertin, P. Salles, and G. Benassayag, Focused ion beam specimen preparation for off-axis electron holography using Si, Ga, and Au ions. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 93(4): p. 43510 - 43510.

N-230 Cousinie, S., M. Gressier, C. Reber, J. Dexpert-Ghys, and M. Menu, Europium (III) Complexes Containing Organosilyldipyridine Ligands Grafted on silica Nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2008. 24: p. 6208 - 6214.

N-231 Droval, G., I. Aranberri, A. Bilbao, L. German, M. Verelst, and J. Dexpert-Ghys, Antimicrobial activity of nanocomposites: poly(amide) 6 and low density poly(ethylene) filled with zinc oxide. E-Polymers, 2008: p. 128.

N-232 Dumas, C., L. Ressier, J. Grisolia, A. Arbouet, V. Paillard, G. BenAssayag, S. Schamm, and P. Normand, KFM detection of charges injected by AFM into a thin SiO2 layer containing Si nanocrystals. Microelectronics Engineering, 2008. 85(12): p. 2358 - 2361.

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N-233 Fazzinia, P.F., F. Cristiano, C. Dupre, A. Claverie, T. Ernst, and M. Gavelle, Defect evolution after germanium preamorphization in silicon on insulator structures. Journal Of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 2008. 26(1): p. 342-346.

N-234 Feki, H., Z. Elaoud, T. Mhiri, Y. Abid, and A. Mlayah, Vibrational study of phase transition in N-benzyl methyl ammonium dihydrogenmonophosphate monohydrate. Spectrochimica Acta Part A-Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2008. 69(3): p. 743-747.

N-235 Greullet, F., E. Snoeck, C. Tiusan, M. Hehn, D. Lacour, O. Lenoble, C. Magen, and L. Calmels, Large inverse magnetoresistance in fully epitaxial Fe/Fe3O4/MgO/Co magnetic tunnel junctions. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 92(5): p. N° Art: 053508.

N-236 Grisolia, J., C. Dumas, G. Ben Assayag, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, A. Arbouet, V. Paillard, M.A.F. van den Boogaart, J. Brugger, and P. Normand, Silicon nanoparticles synthesized in SiO2 pockets by stencil-masked low energy ion implantation and thermal annealing. Superlattices And Microstructures, 2008. 44(4-5): p. 395-401.

N-237 Groenen, J., F. Poinsotte, A. Zwick, C.M. Sotomayor Torres, M. Prunilla, and J. Ahopelto, Inelastic light scattering by longitudinal acoustic phonons in thin silicon layers: from membranes to silicon-on-insulator structures. Phys Rev B, 2008. B 77(4): p. N° Article: 045420.

N-238 Groenen, J., F. Poinsotte, A. Zwick, C.M. Sotomayor Torres, M. Prunilla, and J. Ahopelto, Inelastic light scattering by longitudinal acoustic phonons in thin silicon layers: from membranes to silicon-on-insulator structures. Phys. Rev. B, 2008. B77: p. N° Article: 045420.

N-239 Hawkes, P.W., I must have a story to write now as long as I live. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(4): p. 375-392.

N-240 Hawkes, P.W., The gymnasium of the mind. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(12): p. 1623-1635.

N-241 Houdellier, F. and M.J. Hytch, Diffracted phase and amplitude measurements by energy-filtered convergent-beam holography (CHEF). Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(3): p. 285-294.

N-242 Hue, F., M. Hytch, F. Houdellier, N. Lou, H. Bender, and A. Claverie, Strain mapping in MOSFETs by transmission electron microscopy. Ulis 2008: Proceedings Of The 9th International Conference On Ultimate Integration On Silicon,

2008: p. 85-87.

N-243 Hue, F., M. Hytch, H. Bender, F. Houdellier, and A. Claverie, Direct mapping of strain in a strained silicon transistor by high-resolution electron microscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2008. 100(15): p. N° Art: 156602.

N-244 Hÿtch, M., F. Houdellier, F. Hüe, and E. Snoeck, Nanoscale holographic interferometry for strain measurements in electronic devices. Nature, 2008. 453: p. 1086 - 1090.

N-245 Ivanovskaya, V.V., A. Zobelli, A. Gloter, N. Brun, V. Serin, and C. Colliex, Ab initio study of bilateral doping within the MoS2-NbS2 system. Physical Review B, 2008. 78(13): p. n°134104.

N-246 Johnson, C.L., E. Snoeck, M. Ezcurdia, B. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L.M. Liz-Marzan, and M.J. Hytch, Effects of elastic anisotropy on strain distributions in decahedral gold nanoparticles. Nature Materials, 2008. 7(2): p. 120-124.

N-247 Johnson, C., E. Snoeck, and M. Hytch, Absolute Strain at the Nanoscale from HREM Images. Microsc Microanal, 2008. 14 Suppl 2: p. 846-7.

N-248 Lacroix, L., S. Lachaize, A. Falqui, T. Blon, J. Carrey, M. Respaud, F. Dumestre, C. Amiens, O. Margeat, B. Chaudret, et al., Ultrasmall iron nanoparticles: Effect of size reduction on anisotropy and magnetization. Journal of Applied Physics, 2008. 103: p. N° Art: 07D521.

N-249 Lencova, B., M. Lenc, and P.W. Hawkes, A pitfall in the calculation of higher order aberrations. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(8): p. 737-740.

N-250 Lhostis, S., C. Gaumer, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, F. Pierre, A. Fanton, C. Morin, F. Ferrieu, M. Casse, et al., Crystalline structure of HfZrO thin films and ZrO2 / HfO2 bi-layers grown by AVD for MOS applications. ECS Trans, 2008. 13(1): p. 101 - 109.

N-251 Magen, C., E. Snoeck, U. Lüders, and J. Bobo, Effect of metallic buffer layers on the antiphase boundary density of epitaxial Fe3O4. Journal Applied Physics, 2008. 104: p. N° Art: 013913-1 -013913-7.

N-252 Magen, C., L. Morellon, P.A. Algarabel, M.R. Ibarra, Z. Arnold, and C. Ritter, Hydrostatic pressure effects in the magnetocaloric compounds R-5(SixGe1-x)(4). Advances In Solid State Physics 46, 2008. 46: p. 231-243.

N-253 Marcelot, O., A. Claverie, D. Alquier, F. Cayrel, W. Lerch, S. Paul, L. Rubin, V. Raineri, F.

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Giannazzo, and H. Jaouen, Diffusion and activation of ultra shallow boron implants in silicon in proximity of voids. Gettering And Defect Engineering In Semiconductor Technology Xii, 2008. 131-133: p. 357-362.

N-254 Mirguet, C., P. Fredrickx, P. Sciau, and P. Colomban, Origin of the self-organisation of Cu degrees/Ag degrees nanoparticles in ancient lustre pottery. A TEM study. Phase Transitions, 2008. 81(2-3): p. 253-266.

N-255 Mitov, M., N. Dessaud, and P.F. Puech, Beyond the reflectance limit of cholesteric liquid crystals: from Plusiotis resplendens to helicity-inversion gels. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2008. 11(3): p. 253 - 260.

N-256 Mouchet, F., P. Landois, E. Sarremejean, G. Bernard, P. Puech, E. Pinelli, E. Flahaut, and L. Gauthier, Characterisation and in vivo ecotoxicity evaluation of double-wall carbon nanotubes in larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Aquatic Toxicology, 2008. 87(2): p. 127-137.

N-257 Paluskar, P.V., J.J. Attema, G.A. de Wijs, S. Fiddy, E. Snoeck, J.T. Kohlhepp, H.J.M. Swagten, R.A. de Groot, and B. Koopmans, Spin tunneling in junctions with disordered ferromagnets. Physical Review Letters, 2008. 100(5): p. N° Art:057205.

N-258 Paul, S., W. Lerch, J. Chan, S. McCoy, J. Gelpey, F. Cristiano, F. Severac, P.F. Fazzini, and D. Bolze, Optimum activation and diffusion with a combination of spike and flash annealing. Journal Of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 2008. 26(1): p. 293-297.

N-259 Pereira, A.M., J.B. Sousa, J.P. Araujo, C. Magen, P.A. Algarabel, L. Morellon, C. Marquina, and M.R. Ibarra, Structural and magnetic properties of Ho-5(SixGe1-x)(4). Physical Review B, 2008. 77(13): p. N° Art: 134404.

N-260 Personnic, S., K.K. Bourdelle, F. Letertre, A. Tauzin, N. Cherkashin, A. Claverie, R. Fortunier, and H. Klocker, Impact of the transient formation of molecular hydrogen on the microcrack nucleation and evolution in H-implanted Si (001). Journal Of Applied Physics, 2008. 103(2): p. N° Art:023508.

N-261 Relaix, S. and M. Mitov, Polymer-stabilised cholesteric liquid crystals with a double helical handedness: influence of an ultraviolet light absorber on the characteristics of the circularly polarised reflection band. Liquid Crystals, 2008. 35(8): p. 1037-1042.

N-262 Relaix, S. and M. Mitov, The effect of geometric

and electric constraints on the performance of polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals with a double-handed circularly polarized light reflection band. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2008. 104(3).

N-263 Reuge, N., J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, and B. Caussat, Y2O3: Eu micronic particles synthesised by spray pyrolysis: Global modelling and optimisation of the evaporation stage. Chemical Engineering And Processing, 2008. 47(4): p. 731-743.

N-264 Reuge, N., B. Caussat, N. Joffin, J. Dexpert-Ghys, M. Verelst, and H. Dexpert, Modeling of spray pyrolysis - Why are the synthesized Y2O3 microparticles hollow? Aiche Journal, 2008. 54(2): p. 394-405.

N-265 Rubino, S., P. Schattschneider, M. Stoger-Pollach, C. Hebert, J. Rusz, L. Calmels, B. Warot-Fonrose, F. Houdellier, V. Serin, and P. Novak, Energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD): Magnetic chiral dichroism in the electron microscope. Journal Of Materials Research, 2008. 23(10): p. 2582-2590.

N-266 Schamm, S., C. Bonafos, H. Coffin, N. Cherkashin, M. Carrada, G. Ben Assayag, A. Claverie, M. Tence, and C. Colliex, Imaging Si nanoparticles embedded in SiO2 layers by (S)TEM-EELS. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(4): p. 346-357.

N-267 Schamm, S., P.E. Coulon, S. Miao, S.N. Volkos, L. Lu, L. Lamagna, C. Wiemer, D. Tsoutsou, G. Scare, and M. Fanciulli, ALD-grown Rare Earth Oxides for Advanced Gate Stacks. ECS Trans, 2008. 13(1): p. 77 - 88.

N-268 Schattschneider, P. and J. Verbeeck, Fringe contrast in inelastic LACBED holography. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(5): p. 407-414.

N-269 Schattschneider, P., S. Rubino, M. Stoeger-Pollach, C. Hébert, L. Calmels, and E. Snoeck, Energy loss magnetic chiral dichroism: A new technique for the study of magnetic properties in the electron microscope. Journal of Applied Physics, 2008. 103: p. N° Art: 07D931.

N-270 Sciau, P., S. Relaix, C. Mirguet, P. Goudeau, A.M.T. Bell, R.L. Jones, and E. Pantos, Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of phase transformations in illitic clays to extract information on sigillata manufacturing processes. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 2008. 90(1): p. 61-66.

N-271 Sharp, J.A., A.J. Smith, R.P. Webb, K.J. Kirkby, N.E.B. Cowern, D. Giubertoni, S. Gennaro, M. Bersani, M.A. Foad, P.F. Fazzini, et al., Surface

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N-272 Sierra, J.F., V.V. Pryadun, F.G. Aliev, S.E. Russek, M. Garcia-Hernandez, E. Snoeck, and V.V. Metlushko, Temperature dependent dynamic and static magnetic response in magnetic tunnel junctions with Permalloy layers. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 93(17).

N-273 Snoeck, E., P. Baules, G. BenAssayag, C. Tiusan, F. Greullet, M. Hehn, and A. Schuhl, Modulation of interlayer exchange coupling by ion irradiation in magnetic tunnel junctions. Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter, 2008. 20(5): p. N° Art: 050219.

N-274 Snoeck, E., C. Gatel, L.M. Lacroix, T. Blon, S. Lachaize, J. Carrey, M. Respaud, and B. Chaudret, Magnetic Configurations of 30 nm Iron Nanocubes Studied by Electron Holography. Nano Letters, 2008. 8(12): p. 4293-4298.

N-275 Spence, J.C.H. and P.W. Hawkes, Diffract-and-destroy: Can X-ray lasers "solve" the radiation damage problem? Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(12): p. 1502-1503.

N-276 Tsoutsou, D., G. Scarel, A. Debernardi, S.C. Capelli, L. Lamagna, S.N. Volkos, S. Schamm, P.E. Coulon, and M. Fanciulli, Infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies on the crystallographic evolution of La2O3 films upon annealing temperature. Microelectronic Engineering, 2008. 85(12): p. 2411 - 2413.

N-277 Vallès, C., C. Drummond, H. Saadaoui, C.A. Furtado, M. He, O. Roubeau, L. Ortolani, M. Monthioux, and A. Pénicaud, Solutions of negatively charged graphene sheets and ribbons. Journal of American Chemical Society, 2008. 130: p. 15802- 15804.

N-278 Verbeeck, J., C. Hebert, S. Rubino, P. Novak, J. Rusz, F. Houdellier, C. Gatel, and P. Schattschneider, Optimal aperture sizes and positions for EMCD experiments. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(9): p. 865-872.

N-279 Verbeeck, J., G. Bertoni, and P. Schattschneider, The Fresnel effect of a defocused biprism on the fringes in inelastic holography. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(3): p. 263-269.

N-280 Walsh, A.G., W. Bacsa, A.N. Vamivakas, and A.K. Swan, Spectroscopic Properties Unique to Nano-Emitters. Nano Letters, 2008. 8(12): p. 4330-4334.

N-281 Warot-Fonrose, B., F. Houdellier, M.J. Hytch, L.

Calmels, V. Serin, and E. Snoeck, Mapping inelastic intensities in diffraction patterns of magnetic samples using the energy spectrum imaging technique. Ultramicroscopy, 2008. 108(5): p. 393-398.

N-282 Wolska, A., K. Lawniczak-Jablonska, S. Kret, P. Dluzewski, A. Szczepanska, M. Klepka, M.S. Walczak, Y. Lefrais, M.J. Hytch, and A. Misiuk, Atomic order in magnetic Mn inclusions in Si crystals: XAS and TEM studies. Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2008. 354(35-39): p. 4189-4192.

N-283 Zoppi, A., C. Lofrumento, E.M. Castellucci, and P. Sciau, Al-for-Fe substitution in hematite: the effect of low Al concentrations in the Raman spectrum of Fe2O3. Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy, 2008. 39(1): p. 40-46.

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G-11 Grill, L., K.H. Rieder, F. Moresco, G. Jimenez-Bueno, C. Wang, G. Rapenne, and C. Joachim, Imaging of a molecular wheelbarrow by scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface Science, 2005. 584(2-3): p. L153-L158.

G-12 Grill, L., K.-H. Rieder, F. Moresco, S. Stojkovic, A. Gourdon, and C. Joachim, Controlling the Electronic Interaction between a Molecular Wire and Its Atomic Scale Contacting Pad. Nanoletters, 2005. 5(5): p. 859 - 863.

G-13 Gross, L., F. Moresco, P. Ruffieux, A. Gourdon, C. Joachim, and K.H. Rieder, Tailoring molecular self-organization by chemical synthesis: Hexaphenylbenzene, hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, and derivatives on Cu(111). Physical Review B, 2005. 71(16): p. Art n° 165428.

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G-23 Lin, S., M. Li, E. Dujardin, C. Girard, and S. Mann, One-dimensional plasmon coupling by facile self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into branched chain networks. Advanced Materials, 2005. 17(21): p. 2553.

G-24 Martrou, D., A. Cavanna, F. Natali, U. Gennsr, and B. Etienne, Unreconstructed As atoms mixed with (3 x 2) cells and (6 x6) supercells in low As pressure epitaxy on GaAs (001). Physical. Review B, 2005. B 72(24): p. Art N°: 241307.

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G-39 Tang, H., C. Coudret, T. Maroutian, and R. Berndt, Deformation of a "rigid" molecule in self-assembled nanostructures. Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, 2005. 109(50): p. 24031-24034.

G-40 Wintterlin, J. and T. Zambelli, Active sites at finite coverages - an STM investigation of the dissociation of NO on Ru(0001). Zeitschrift Fur Physikalische Chemie-International Journal Of Research In Physical Chemistry & Chemical Physics, 2005. 219(7): p. 997-1017.

G-41 Zambelli, T., J. Lagoute, C.J.V. Ojeda, C. Coudret, and S. Gauthier, Tailoring the mobility of a 3D molecule adsorbed on a metal surface. Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, 2005. 109(30): p. 14266 -14269.

G-42 Ample, F. and C. Joachim, A semi-empirical study of polyacene molecules adsorbed on a Cu(110) surface. Surface Science, 2006. 600(16): p. 3243-3251.

G-43 Carella, A., G. Vives, T. Cox, J. Jaud, G. Rapenne, and J.P. Launay, Synthesis of new tripodal tri-functionalized hydrotris(indazol-1-yl)borate ligands and X-ray structures of their cyclopentadieneruthenium complexes. European Journal Of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006(5): p. 980-987.

G-44 Cleuziou, J.P., W. Wernsdorfer, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarcuhu, and M. Monthioux, Carbon nanotube superconducting quantum interference device. Nature Nanotechnology,

2006. 1(1): p. 53 -59.

G-45 Colas Des Francs, G., C. Girard, T. David, and A. Dereux, Cartography of the local density of surface photonic conditions. Journal De Physique Iv, 2006. 135: p. 129 -130.

G-46 Daoudi, M., N. Ben Larbi, A. Kerbal, B. Bennani, J. Launay, J. Bonvoisin, T. Ben Hadda, and P. Dixneuf, Synthesis of N,N' -bis and N,N,N',N' - tetra-[(3,5-di-substituted - 1-pyrazolyl) methyl] - para-phenylenediamines: new candidate ligands for metal complex wires. Tetrahedron, 2006. 62(13): p. 3123 - 3127.

G-47 Fabre, M., J. Jaud, M. Hliwa, J.P. Launay, and J. Bonvoisin, On the role of the bridging dicyanamidobenzene ligand in a new binuclear ruthenium complex: [{Ru(tpy)(thd)}(2)(mu-dicyd)][PF6] with tpy=2,2 ': 6 ',2 ''-terpyridine and thd=2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione. Inorganic Chemistry, 2006. 45(23): p. 9332-9345.

G-48 Fang, A.P., E. Dujardin, and T. Ondarcuhu, Control of droplet size in liquid nanodispensing. Nano Letters, 2006. 6(10): p. 2368-2374.

G-49 Ferrage, E., G. Seine, A.C. Gaillot, S. Petit, P. De Parseval, A. Boudet, B. Lanson, J. Ferret, and F. Martin, Structure of the {001} talc surface as seen by atomic force microscopy: comparison with X-ray and electron diffraction results. European Journal Of Mineralogy, 2006. 18(4): p. 483-491.

G-50 Girard, C. and E. Dujardin, Near-field optical properties of top-down and bottom-up nanostructures. Journal Of Optics A-Pure And Applied Optics, 2006. 8(4): p. S73-S86.

G-51 Girard, C., E. Dujardin, M. Li, and S. Mann, Theoretical near-field optical properties of branched plasmonic nanoparticle networks. Physical Review Letters, 2006. 97(10): p. Art N°: 100801.

G-52 Grill, L., K.H. Rieder, F. Moresco, S. Stojkovic, A. Gourdon, and C. Joachim, Exploring the interatomic forces between tip and single molecules during STM

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manipulation. Nano Letters, 2006. 6(12): p. 2685-2689.

G-53 Guillermet, O., A. Glachant, M. Mossoyan-Déneux, and J.C. Mossoyan, Near monolayer deposition of palladium phthalocyanine and perylene tetracarboxylic diimide on Au(001): A STM study. J. Phys. IV, 2006. 132: p. 77.

G-54 Guillermet, O., M. Mossoyan-Déneux, M. Giorgi, A. Glachant, and J.C. Mossoyan, Structural study of vapor-phase deposited 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI). Comparison between single crystal and ultrathin films grown on Pt (100). Thin Solid Films, 2006. 514(1-2): p. 25-32.

G-55 Hliwa, M., S. Ami, and C. Joachim, A 3-terminal single molecule nanoscale amperometer. Chemical Physics Letters, 2006. 425(4-6): p. 356 -360.

G-56 Joachim, C., The driving power of the quantum superposition principle for molecule-machines. Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter, 2006. 18(33): p. S1935 - S1942.

G-57 Joachim, C., From our readers: Who pays for knowledge? Nature Materials, 2006. 5(7): p. 511 - 511.

G-58 Laroche, T. and C. Girard, Near-field optical properties of single plasmonic nanowires. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 89(23): p. Art N°: 233119.

G-59 Lassagne, B., B. Raquet, J.M. Broto, J.P. Cleuziou, T. Ondarcuhu, M. Monthioux, and A. Magrez, Electronic fluctuations in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. New Journal Of Physics, 2006. 8: p. Art N°: 31.

G-60 Maurel, C., F. Ajustron, R. Pechou, G. Seine, and R. Coratger, Electrical behavior of the Au/MoS2 interface studied by light emission induced by scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface Science, 2006. 600(2): p. 442 - 447.

G-61 Peter, E., J. Bloch, D. Martrou, A. Lemaitre, J. Hours, G. Patriarche, A. Cavanna, J.M. Gerard, S. Laurent, I. Robert-Philip, et al., Cavity QED with a single QD inside an

optical microcavity. Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics, 2006. 243(15): p. 3879 - 3884.

G-62 Polesel-Maris, J., H. Guo, T. Zambelli, and S. Gauthier, Mapping van der Waals forces with frequency modulation dynamic force microscopy. Nanotechnology, 2006. 17(16): p. 4204 - 4211.

G-63 Rapenne, G., L. Grill, T. Zambelli, S.M. Stojkovic, F. Ample, F. Moresco, and C. Joachim, Launching and landing single molecular wheelbarrows on a Cu(100) surface. Chemical Physics Letters, 2006. 431(1-3): p. 219 -222.

G-64 Rapenne, G., J.P. Launay, and C. Joachim, Design and synthesis of mono-molecular machines. Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter, 2006. 18(33): p. S1797 - S1808 (Sp. Iss. SI).

G-65 Ruiz-Oses, M., N. Gonzalez-Lakunza, I. Silanes, A. Gourdon, A. Arnau, and J.E. Ortega, Self-assembly of heterogeneous supramolecular structures with uniaxial anisotropy. Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, 2006. 110(51): p. 25573 - 25577.

G-66 Savio, L., L. Gross, K.H. Rieder, A. Gourdon, C. Joachim, and F. Moresco, Interaction of a long molecular wire with a nanostructured surface: Violet Landers on Cu(211). Chemical Physics Letters, 2006. 428(4 - 6): p. 331- 337.

G-67 Schöck, M., R. Otero, S. Stojkovic, F. Hummelink, A. Gourdon, E. Laegsgaard, I. Stensgaard, C. Joachim, and F. Besenbacher, Chiral close-packing of achiral star-shaped molecules on solid surfaces. Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, 2006. 110(26): p. 12835-12838.

G-68 Trevethan, T., M. Watkins, L.N. Kantorovich, A.L. Shluger, J. Polesel-Maris, and S. Gauthier, Modelling atomic scale manipulation with the non-contact atomic force microscope. Nanotechnology, 2006. 17(23): p. 5866 - 5874.

G-69 Viala, C. and C. Coudret, An expeditious route to cis-Ru(bpy)(2)Cl-2 (bpy=2,2 '-bipyridine) using carbohydrates as reducers. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2006.

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359(3): p. 984 - 989.

G-70 Vives, G., A. Carella, J.P. Launay, and G. Rapenne, A star-shaped ruthenium complex with five ferrocenyl-terminated arms bridged by trans-platinum fragments. Chemical Communications, 2006(21): p. 2283 - 2285.

G-71 Vives, G., A. Carella, S. Sistach, J.P. Launay, and G. Rapenne, Synthesis of triester-functionalized molecular motors incorporating bis-acetylide trans-platinum insulating fragments. New Journal Of Chemistry, 2006. 30(10): p. 1429 -1438.

G-72 Vives, G. and G. Rapenne, Breaking the symmetry in the molecular motor family: synthesis of a dissymmetrized pentaphenyl cyclopentadienyl ligand and its ruthenium tris(indazolyl)borate complex. Tetrahedron Letters, 2006. 47(49): p. 8741 - 8744.

G-73 Zambelli, T., S. Goudeau, J. Lagoute, A. Gourdon, X. Bouju, and S. Gauthier, Molecular self-assembly of jointed molecules on a metallic substrate: From single molecule to monolayer. Chemphyschem, 2006. 7(9): p. 1917-1920.

G-74 Ample, F., S. Ami, C. Joachim, F. Thiemann, and G. Rapenne, A Morse manipulator molecule for the modulation of metallic shockley surface states. Chemical Physics Letters, 2007. 434(4-6): p. 280-285.

G-75 Arcamone, J., E. Dujardin, G. Rius, F. Perez-Murano, and T. Ondarcuhu, Evaporation of femtoliter sessile droplets monitored with nanomechanical mass sensors. Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, 2007. 111(45): p. 13020-13027.

G-76 Arcamone, J., T. Ondarcuhu, E. Dujardin, G. Rius, and F. Perez-Murano, CMOS integrated nanomechanical mass sensors: determination of evaporation rate of femtoliter droplets. Microprocesses and Nanotechnology 2007, Digest of Papers, 2007: p. 522-523.

G-77 Arcamone, J., G. Rius, F. Perez-Murano, E. Dujardin, and T. Ondarcuhu, Monitoring the evaporation of femtoliter droplets with CMOS integrated nanomechanical mass sensors. 2007 Ieee Sensors, Vols 1-3, 2007:

p. 1160-1163.

G-78 Basu, C., C. Barthes, S.K. Sadhukhan, N.K. Girdhar, and A. Gourdon, Synthesis of a 2D lander. European Journal Of Organic Chemistry, 2007(1): p. 136-140.

G-79 Battaglini, N., H. Klein, C. Hortholary, C. Coudret, F. Maurel, and P. Dumas, STM observation of a single diarylethene flickering. Ultramicroscopy, 2007. 107(10-11): p. 958-962.

G-80 Carella, A., C. Coudret, G. Guirado, G. Rapenne, G. Vives, and J.P. Launay, Electron-triggered motions in technomimetic molecules. Dalton Transactions, 2007(2): p. 177-186.

G-81 Chiaravalloti, F., L. Gross, K.H. Rieder, S.M. Stojkovic, A. Gourdon, C. Joachim, and F. Moresco, A rack-and-pinion device at the molecular scale. Nature Materials, 2007. 6(1): p. 30-33.

G-82 Cleuziou, J.P., W. Wernsdorfer, S. Andergassen, S. Florens, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarcuhu, and M. Monthioux, Gate-tuned high frequency response of carbon nanotube josephson junctions. Physical Review Letters, 2007. 99(11): p. Art N° 117001.

G-83 Cleuziou, J.P., W. Wernsdorfer, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarcuhu, and M. Monthioux, Carbon nanotube based magnetic flux detector for molecular spintronics. Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics, 2007. 244: p. 4351-4355.

G-84 Colas des Francs, G., C. Girard, T. Laroche, G. Leveque, and O.J.F. Martin, Theory of molecular excitation and relaxation near a plasmonic device. Journal Of Chemical Physics, 2007. 127(3).

G-85 Coratger, R., N. Estrampes, and C. Coudret, Observation of anthraquinone compounds using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface Science, 2007. 601(10): p. 2277-2283.

G-86 Fabre, M. and J. Bonvoisin, Electronic and magnetic communication in mixed-valent and homovalent ruthenium complexes containing phenylcyanamide type bridging ligands. Journal Of The American Chemical

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Society, 2007. 129(5): p. 1434-1444.

G-87 Gold, A. and V.T. Dolgopolov, Subband mobilities and dingle temperatures within a two-subband model in the presence of localized states. Jetp Letters, 2007. 86(4): p. 256-259.

G-88 Gold, A., L. Fabie, and V.T. Dolgopolov, Dingle temperatures for a two-band model: Application to the two-dimensional electron gas on silicon (111). Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 91(5): p. Art N° 052112.

G-89 Gold, A. and R. Marty, AlAs quantum wells: Transport properties of the two-dimensional electron gas. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 102(8): p. Art N° 083705.

G-90 Grill, L., K.H. Rieder, F. Moresco, G. Rapenne, S. Stojkovic, X. Bouju, and C. Joachim, Rolling a single molecular wheel at the atomic scale. Nature Nanotechnology, 2007. 2(2): p. 95-98.

G-91 Gross, L., K.H. Rieder, A. Gourdon, C. Joachim, and F. Moresco, Molecular aggregation within self-ordered monolayers. Chemphyschem, 2007. 8(2): p. 245-249.

G-92 Guirado, G., C. Coudret, and J.P. Launay, Electrochemical remote control for dithienylethene-ferrocene switches. Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, 2007. 111(6): p. 2770-2776.

G-93 Guo, H.M., D. Martrou, T. Zambelli, J. Polesel-Maris, A. Piednoir, E. Dujardin, S. Gauthier, M.A.F. van den Boogaart, L.M. Doeswijk, and J. Brugger, Nanostenciling for fabrication and interconnection of nanopatterns and microelectrodes. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 90(9): p. Art N° 093113.

G-94 Lassagne, B., J.P. Cleuziou, S. Nanot, W. Escoffier, R. Avriller, S. Roche, L. Forro, B. Raquet, and J.M. Broto, Aharonov-Bohm conductance modulation in ballistic carbon nanotubes. Physical Review Letters, 2007. 98(17): p. Art 176802.

G-95 Launay, J.P., C. Coudret, and C. Hortholary, Three-centers models for electron transfer through a bridge. 1. Potential energy surfaces. Journal Of Physical Chemistry B,

2007. 111(24): p. 6788-6797.

G-96 Nguyen, P., K.K. Bourdelle, T. Maurice, N. Sousbie, A. Boussagol, X. Hebras, L. Portigliatti, F. Letertre, A. Tauzin, and N. Rochat, The effect of order and dose of H and He sequential implantation on defect formation and evolution in silicon. Journal Of Applied Physics, 2007. 101(3): p. Art N° 033506.

G-97 Peter, E., A. Dousse, P. Voisin, A. Lemaitre, D. Martrou, A. Cavanna, J. Bloch, and P. Senellart, Highly directional radiation pattern of microdisk cavities. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 91(15): p. Art N° 151103.

G-98 Peter, E., S. Laurent, J. Bloch, J. Hours, S. Varoutsis, I. Robert-Philip, A. Beveratos, A. Lemaitre, D. Martrou, A. Cavanna, et al., Fast radiative quantum dots: From single to multiple photon emission. Applied Physics Letters, 2007. 90(22): p. Art N° 223118.

G-99 Pouget, E., E. Dujardin, A. Cavalier, A. Moreac, C. Valery, V. Marchi-Artzner, T. Weiss, A. Renault, M. Paternostre, and F. Artzner, Hierarchical architectures by synergy between dynamical template self-assembly and biomineralization. Nature Materials, 2007. 6(6): p. 434-439.

G-100 Rapenne, G. and G. Jimenez-Bueno, Molecular machines: synthesis and characterization of two prototypes of molecular whellbarrows. Tetrahedron, 2007. 63: p. 7018-7026.

G-101 Righini, M., A.S. Zelenina, C. Girard, and R. Quidant, Parallel and selective trapping in a patterned plasmonic landscape. Nature Physics, 2007. 3(7): p. 477-480.

G-102 Ruiz-Oses, M., T. Kampen, N. Gonzalez-Lakunza, I. Silanes, P.M. Schmidt-Weber, A. Gourdon, A. Arnau, K. Horn, and J.E. Ortegar, Spectroscopic fingerprints of amine and imide functional groups in self-assembled monolayers. Chemphyschem, 2007. 8(11): p. 1722-1726.

G-103 Savy, J.P., D. de Caro, C. Faulmann, L. Valade, M. Almeida, T. Koike, H. Fujiwara, T. Sugimoto, J. Fraxedas, T. Ondarcuhu, et al., Nanowires of molecule-based charge-

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transfer salts. New Journal Of Chemistry, 2007. 31(4): p. 519-527.

G-104 Trevethan, T., L. Kantorovich, J. Polesel-Maris, and S. Gauthier, Is atomic-scale dissipation in NC-AFM real? Investigation using virtual atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology, 2007. 18(8): p. Art N° 084017.

G-105 Trevethan, T., L. Kantorovich, J. Polesel-Maris, S. Gauthier, and A. Shluger, Multiscale model of the manipulation of single atoms on insulating surfaces using an atomic force microscope tip. Physical Review B, 2007. 76(8): p. Art N° 085414.

G-106 Trevethan, T., M. Watkins, A.L. Shluger, J. Polesel-Maris, S. Gauthier, and L.N. Kantorovich, A comparison of dynamic atomic force microscope set-ups for performing atomic scale manipulation experiments. Nanotechnology, 2007. 18(34): p. Art N° 345 503.

G-107 Tun, T.N., M.H.T. Lwin, H.H. Kim, N. Chandrasekhar, and C. Joachim, Wetting studies on Au nanowires deposited through nanostencil masks. Nanotechnology, 2007. 18(33): p. Art N° 335 301.

G-108 Tur, E., G. Vives, G. Rapenne, J. Crassous, N. Vanthuyne, C. Roussel, R. Lombardi, T. Freedman, and L. Nafie, HPLC separation and VCD spectroscopy of chiral pyrazoles derived from (5R)-dihydrocarvone. Tetrahedron-Asymmetry, 2007. 18(16): p. 1911-1917.

G-109 Villagomez, C., T. Zambelli, S. Gauthier, A. Gourdon, C. Barthes, S. Stojkovic, and C. Joachim, A local view on hyperconjugation. Chem. Phys. Letters, 2007. 450: p. 107.

G-110 Vives, G., A. Gonzalez, J. Jaud, J.P. Launay, and G. Rapenne, Synthesis of molecular motors incorporating para-phenylene-conjugated or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-insulated electroactive groups. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2007. 13(19): p. 5622-5631.

G-111 Yang, J.S., J. Deng, N. Chandrasekhar, and C. Joachim, Ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope manipulation of single gold nanoislands on MoS2 for constructing

planar nanointerconnects. Journal Of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 2007. 25(5): p. 1694-1699.

G-112 Alemani, M., S. Selvanathan, F. Ample, M.V. Peters, K.H. Rieder, F. Moresco, C. Joachim, S. Hecht, and L. Grill, Adsorption and switching properties of azobenzene derivatives on different noble metal surfaces: Au(111), Cu(111), and Au(100). Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, 2008. 112(28): p. 10509 -10514.

G-113 Ample, F. and C. Joachim, The chemisorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons on Si(100)H dangling bonds. Surface Science, 2008. 602(8): p. 1563-1571.

G-114 Ayela, C., T. Alava, D. Lagrange, D. Remiens, C. Soyer, T. Ondarcuhu, A. Greve, and L. Nicu, Electronic scheme for multiplexed dynamic behavior excitation and detection of piezoelectric silicon-based micromembranes. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2008. 8(3-4): p. 210-217.

G-115 Baffou, G., C. Girard, E. Dujardin, G. Colas des Francs, and O.J.F. Martin, Molecular Quenching and Relaxation in a Plasmonic Tunable System. Phys Rev B, 2008. R77: p. N° Art: 121101 - 4.

G-116 Calmettes, B., S. Nagarajan, A. Gourdon, M. Abel, L. Porte, and R. Coratger, Bicomponent supramolecular packing in flexible phthalocyanine networks. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2008. 47(37): p. 6994-6998.

G-117 Carella, A., J.P. Launay, R. Poteau, and G. Rapenne, Synthesis and Reactivity of [Penta(4-halogenophenyl)cyclopentadienyl]-[hydrotris(indazolyl)borato] Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Rotation-Induced Fosbury Flop in an Organometallic Molecular Turnstile. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2008. 14(27): p. 8147-8156.

G-118 Colas des Francs, G., A. Bouhelier, E. Finot, J.C. Weeber, A. Dereux, C. Girard, and E. Dujardin, Fluorescence relaxation in the near-field of a mesoscopic metallic particle: distance dependence and role of plasmon modes. Optics Express, 2008. 16(22): p.

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17654-17666.

G-119 Colas des Francs, G., C. Girard, A. Bruyant, and A. Dereux, SNOM signal near plasmonic nanostructures: an analogy with fluorescence decay Channels. Journal of Microscopy, 2008. 229: p. 302 - 306.

G-120 Dayen, J.F., A. Mahmood, D.S. Golubev, I. Roch-Jeune, P. Salles, and E. Dujardin, Side-gated transport in focused-ion-beam-fabricated multilayered graphene nanoribbons. Small, 2008. 4(6): p. 716-720.

G-121 Duchemin, I., N. Renaud, and C. Joachim, An intramolecular digital 1/2-adder with tunneling current drive and read-outs. Chemical Physics Letters, 2008. 452(4-6): p. 269-274.

G-122 Faugeras, C., A. Nerriere, M. Potemski, A. Mahmood, E. Dujardin, C. Berger, and W.A. de Heer, Few-layer graphene on SiC, pyrolitic graphite, and graphene: A Raman scattering study. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 92(1): p. N° Art:011914.

G-123 Ge, X., J. Kuntze, R. Berndt, H. Tang, and A. Gourdon, Tunneling spectroscopy of lander molecules on coinage metal surfaces. Chemical Physics Letters, 2008. 458(1-3): p. 161-165.

G-124 Girard, C., E. Dujardin, G. Baffou, and R. Quidant, Shaping and manipulation of light fields with bottom-up plasmonic structures. New Journal Of Physics, 2008. 10: p. Art N° 105016.

G-125 Gold, A. and R. Marty, Interface-roughness scattering and magnetoresistance in thin AlP(100) quantum well structures. Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures, 2008. 40(6): p. 2028-2030.

G-126 Gold, A., L. Fabie, and V.T. Dolgopolov, Two-band model for transport properties of silicon (111) MOSFET structures with high mobility. Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures, 2008. 40(5): p. 1351-1353.

G-127 Gold, A., Mobility of thin AlAs quantum wells: Theory compared to experiment. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 92(8): p. N° Art: 082111.

G-128 Gold, A., Interface-roughness parameters in InAs quantum wells determined from mobility. Journal Applied Physics, 2008. 103: p. N° Art: 043718.

G-129 Gourdon, A., On-surface covalent coupling in ultrahigh vacuum. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2008. 47(37): p. 6950-6953.

G-130 Guo, H.M., D. Martrou, T. Zambelli, E. Dujardin, and S. Gauthier, Development of UHV dynamic nanostencil for surface patterning. Review Of Scientific Instruments, 2008. 79(10): p. 103904.

G-131 Hortholary, C. and C. Coudret, Influence of another, ruthenium containing, electroactive component on the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant of a ferrocene containing molecular wire in a Self-Assembled Monolayer of 11-hydroxyundecanethiol on gold. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2008. 11(6-7): p. 702-708.

G-132 Jacquot de Rouville, H., G. Vives, A. Carella, J. Launay, and G. Rapenne, A family of electron - triggered molecular motors based on aromatic building blocks. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2008. 80(3): p. 659 - 667.

G-133 Jlidat, N., M. Hliwa, and C. Joachim, A semi-classical XOR logic gate integrated in a single molecule. Chemical Physics Letters, 2008. 451(4-6): p. 270-275.

G-134 Makoudi, Y., E. Duverger, M. Arab, F. Cherioux, F. Ample, G. Rapenne, X. Bouju, and F. Palmino, Room-temperature electronic template effect of the SmSi(111)-8 x 2 interface for self-alignment of organic molecules. Chemphyschem, 2008. 9(10): p. 1437-1441.

G-135 Martrou, D. and J. Gierak, Development of a STM compatible ion emitter capable of atomic imaging resolution. Microelectronic Engineering, 2008. 85(5-6): p. 1403-1405.

G-136 Munery, S., J. Jaud, and J. Bonvoisin, Synthesis and characterization of bis(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes with bromo or protected ethynyl beta-diketonato ligands. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2008. 11(9): p. 975-977.

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G-137 Naitoh, Y., F. Rosei, A. Gourdon, E. Laegsgaard, I. Stensgaard, C. Joachim, and F. Besenbacher, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of Individual Lander Molecules Anchored on a Copper Oxide Nanotemplate. Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, 2008. 112(41): p. 16118-16122.

G-138 Ouerghi, A., A. Cavanna, D. Martrou, Y. Garreau, and B. Etienne, Large scale atomic ordering on uncovered GaAs(001) after InAs monolayer capping: Atomic structure of the (12 x 6) reconstruction. Surface Science, 2008. 602(9): p. 1631-1635.

G-139 Palmino, F., Y. Makoudi, E. Duverger, M. Arab, F. Chérioux, G. Rapenne, F. Ample, and X. Bouju, Self-alignment of organic molecular lines at room temperature by template effect of pre-structured Sm/Si(111) -8x2 interface. Chem. Phys. Chem, 2008. 9: p. 1437 - 1441.

G-140 Peter, E., S. Laurent, J. Bloch, J. Hours, S. Varoutsis, D. Martrou, I. Robert-Philip, A. Beveratos, A. Lemaitre, A. Cavanna, et al., Influence of recapture on the emission statistics of short radiative lifetime quantum dots. Physica Status Solidi C - Current topics in solid state physics, 2008. 5(7): p. 2520-2523.

G-141 Quidant, R. and C. Girard, Surface-plasmon-based optical manipulation. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2008. 2(1-2): p. 47-57.

G-142 Renaud, N. and C. Joachim, The Design and stability of NOR and NAND logic gates constructed with only 3 quantum states. Phys Rev A, 2008. 78: p. N° Art: 062316.

G-143 Righini, M., C. Girard, and R. Quidant, The strength of Surface Plasmons - art. no. 70331Q. Plasmonics: Nanoimaging, Nanofabrication, And Their Applications Iv (Proceedings of SPIE), 2008. 7033: p. Q331-Q331.

G-144 Righini, M., G. Volpe, C. Girard, D. Petrov, and R. Quidant, Surface plasmon optical tweezers: Tunable optical manipulation in the femtonewton range. Physical Review Letters, 2008. 100(18): p. N° Art: 186804.

G-145 Righini, M., C. Girard, and R. Quidant,

Light-induced manipulation with surface plasmons. Journal Of Optics A-Pure And Applied Optics, 2008. 10(9): p. Art N° 093001.

G-146 Sigl, A., C. Scharnagl, J. Friedrich, A. Gourdon, and M. Orrit, 2-methylterrylene in hexadecane: Do we see single rotational quantum jumps of methyl groups? Journal Of Chemical Physics, 2008. 128(4): p. N° art: 044508.

G-147 Soldano, C., S. Kar, S. Talapatra, S. Nayak, and P.M. Ajayan, Detection of Nanoscale Magnetic Activity Using a Single Carbon Nanotube. Nano Letters, 2008. 8(12): p. 4498-4505.

G-148 Tiwari, R.K., J.S. Yang, M. Saeys, and C. Joachim, Surface reconstruction of MoS2 to Mo2S3. Surface Science, 2008. 602(15): p. 2628-2633.

G-149 Venegas de la Cerda, M.A., J. Abad, A. Madgavkar, D. Martrou, and S. Gauthier, Step-induced tip polarity reversal investigated by dynamic force microscopy on KBr(001). Nanotechnology, 2008. 19(4): p. N° Art: 045503.

G-150 Vives, G. and G. Rapenne, Directed synthesis of symmetric and dissymmetric molecular motors built around a ruthenium cyclopentadienyl tris(indazolyl)borate complex. Tetrahedron, 2008. 64(50): p. 11462-11468.

G-151 Vives, G., A. Carella, J.P. Launay, and G. Rapenne, The chemistry of 1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl hydrotris(indazolyl)borate ruthenium(II) complexes, building blocks for the construction of potential organometallic molecular motors. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2008. 252(12-14): p. 1451-1459.

G-152 Yong, K.S., D.M. Otalvaro, I. Duchemin, M. Saeys, and C. Joachim, Calculation of the conductance of a finite atomic line of sulfur vacancies created on a molybdenum disulfide surface. Physical Review B, 2008. 77(20): p. N° Art:205429.

113

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS – MC2 TEAM – 2005-2008

CO-M 1 Morillo, J., Théorie de l'élasticité des cristaux, in "Contraintes mécaniques en micro, nano et optoélectronique", Hermes Science, 2006, chap. 2, 35-75.

CO-M 2 Morillo J., Dennler S., Fromen M.-C., Casanove M.-J., Lecante P., Pastor G.M., Structure, chemical order and magnetism of binary Co-4d(5d) transition metals nanoparticles: Experiment and theory, in "Nano-Scale Materials: From Science to Technology", Nova Science Publisher, 2006, chap. 16, 101-106.

CO-M 3 Caillard, D., Dislocations and Mechanical Properties. in "Alloy Physics", edited by W. Pfeiler, Wiley-VCH, 2007. pp. 281 - 342.

CO-M 4 Bonneville, J., D. Caillard, and P. Guyot, Dislocations and Plasticity of Icosahedral Quasicrystals, in " Dislocations in Solids"; chap 85. Vol. 14, edited by F.R.N. Nabarro and JP. Hirth. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2008, pp.251 -331.

CO-M 5 Casanove, M.-J., Y a-t-il un défaut dans l’avion ? in « Voir l’invisible », edited by Omniscience, 2007.

CO-M 6 Casanove, M.-J., C. Gatel, A. Ponchet and C. Roucau, TEM analysis of advanced devices for electronics or spintronics : From structure to properties, in Smart Materials for Energy, Communications and Security Book Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B – Physics and Biophysics 2008, pp 249-262.

CO-M 7 Millan, A., F. Palacio, E. Snoeck, V. Serin, and P. Lecante, Magnetic polymer nanocomposites. Y.W. Mai and Z.Z.Yu ed, ed. C.i.P. nanocomposites". 2006, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.

CO-M 8Legros, M. Relaxation plastique des couches métalliques n.e.o. in Contraintes mécaniques en micro, Chap: 8., Editor. 2006, Hermes Science. p. 229 - 260

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS - nMAT TEAM – 2005-2008

CO-N-1 Arrondo, C., M. Monthioux, K. Kishita, and M. Le Lay, In-situ coalescence of aligned C60 in Peapods. Molecular Nanostructures (eds. H. Kuzmany, J. Fink, M. Mehring, S. Roth). American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 2005.

CO-N-2 Hawkes, P.W. and J.C.H. Spence, Science of Microscopy, Kluwer/Springer, Editor. 2005: Norwell.

CO-N-3 Sciau, P., La difusio de la terra sigillata sud Gal.lica al nord D'Hispania, Monografies

del CASC 6(dir.X. Nieto, M. Roca Roumens; A. Vernhet; Sciau, P. 2005: Edition MAC-Barcelona 2005.

CO-N-4 Sciau, P., C. Dejoie, and S. Relaix, Les Sigillées des ateliers de la Graufesenque et de Montans. Etude comparative des pâtes et engobes. MAC-Barcelona, 2005 ed, ed. M.d.C.d.X.N. La difusio' de la terra sigillata sud Ga'l.lica al nord d'hispania, M. Roca Roumens, A. Verhnet et Sciau, P.). 2005. 9 -18.

114

CO-N-5 Hurt, R., M. Monthioux, and A. Kane, Toxicology of Carbon Nanomaterials. Carbon 44 ed, ed. C. 44. Vol. Special Issue # 6. 2006: Elsevier.

CO-N-6 Lambin, P., A. Loiseau, M. Monthioux, and J. Thibault, Structural analysis by elastic scattering techniques. eds: Loiseau, A.; Launois, P.; Petit, P.; Roche, S.; Salvetat, JP. (Lectures notes in Physics Series) - Springer ed.. 2006, Berlin, Germany: in " Understanding Carbon Nanotubes: from Basics to Applications". 131 - 198.

CO-N-7 Millan, A., F. Palacio, E. Snoeck, V. Serin, and P. Lecante, Magnetic polymer nanocomposites. Y.W. Mai and Z.Z.Yu ed, ed. C.i.P. nanocomposites". 2006, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.

CO-N-8 Minéa, T., M. Razafinimanana, M. Monthioux, and J.J. Gonzalez, Potentialités des procédés PECVD et Plasmas d'arc pour la synthèse de nanotubes et nanofibres de carbone. ed: Mottin, S. ed. 2006, Université de Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, France: " in Plasmas Froids ". 325 - 382.

CO-N-9 Mlayah, A., J. Groenen, Resonant scattering in quantum dots in : Topics in Applied Physics, Light scattering in solids, vol IX, ed : M. Cardona, R. Merlin, Springer, Berlin, 2006, pp 237-314.

CO-N-10 Monthioux, M., C. Laurent, M. Razafinimanana, P. Serp, E. Flahaut, J.M. Broto, and W. Bacsa, Synthesis, Description and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes. B. Bhushan (Springer Janvier 2004- XXXVI, 1222P. 972 Illus in Color 71 Tabs. ed. 2006: Springer. 1222.

CO-N-11 Monthioux, M., P. Serp, E. Flahaut, M. Razafinimanana, C. Laurent, A. Peigney, W. Bacsa, and J. Broto, Introduction to

carbon nanotubes, in in Nanotechnology Handbook, e.B. Bhushan, Editor. 2006, 2nd Edtion revised Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Allemagne. p. 43 - 112.

CO-N-12 Schamm, S., G. Scarel, and M. Fanciulli, Local Structure composition and electronic properties of rare earth oxides thin films studied using advances transmission electron microscopy techniques (TEM - EELS). 2006, in Topics in Applied Physics: Heidelberg. p. 153 - 177.

CO-N-13 Balty, J., A. Bouquillon, D. Chabanne, C. Mirguet, D. Schaad, P. Sciau, and C. Servelle, Les Bustes Impériaux en Sigillée. Ed: De la Fédération Aquitania 2007 ed. Condatomagos une agglomération de confluent en territoire rutène (dir: Schaad, D.), ed. L. Graufesenque. Vol. Vol I. 2007, Millau, France. 241 -260.

CO-N-14 Sciau, P., C. Dejoie, S. Relaix, and P. De Parseval, Les Engobes d'un point de vue Physico- Chimique. Ed: de la fédération Aquitania 2007- (ISBN 2-910763-10-2). ed. Sigillées lisses et autres productions (dir: Genin, M., ed. L. Graufesenque. Vol. II. 2007, Millau, France. 20 -33.

CO-N-15 Sciau, P., C. Mirguet, A. Bouquillon, and D. Chabanne, Analyses des fragments des bustes, ed. D.l. Graufesenque. Vol. I (Condatomagos une agglomération de confluent en territoire rutène). 2007, (Millau,Aveyron): Dir. D. Schaad, édition de la fédération Aquitania. 248 -254.

CO-N-16 Houdellier, F., M.J. Hÿtch, F. Hüe, and E. Snoeck, Aberration correction with the SACTEM-Toulouse: from imaging to diffraction. 2008 ed, ed. i.A.i.I.a.E. Physics. Vol. 153; Chapter 6. 2008, Amsterdam, Hollande: ed P. Hawkes (Elsevier). 1 - 36.

115

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS – GNS TEAM – 2005-2008

CO-G-1 Dujardin, E. and S. Mann, Synthesis and Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Using Bio-derived Templates, in Nanobiotechnology II, W.-V. Weinheim, Editor. 2007, C. A. Mirkin and C.M. Niemeyer, Editors. p. 39 - 58.

CO-G-2 Gauthier, S., Les Orbitales moléculaires révélées, in “Voir l’invisible”. 2007. eds Omniscience.

CO-G-3 Gourdon, A., L’engrenage moléculaire, in “Voir l’invisible”. 2007: eds Omniscience.

CO-G-4 Rapenne, G., A. Carella, A., Vives, G., Synthesis of substituted indazoles and their trisindazolylborate tripodal derivatives as building blocks for the preparation of molecular rotary motors, in Targets in heterocyclic systems, chemistry and properties Volume 11, O. Attanasi et D. Spinelli Eds, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007, 244-257.

117

INVITED INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES – MC2 TEAM – 2005-2008

Note : this is a restricted list among all the conferences in which CEMES members participate. We list here only international conferences for which we received a specific and nominal invitation. Internal Workshops part of a collaboration program are not listed either.

Year 2005

MCI 1. Caillard, D. In situ studies of glide mechanisms in hcp metals and alloys. in International Symposium on Characterization of real Materials and Real Processing by Transmission Electron Microscopy. 2005. Nagoya University, Japon.

MCI 2. Caillard, D. Dislocations and Mechanical properties of AIPdMn quasicrystals. in X th International Conference on Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science. 2005. Kasteel Vaalsbroek, Hollande.

MCI 3. Casanove, M.J. Contribution of Transmission Electron Microscopy to the study of nanomaterials for electronics. in PREMME Meeting. 2005. Errachidia, Maroc.

MCI 4. Coujou, A., Application of the structural analysis to aeronautic industry in French Crystallographic Association Meeting, 2006, Toulouse, France

MCI 5. Couret, A. Creep of industrial TiAl alloys at 750°C. in International TiAl workshop. 2005. Shenyang, Chine.

MCI 6. Dennler, S., J. Hafner, M. Marsman, and J. Morillo. Magnetic doping of the surfaces of 4d-transition metals.A case study for Co/Rh(111). in DYNASYNC Workshop. 2005. Raach am Hochgebirge, Autriche.

MCI 7. Legros, M. In Situ TEM Study of Plastic Relaxation Mechanisms in Metallic Films. Materials Research Society. 2005. san Francisco, USA.

MCI 8. Legros, M. In Situ TEM monitoring of dislocations mechanisms in thin metallic films. in International Conference on fracture XI. 2005. Turin, Italie.

MCI 9. Legros, M. Evolution of the dislocation structures in fatigued Si single crystals. in Conference international in Plasticity. 2005. Hawaii, USA.

MCI 10. Snoeck, E., C. Gatel, R. Serra, J.B. Moussy, and M. Gauthier Soyer. Experimental evidence of the spin-dependence of electrons reflections in magnetic multilayers. in E-MRS 2005. 2005. Strasbourg, France.

Year 2006

MCI 11. Caillard, D. Dislocation mobilities and interaction with point defects. in Winter Scholl on Structural Defects in Ordered Alloys And Intermetallics- Characterization and Modelling. 2006. Bonascre, France.

MCI 12. Couret, A., Microstructure and mechanical properties of lamellar TiAl alloys. International workshop on �TiAl technologies, Bamberg, Allemagne, 29-31 mai 2006.

MCI 13. Couret, A. Microstructure and deformation spreading in lamellar TiA1 alloys. in THERMEC 2006; International Conference on processing and Manufacturing of Advanced. 2006. Vancouver, Canada.

MCI 14. Couzinié, J., B. Décamps, F. Pettinari-Sturmel, L. Boulanger, and N. Clément. In Situ transmission electron microscopy study of " dislocations/grain boundary" interactions in copper. in 16 th International Microscopy Congress. 2006. Sapporo, Japon.

MCI 15. Galy, J. and P. Rozier. Spark Plasma sintering - Structure/Electric properties relationships of the series of anionic conductors M2/3[Bi12O14](MoO4)5 with M= Bi, Pb, Ln. in 12a- Réunion Cientifica Plenaria de Quimica

118

Inorganica,6a - Réunion Cientifica Plenaria De Quimica del estado Solido. 2006. Barcelone, Espagne.

MCI 16. Legros, M. In situ TEM monitoring of deformation processesd at the nanoscale. In Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials II. in ECI. 2006. Beijing, Chine.

MCI 17. Legros, M. Fatigue of single crystalline silicon: Mechanical behaviour and dislocation structures. in Internationa conferenced on t(he strength of metals and alloys (ICSMA). 2006. Xi' An, Chine.

MCI 18. Legros, M. In Situ TEM Study of confined Deformation Processes. in MRS. 2006. Boston, USA.

MCI 19. Pettinari-Sturmel, F., S. Raujol, J. Douin, A. Coujou, and N. Clement. The way the dislocations propagate in some metallic alloys. in Conférence physics and Materials. 2006. Zürich, Suisse.

Year 2007

MCI 20. Casanove, M. TEM analysis of electronic devices: from structure to properties. in NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Smart Materials for Energy, Communications and Security. 2007. Marrakech, Maroc.

MCI 21. Douin, J. Stress field around precipitates : from direct measurement to mechanical properties, in French-Berkeley Workshop on Electron Microscopy. 2007. Berkeley, USA.

MCI 22. Galy, J. Unusual use of Spark Plasma Technique: Flash synthesis of copper ans silver vanadium mixed valence oxides. in 7 th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PACRIM 7). 2007. Shangai, Chine.

MCI 23. Legros, M. In Situ TEM dynamic observations of plastic relaxation mechanisms in thin and nano-crystallyzed Al and Al(Si)/SiO2 metallic films ICCE 15. 2007. Haiku, Chine.

MCI 24. Legros, M. In Situ TEM Investigations of thin films. Small Scale Plasticity

international workshop 2007. Braunwald, Suisse.

MCI 25. Vanderschaeve, G. Dislocation microstructures in compound semiconductors deformed under concentrated load and the influence of light illumination. in Third International Indentation Workshop (IIW3). 2007.

Year 2008

MCI 26. Caillard, D. Dislocations in AIPdMn quasicrystals: contrast in TEM and Physical properties. in 14 th European Microscopy Congress (EMC 2008). 2008. Aachen, Allemagne.

MCI 27. Coujou, A., Micro and nano deformation mechanisms of high temperature alloys in International Symposium on composites and aircraft materials, 2008, Agadir, Marocco

MCI 28. Coujou, A., Deformation mechanisms of aeronautic alloys in French-Canadian conference on aeronautic materials, 2008, Montréal, Canada

MCI 29. Couret, A. Development of TiA1 alloys by Spark Plasma Sintering. in MRS 2008, Symposium on Advanced Intermetallic-Based alloys for Extreme Environment and Energy Applications. 2008. Boston, USA.

MCI 30. Galy, J. Lone pair stereo-activity versus anionic conductivity. Columnar structures in the Bi2O3-MoO3 system. in Solid state chemistry Gordon Research Conference, Colby-Sawyer College New London. 2008. New London, USA.

MCI 31. Legros, M. How metallic thin films on substrate accommodate or resist plastic deformation Dislocations 2008. 2008. Hong-Kong, Chine.

MCI 32. Ponchet, A., C. Gatel, M.J. Casanove, C. Roucau, and A. Rocher. Interests and limits of some transmission electron microscopy approaches. in European school Nanostress, 2008, Cargèse, France.

  119

INVITED INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES – nMAT TEAM – 2005-2008

Note  :  this  is a  restricted  list among all  the conferences  in which CEMES members participate. We  list here  only  international  conferences  for which we  received  a  specific  and  nominal  invitation.  Internal Workshops part of a collaboration program are not listed either.

Year 2005

CII-1 Agez, G., E. Louvergneaux, P. Glorieux, C. Szwaj, and M. Taki. 2D noise-sustained structures in optics: Experiments and theory. in Second Rio De La PLata Conference on Chaos, Pattern Formation in non linear Optics. 2005. Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay.

CII-2 Arbouet, A., R. Freydier, F. Poitrasson, B. Dupré, F. Candaudap, and B. Chatel. Effect of pulse duration in femtosecond laser ablation based chemical analysis. in Ultrafast Optics. 2005. Nara, Japon.

CII-3 Benassayag, G., M. Shalchian, J. Grisolia, C. Bonafos, S.M. Atarodi, and A. Claverie. From continuous to quantized charging phenomena in few nanocrystals MOS structures. in Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology (GADEST). 2005. Giens, France.

CII-4 Cabié, M., G. Benassayag, A. Rocher, A. Ponchet, J. Hartmann, and F. Fournel. TEM measurement of the epitaxial stress of Si/SiGe lamellas prepared by FIB. in Conférence Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials MSM XIV. 2005. Oxford.

CII-5 Genevieve, M., C. Thibault, C. Vieu, R. Carles, A. Zwick, and E. Lalo. Solft lithography and self assembly: directed assembly of nanoparticules. in European Workshop on Nanopatterning. 2005. Cargèse, Italie.

CII-6 Hÿtch, M. Measuring stress and strain at the nanoscale by aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy. in XII International Conference on Electron Microscopy of Solids (EM'2005). 2005. Kazimierz, Pologne.

CII-7 Hÿtch, M. Measurement of stress and strain

by quantitative HREM. in Workshop on advanced methods for interpretation of TEM, X-ray and SIMS measurements in nano and atomic scale, Institute of Physiks. 2005. Varsovie, Pologne.

CII-8 Hÿtch, M. Measuring stress and strain at the nanoscale by aberration corrected HREM, (MSC 2005) McMaster University. in Hamilton, Canada. 2005.

CII-9 Mitov, M. Polymer-based cholesteric liquid crystals as photonic broadband gaps: optical and electro-optical properties. in European Polymer Congress. 2005. Moscou, Russie.

CII-10 Mittal, J., M. Monthioux, V. Serin, and J.P. Cleuziou. UV photolysis: an alternative for the synthesis of hybrid carbon nanotubes. in Joint French - Chinese Worskshop on Carbon Materials. 2005. Orléans, France.

CII-11 Monmayrant, A., A. Arbouet, B. Girard, B. Chatel, A. Barman, B.J. Witaker, and D. Kaplan. Optimization of NOPA output pulse shaping using an AOPDF with dispersion self-correction. in Confrence on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe. 2005. Baltimore, USA.

CII-12 Monthioux, M. Hybrid carbon nanotubes: the example of nano-peapods. in International Conference on Carbon ''Carbon'05''. 2005. Gyeongju, Korea.

CII-13 Monthioux, M., J. Mittal, E. Frackowiak, and G. Lota. Hybrid carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor applications. in Joint French-Korean Colloquium on Carbon Materials. 2005. Daejeon, Korea.

CII-14 Schamm, S. Local structure, composition and electronic properties of rare earth oxides studied using ultra-microscopy techniques(TEM-EELS). in ESF Exploratory

  120

Workshop on "Rare earth oxide thin films: growth, characterization and applications". 2005. San Remo, Italie.

CII-15 Snoeck, E., C. Gatel, R. Serra, J.B. Moussy, and M. Gauthier Soyer. Experimental evidence of the spin-dependence of electrons reflections in magnetic multilayers. in E-MRS 2005. 2005. Strasbourg, France.

CII-16 Warot-Fonrose, B., A. Traverse, L. Calmels, V. Serin, and E. Snoeck. White line ratio for magnetic property studies. in Conference Internationale EDGE-2005. 2005. Grundlsee, Autriche.

Year 2006

CII-17 Bibes, M., H. Béa, M. Gajek, S. Fusil, K. Bouzehouane, M. Sirena, G. Herranz, B. Warot-Fonrose, P. Bencok, E. Jacquet, et al. Magnetic and electrical properties of BiFe03 thin films. in International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics. 2006. Honolulu, USA.

CII-18 Bonafos, C., S. Schamm, H. Coffin, N. Cherkashin, G. Ben Assayag, A. Claverie, P. Dimitrakis, P. Normand, V. Paillard, and M. Carrada. Self-limited oxidation of Si nanocrystals generated by ultra-low-energy ion-beam-synthesis in SiO2 thin films. in WODIM 2006. 2006. Sanat Tecla, Catania, Italie.

CII-19 Claverie, A., C. Bonafos, G. Benassayag, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, V. Paillard, P. Dimitrakis, E. Kapetenakis, T. Tsoukalas, B. Müller, et al. Materials science issues for the fabrication of nanocrystal memory devices by ultra low energy ion implantation. in 2nd

International Conference on Diffusion in Solids and Liquids. 2006. Aveiro, Portugal.

CII-20 Claverie, A., C. Bonafos, G. Benassayag, S. Schamm, N. Cherkashin, V. Paillard, P. Dimitrakis, E. Kapetenakis, D. Tsoukalas, T. Muller, et al. Si nanocrystals in SiO2: from non volatile memories to quantized charging phenomena. in NANOMAT 2006 International Workshop on Nanostructured Materials Resort Dedeman & Conference center. 2006. Antalya

CII-21 Cristiano, F., S. Boninelli, N. Cherkashin, Y. Lamrani, M. Gavelle, F. Severac, O. Marcelot, A. Claverie, W. Lerch, S. Paul, et

al. Extended defects and dopant diffusion/activation anomalies in ultra-shallow junctions. in MRS 06. 2006. San Francisco, USA.

CII-22 Cristiano, F., Y. Lamrani, F. Severac, M. Gavelle, N. Boninelli, N. Cherkashin, O. Marcelot, A. Claverie, W. Lerch, S. Paul, et al. Defects evolution and dopant activation anomalies in ion implanted silicon. in E-MRS 06. 2006. Nice, France.

CII-23 Genevieve, M.V., C.Carles, R.Zwick, A.Brière, G.Salome, L.Trevisol, E. Biofunctionalization of gold nanoparticles and their spectral properties. in 32 nd

International Conference on Micro-Micro-and NanoEngineering. 2006. Barcelone, Espagne.

CII-24 Hytch, M. Information content in aberration corrected HRTEM images. in Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006, Festival Hall Conventional and non conventional use of aberration correction with the SACTEM-Toulouse. 2006. Chicago, USA.

CII-25 Monthioux, M. and E. Flahaut. Introduction to hybrid carbon nanotubes. in International Workshop ChemOnTubes, Conférence Plénière. 2006. Arcachon, France.

CII-26 Serin, V., L. Calmels, B. Warot-Fonrose, and E. Snoeck. Probing local magnetic properties of nanostuctures using EELS. in DFTEM 2006. 2006. Vienne, Autriche.

CII-27 Snoeck, E., F. Houdellier, N. Cherkashin, M. Hÿtch, A. Claverie, J. Hartmann, and Y. Bogumilowic. Quantitative local strain and composition measured by High Resolution Electron Holography in epitaxial strained layers. in 16th International Microscopy Congress IMC16. 2006. Sapporo, Japon.

CII-28 Warot-Fonrose, B. and F. Houdellier. Thickness Measurements in a Cs Corrected Microscope Using EELS and CBED. in IMC 16. 2006. Sapporo, Japon.

CII-29 Warot-Fonrose, B., L. Calmels, V. Serin, M.J. Hÿtch, and E. Snoeck. Accurate angular resolved EELS using the energy spectrum imaging technique. in Conference International DFTEM 2006. 2006. Vienne, Autriche.

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Year 2007

CII-30 Arbouet, A., V. Paillard, G. Benassayag, C. Bonafos, S. Schamm, C. Dumas, J. Grisolia, M.A.F. Van Den Boogaart, J. Brugger, P. Normand, et al. Tuning size and number of nanocrystals in Si based nano-scale electronic devices. in EMRS Spring meeting, Symposium B. 2007. Strasbourg, France.

CII-31 Barhélémy, A., H. Béa, M. Gajek, M. Bibes, S. Fusil, K. Bouzehouane, B. Warot-Fonrose, S. Chérifi, G. Herranz, E. Jacquet, et al. Spintronics with multiferroics. in Intermag 2007. 2007. Baltimore, USA.

CII-32 Barhélémy, A., H. Béa, M. Gajek, M. Bibes, S. Fusil, K. Bouzehouane, B. Warot-Fonrose, R. Mattana, E. Jacquet, C. Deranlot, et al. Spintronics with Multiferroics. in MRS conference. 2007. Boston, USA.

CII-33 Burgin, J., A. Arbouet, P. Langot, J. Margueritat, A. Mlayah, F. Vallée, J. Gonzalo, C.N. Afonso, M. Rossell, and G. Van Tendeloo. Acoustic vibrations and electron -lattice coupling in self-assembled silver nanocolumns. in COLA 2007, 9th

International Conference on Laser Ablation. 2007. Tenerife, Espagne.

CII-34 Burgin, J., A. Arbouet, P. Langot, J. Margueritat, A. Mlayah, F. Vallée, J. Gonzalo, C.N. Afonso, M. Rossell, and G. Van Tendeloo. Acoustic mode vibration and electron-phonon coupling in silver nanocolumns produced by laser deposition. in Phonons 2007. 2007. Paris, France.

CII-35 Chassaing, P.M., F. Demangeot, V. Paillard, A. Zwick, N. Combe, C. Pagès, M.L. Kahn, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret. Vibrational properties of zinc oxyde nanoparticles surrounded by organic molecules. in Phonons 2007. 2007. Paris, France: Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

CII-36 Chassaing, P., F. Demangeot, V. Paillard, A. Zwick, N. Combe, C. Pages, L. Kahn, A. Maisonnat, and B. Chaudret, Surface optical phonons in cylindrical ZnO nanoparticles: dielectric effect of outer medium. Conference Information Phonon 2007, 2007. 92: p. N° Art: 012165.

CII-37 Chorro, M., J. Cambedouzou, A. Delhey, A.

Iwazievicz-Wagnig, L. Noé, S. Rols, M. Monthioux, B. Sundqvist, and P. Launois. Combined effects of fullerene shape and extreme conditions on the structure of carbon peapods. in 7 th International Conference " NanoteC'07"; University of Sussex. 2007. Brighton, UK.

CII-38 Claverie, A. Silicon precipitation in silicon. in French-Berkeley Workshop on Electron Microscopy. 2007. Berkeley, USA.

CII-39 Cleuziou, J., W. Wernsdorfer, V. Bouchiat, T. Ondarçuhu, and M. Monthioux. Carbon nanotube superconducting quantum interference device. in XXIst International Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials: Molecular Structures. 2007. Kirschberg, Autriche.

CII-40 Dexpert-Ghys, J., J. Caiut, H. Dexpert, M. Verelst, Y. Messaddeq, and S. Ribeiro. Nanocomposite Luminescent Materials Generated from a spray. in Conference " IV SNCS 2007" International Symposium on Non Crystalline Solids. 2007. Aracaju - SE, Brésil.

CII-41 Dexpert-Ghys, J., J. Caiut, H. Dexpert, M. Verelst, Y. Messaddeq, and S. Ribeiro. Nanocomposite Luminescent Materials Generated from a spray. in Workshop " Nano- France-Brésil 1 organisé à l'université de Brasilia. 2007. Brasilia, Brésil.

CII-42 Flahaut, E., J. Sloan, M.L. Green, and M. H.Monthioux. Hybrid nanotubes: Synthesis and characterization. in Isotopic and Molecular Processes Conference (PIM-2007). 2007. Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie.

CII-43 Hÿtch, M. New holographyc technique for measuring strain in nanostructures. in MRS fall meeting. 2007. Boston, USA.

CII-44 Hÿtch, M. Aberration corrected electron microscopy. in Dutch Microscopy Society Meeting (Plenary Lecture). 2007. Luteren, Allemagne.

CII-45 Hÿtch, M. Aberration corrected microscopy with the SACTEM-Toulouse: from fibre optics to transistors. in Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science (FEMMS 2007). 2007. Sonoma Valley, California.

CII-46 Hÿtch, M. Applications of aberration

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correction: from imaging to diffraction. in Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007. 2007. Fort Lauderdale, USA.

CII-47 Hÿtch, M. Aberration correction: what kind of a revolution? in Workshop France-NCEM Laurence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2007. Berkeley, USA.

CII-48 Mitov, M., N. Dessaud, and S. Relaix. Going beyond the reflectance limit of cholesteric liquid crystals. in SPIE (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers); Optics and Optoelectronics 2007. 2007. Prague, République Tchèque.

CII-49 Mitov, M., N. Dessaud, and S. Relaix. Going beyond the reflectance limit of cholesteric liquid crystals. in OLC 2007, (12th Int. Topical Meeting on Optics of Liquid Crystals). 2007. Puebla, Mexique.

CII-50 Monthioux, M. Have meta-nanotubes any potential ability for hydrogen storage? in 4 th Brazilian Congress on carbon (Carbono-2007). 2007. Gramado, Brésil.

CII-51 Monthioux, M. Is there a future for carbon nanotubes in composites? in International Conference on Carbon Composites. 2007. Arcachon, France.

CII-52 Schattschneider, P., S. Rubino, M. Stoeger-Pollach, C. Hebert, J. Rusz, L. Calmels, B. Warot-Fonrose, F. Houdellier, V. Serin, and P. Novak. EMCD: Magnetic Chiral Dichroism in the Electron Microscope. in MRS Conference. 2007. Boston, USA.

CII-53 Serin, V., F. Houdellier, B. Warot-Fonrose, L. Calmels, M. Stöger-Pollach, C. Hébert, S. Rubino, P. Schattschneider, J. Rusz, P. Novak, et al. State of the art in Energy Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroïsm (EMCD). in Conference Microscopy and Microanalysis in Fort Lauderdale, USA. 2007. Florida, USA.

CII-54 Serin, V., L. Calmels, R. Serra, B. Warot-Fonrose, F. Houdellier, C. Colliex, M. Varela, and E. Snoeck. EELS and ab-initio simulations to study magnetic devices. in Microscopy Conference MC2007. 2007. Saarbrücken, Allemagne.

CII-55 Verelst, M. Electrochemical synthesis of nanoparticles. in IV International Symposium on Non-Cristalline Solids. 2007.

Aracaju, Sergipe, Brésil.

CII-56 Warot-Fonrose, B., F. Houdellier, C. Gatel, L. Calmels, V. Serin, P. Schattschneider, M. Hÿtch, and E. Snoeck. New electron Energy Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroïsm (EMCD) configuration using an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. in MRS Conference. 2007. Boston, USA.

Year 2008

CII-57 Agez, G., P. Glorieux, M. Taki, and E. Louvergneaux. Superlattices and quasicrystals noise sustained patterns. in International Liquid Crystal Conference. 2008. South Korea.

CII-58 Arbouet, A., J. Burgin, P. Langot, N. Del Fatti, F. Vallée, J. Margueritat, C.N. Afonso, and J. Gonzalo. Femtosecond investigation of electron l electron-lattice thermalization and acoustic vibrations in metal nanoparticles. in IFES. 2008. Rouen, France.

CII-59 Claverie, A., O. Marcelot, and H. Jaouen. Strengths and limitations of the Vacancy Engineering Approach for the Control of Dopant Diffusion and Activation in Silicon. in MRS 2008. 2008. San Francisco, USA.

CII-60 Claverie, A., C. Bonafos, and M. Fanciulli. Materials science issues for the fabrication of nanocrystal memory devices by ultra low energy ion implantation. in E-MRS 2008 Symposium H: Materials and emerging technologies for non-volatile -memory devices. 2008. Strasbourg, France.

CII-61 Hawkes, P.H. Aberration correction past and present. in communication d'ouverture de la Royal Society. 2008. Londres, UK: New possibilities with aberration corrected electron microscopy.

CII-62 Houdellier, F., M.J. Hÿtch, F. Hüe, and E. Snoeck. Strain determination by dark-field electron holograph. in 14 th European Microscopy Congress. 2008. Heidelberg, Allemagne: Springer.

CII-63 Hüe, F., F. Houdellier, E. Snoeck, V. Destefanis, J.M. Hartmann, H. Bender, A. Claverie, and M.J. Hÿtch, Strain measurements in electronic devices by aberration-corrected HRTEM and dark-field

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holography. 14th Europ. Microscopy Congress, EMC 2008, Aachen, Germany.

CII-64 Hÿtch, M. Geometric phase and the electron microscope (FEI-EMA acceptance speech) New holographic technique for measuring strain in nanostructures. in European Microscopy Congress (EMC 2008) Aachen Eurogress. 2008. Aachen.

CII-65 Hÿtch, M. Measuring strain in nanostructures by electron holography. in XIII International Conference on Electron Microscopy(EM'2008). 2008. Zakopane.

CII-66 Hÿtch, M. Measuring strain by electron holography. in SCANDEM 60th meeting of the Nordic Microscopy Society. 2008. Copenhague, Danemark.

CII-67 Hÿtch, M., E. Snoeck, F. Houdellier, F. Hue, G. Benassayag, and A. Claverie. New method for quantitative strain mapping at the nanoscale in electronic devices. in E-MRS 2008. 2008. Strasbourg, France.

CII-68 Marcelot, O., A. Claverie, D. Alquier, F. Cayrel, W. Lerch, S. Paul, L. Rubin, V. Raineri, F. Giannazzo, and H. Jaouen. Is the Vacancy Engineering Approach suitable for the Control Dopant Diffusion and Activation in Silicon. in 213 th ECS Meeting Phoenix AZ. 2008. Phoenix, USA.

CII-69 Mitov, M., N. Dessaud, and S. Relaix. Cholesteric liquid crystals gels with a double-handed circularly polarized light reflection band. in Int. Conf.on Polymer Blends, Composites, IPNs, membranes, poly-electrolytes and gels: macro to nano scales. 2008. Kottayam, Inde.

CII-70 Monthioux, M., D. Golberg, A. Pénicaud, M. Prato, P. Serp, and J. Sloan. Meta-nanotubes: the new generation of carbon nanotubes. in Wordl Conference on Carbon " Carbon 08". 2008. Nagano, Japon.

CII-71 Schamm, S., P.E. Coulon, S. Miao, S.N. Volkos, L.H. Lu, L. Lamagna, C. Wiener, D. Tsoutsou, G. Scarel, and M. Fanciulli. ALD-grown Rare Earth Oxides for Advanced Gate Stacks: Chemical / Structural nanocharacterisation and electrical properties of La2O3 /Si and Lu2O3 /Si stacks. in ECS 2008. 2008. Phoenix, USA.

CII-72 Snoeck, E., B. Warot-Fonrose, C. Gatel, L. Calmels, V. Serin, F. Houdellier, and M. Hÿtch. Local magnetic measurements in a TEM. in EM 2008. 2008. Zakopane, Pologne.

CII-73 Snoeck, E., M.J. Hÿtch, F. Houdellier, C. Gatel, F. Hüe, and M.J. Casanove. Applications of Cs corrected TEM. in Royal Society Meeting " New possibilities with aberration corrected electron Microscopy. 2008. Londres, UK.

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INVITED INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES – GNS TEAM – 2005-2008

Note : this is a restricted list among all the conferences in which CEMES members participate. We list here only international conferences for which we received a specific and nominal invitation. Internal Workshops part of a collaboration program are not listed either.

Year 2005

CI-G-1 Bouju, X. Modélisation et simulation de la manipulation contrôlée d'une machine moléculaire. in Conférence Internationale de Modélisation Moléculaire. 2005. Casablanca, Maroc.

CI-G-2 Bouju, X. Manipulations of single molecule with an STM: Mechanics and Simulations. in 87 th International Bunsen Discussion Meeting. 2005. Tutzing, Allemagne.

CI-G-3 Bouju, X., M. Alemani, C. Wang, L. Gross, F. Moresco, C. Joachim, and K.-H. Rieder. Manipulation signal and intramolecular deformation of a 4-legs molecule during its STM manipulation on a Cu(211) surface. in Research conference Molecular Nano-Machines. 2005. Les Houches, France.

CI-G-4 Dujardin, E. and S. Mann. Morphosynthesis of molecular magnetic materials. in CERC3 Young Chemists Workshop. 2005. Baden-baden, Allemagne.

CI-G-5 Gauthier, S. Connecting and visiualising an individual molecule? in National conference on Nanoscale Science and Technology. 2005. Pékin, Chine.

CI-G-6 Gourdon, A. Molecular landers as prototypes of single molecular devices: Synthesis, Conformation, Conductance, Surface restructuring and Contact. in Dutch Molecular Electronics Workshop 2005. 2005. Leiden, Pays-Bas.

CI-G-7 Gourdon, A. Some bottom-up approaches in nanoscale surface patterning. in ESF Workshop on Surface Nanopatterning. 2005. Tirrenia, Italie.

CI-G-8 Gourdon, A. Towards monomolecular computing: single molecular devices. in 7th Engineering International Conference on Molecular-Scale Electronics. 2005. San-Diego, USA.

CI-G-9 Joachim, C. Electronic contact on a single molecular wire. in Symposium on Polymer and Molecular Electronics and Devices. 2005. Singapore.

CI-G-10 Joachim, C. Switching with a molecule in the 80'. in Molecular scale electronics VII. 2005. San Diego, USA.

CI-G-11 Joachim, C. Molecular machines and molecular electronics. in Convergencia Technologica-Scienca,Fondation Vodaphone. 2005. Alcala, Espagne.

CI-G-12 Joachim, C. and I. Duchemin. From classical to quantum mono-molecular electronics. in Molecular electronics VII. 2005. San Diego, USA.

CI-G-13 Joachim, C. Towards a molecular computer 35th European Solid state device research

conference. 12-16 Sept. 2005 Grenoble (France) CI-G-14 Joachim, C. From tunnel current calculation

to uni-molecular machines The Feynman Prize conference 27 Oct.- San Francisco (USA) 2005 CI-G-15 Joachim, C. De l’electronique moleculaire

aux nanomachines 1st International Congres in Molecular

modelisation 16-18th Nov. 2005 Casablanca (Maroc)

CI-G-16 Juan, M., C. Girard, and R. Quidant. Spectral and guiding properties of metal particle chains. in Second international conference on Surface Plasmon Photonics. 2005. Graz, Autriche.

CI-G-17 Rapenne, G. Nanomachines: Towards the control of the rotation at the molecular level. in Research Trends in Science & Technology. 2005. Université de Beyrouth, Liban.

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Year 2006

CI-G-18 Bouju, X. and C. Joachim. Numerical tools for local probe based methods: fom imaging to single molecule manipulation. in M4nano symposium. 2006. Madrid, Espagne.

CI-G-19 Goudeau, S., T. Zambelli, S. Gauthier, C. Joachim, and X. Bouju. Intramolecular mechanics of an adsorbed Lander molecule under a local probe tip: Atomistic simulations and implications for molecular manipulations. in International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology, (ICN+T 2006). 2006. Bâle, Suisse.

CI-G-20 Gourdon, A. Single Molecular Devices. in NSF Workshop on Molecular Electronics. 2006. Prague, République Tchèque.

CI-G-21 Gourdon, A. Molecular devices for single molecule STM experiments. in International Workshop on Quantum Measurement and Manipulation at the Molecular Scale (IWQ3MS). 2006. Hefei, Chine.

CI-G-22 Grill, L., G. Rapenne, X. Bouju, C. Joachim, K. Rieder, and F. Moresco. Rolling a "nano-wheel" by STM manipulation. in International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology (ICN+T 2006). 2006. Bâle, Suisse.

CI-G-23 Joachim, C. Towards uni-molecular machines at the nanoscale

CANEUS 2006 27 Aout – 1 Septembre 2006 (Toulouse) CI-G-24 Joachim, C. The Pico-Inside Project TNT 2006, 7 Septembre 2006 (Grenoble) CI-G-25 Ondarçuhu, T. Towards wetting at

nanometer scale. in " Nano and Microfluids" conference. 2006. Bad Nonnef, Allemagne.

Year 2007

CI-G-26 Bonvoisin, J. A Mixed-valent and magnetic ruthenium complex as a candidate for molecular calculator. in COST D35; Workshop "Switchable Molecular Materials". 2007. Groningen, The Netherlands.

CI-G-27 Dujardin, E. Graphene -based nanoelectronic:a pencil sketch for

integrated mono-molecular electronics. in 7 th Japan-France Workshop on Nanomaterials. 2007. Strasbourg, France.

CI-G-28 Gauthier, S. Visualising the orbitals of an adsorbed molecule. in Spanish Molecular Electronics Symposium. 2007. Toulouse, France.

CI-G-29 Gourdon, A. Single Molecular Devices. in Trends in Nanotechnology (TNT 2007). 2007. San Sébastian, Espagne.

CI-G-30 Joachim, C. Théorie et expériences avec une molécule-machine

2ieme Conf. Internationnale des Chimistes Théoriciens Marocains

22-24 Mars 2007, Errachidia (Maroc) CI-G-31 Joachim, C. Imaging Hyper-conjugation

phenomenon inside a molecule ICMAT 2007, Singapore 2 July 2007 CI-G-32 Joachim, C. Developing a surface atomic

scale technology for interconnecting a molecule-logic gate to N metallic electrodes

International 21 st Century COE Symposium on atomic fabrication technology 2007 (Osaka 15-17 0ctober 2007)

CI-G-33 Joachim, C. From single molecule device to

applications 21 st Conference Solvay de Chimie “From non covalent assemblies to molecular machines” Bruxelles 28 November- 1st December 2007

CI-G-34 Launay, J. How to tame individual molecules? in 1st ERA - Chemistry Flash Conference. 2007. Autrans, France.

CI-G-35 Launay, J. From Single Molecules to Practical Devices. in 21 st Solvay Conference on Chemistry " From Noncovalent Assemblies to Molecular Machines". 2007. Bruxelles, Belgique.

CI-G-36 Ondarçuhu, T. Carbon Nanotube superconducting quantum interference device. in International winter school: Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials (IWEPNM07) (Présentation JP Cleuziou). 2007. Kirchberg, Autriche.

CI-G-37 Rapenne, G. Design and synthesis of a family of molecular rotary motors. in 42 nd

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Conférence on stereochemistry. 2007. Bürgenstock, Suisse.

CI-G-38 Rapenne, G. Control of the rotation at the scale in technomimetic molecules. in Symposium on nanoscience and photoscience. 2007. Nara, Japon.

CI-G-39 Rapenne, G. A family of molecular motors based on aromatic building blocks. in ISNA - 12. 2007. Awaji, Japon.

Year 2008

CI-G-40 Aimé, J., C. Bernard, X. Bouju, and J. Sauvajol. Aquitaine Midi-Pyrénées, Languedo-Roussillon.A single network for three regions promoting nanoscience and nanotechnology in South-West of France. in NanoSpain 2008. 2008. Braga, Portugal.

CI-G-41 Dujardin, E. Graphene -based nanoelectronics. in French-American Young Engineering Scientists Symposium. 2008. Washington DC, USA.

CI-G-42 Gauthier, S., M.A. Venegas de la Cerda, J. Abad, and D. Martrou. Evidence for tip structural reversible transformations during NC-AFM imaging on KBr(101). in NCAFM 2008. 2008. Madrid, Espagne.

CI-G-43 Gourdon, A. Molecular devices for Single Molecule STM Experiments. in Nanospain 2008. 2008. Braga, Portugal.

CI-G-44 Gourdon, A. Single Molecular Devices. in Electronic Structure and Processes at Molecular-Based Interfaces (ESPMI IV). 2008. Princeton, USA.

CI-G-45 Joachim, C. The design of molecule logic gates. MANA Internat Symposium (200 participants)

Tsukuba 10-14 March 2008. CI-G-46 Joachim, C. Towards Uni-molecular

machines. Temasek Junior College Science conference

25 Avril 2008 (Singapore) CI-G-47 Joachim, C. Mono-Molecular Electronics Nanotech Northern Europ 2008 Copenhagen, 23-25 Sept. 2008 CI-G-48 Joachim, C. Toward molecule Machines

The Palais Thott Conferences Copenhagen, 23 Sept. 2008

CI-G-49 Joachim, C. Quantum molecule logic gates 9th International Conference on Molecular Electronics Kaaui, Hawaii, 12-15 Dec. 2008

CI-G-50 Niemi, E., O. Guillermet, S. Nagarajan, X. Bouju, D. Martrou, A. Gourdon, and S. Gauthier. Autoassembly of pentagonal buckybowl molecules on a six-fold symmetry surface. in Frontiers Bio-Nano Winter School 2008. 2008. Zermatt, Suisse.

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ANNEX 1

Teaching and formation by research, information, scientific and technical culture

In blue : CEMES members A1.1. Formation by research, teaching activities linked to research

Faculty members (Maîtres de Conférences and Professeurs) accomplish their teaching requirements in a number of different themes corresponding generally to their specialized profiles : general physics including electromagnetism, optics, mechanics… general chemistry, molecular chemistry and solid state chemistry, and also materials science. The complete list of all delivered courses is too long to be given here, and we focus below only on specific responsibilities or teaching at the master 2 level. It should be also mentioned that several CNRS researchers (Chargés de Recherches and Directeurs de Recherches) perform also some teaching, as well as some engineers. Important and general responsibilities before the master 2 level

- Responsibilty of “Licence 2nd year” in Physics, 100 students, 50 faculty members : P. Puech

- Responsibility of “Master 1st year” in Fundamental Physics, 25 students : V. Paillard

- Responsibility of ERASMUS and international exchanges : G. Rapenne

- Responsibility of the search committees in physics (new system, 2009) : V. Serin

- Vice-director of “Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Matière” : A. Coujou

- Coordinator of Pôle Sciences de la Matière for Université Paul Sabatier (12 laboratories) : J.-P. Launay

- Writing of General University books : « Electromagnétisme du vide et des milieux matériels » (J.-Ph. Perez, R. Carles, R. Fleckinger, Dunod 2008), « Quantique : fondements et applications » (J.-Ph. Perez, R. Carles, O. Pujol, De Boeck 2009), « Physique : une introduction » (several authors including P. Puech, De Boeck, 2008) Master 2 courses

The main contributions occur in the following five masters :

Master « Nanosciences, Nanocomposants,

Nanomesures (3N) ». This master corresponds to

the main topic of CEMES, and was originated from our Laboratory. General responsibility of the Master : R. Coratger. Several members of CEMES are involved in teaching : R. Coratger, Physics and Chemistry of surfaces (20 h) ; C. Joachim, Quantum resources (20 h) ; G. Benassayag, Nanotechnology and self-assembly (10 h) ; H. Tang, Image simulations (6 h); L. Calmels, Modélisation des propriétés physiques (7h).

Master « Materials » : Electrical properties of materials, Glasses, Crystallography : P. Rozier (104 h), Mechanical properties : A. Coujou (35 h) ; Master Erasmus Mundus «Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion» P. Rozier (46 h), Master «Physique de la matière» : Nanomagnetism : L. Calmels (10h), B. Warot (10h).

Master « Molecular Chemistry ». Module

« Electron Transfer and Molecular Electronics ». Responsibility : G. Rapenne, with two courses given by CEMES members : G. Rapenne, Photoinduced electron transfer and molecular electronics (8 h) and J. Bonvoisin, Theory of inter- and intra-molecular electron transfer (6 h). Master Professionnel « Ingéniérie de la Matière : Modélisation des Processus Physiques » : Finite Elements Methods : L. Durand, (40 h) ; Infography and optimization , P. Puech (38 h) ; DFT, J. Morillo (20 h) ; C language, N. Combe (20 h). Master Professionnel « Materials for Aeronautics » : Deformation mechanisms of Alloys : A. Coujou (16 h) We contribute also to Nanomagnetism in « Physique de la Matière » (B. Warot, 10 h), and to master 2 courses outside Toulouse : Electron Microscopy at Université de Pau (M. Monthioux, 5 h), Heritage Materials at University of Bordeaux (P. Sciau, 6 h). Engineer Schools

ISAE (SupAero part), The french Aeronautics and Space School. CEMES has the responsibility of « Majeure » Nanosciences (C. Joachim), and provides several contributions : History of Physics, Quantum Physics, (C. Joachim, 50 h), Mesoscopic Physics (X. Bouju, 19 h), Physics and Nanosciences

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(C. Girard,17 h), Solid state physics (R. Carles, 15 h)

INSA, ISAE (ENSICA), ENSIACET, CNAM,

UPS : CAD, numerical models, rapid prototyping (L. Guiraud, 130 h)

INSA, Master of Physics : New Materials for

Electronics (A. Claverie, 10 h), ENAC : Digital memories (A. Claverie, 5 h)

We deliver also courses in CESI Toulouse

(Mechanics, A. Coujou, 45 h), in CNAM Toulouse (NMR and structure determinations : G. Rapenne, 24 h), in Ecole Sup Commerce Toulouse : (Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, X. Bouju, 9 h), in ISAE-ENSICA (non-destructive testing, photoelasticity, analog electronics, G. Seine, 55 h), in Cycle préparatoire Polytechnique de Toulouse (Optics, P. Puech,12 h), and Ecole d’Ingénieur of Sceaux (EPF) (Plasticity, J. Douin : 30 h) High-level teaching for researchers, International schools, CNRS schools

Several NSTI Nanoimpact workshops (Houston, Boston, Santa Clara…) : W. Bacsa, C Nanotubes, Nanoscale photonics

CNRS Schools : « Electronic Structure and Material Science », and « Theory of Crystal Elasticity » : J. Morillo

“Internal stresses in materials for electronic properties”, org. by A. Ponchet, H. Tang, J. Groenen, A. Rocher, with lectures by J. Morillo, M. Legros, C. Roucau, J. Groenen., sept 2005.

“Transmission Electron Microscopy”, at CEMES, org. by F. Houdellier, F. Mompiou, teaching by them, and J. Douin, E. Snoeck, M. Hytch, B. Warot, C. Gatel and S. Joulié, 22-24 april 2009.

Organization of the European School « Quantitative Electron Microscopy » (QEM 2009), 100 participants from 18 countries : E. Snoeck

Several courses on Microscopy, Electron Losses and Magnetism, in various places : Constanta, Romania, Toulouse, Barcelona,…B. Warot A1.2. Science festivals (« Fête de la Science »), expositions, interaction with secondary schools

Participation to Science Festival, in autumn, every two years (in 2005 and 2007). In 2005, it coincided with the “Mondial Year of Physics”. There was a strong implication of CEMES in the overall organization for Midi-Pyrénées (A. Rocher, E. Philippot). Visits of the laboratory with stands, demonstrations,

conferences, …by scholars (more than 500) and general public (about 600).

Participation to « Exposciences » and Science Animation of the Center for Scientific, Technical and Industrial Culture of Midi-Pyrénées (E. Philippot)

Partnership with Rectorat of Toulouse for the organization of formation sessions for High School teachers on modern research themes. (E. Philippot)

Conferences in High Schools (Lycées) : In the frame of Université des Lycéens (Mission Agrobiosciences) : Cycle of conferences on « Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, quelles limites, quelle éthique ? » by J.-P. Launay in Mirepoix (2005), Albi (2006), Rodez (2007). http://www.agrobiosciences.org/article.php3?id_article=2138 Also in the frame of Mission Agrobiosciences and « Université de tous les savoirs », series of conferences on « Liquid Crystals », by M. Mitov, in various places in 2005 (Cahors, Toulouse, Rodez, Montauban, Lavelanet, Albi-Univ Champollion). In the frame of an international mission, it was also delivered at Lycée René-Cassin d’Oslo in 2005. In ENSIACET conference “Un exemple de nano-objet: les nanotubes de carbone » by M. Monthioux (2007) A1.3. Conferences for general public, radio and TV emissions General Public Conferences

Nouveaux matériaux pour l’aéronautique, 2005, in Albi, St Girons, Montauban (A. Coujou)

Cristaux Liquides, Centre culturel et de

coopération linguistique d’Oslo, 2005 (M. Mitov) Des inconnus célèbres, les cristaux liquides, Assosciences Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, 2005 (M. Mitov)

Bilan des expérimentations de cuisson de sigillée sur le site archéologique de La Graufesenque : en quoi les mesures physico-chimiques sont-elles indispensable ? Musée de Millau (12). 17 septembre 2005. (P. Sciau)

Cristallographie et archéologie expérimentale, ou comment remonter le temps. Cycle de conférences les ouvertures de l’UPS. Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse. 20 octobre 2005. (P. Sciau)

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Archéologie et science des matériaux.

Cycle de conférence du club science et citoyens de Saint-Girons (31). 2 décembre 2005 (P. Sciau)

La science des matériaux au service de l’archéologie. Conférence Associences. Toulouse. 20 septembre 2006. (P. Sciau)

L’apport des techniques d’analyses

modernes à l’étude des poteries anciennes. Conférence organisée par les amis des sciences de la terre et Terra Memmorial. Bozouls (12). 1 février 2008. (P. Sciau)

Science des matériaux au Service de

l'Archéologie - Les sigillées sud gauloises. Conférence organisée par IUFM d’Auvergne dans le cadre de la Journée academique des Langues anciennes. Lezoux (63). 26 Mars 2008. (P. Sciau)

Public Debates

Débat citoyen : Les Nanosciences, qu’est ce donc ? Ecole de journalisme de Toulouse, 15 oct 2007 (X. Bouju)

Débat citoyen : Les Nanosciences, Médiathèque de Lagardelle sur Lèze, 17 mai 2008 (X. Bouju, C. Joachim) Book presentation « Nanosciences, la révolution invisible » in Librairie Ombres Blanches. 2008. Toulouse, (Joachim, C. and L. Plevert)

Public debate in the frame of « Conversation de Midi-Pyrénées » organised by Mission Agrobiosciences, Toulouse : « Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies : tous les ingrédients d’un débat explosif ? » J.-P. Launay (25 oct and 20 dec 2006) http://www.agrobiosciences.org/IMG/pdf/conversation_sur_les_nanos_debat_explosif.pdf Radio emissions

Les neurones en folie, Radio Mon Pais, 12 janv 07 (X. Bouju)

Nanoscience et éthique. in Emission Science Culture. 2006. Radio France Culture, (C. Joachim)

Science & Conscience Nanotechnologies. in Emission à France Culture. 2008.(C. Joachim)

Les temps qui coulent. in Emission sur Radio Suisse Romande, Réalisateur: C. Guérin. 2008. Radio Suisse Romande. (C. Joachim)

La tête au carré. in Emission sur France

Inter en Direct de 14 h à 15 h. 2008. (C. Joachim)

La parole aux auteurs. in CNAM-France Culture. Nanotechnologies et Nanosciences au Grand Amphithéâtre du CNAM. 2008. Paris, (C. Joachim)

Les Années Lumières. in Emission sur Radio Canada, Animateur S.A.Blondel: le livre de la semaine. 2008. (C. Joachim)

Sur Les Docks, (Nanosciences et Ethiques). in Emisssion sur France Culture. 2009. (C. Joachim)

Les recherches au CEMES, Interview on Radio Campus FM, Toulouse, 16 oct 08 (J.-P. Launay)

Special diffusion in alloys, Interview on Radio Campus FM, Toulouse, mars 09 (M. Legros)

TV emissions (in studio) TV interview live of E. Philippot : Année mondiale de la Physique, Invitée de la rédaction FR3, 6 avril 2005 Interview of M.-J. Casanove and A. Gourdon in « C’est mieux le matin », FR3, jan 09, for the release of the book « Voir l’invisible » A. 1. 4. Popularization and General Public papers, General Public book Papers in « La Recherche » Sept 2005 : Les cristaux liquides (M. Mitov)

Oct 2006 : Les matières plastiques, Bac to basics (F. Mompiou) April 2006 : La chute des Twin Towers, (F. Mompiou) Papers in « Pour La Science » July 2006 : Bien réfléchir l’infrarouge (M. Mitov)

Aug 2008 : La Plasticité des nanocristaux (F. Mompiou, M. Legros, D. Caillard) July 2009 : Le moteur électrostatique moléculaire (J.-P. Launay, G. Rapenne) Papers in « l’Actualité Chimique » Feb 2005 : Magnetic nano-objects (C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, M. Respaud, P. Lecante) June 2005 : Technomimetic molecules (J.-P. Launay, C. Coudret, G. Rapenne) Oct-nov 2005 : Molecular machines (J.-P. Launay, C. Joachim) March-April 2006 : Nanotubes et nano-filaments de carbone (M. Monthioux)

132

Paper in Chemistry World 2005 : Single molecule machines (G. Rapenne) Paper in « EOS, Le magazine des sciences 2007 » : Mise en rotation d’une nano-roue (G. Rapenne) Paper in « Bulletin de l’Union des Physiciens » 2006 : Les cristaux liquides ferroélectriques, rudiments (M. Mitov) Papers in « La classe maternelle » : series of ten papers based on simple observations, on themes such as evaporation, dissolution, colours, electrical and thermal conduction, magnets, etc… (P. Puech) Papers in « Magazine Scientifique de l’Université Paul Sabatier », for the 2005-now period : (F. Mompiou member of the editorial committee)

N°4 (2005), HR Electron Microscopy (C. Bonafos, D. Caillard)

N°7 (2006), Reflecting liquid crystal windows (M. Mitov)

N°8 (2006), Valorisation and communication (E. Philippot)

N°9 (2007), Molecular rack-and-pinion (C. Joachim)

N°10 (2007), Nanomemories (A. Claverie), Alloys for aeronautics (A. Coujou, G. Molenat), Materials for energy (P. Rozier), Carbon nanotubes (M. Monthioux)

N°13 (2008), Ageing mechanisms of alloys (M. Legros)

N°14 (2008), Electronic holography (M. Hytch)

N°15 (2009), Optical microscopy and Nanotubes (W. Bacsa)

N°16 (2009), Nanometric-sized wheels and vehicles (G. Rapenne) Paper in « Rayonnement du CNRS » N°50 (may 2009) : Nanosciences (J.-P. Launay) Papers in Journal du CNRS 2005, N°188, p 11 : P. Sciau, Les sigillées passées au crible 2005 : W. Bacsa : Nanoscience, de retour de Nanotech N° 186-187, p 35 2006, N° 203 : M. Monthioux, Th. Ondarçuhu, Des nanomesures de mini-champs magnétiques 2008, N° 231 : M. Legros, Des cristaux petits mais costauds. Papers in CNRS International Magazine, "Live from the Labs News » 2006 : M. Mitov : Overcoming the Limit in Liquid Crystals,

2007 : G. Rapenne, C. Joachim, Nanosciences : Driving Molecular Wheels 2008, N°11, july : M. Legros : The premature ageing of alloys In “Scitizen” (Web magazine) : Series of 16 chronicles on themes linked to nanotechnology, carbon nanotubes, atom imaging… from 2006 to 2008 by W. Bacsa. Article for Universalia 2007 : Les cristaux liquides cholestériques : nouvelles possibilités (M. Mitov) Collective Books

« Voir l’Invisible », Omniscience 2007, with contributions by M.-J. Casanove (defects in aeronautic materials), S. Gauthier (seeing molecular orbitals), A. Gourdon (molecular gearing)

« La physique en 18 mots-clés » with a contribution by M. Mitov on Liquid Crystals Books

“Nanosciences la Révolution Invisible”, by L. Plévert and C. Joachim, Seuil, 2008, also translations in English, Russian and Portuguese.

« Matière sensible », by M. Mitov, Seuil, 2010 (in fabrication) A. 1. 5. The Web site of CEMES The Web site of CEMES, www.cemes.fr (Webmaster : E. Philippot) is an important element of our communication. It contains at the present time more than 700 pages (french and english versions), with an ergonomic navigation system. The consultation increases steadily and reaches 70 000 pages per month in 2009. A. 1. 6. Movie films, video reportages shot at CEMES

• Several reportages shot by FR3 and TLT for « Journées Portes Ouvertes » in 2005 (Année Mondiale de la Physique) and 2007

• « Nano La nouvelle dimension », produced by France 5 /Aune prod / Ex Nihilo, 2005

• « Vitres à cristaux liquides », produced by Le Journal des Sciences du CNRS, see http://www2.cnrs.fr/jeunes/525.htm , 2006

• « L’émergence d’un nouveau monde », by J.-P. Mirouze, 2006, CNRS Images and France 5

• « Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies », by Alain Monclin, CNRS Images 2008

133

A. 1. 7. Press releases

Nine national press releases about CEMES have been emitted by CNRS, and have been largely reproduced in medias. They are listed below.

July 2005

Dec 2005

April 2006

Jan 2007

May 2007

March 2008

134

A. 1. 8. Papers mentioning CEMES (press review)

Many media reproduce or mention CEMES scientific achievements, frequently after a press release of CNRS. The most cited themes are about nanoscience and technologies, including liquid crystals. The media can be general newpapers (Le Monde, La Tribune, La Croix), foreign newpapers, popularization reviews (Science et Vie, Science et Avenir,..), L’Usine Nouvelle. A special booklet on Science in Midi-Pyrénées, with emphasis on Nanosciences and CEMES was included in the September 2008 issue of Scientific American. The work on ancient potteries was

evoked in the Stanford Linear Accelerator review (July 2007). A. 1. 9. Invitations or long-term missions for CEMES members

W. Bacsa, Boston Univ, Photonics center, jan-mar 2005

M. Mitov, Norvège, nov 2005 G. Rapenne, Univ Gainesville,

Florida, june-july 2006 J. Bonvoisin, Japon, Univ Tokyo, may-

june 2008 F. Demangeot, LASPE-IPEQ Lab of

EPFL, Lausanne, 3 months in 2008

Nov 2008

Feb 2009

June 2008

135

ANNEX 2 BILAN OF FORMATIONS FOLLOWED BY CEMES MEMBERS

2006-2009

Correspondants formation A. Pruvost – M . Legros

Continuous formation (Formation Permanente) is an important disposition allowing to reinforce and acquire new knowledge, necessary for the activities evolution. This is very appreciated by all laboratory members, and the number of applicants is increasing. The range of formations is very wide, from bureautics to language and of course many technical formations. The concerned people can be engineers-technicians-administrative (ITA) or Researchers (C in the following list)

FORMATIONS GENERALES ET COLLECTIVES

Nb

ITA ou C* Intitulé de la formation

3 ITA Préparation aux concours internes 1 ITA Tendre vers le zéro faute 1 ITA Initiation à la langue des signes

7 Post doc Français langue étrangère

1 ITA Espagnol débutant

15 ITA-

C Anglais classique 1 ITA Anglais révision grammaticale 1 ITA Améliorer l’accueil en anglais des

scientifiques étrangers 5 ITA-

C Journée correspondants formation

12 ITA - C

Journée accueil des nouveaux entrants

INFORMATIQUE-BUREAU D'ETUDES

SCIENTIFIQUES-BUREAUTIQUE 1 ITA Valorisation de la recherche

1 C Traitement de l’image acquise en biologie

3 C Nanosciences et sondes locales 2 ITA Nanotubes sc et applications 1 C OXYSOL/école sc des surfaces 5 C Séminaire microcontrôleur 1 C Cutis programmation en langage C

1 C Défauts structuraux ds les alliages ordonnés

1 ITA Atelier microscopie 1 ITA PAO indesign et atelier mise en page

2 C POWERPOINT animation multimédia

1 C PAO règles de mise en page et MISE colorimétrie

1 ITA Visual C++ 1 ITA Réseau Capitoul juridique

2 ITA Préparation aux épreuves « PFI » 1 C Transdiff 1 C Physique et pratique du vide poussé

1 C Projets 7 PCRD/ montage d'une proposition compétitive

1 ITA Projets 7 PCRD / information

1 C Microscopie à champ proche formation initiale

4 C Microscopie à sonde locales

1 ITA

Personne compétente en radioprotection

4 ITA Langage VHDL et programmation FPGA

1 ITA Présentation de l’annuaire open LDAP

1 ITA Programmer en PHP 3 C PSOC 1 C Les bases de la chimie 1 C Initiation au vide /opérateur vide

2 ITA Rencontres nationales des mécaniciens

1 C Gestion et management de projets 1 C GISAXS

1 C GALERNE : chimie des solides ultradivisés A

21

ITA Rencontre régionale électroniciens

4 ITA CATIA V5 DMU navigateur, simulation de montage - expert

1 ITA ANGD journées CRISTECH 2008 10

POST-DOC FLE 02

2 C Administration syst. LINUX 1 ITA AUTOCAD 1 C Utilisation COMSOL 1 C Illustrator initiation

1 C Administration d’1 environ. Microsoft

2 ITA WORD bases 5 C EXCEL

136

1 C CEM compatibilité électromagnétique

1 C CEM conception des éqts électroniques

4 ITA Club RX 2 ITA Réflectométrie DES RX 1 ITA Endnote débutant 1 ITA HAL utilisation de l’archive ouverte 1 C Imagerie et analyse EELS 1 C JAVAscript/animations formulaires 2 C Journée CAMERON Toulouse 1 C Journée thématique composite

1 ITA Préparation Diplôme Ingénieur Informatique

1 ITA Le brevet perfectionnement 1 ITA Microsoft WINDOWS

2 C MET aspects fondamentaux et interprétations

8 C Microscopie électronique Ecole Européenne

1 ITA MIGAS 2006 1 ITA Modélisation Objet avec UML 5 C Nano-Machines/Moléculaires 1 C Architecture Traitement du Signal 1 ITA Dream Weaver mise en page WEB

INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITE 1 ITA PCR FORM, initiale sources scellées 2 ITA Contrôle des sorbonnes 2 ITA Formation initiale des ACMO 2 C Risques et sécurité Laser 13 ITA/ C

Formation au logiciel évaluation risques préventions

3 ITA Formation SST 19 ITA/C Recyclage SST 7 ITA Rencontre des CTB 3 ITA Habilitation électrique 2 ITA Recyclage habilitation électrique 13 ITA/C Manipulations extincteurs CEMES 2 ITA Mesures de terre

FORMATIONS ADMINISTRATIVES

2 C Comment organiser un service –organiser une réunion

7 ITA/C Utilisation logiciel AMADEUS 1 C Evolutions de LABINTEL 1 C La sécurité du Patrim. scientifique 3 ITA/C Dossier annuel d’activité au CNRS 1 C Elaborer un organigramme 1 ITA Le statut des agents de l’Etat 2 ITA/C Rencontre des correspondants

formation

1 ITA Réunion d’information LABINTEL 3 ITA SIRHUS V2 fonctionnalités 12

ITA XLAB fin d’exercice – feuille de route - Requêtes

5 ITA XLAB V6 1 C Le contrat cadre de service 2 ITA X-LAB débutant

• *C : Chercheur

Scientific schools

CNRS School « RELAX » followed by 8 CEMES members (sept 2005)

Formations organised by CEMES members and effected on our site

- Electrical habilitation for the Electronicians network (2008 : 22-23-30-31 oct – 13-14 nov -2009 : 7-8 avril - 4-5 juin)

(org : C. Pertel) - Formation on Transmission Electron

Microscopy from 22.04.09 to 24.04.09 (org : F. Houdellier and F. Mompiou) - European thematic school on innovating

techniques in electron microscopy : from 17 may 2009 to 29 may 2009)

(Org : E. Snoeck)

137

ANNEX 3

HEALTH AND SAFETY REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 2006-2009

This survey contains reports of the committee on health and safety of CEMES for the 2006-2009 period. The Health and Safety Laboratory team consists of two ACMOS (Agents charges de la Mise en Oeuvre), a person competent in radiation protection and a Health and Safety Committee which meets twice a year (five staff representatives plus institutional members). To these must be added the twelve persons trained to rescuing that can respond to emergencies. Review of accidents and incidents : Only are mentioned here the accidents of persons subject to a declaration or an entry in the security register. Minor incidents, mainly minor cuts or burns during handling are not routinely reported to ACMOS or recorded in the registers. During this period, four of those accidents were reported and were followed by a declaration of accident. Two of these accidents were falls. The other two accidents involved laboratory chemists who were intoxicated by noxious fumes occurring after the failure of a refrigerator used for storage of chemicals. These people were very much incommodated at the instant but apparently without serious consequences. Protection and fire detection: Many fire extinguishers are available at the laboratory in accordance with the risks. Fire doors, security lighting, alarms, punching systems for switching off electrical systems are arranged and displayed in the laboratory. The laboratory is equipped with fire detection devices connected to a central alarm board, itself connected to a monitoring company. A procedure has been agreed with the company to alert at least one member of staff (director, head infrastructure, guard houses ...) in case of outbreak outside the opening hours of laboratory. Security alarms and alarm technology : Alarms indicating the presence of toxic gases in the ion implanter has been installed, as well as protection equipments (masks). These alarms trigger a siren on the concerned premises and a signal on the central board. There are also a multitude of technical alarms for buildings or equipment (water level, temperature ...) Hardware problems and their resolution : CEMES as “Laboratoire Propre” (i.e. on an independent campus) must support and realise interventions on its buildings. Security problems are often related to infrastructure, and the infrastructure team is frequently solicited. Collaboration between ACMO and this service allowed the resolution of many security problems, for instance : -The cooling towers with significant risk of

legionella contamination have been replaced. -The electrical compliance in the buildings has been achieved, -The modifications were made to accommodate safe laser (class IV) of the former LPST, -The risk for nanoparticles were taken in charge, with the realization of a room for manipulation of carbon nanotubes and the securing of a semi-industrial production prototype of nanoparticles (PYLOTE) These achievements were made with the participation of the Health and Safety service of the Regional Delegation Midi-Pyrenees. -A study was conducted by APAVE on the risks of explosive atmosphere on workstations in chemistry (hydrogen, sulphide, ammonia). This study aims to establish compliance and security for these activities. In addition, we cope with many technical inspections conducted annually, these controls increasing with changes in legislation. Risk assessment and action program: The laboratory has been identified as a pilot laboratory in Midi-Pyrenees to the establishment of a document named “Assessment of risk in computerized version” EVRP. This document includes a paper version of the risk assessment. Personnel were trained in each group research and technical services to participate in the preparation of this document. Apart from biological hazards, most risks referenced for CNRS laboratories are found in CEMES. This results in a special medical supervision of a majority of the permanent laboratory staff. Personal Training: At least twice a year a half-day is devoted to training new incomers to the specific risks encountered in the laboratory. This course is for everyone, from permanent to short-term trainees. For external enterprises entering the laboratory, a visit to implement the prevention plan is organized. Specific training for fire hazards and handling of fire extinguishers is organized on a periodical basis. Rescuers follow retraining once a year. The ACMOS regularly attend courses on specific risks, or training for new tools to help Health and Safety. Conclusion : The analysis of workstations and the HS Committee encourage us to continue our efforts to minimizing risks, in particular in the field of chemistry. We need in the future to prepare an emergency plan and conduct exercises for evacuating personnel. We should also update and complete the signaletics in the laboratory.

139

Annex 4

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Ethical considerations are a growing

concern in population and require the organization of a true dialog between scientists and the general public. This is particularly true for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, where many different questions and worries have been formulated.

From a general point of view, we already

participate in many public meetings and debates (see Annex 1), in which our general attitude is both the one of scientists and of citizens. We show that scientific progress requires the exploration of new perspectives, and thus to face the unknown, but that we take the maximum care, taking into account today’s knowledge.

At the present time, most projections

linked to the use of Nanotechnologies are rather far in the future, while our studies belong to the field of fundamental science. Therefore we do not identify major risks directly linked to our research activity. Nanomaterials are produced in small quantities, and nanomachines or devices are embedded in complex physics equipments, with far not enough degrees of freedom for an autonomous behaviour.

Looking more carefully at nanomaterials,

one can argue that they constitute special cases of chemical substances, for which the general procedures of coping with hazardous materials can be applied. In fact, the worry about nanomaterials does not generally arise from their chemical nature but from their extreme state of division, which is assumed to confer them special properties. In the case of CEMES, we are concerned by the manipulation of samples of finely divided powders (by the flash pyrolysis procedure) and of samples of carbon nanotubes. For the flash pyrolysis installation, the competent services (Health and Safety) have inspected the installation, and the

necessary modifications have been performed, with the setting up of an efficient filtration system and a decontamination airlock with shower. For carbon nanotubes, the quantities handled are really small, and they are manipulated under well ventilated hoods, most often as suspensions in liquids, thus in principle without aerosol formation. But we are aware of the important worry linked to the shape of carbon nanotubes, and their formal resemblance to asbestos fibres. In this context, Marc Monthioux, Associate Editor of the review Carbon, has coordinated a special issue on the toxicity of this substance (Carbon,vol 44, N° 6, may 2006) and some CEMES members participate to toxicological studies.

Long term reflections with philosophical

implications on nanosciences and molecule-machines are also practised in the laboratory. This appears in the book of Christian Joachim (Nanosciences, la Révolution Invisible, Seuil, 2008) and its participation to several visits of journalists, historians of science & technology and philosophers to CEMES, in particular Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and its research team (see Nanobio-ethique, Ed. S. Loeve and B. Bensaude-Vincent, (Vuibert, Paris, 2008), p. 71 and the S. Loeve PhD Thesis: The concept of technology at the scale of molecular machines, Nanterre University, 2009 which results from those discussions).

Finally, the Director, Jean-Pierre Launay, has participated to a public hearing in a Senate commission on Nov 7, 2006. It was organized by « Office Public d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques », OPECST, and gathered about 30 personalities from economy, research, industry, and politics, on the theme of the risks associated with nanotechnologies.