Table of Contents

Preface ......................................... xvii

................................. AbouttheEditor .xix

1 . Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions .................... 1 Robertson D . Davenport. MD

Incidence ......................................... 2 Clinical Presentation ................................. 3 Complications ...................................... 6 Causes of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions ................ 8 Differential Diagnosis ............................... 10 Pathophysiology ................................... 21 Treatment ........................................ 28

....................................... Prevention 32 Summary ........................................ 40 References ....................................... 40

2 . Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions .......... 53

Nancy M . Heddle. MSc. FCSMLS(D)), and Kathryn E . Webert. M D

Clinical Presentation ................................ 54 Differential Diagnosis ............................... 55 Frequency ....................................... 58 Mechanisms ...................................... 64 Prevention ....................................... 72 Treatment and Management .......................... 83 Further Research ................................... 90 References ....................................... 91

3 . Allergic and Anaphylactic Reactions ................. 99

Elefherios C . Vamvakm. A-D. PN)

Clinical Presentation and Complications ................ 101 Differential Diagnosis .............................. 103

Transfusion Reactions

....................................... Frequency 105 ..................................... Mechanism -108

Diagnosis ....................................... 121 ....................................... Treatment 124

Prevention ...................................... 125 Summary ....................................... 137

...................................... References 138

................. 4 . Acute Pain Transfusion Reactions 149

Robertson Davenport. MD

....................................... Incidence 149 ............................... Clinical Presentation 150

..................................... Mechanism -151 .............................. Differential Diagnosis 152

Prevention ...................................... 152 ...................................... References 152

......................... 5 . Bacterial Contamination 153

Sandra Ramlrez-Arcos MSc. PhD. and Mindy Goldman. MD. ERCP(C)

................................ Historical Overview 153 ....................... Presentation and Complications 154

.......................... Microorganisms Implicated 157 .............................. Differential Diagnosis 161

....................................... Frequency 161 ....................... Mechanisms of Contamination 163

............................ Diagnosis and Strategies 166 Treatment ....................................... 168

............................... Prevention Strategies 168 ...................................... Conclusion 180 ...................................... References 181

.............. 6 . Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury 191

Patricia M . Kopko. MD. and Mark A . Popovsky. MD ...................................... Definitions 192

................ Clinical Presentation and Complications 192 ....................................... Incidence 195

................................ Patient Risk Factors 196

Table of Contents

.............................. Differential Diagnosis 197 ........................ Implicated Blood Components 198

Mechanism ...................................... 199 Diagnosis ....................................... 205

....................................... Treatment 206 Prevention ...................................... 207

...................................... TheFuture 209 References ...................................... 209

......... 7 . Transfusion-Associated Graftaft-. Host Disease 217

Caron A . Jacobson. MD; Kenneth C . Anderson. MD; and Edwin P . Alyea. MD

................ Clinical Presentation and Complications 218 Diagnosis ....................................... 219 Pathogenesis .................................... 220

....................................... Incidence 223 .............................. Patient Groups at Risk 223

....................................... Treatment 227 ....................... Prevention: Gamma Irradiation 227

................................... NewDirections 229 References ...................................... 231

................ 8 . Hypotensive Transfusion Reactions 239

Heather A . Hume. MD. FRCPC, and Pierre Robillard. MD. FRCPC

............................... Clinical Presentation 240 .................... Incidence-Hemovigilance Reports 244

.................................. Pathophysiology 246 ......................... Management and Prevention 255

...................................... Conclusion 257 References ...................................... 257

......................... 9 . Posttransfusion Purpura 263

Janice G . McFarland. MD ............................ Platelet-Specific Antigens 263

....................................... Frequency 264 ............................... Clinical Presentation 264

Transfusion Reactions

.............................. Differential Diagnosis 271 ..................................... Mechanism -272

Diagnosis ....................................... 278 ....................................... Treatment 278

Prognosis ....................................... 280 ..................................... Special Cases 281

Summary ....................................... 281 ...................................... References 282

1 0 . Transfusion Reactions Associated with Hematopoietic ..................... Progenitor Cell Reinfusion 289

Laura Cooling. MD. MS. and Jed B . Gorlin. MD. MBA .................... General Overview of HPC Products 290

........................ Etiology of Infusion Reactions 291 .......................... Specific Infusion Toxicities 296

............. Strategies to Prevent or Ameliorate Reactions 309 ............................ Reporting Requirements 315

Summary ....................................... 316 ...................................... References 316

......... 1 1 . Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload 327

Mark A . Popovsky. MD

.................... Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 327 ............................ Demographics of TACO 329

....................... Role of the Clinical Laboratory 329 .......................... Incidence and Risk Factors 330

............................ Morbidity and Mortality 332 Mechanism ..................................... 332

....................................... Flow Rate 333 .............................. Differential Diagnosis 333

.................................... Management 334 Prevention ...................................... 334 Summary ....................................... 335

...................................... References 335

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1 2 . Adverse Consequences of Autologous Transfusion Practice ................................... 339

Zoe K . McQuilten. MD; Erica M . Wood. MD; and Roslyn A . Yomtovian. MD

Rationale for Autologous Transfusion Practice ............ 340 Clinical Governance of Autologous Transfusion ........... 344 Types of Autologous Transfusion ...................... 346 Patient Selection for Autologous Transfusion Procedures .... 359 Adverse Reactions in Donors for PAD .................. 360 Autologous Transfusion Reactions and Complications ...... 368 Conclusion ...................................... 391 References ...................................... 392

13 . Complications of Therapeutic Apheresis ............ 407

Ronald G . Strauss. MD. and Kendall P . Crookston. MD. PhD

Generaloverview ................................ 409 Citrate Reactions ................................. 412 Hypovolemia and Vasovagal Reactions .................. 422 Plasma Protein Depletion ........................... 424 Unusual and Controversial Complications ............... 428 Conclusions ..................................... 432 References ...................................... 433

14 . Complications of Massive Transfusion .............. 439

Erin Meyer, DO. and Lynne Uhl, MD

Hypothermia .................................... 440 Hemostatic Abnormalities ........................... 441 Metabolic Abnormalities ............................ 455 Summary ....................................... 463 References ...................................... 463

15 . Complications of Neonatal Transfusion ............. 471

Ross M . Fasano. MD; Wendy M . Paul. MD; and Patricia T. Pisciotto. MD

Metabolic Complications ........................... 472 Immunologic Complications ......................... 498 Summary ....................................... 509 References ...................................... 509

Transfusion Reactions

16 . Adverse Effects of Human-Derived Plasma Derivatives . . 5 1 9

Jeannie Callum, MD. FRCP(C), and Susan Nahirniak, MD, FRCP(C)

....................... Intravenous Immune Globulin 520 .............................. Intravenous Albumin 524 .............................. RhImmuneGlobulin 525

................... Plasma-Derived Coagulation Factors 529 .................... Solvent/Detergent-Treated Plasma 536

...................................... Conclusion 538 References ...................................... 538

17 . Nursing Hemotherapy Bedside Biovigilance in the Recognition and Management of Suspected ........................ Transfusion Reactions 551

Chester Andrzejewski Jr. PhD. MD. and Joan McGirr. RN. BSN. ONC

Important Concepts about Blood Transfusion for the ................. Evaluation and Management of STRs 552

Care Map for Uncomplicated Transfusion Therapy ........ 553 Care Map for Transfusions Associated

........................... with Adverse Sequelae 558 Hemotherapy Documentation in the Electronic

Medical Record: A Potential Avenue for STR ............................ Occurence Mitigation 567

Commonly Encountered Issues and Questions ........... 571 Summary ....................................... 575

...................................... References 576

18 . Detecting and Monitoring Reactions in the Developing World ........................... 579

Cees Th . Smit Sibinga. MD. PhD, FRCP(Ed). FRCPath. and Isaac Ka.aa, M.MED, PhD. FCS(ECSA)

A Baseline Approach to Transfusion Reactions ............ 580 ........................... Global Situation Analysis 580

................ Systems for Detection and Monitoring -582 Obstacles to Effective Detection and Monitoring Systems ... 590

......................... Directions for Improvement 594 References ...................................... 595

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Table of Contents

1 9 . Preventing Transfusion Reactions ................. 597

James R . Stubbs. MD; Kevin L . Bundy. MT(RSCp)SBB; and Camille M . van Buskirk, MD

Transfusion Safety ................................ 598 Transfusion Practices .............................. 624 Now and the Future ............................... 638 Conclusion ...................................... 641 References ...................................... 641

Index .......................................... 649