Table of Contents - Engii · Table of Contents . ... The technology and application of the tree planting baseplate in bare rock area . ... for Physical Activity and Daily Life Skills

Table of Contents

Part I Conference Schedule ............................................................................... 2

Part II Invited Speeches ................................................................................... 3

Invited Speech 1: The Problem of University Transformation in A Post-Apartheid South Africa ......... 3Invited Speech 2: Lifelong learning participation explained from an interdisciplinary lens ................ 3Invited Speech 3: Inclusive special education: A new theory whose time has come .......................... 4

Part III Technical Session ................................................................................. 5

Invited Speeches ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Technical Session 1: Engineering ............................................................................................................... 6

Technical Session 2: Education & Psychology ........................................................................................... 7

Part IV Technical Sessions ................................................................................ 9

Technical Session 1: Engineering ............................................................................................................... 9

Technical Session 2: Education & Psychology ......................................................................................... 15

Part V Instructions for Presentations .............................................................. 23

Part VI Hotel Information .............................................................................. 24

Part VII Transportation Information .............................................................. 25

Contact Us ........................................................................................................ 26

2 2016 Engii September

Conference Guide

Part I Conference Schedule

Time: September 22-September 24, 2016

Location: Ramada Xi'an Bell Tower (西安华美达兆瑞酒店), Xi’an, China

Date Time Lobby

Sep. 22 14:00-17:00 Registration

Date Time Shengye Room (胜业厅) Zhaohang Room (昭行厅)

Sep. 23

09:00-12:00

Invited speeches: Education & Psychology Prof. Philip Higgs, Dr. Ellen Boeren, Prof.

Garry Hornby

Chair: TBD

Group Photo & Coffee Break: 10:40-10:50

Technical Session 1: Engineering

Chair: TBD


12:00-13:30 Lunch Lives Cafe 麗屋咖啡厅（西餐厅）, 2nd Floor

15:00-18:00 Technical Session 2: Education & Psychology

Chair: TBD


18:00-19:30 Dinner Lives Cafe 麗屋咖啡厅（西餐厅）, 2nd Floor

Date Time Lobby

Sep. 24 08:00-18:00 One-day Tour (at own expense)


Conference Guide

Part II Invited Speeches

Invited Speech 1: The Problem of University Transformation in A Post-Apartheid

South Africa

Speaker: Prof. Philip Higgs, University of South Africa, South Africa Time: Friday Morning, September 23, 2016

Location: 09:00-09:45, Ramada Xi'an Bell Tower Abstract In more recent times the movement towards mass and even universal higher education and the emergence of the multiversity have witnessed a categorical shift in the fundamental idea of a university and its mission. No longer is truth the fundamental category in the mission of a university - the essence of its distinctive mission is now declared to be utility. The argument in this paper is that the fundamental idea of a university and its mission is beleaguered by a climate of utility whose forces are principally those of democratic politics, mass markets and technological prowess.

Invited Speech 2: Lifelong learning participation explained from an

interdisciplinary lens

Speaker: Dr. Ellen Boeren, The University of Edinburgh, UK Time: Friday Morning, September 23, 2016

Location: 09:50-10:35, Ramada Xi'an Bell Tower Abstract Understanding lifelong learning participation is rather complex. Answering the question why adults do or do not participate in lifelong learning activities is not a straightforward matter, but requires insights from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, economics and social policy. My talk during this conference will explore the different disciplinary angles used to explain participation and will build towards an interdisciplinary comprehensive model bringing the elements together in an interactive interdisciplinary model. The session will start by providing an overview of current participation trends in the world and will end by referring to recommendations for policy, practice and future research.


Conference Guide

Invited Speech 3: Inclusive special education: A new theory whose time has come

Speaker: Prof. Garry Hornby, Plymouth University, UK Time: Friday Morning, September 23, 2016

Location: 10:50-11:35, Ramada Xi'an Bell Tower Abstract This article presents a theory of inclusive special education that comprises a synthesis of the philosophy, values and practices of inclusive education with the interventions, strategies and procedures of special education. Development of inclusive special education aims to provide a vision and guidelines for policies, procedures and teaching strategies that will facilitate the provision of effective education for all children with special educational needs and disabilities.


Conference Guide

Part III Technical Session

Invited Speeches

Session Chair: TBD Shengye Room (胜业厅) 09:00-12:00, Friday Morning, September 23, 2016 Paper ID Paper Title Author Affiliation

Invited Speech The Problem of University Transformation in A Post-Apartheid South Africa

Prof. Philip Higgs

University of South Africa, South Africa

Invited Speech Lifelong learning participation explained from an interdisciplinary lens

Dr. Ellen Boeren

The University of Edinburgh, UK

Invited Speech Inclusive special education: A new theory whose time has come

Prof. Garry Hornby

Plymouth University, UK


Conference Guide


Session Chair: TBD Zhaohang Room (昭行厅) 09:00-12:00, Friday, September 23, 2016 Paper ID Paper Title Author Affiliation

ICHES2016_50009 Flash Flood Warning System Using X-band Dual-Polarization Radar

Bong-Joo Jang Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology

ICHES2016_50011 Frequency-Dependent Analysis of Centrifugal Pump Pipeline Systems

Jisung Hur Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Rep. Korea

ICHES2016_50010 Optimization of Pressure-Relief Valve Operation

Hyunjun Kim Pusan National University, Pusan, Rep. Korea

CCES2016_50007 Long-term performance of RC beams with hybrid composite beam (HCB)

MO SHI Reinforced Concrete & Composite Structure Lab.

CCES2016_50008 Probability-based Seismic Performance Evaluation for Buildings

Jeng-Hsiang Lin

Hwa Hsia University of Technology

CCES2016_50009 2D Part-based Visual Tracking of Hydraulic Excavators

Bo Xiao Concordia University, Montreal，Canada

CCES2016_50013 Numerical Tools Dedicated to Wind Engineering in Large Urban Area

Li Wang Meteodyn Meteorology and Dynamics Technology, Beijing, China

DPM2016_50005 The technology and application of the tree planting baseplate in bare rock area

Xiaohan Zhou Institute of Geotechnical Engineering,ChongqingJiaotong University

DPM2016_50007 The soaking - seepage coupling rupture theory for soil bank slope in the Three Gorges reservoir of the Yangtze river of China and its application

Hongkai Chen Chongqing Jiaotong university

DPM2016_50006 Analysis onFracture Mechanicsof Unstable Rock

Siqi Chen Three Gorges University

CTTE2016_50001 Application of Access Management Tech-niques to Large Shopping Mall in Beijing

Baiming Ding Beijing University of Technology


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CTTE2016_50002 The Application of Access Manage-Ment in Commercial Area

Siqi Gao Beijing University of Technology

CTTE2016_50007 Evaluation and Improvement of the Roundabouts in Changchun

Zhou Mo National University of Singapore

Technical Session 2: Education & Psychology

Session Chair: TBD TBD 14:00-18:00, Friday Afternoon, September 23, 2016 Paper ID Paper Title Author Affiliation

SSPE2016_50013 Delivery of Sport Psychology Program to Japanese National Team for The World Compitition

Tsuchiya Hironobu

Osaka University of Health and sports Science

SSPE2016_50008 The relationship between the motivation for Physical Activity and Daily Life Skills among Chinese and Japanese University Students

Yulong Chen Osaka University of Health and sports Science Graduate School

SSPE2016_50010 Environment of expatriate soccer coaching-Coaches’ motivation for taking the job-

Matsuyama Hiroaki

Osaka seikei University

SSPE2016_50011 The role of coping strategies on the relationship between trait rumination/reflection and mental health among Japanese university athletes

Shohei Yamakoshi

Graduate school of Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences

SSPE2016_50012 Data analysis instance for NBA star shooting

Junhui Gao American and European International Study Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

ICSER2016_50005 Aspects on Inclusion in the Educational System in Sweden

Magnus Magnusson

Northern Arctic Regional Federal University, Archangelsk

ICSER2016_50004 Special Education: Traditions and Transitions (experience from neighboring non EU countries)

Liya kalinnikova Magnusson

University of Gävle


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ICHER2016_50005 The Effect of Parental Discipline Style on Parental Perception of Social Skills and Learning Motivation

Rachel Pasternak and Anat guy

Dean Behavioral Science COMAS Israel

EPASP2016_50004 Friendship as potential? The recognition of teenagers’ peer relationships at school

Riikka Korkiamäki

University of Tampere

EPASP2016_50005 Discrepancy between parental reports of Chinese infants’ receptive vocabulary and infants’ behavior in an intermodal preferential looking task

Ye Tao Zhejiang University

CPPWb2016_50004 Creativity in Teams: The Impact of Team Member Affective Well-being and Diversity

Ingrid Dackert Malmö University

CPPWb2016_50007 Energizing social interactions at work: An exploration of relationships that generate employee and organizational thriving

Robert M. Rosales

MAPP Lead Academy

CPPWb2016_50002 Cultural and Spiritual Psychology: A new mandate for International Mental Health Professionals

Desiree Nguyen

Alliant International University

CPPWb2016_50011 Spirituality-Religion Satisfaction as a Life Domain for the Hong Kong Chinese

Ching Han Lufanna LAI

Gratia Christian College

CPPWb2016_50001 Relationships of Positive Orientation to Positive Work Behaviors across Four Occupational Groups in Thailand

Chuchai Smithikrai

Department of Psychology, Chiang Mai University

CPPWb2016_50012 The Body as the Way In: Positive Psychology through a Somatic Lens

Albert Wong John F. Kennedy University


Conference Guide

Part IV Technical Sessions


Article ID: ICHES2016_50009 Title: Flash Flood Warning System Using X-band Dual-Polarization Radar Name: Bong-Joo Jang Affiliation: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Since 2000 in Korea, extreme weather events and sudden weather disasters have been occurred frequently. Today, loss of life and property damage caused by urban flash floods in Seoul and the other metropolitan cities are increasing rapidly. However, because most of the torrential rainfalls are mostly generated and grown up at low altitude atmosphere and their life cycles are only just 2~3 hours, an existing Korean weather observation system has much difficulty in forecasting of these types of rainfall. To deal with this problem, several Korean government-related organizations are planning construction of an urban X-band radar network for low altitude weather observation. Meanwhile, the weather radar is good to survey weather phenomenon and to predict directions of precipitation echoes covering a wide scope at once. The purpose of this research is to develop a much simplified and more accurate disaster monitoring and nowcasting system using the X-band dual polarization radar system that is specialized to weather phenomenon than existing systems. Accordingly, this research presents a method to warn the flash flood in urban areas automatically by monitoring the estimated quantitative precipitation from X-band radar data. The research also presents an accurate 3D QPE-GIS matching technique using Google Earth platform to track and warn the exact location where severe weather phenomena are occurring. The warning system proposed in this research consists of three technical tools - radar data analysis tool, risk decision tool, and risk warning/display

tool. To simulate the flash flood warning system, QPE from X-band radar data was calculated by CSU algorithm [2], and radar reflectivity/QPE images were displayed. Then, precipitation represented by 3D cube blocks on Google Earth was accumulated, simultane-ously. Furthermore, flash flood warning messages by updating accumulated precipitation per unit from analyzed X-band radar data were also displayed. As improving technical tools on the proposed warning system from now on, the system is expected to help to monitor the massive data from the large-scale weather radar network and to forecast meteorological disasters. Article ID: ICHES2016_50011 Title: Frequency-Dependent Analysis of Centrifugal Pump Pipeline Systems Name: Jisung Hur Affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Rep. Korea E-mail: [email protected] Abstract As a conventional pipeline flow computation scheme, method of characteristics (MOC) has been mostly used to solve one dimensional water hammer equations. However, MOC has some constraints regarding interpolation and computational time. As an alternative method, impulse response method (IRM) is further developed to carry out transient analysis of pressurized pipeline system equipped with an pumping station. Transfer function of a pump boundary in the frequency domain was formulated using pump performance curve employing nth-degree polynomial of flowrate. By incorporating transfer functions of pump boundary into frequency-dependent water hammer equations, Impulse response functions of a pipeline system equipped with centrifugal pump


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connected with long suction line can be derived. Comparison of simulations between MOC and IRM showed good agreements under various flow conditions. Article ID: ICHES2016_50010 Title: Optimization of Pressure-Relief Valve Operation Name: Hyunjun Kim Affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, Rep. Korea E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Pressure-relief valve(PRV) had been one of widely applied device to control surge pressure due to its feasibility in application, efficiency and relatively low cost. Response time of the valve is considered as the most critical parameter to determine performance of PRV. However, the efficiency of the PRV can be influenced by several factors: 1) design parameters (e.g. size of the valve); 2) system parameters (e.g. number of the valves and location of the valve); 3) operation parameters (e.g. set point and operation time). The purpose of this paper is to find an optimum operating condition of PRV for a given water distribution system to reduce transient pressure induced by sudden valve closure. The optimization algorithm with numerical solver for transient pressure was employed to find the parameters to minimize the impact of potential pressure damage during transient event. Article ID: CCES2016_50007 Title: Long-term performance of RC beams with hybrid composite beam (HCB) Name: MO SHI Affiliation: Reinforced Concrete & Composite Structure Lab. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper describes the results of long-term testing of hybrid composite beam (HCB) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams under the two different long-term loads. Tested RC beam specimens were fabricated to

reflect the most typical beam size used at school buildings in Korea. All the specimens had a rectangular cross section of 400mm in width and 600mm n depth, and tested with or without externally strengthened hybrid composite beam. Test results showed that the strength-ened hybrid composite beam (HCB) in RC beams not only reduced the instantaneous deflection but it was also effective in the control of long-term deflection. In general, time-dependent factor for RC beams is strongly dependent with the types of strengthening materials, methods and sustained loading levels. The obtained time-dependent factor in this investigation shows the RC beams sub-jected to higher load level resulted in lower value in the both un-strengthened and strengthened RC beams with HCB. Article ID: CCES2016_50008 Title: Probability-based Seismic Performance Evaluation for Buildings Name: Jeng-Hsiang Lin Affiliation: Hwa Hsia University of Technology E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Recent developments in earthquake engineering indicate that probabilistic seismic risk analysis (PSRA) is becoming increasingly useful for the evaluation of structural performance in accordance with building codes. In recent years, the field of seismic resistance design has been undergoing a critical shift in focus from strength to performance. However, current earthquake resistant design procedures do not relate building performance to probability. A lack of sufficient empirical data has highlighted gaps in this research. This study integrated results from the analysis of structural fragility and seismic hazard in Taiwan to explore the application of probability in the evaluation of seismic resistance designs. Factors taken into account included the effect of construction materials, building height, and building age. The results of this study show that buildings constructed using light steel, pre-cast concrete, reinforced masonry, and un-reinforced masonry fail to meet the performance objectives outlined in FEMA-273.


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Article ID: CCES2016_50009 Title: 2D Part-based Visual Tracking of Hydraulic Excavators Name: Bo Xiao Affiliation: Concordia University, Montreal，Canada E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Visual tracking has been widely applied in construction industry and attracted significant interests recently. Lots of research studies have adopted visual tracking techniques on the surveillance of construction workforce, project productivity and construction safety. Until now, visual tracking algorithms have gained promising performance when tracking un-articulated equipment in construction sites. However, state-of-art tracking algorithms have unguaranteed performance in tracking articulated equipment, such as backhoes and excavators.The stretching buckets and booms are the main obstacles of successfully tracking articulated equipment.In order to fill this knowledge gap, the part-based tracking algorithms are introduced in this paper for trackingarticulated equipment in construction sites. The part-based tracking is able to track different parts of target equipment while using multiple tracking algorithms at the same sequence. Someexisting tracking methods have been chosen according to their outstanding performance in the computer vision community. Then, the part-based algorithms were created on the basis of selected visual tracking methods and tested by real construction sequences. In this way, the tracking performance were evaluated from effectiveness and robustness aspects. Throughout the quantification analysis, the tracking performance of articulated equipment were much more improved by using the part-based tracking algorithms. Article ID: CCES2016_50013 Title: Numerical Tools Dedicated to Wind Engineering in Large Urban Area Name: Li Wang Affiliation: Meteodyn Meteorology and Dynamics Technology, Beijing, China E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents a global methodology to compute wind flow in complex urban areas in order to assess wind pedestrian comfort, wind energy, wind safety or natural ventilation potential. The nu-merical tool presented here is composed of a CFD software suite covering both regional scale (20 km) and urban scale (1km), and able to model the wind in any complex terrains and in large urban en-vironments. Examples are presented in the paper in order to show the advantages of the method-ology for urban designers. Article ID: DPM2016_50005 Title: The technology and application of the tree planting baseplate in bare rock area Name: Xiaohan Zhou Affiliation: Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The ecological greening technology of the bare rock area of the arbor governance belongs to the field of ecological environment restoration, selection of suitable arbors for vegetation restoration in bare rock area, vegetation recovery is the primary approach to governance the ecological environment of bare rock area. The reconstruction of bare rock area arbor-shrub-grass ecosystems is a global environmental science problem. Paying attention to Geological conditions with rich rock fissures and abundant groundwater in these fissures, following the idea to reconstruct ecosystem from arbor to shrub and grass and the principle one tree in a baseplate, authors develop a baseplate technique for tree planting in bare rock area. The baseplate includes the parent body, the root, and the cover to prevent evaporation. Especially, there are filled in nutritional soil for the parent body and the root, and the composition of nutritional soil are selected by test in laboratory, while optimal mix ratio of the composition is obtained. Then, application method in field is put forward. The technique can guarantee survival at early stage and growth in the later for tree planting in the baseplate. In particular, the root provides a good channel to guide tree roots into fissure rock and absorb groundwater


Conference Guide

in rock. Test in field show that the baseplate technique has strong practicality in vegetation recovery of bare rock area. Test in field show that the baseplate technique has strong practicality in vegetation recovery of bare rock area in the world. Article ID: DPM2016_50007 Title: The soaking - seepage coupling rupture theory for soil bank slope in the Three Gorges reservoir of the Yangtze river of China and its application Name: Hongkai Chen Affiliation: Chongqing Jiaotong university E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the last 30 years, to develop the hydropower resources and meet the requirement of flood control and regional allocation of water resources, a large number of super-huge reservoirs have been constructed in China. Preliminary statistics identifies that about 80-90% landslides have something to do with the action of reservoir water fluctuation. The Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze river of China is a super giant reservoir. Annually, the reservoir water level changes between 145m and 175m which comes into being the riparian zone with its area up to 348.93km2 and coastline up to 5578.21km at 175m reservoir water level. Since the reservoir was put into operation in 2003, it has been inducing a lot of large-scale bank slope geological disasters such as Qianjiangping, Liangshuijing, Qingshi, Gongjiafang and Jiangdongsi landslides. It is obviously that prevention and mitigation of the bank slope geological disasters are the significant research subject for ecological environmental protection, especially for geologic environment reservation. From the beginning of 2000, paying attention to the riparian zone, our team has been doing comprehensive studies to the prevention and mitigation of soil bank slope geological disasters. Based on the truth that soil bank slope will be soaked when reservoir water level rise up, in return, when water level declines it will be suffered seepage, the variation law of stability for soil bank slope under the influence of the reservoir water level has been revealed. At the same time, the cracking model of bank slope has been constructed under the condition of

soaking and seepage. What’s more, the team also put forward modified Kachugin method in view of wave cut notch and critical height of soil which established the estimation method for the time-limited stability of soil bank slope rebuilding. All the research achievements above has come into the soaking-seepage coupling rupture theory for soil bank slope and the successfully applied example of Ningjiangdao has proved that the theory is practicable. Article ID: DPM2016_50006 Title: Analysis onFracture Mechanicsof Unstable Rock Name: Siqi Chen Affiliation: Three Gorges University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Unstable rockis a kind of global geological disaster withhigh frequency. This paper，considering three kinds of combined loads which are gravity, fracture water pressure and seismic force, constructs a unstable rock mechanics model and it uses a fracture mechanics method to deduce thecomposite stress intensity factor of the type I - II.Based onthe maximum circumferential stress theory, this articlecalculates the theoretical fracture angle by triangle universal formula. Article ID: CTTE2016_50001 Title: Application of Access Management Tech-niques to Large Shopping Mall in Beijing Name: Baiming Ding Affiliation: Beijing University of Technology E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Conflicts are common phenomenon in the field of traffic engineering, while are also the main cause of all the traffic problems. The vehicle access driveway of large shopping mall is often the conflict area of urban roads, traffic engineers and city managers face a great challenge as to make the traf-fic enter and exit the shopping mall safely and orderly.


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This paper studies the issues of access management of large shopping mall with a focus on Car-refour shopping mall in Shuangjin district, Beijing. This shopping mall attracts and generates lots of traffic during peak hours, those huge numbers of vehicles come in and out of the shopping mall through the access driveway, resulting in a lot of conflicts to the urban road traffic flow and deteri-orating highly smooth movement of traffic on the urban roadway. The impacts of the existing de-sign and layout of access driveway on surrounding traffic operation are also studied in this paper. Some countermeasure of improvements had proposed to decrease traffic conflicts and make sure that the traffic conditions get better off, all the improvement countermeasures are based on the access management principles. Results from this study can be a good reference on other similar driveways at large shopping mall areas. This paper studies the issues of access management of large shopping mall with a focus on Carrefour shopping mall in Shuangjin of Chaoyang district, Beijing. which attracts and generates lots of traffic everyday and much more in holidays. Those huge numbers of vehicles come in and out of the shopping mall through the vehicle access driveway generate a lot of conflicts with the urban road traffic flow, is highly affect the city road traffic. The impact of the existing design and layout of access driveway on surrounding traffic operation are also studied in this paper. Some countermeasure of improvements proposed to decrease traffic conflicts and make sure that the traffic condition improves, All the improvement countermeasures are based on the access management principles. Results from this study can be a good reference for traffic engineer and city management on other similar driveway at large shopping mall areas. Article ID: CTTE2016_50002 Title: The Application of Access Manage-Ment in Commercial Area Name: Siqi Gao Affiliation: Beijing University of Technology E-mail: [email protected] Abstract With the rapid development of automobile ownership and

roadway network in China, there is more and more travel demand in the city of Beijing, China. Large commercial areas attract high volumes of traffic, which greatly impacts traffic movement on roadways, producing congestion and safety problems. What is more serious is that existing design of the parking lot, the location of access, layout of driveway, and passage of circulation is not desirable, causing potential conflicts and traffic delays. This paper mainly investigates the impact of the existing design of parking lot and layout of access and driveways at commercial areas around intersection in Beijing. The overall goal of this study is to use access management technologies to find out the measures for commercial area to improve roadway safety and operational efficiency. Some measures of improvements are proposed based on the analysis, including addition of right turn lanes, increase of driveway throat length and incorporation of traffic signs to guide on-site circulation. To accomplish the study objective, a total of 10 commercial areas around intersection were selected and some necessary data were collected at access points including traffic volume of each access and the frontage roadways during peak hours, access type, location, and spacing. The field investigations were conducted for 2 weekends for each area. Meanwhile, the peak hours were 10:00 to 12:00 a.m. on weekends. The data from field investigations shows that the number and location of the access is different from place to place. Access driveway is closely located at the signalized intersection mostly. Other problems are also observed based on field investigation such as shortage of the access spacing. The result of this study can be a reference for traffic management on other similar areas in Beijing. Article ID: CTTE2016_50007 Title: Evaluation and Improvement of the Roundabouts in Changchun Name: Mo Zhou Affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore E-mail: [email protected] Abstract


Conference Guide

In Changchun, China, roundabouts are fairly common. They are often designed to connect the main roads because of their ability to reduce conflict points, making them safer than other intersections. They can also beautify the city when the central islands are landscaped. However, with increasing traffic, they may not function well and may even paralyze the road network. This means that it is

important to evaluate the performance of roundabouts promptly, and to make necessary improve-ments if required. Using several roundabouts in Changchun as case studies, this article uses V/C ra-tio and delay to evaluate roundabout performance. Based on the result of evaluation, the mi-cro-simulation model of the poorly-performing roundabout is built and enhancement is proposed.


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Technical Session 2: Education & Psychology

Article ID: SSPE2016_50013 Title: DELIVERY OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM TO JAPANESE NATIONAL TEAM FOR THE WORLD COMPITITION Name: Tsuchiya Hironobu Affiliation: Osaka University of Health and sports Science E-mail: [email protected] Abstract BACKGROUND Tokyo was selected by the International Olympic Committee as host city for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Since 2000, Japanese Society of Sport Psychology (JSSP) has encouraged practitioners to acquire the Certification of Mental Training Consultant in Sport (MTCS). Currently, over 100 certificated practitioners are providing a wide range of psychological support program for Japanese athletes. In this study, it was examined whether the program which was delivered by MTCS would positively influence an elite athlete team in the world competition. METHODS The participants of this study were Japanese female national team athletes (N=15). The program consisted of 10 psychological skills training sessions including self assessment for psychological competitive ability, goal setting, relaxation, mental imagery, peak performance analysis, concentration, stress management and team building exercises. The program started one year before the world competition and facilitated by a SMTC. Each player participated in the program and answered a questionnaire which was composed of the short version of diagnostic inventory of psychological competitive ability (DIPCA-S) at pre and post program. In-depth interviews for coaches were designed to evaluate the effects of the program on performance enhancement. RESULTS and DISCUSSION In each session, athletes were mentally trained through psychological skill training facilitated by the SMTC at the

positive and open atmosphere. The t-test yielded significant effects showing that total score of the DIPCA-S increased at post. In addition, the coaches reported that improvement was observed in both team cohesion and member’s attitude towards practice after the program. The performance goals which set by the national federation at the target competition were attained by all team members, as they won the world championship. These findings supported the benefit of sport psychology services for elite level athlete on their performance at the world competition. Article ID: SSPE2016_50008 Title: The relationship between the motivation for Physical Activity and Daily Life Skills among Chinese and Japanese University Students Name: Yulong Chen Affiliation: Osaka University of Health and sports Science Graduate School E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A number of studies in the field of sports psychology have been conducted to examine the influence of motivation for physical activity on acquisition of life skills(Danish, 2002). However, most studies were conducted in the western countries. Therefore the results might be different in Asian countries because of cultural differences. Moreover, Chinese university students showed the unique characteristics of life skills when compared to Japanese university students(Chen and Tsuchiya,2016). The purpose of this study was to examine the difference of the relationship between motivation for physical activity and daily life skills among Chinese and Japanese university students. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 1194 university students(n = 598 in Chinese ; n = 596 in Japanese ). Japanese and Chinese version of Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) and


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Daily Life Skills Scale for University Students(DLS) were completed by the participants. The PALMS includes eight sub- scales which are Mastery, Physical Condition, Affiliation, Psychological Condition, Appearance, Others' Expectations, Enjoyment, Competition/Ego. DLS includes 8 sub-scales, which were classified into 2 general skills : skills used mainly in personal situations (Planning, Knowledge Summarization, Self-Esteem, and Positive Thinking), and skills used generally in interpersonal situations (Intimacy, Leadership, Empathy, and Interpersonal Manner).Correlation analysis showed that competition/Ego was related to Self-Esteem (r=.26, p<.05), Affiliation (r=.31, p<.05), Leadership (r=.32, p<.05), Sensibility (r=.24, p<.05) and also Psychological Condition was associated with Leadership (r=.28, p<.05), Interpersonal Manner (r=.22, p<.05) for Chinese university students. For Japanese university students, Physical condition was related to Affiliation (r=.25, p<.05) , Interpersonal Manner (r=.23, p<.05) and also Competition/Ego was associated with Self-Esteem (r=.22, p<.05).This study found different relationships between the motivation for physical activity and daily life skills among Chinese and Japanese university students. It might be due to cultural differences between those countries. Future research should be focusing on gender and cultural differences of both countries regarding to the motivation for leisure motivation. Article ID: SSPE2016_50010 Title: Environment of expatriate soccer coaching-Coaches’ motivation for taking the job- Name: Matsuyama Hiroaki Affiliation: Osaka seikei University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Japan Football Association (JFA) Asian contribution business aims for “co-existence and co-prosperity” through active exchange of talent among Asian countries (JFA online). This study investigated the motivation of expatriate soccer coaches for getting overseas employment through a survey of their coaching environment. The questionnaire survey was conducted with expatiate soccer coaches (N=30) regarding their motivation for taking their

jobs (Matsuyama, 2003; Tokunaga et al., 2012). Data obtained in the survey were examined by using frequency distribution analysis software package in IBM Statistics 21. Results indicated that the participants got to know of the project through JFA (76.7%), through coaches (0.0%), through friends (3.3%), through journals (0.0%), and others (20.0%). Next, the participants responded regarding “information obtained prior to being transferred overseas” using the five-point scale. Results indicated that 26.7% chose they were “well,” and 26.7% chose they were “very well” informed. “Motivation for taking the post” consisted of four items. Their results indicated that 26.7% had been “much,” and 56.7% had been “very much” “interested in working overseas from before.” Moreover, 23.3% were “often,” and 20.0% were “very often” “recommended to take the post by JFA and people around them.” Of the participants, 30.0% “much” and 53.3% “very much” wanted “to develop themselves and build their career,” whereas 3.3% did not respond. Finally, 36.7% “much” wanted and 36.7% “very much” wanted to “contribute to the development of soccer and society,” whereas 3.3 % did not respond. The above results indicate that most expatriate soccer coaches got to know the project through JFA and only a few had collected information in advance. Many Coaches had been interested in working overseas from before, and they had tended to take the post for their own development and career enhancement. References JFA (2104) Retrieved, March 31, from http://www.jfa.jp/ Matsuyama H., Sekioka Y., Katsuta T., (2003). Sendai ken sakkā yūsu nendai no kyōgi ryoku koujou ni kansuru chōsa-Junia sou kyōgisha wo taishou to shita ikusei kankyou no kaizen ni chakumoku shite- [Enhancement of football performance in the youth living in Sendai area-Improvement in environment for bringing up junior football players-]. Bulletin of Department of Sports Science, Graduate school of Sendai University, Vol. 1, 2, 139-143. Tokunaga Y., Kida S., Nishimura M., Yagura M., (2012). OECD Kōfuku-do hakusho [OECD White paper on the level of well-being]. (pp.156) Tokyo: Akashi Shoten. Article ID: SSPE2016_50011 Title: The role of coping strategies on the relationship between trait rumination/reflection and mental health


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among Japanese university athletes Name: Shohei Yamakoshi Affiliation: Graduate School of Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to use structural equation modeling to examine whether coping strategies could mediate the relationship between trait rumination/reflection and stress response as well as subjective well-being among Japanese university athletes. One hundred and seventy Japanese university athletes (111 male, 59 female, mean age = 19.34) participated. Trait rumination had a direct positive effect on stress response and negative effect on subjective well-being. However, trait rumination did not show an indirect relationship with stress response and subjective well-being via any coping strategies. On the other hand, trait reflection had a significant indirect positive effect on subjective well-being via emotion-focused coping included in active coping. These findings suggest that emotion-focused coping may be a critical factor that leads to enhance subjective well-being among athletes low in reflection. Article ID: SSPE2016_50012 Title: Data analysis instance for NBA star shooting Name: Junhui Gao Affiliation: American and European International Study Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we analyze the field data of NBA star players. We choose 25 of them and download the data from the NBA official website. The data is statistically analyzed from all aspects: the position of the player, the location on the court, the time order of two-points and three-points and the combination of these elements. We get some results according to the analysis. For example, players of all five positions prefer to make shots right ahead the basketry; attempts of three-point reach the climax during the third quarter; over the last five minutes of the game, the rate of the number of two-point attempts is the lowest and that of

three-point attempts is the highest at the 46th minute. Article ID: ICSER2016_50005 Title: Aspects on Inclusion in the Educational System in Sweden Name: Magnus Magnusson Affiliation: Northern Arctic Regional Federal University, Archangelsk E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The concept of “inclusion” is dominating the educational discourse all over the world. In general the concept is connected with the demands of students with special needs or in a more general way of talking, students with disabilities. It also has a more general meaning, which this short paper will touch upon. Inclusion is very dependent on the form of communication and the access to valid language and the general language ability and availability of students and their teachers. Article ID: ICSER2016_50004 Title: Special Education: Traditions and Transitions Name: Liya kalinnikova Magnusson Affiliation: University of Gävle, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Liya Kalinnikova Magnusson, [email protected], PhD in special education, affiliated researcher of the Center for Russian and Eurasian studies at the Uppsala University, Senior lecturer in special education at the University of Gävle, Sweden Because the trend toward including students with disabilities in regular education has increased, this essay discusses relationships between school and family, starting from special education, within the perspective of inclusive education, that is, for everyone, regardless of any particularities. Therefore, we begin by reflecting on some historical aspects of the schooling process for people with disabilities. Thereafter, we reflect on the complex


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dynamics of prejudices and stereotypes in the constitution of subjectivity, considering inclusive education’s basic assumptions and barriers between family and school within public educational policies. We conclude that the diversity of inclusive education is not a favor to historically excluded groups but a struggle for the humanization of us all. This struggle necessarily involves overcoming the prejudices and stereotypes of all concerned because living with differences is a collective effort. Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDPI1Fr0lyI 1.Travers,J.&Day, T.Special and Inclusive Education: A Research Perspective, Oxford: Peter Lang AG. 2012. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.webproxy.student.hig.se:2048/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzQ4ODQ1MF9fQU41?sid=ef3b12ef-9796-4443-8baa-48a92ddfa3f3@sessionmgr102&vid=2&hid=111&format=EB&preview=false It demands serious examination of the attitudes, behaviors and values of society, which in turn requires a concrete response, often involving cultural change, from schools. It is a project ofthe head, the hand and the heart. Despite all the ideology, declarations, legislation, circulars, guidelines and frameworks, inclusive education depends for its success on individual teachers, with individual children, in individual schools. (1) 2.Sylvia da Silveira Nunes, Ana Lucia Saia, RosanaElizete Tavare. Inclusive Education: History, Prejudices, and School and Family. Psicol. cienc. prof. vol.35 no.4 Brasília Oct./Dec. 2015, 1107-1119. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-98932015000401106&lng=en&tlng=en#? Article ID: ICHER2016_50005 Title: The Effect of Parental Discipline Style on Parental Perception of Social Skills and Learning Motivation Name: Rachel Pasternak and Anat guy Affiliation: Dean Behavioral Science COMAS Israel E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The reported research examined the effect of parental discipline style and its four dimensions – Demandingness,

Enforcement, Punishing and Responsiveness – on children's social skills and learning motivation. The sample consisted of 99 mothers and 129 children aged 8-12. It was found that each of the four dimensions of parental discipline style was positively correlated with learning motivation and social skills after when controlling for sociodemographic background variables. Learning motivation was most strongly positively correlated with Enforcement and most weakly correlated with Demandingness whereas social skills were most strongly positively correlated with Responsiveness and most weakly correlated with Enforcement. Responsiveness was found to be the major positively predictor of learning motivation as well as social skills, and strongly positively correlated with both. Article ID: EPASP2016_50004 Title: Friendship as potential? The recognition of teenagers’ peer relationships at school Name: Riikka Korkiamäki Affiliation: University of Tampere E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The starting point for this paper is that, for long, children and young people’s friendships have been much neglected as a communal resource. While the importance to teenagers of their friends and peers is widely recognized, their friendships are more often seen as a cause of risk behaviour than a resource with which risk could be prevented - particularly at school. My research challenges this predominant view by investigating young teenagers’ spontaneous friendships as inclusionary potential. The paper deals with young teenagers’ (13-16 years) friendships from the viewpoint of student welfare and preventive social work at school. It raises the question of how and with what teenagers’ wellbeing should be supported in their everyday living environments, such as school. I introduce Finnish basic education as a site for the prevention of early youths’ social marginalization, and study how young people’s mutual relationships are commonly perceived at school. Drawing from the theories of recognition, I suggest that recognizing the meaning and practices of students’ friendship at school could support

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Conference Guide

better student wellbeing and hence, also to better learning outcomes. Article ID: EPASP2016_50005 Title: Discrepancy between parental reports of Chinese infants’ receptive vocabulary and infants’ behavior in an intermodal preferential looking task Name: Ye Tao Affiliation: Zhejiang University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Parent report questionnaire can provide “quick and easy” data on the vocabulary development of large, cross-sectional groups of children. However, the argument of the reliability of parental report still exists. The experiment is described which explore the relationship between parental reports of infants’ receptive vocabularies at 14 and 16 months old and the comprehension infants demonstrated in a intermodal preferential looking (IPL) task. 18 infants at 14 month of age (M=14.36 months, SD=0.45; 10 male, 8 female) and 27 infants at 18 month of age (M=17.89 months, SD=0.50; 14 male, 13 female) participated. The instrument used was the Chinese version of Communicative Development Inventory (CDI), one of the most used instruments in measuring infants' lexical development. In the IPL task, Chinese infants were shown pairs of images of familiar objects, either both name-known or both name-unknown according to their parents’ responses on the CDI. The infants' longest looking at target and distracter images (LLD) before and after naming were calculated. Systematic increment in LLD across the two phases of the trial indicates infants' association of the target label and object. The results showed that: (1) the performance of 14-month-olds infants was more in line with the expectations of parents, while on both name-known and name-unknown trials, preference for the target image increased significantly from baseline when 18-month-old infants heard the target’s label; (2) Gender difference was found. Parents’ evaluation was more in line with the

performance of girls at 14 months, and girls at 18 months showed name effect on both conditions. For the performance of boys, neither 14-month-old nor 18-month-old boys were accord with parent's evaluation. In conclusion, the results indicate that: (1) parental report underestimates 18-month-old Chinese infants’ word knowledge. In other words, 18-month-old Chinese infants’ performance is beyond the expectations of parents; (2) Parents do not know well with boys’ word knowledge. Article ID: CPPWb2016_50004 Title: Creativity in Teams: The Impact of Team Member Affective Well-being and Diversity Name: Ingrid Dackert Affiliation: Malmö University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of the research reported in this article was to examine how team member affective well-being influences creativity in teams. Furthermore, the impact of diversity in gender, age and education on affective well-being and team creativity was investigated. Twenty-nine project teams with 173 team members, involved in projects for 20 weeks as a part of a project management course, participated in the study. In terms of diversity dimensions, age and education were found to have no significant influence either on affective well-being or team creativity. Diversity in gender had a significant positive impact on contentment. Team member enthusiasm was found to have a strong direct impact on team creativity, while contentment had an indirect effect. The results support the integration of affects into creativity theory. In addition, the result suggests managers to focus more on the feelings of the team members and the interaction in the team in order to facilitate well-being and creativity. Article ID: CPPWb2016_50007 Title: Energizing social interactions at work: An exploration of relationships that generate employee and organizational thriving


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Name: Robert M. Rosales Affiliation: MAPP Lead Academy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract People are an organization’s most valuable asset. In our increasingly service-based economies, social relationships and swift coordination among employees are the means by which a lot of work gets done. Thus, whether organizations -and their employees- flourish or languish largely depends on the quality of the social connections they nurture. The quality of the workplace connections can be defined as life giving (high quality) or life depleting (low quality). Positive social interactions facilitate organizational learning, cooperation, effectiveness, and employee loyalty, among many other desirable outcomes (Ragins & Dutton, 2007). While positive relationships give life and energy to individuals and their organization, toxic relationships sap the energy out of them and lead to individual and corporate floundering (Dutton, 2003). A recent survey highlighted that for three out of four U.S. employees their relationship with co-workers was what most engaged them at work (SHRM, 2015). The Gallup Organization (2015) found that a majority (51%) of full-time workers in America are not engaged in their jobs while another 17.5 percent are potentially hostile to their organizations. Positive psychology provides us with interventions that can help bring about high-quality connections, positive emotions, trust, energy and wellbeing. I will define positive relationships at work, with a particular focus on high-quality connections, examine the benefits of high-quality relationships and connections, and provide a framework for building high-quality connections. I will show that high-quality connections are a pathway to building individual and organizational flourishing. Article ID: CPPWb2016_50002 Title: Cultural and Spiritual Psychology: A new mandate for International Mental Health Professionals Name: Desiree Nguyen Affiliation: Alliant International University E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Cultural awareness, sensitivity and competence have received increasing attention in the training of mental health professionals. The growing trends in global migration has created new challenges for aspiring and practicing cross-cultural mental health workers: how to work with immigrant communities who have deeply embedded religious and spiritual beliefs about the causes, symptoms and treatments of mental disorders. For example, prior studies indicate that among some Asian patients: (1) mental illnesses are perceived to have a genesis in physical, metaphysical and supernatural factors (such as Bad Karma and punishments for prior ancestral wrong-doings); and (2) treatments for these afflictions should include practices such as ancestral worship, herbal medicines and burning of paper money. These findings point to the need for mental health professions to remain current and relevant by extending their traditional boundaries of science and philosophy and include spiritual beliefs and practices. This study examined how fifteen professionals working with Asian immigrants addressed this challenge in their clinical practices. The results include recommendations for individuals working with culturally diverse and immigrant communities. The results make evident the responsibility that practitioners have to: (1) understand their own biases and limitations, and (2) work towards becoming culturally and spiritually sensitive and competent. Article ID: CPPWb2016_50011 Title: Spirituality-Religion Satisfaction as a Life Domain for the Hong Kong Chinese Name: Ching Han Lufanna LAI Affiliation: Gratia Christian College E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Background: It is generally agreed that spirituality and/or religion is an important aspect of human life. In this relation, much research evidence indicated that spirituality/religiosity is positively related to subjective wellbeing [1,2].This study investigated the validity of


Conference Guide

spirituality-religion satisfaction (S/RS) as a domain of the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) for the religious Chinese population in Hong Kong. The PWI is one of the most widely used domain-level measure for subjective wellbeing. It is not a static device in that new domains can be added provided that two criteria relating to the contribution of unique variance to general life satisfaction (GLS) are met. These are: (1) In a hierarchical regression predicting GLS, where the seven domains (standard of living, health, achieving in life, relationships, safety, community-connectedness, future security) are entered as Step 1, when the new putative domain is entered in Step 2, it must contribute unique variance. (2) The new putative domain must not systematically reduce the contribution of unique variance, made by any of the existing domains, to the point that their contribution becomes non-significant [3]. Methods Participants: Four hundred and seventy-six Chinese respondents in Hong Kong with religious belief were drawn by using convenience sampling through social networks. Measures: All respondents completed a written questionnaire in Chinese, with an 11-point end-defined response scale was used for all items. GLS. This was measured by a single-item: "Thinking about your own life and personal circumstances, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole?" [3] PWI. The scale comprises seven items measuring satisfaction with domains as: standard of living, health, achieving in life, relationships, safety, community-connectedness and future security [3]. Spirituality or religion satisfaction (S/RS). The measure of this item is the eighth life domain of the PWI: "How satisfied are you with your spirituality or religion?" [3] Result: The S/RS domainmade a statistically 1 % significant contribution in predictingGLS. Discussion: The finding in this study leads to the conclusion that S/RS can be established as a life domain of PWI for the religious Chinese population in Hong Kong. Despite this, further exploratory studies in other societies with differential cultural and religious orientations are warranted so as to grasp a better understanding of the relevance of this domain to different populations. The limitations of this study were the use of convenience

sample and the relatively low number of respondents. Hence, replication study should be carried out by using random sampling from the general population. Article ID: CPPWb2016_50001 Title: Relationships of Positive Orientation to Positive Work Behaviors across Four Occupational Groups in Thailand Name: Chuchai Smithikrai Affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chiang Mai University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Positive orientation is a trait-like basic disposition in which life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism are subsumed. This disposition enables an individual to view oneself, life, and the future from a positive outlook. The purposes of this study were (1) to examine relationships of positive orientation to positive work behaviors across four occupational groups in the Thai sample; and (2) to examine whether work engagement acts as a mediator between positive orientation and positive work behaviors. The sample was comprised of 980 persons from 4 occupations (i.e., nurses, medical technologists, engineers, and university staff), working in government institutes and private sectors in Thailand. The research instruments comprised of 7 questionnaires; (1) positive orientation scale, (2) work engagement scale, (3) organizational commitment scale, (4) organizational citizenship behavior scale, (4) organizational citizenship behavior scale, (5) proactive work behavior scale, (6) innovative work behavior scale, and (7) personal data sheet. As hypothesized, the results indicate that for all occupational groups, positive orientation was significantly positively correlated with work engagement, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, proactive work behavior, and innovative work behavior. The result of path analysis also indicates that work engagement partially mediates the relationship between positive orientation and positive work behaviors. These findings demonstrate that positive orientation influences positive work behaviors because it predisposes individuals to react in certain ways to their work situations, as


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reflected in their positive work behaviors. Article ID: CPPWb2016_50012 Title: The Body as the Way In: Positive Psychology through a Somatic Lens Name: Albert Wong Affiliation: John F. Kennedy University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Happiness is inextricably linked to our body. How we hold ourselves in our bodies, through physical posture, gesture, and breath, directly correlates with our sense of

personal well-being. This talk reviews the deep interconnectedness between our bodies and our minds -- and examines how affirmational postures, gestures, and movement patterns may help us generate positive psychological states. We review the latest research from the important field of somatic psychology and show how the fundamental concepts that underpin field may be adapted to great benefit to the domain of positive psychology. Important notions within the field of somatics, such as pendulation, titration, window of tolerance, and the "felt sense" -- which are typically applied to psychopathology -- find renewed purpose and utility when applied to the world of well-being.


Conference Guide

Part V Instructions for Presentations

Oral Presentation

Devices Provided by the Conference Organizing Committee:

Laptops (with MS-office & Adobe Reader)

Projectors & Screen

Laser Pointers

Materials Provided by the Presenters:

PowerPoint or PDF files

Duration of each Presentation:

Regular Oral Session: 15-20 Minutes of Presentation

Plenary Speech: 40-50 Minutes of Presentation

Q&A：5-10 minutes after Presentation


Conference Guide

Part VI Hotel Information

About Hotel

Ramada Xi'an Bell Tower is located in the historic "imperial capital", the hotel unique location, adjacent to Xi'an landmark building - the clock tower. Centrally located downtown commercial area, located in the North Tower Avenue subway station and subway station, east of Shaanxi Provincial People's Government, west of Xi'an Municipal People's Government; around all over the large scale commercial, shopping and financial center. Transportation is very convenient, only 30 minutes from the airport, railway station only 5 minutes. Modern and stylish hotel is the theme of intelligent, digital, information-based multi-functional environmental protection as one of the four-star luxury business conference hotel. It is located on the lobby floor, with a total area of 991 square meters, equipped with front desk, lobby bar, concierge, and public rest areas. Design coherence, the modern West, fashion, pour carefully to take the concept of an international element.

Address: 79, North Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China Contact Number: 86-29-87283999 Fax Number: 86-29- 87283888 Webiste: http://www.ramadabelltower.com/en/index.asp

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Conference Guide

Part VII Transportation Information

For non-Chinese attendees, how to get to the hotel from Xi’an Xianyang International Airport:

1. Take airport bus line 2 from T2 or T3 (Please see attached picture) to Longhai Hotel (Railway Station) (two stops). Then walk to WULUKOU subway station(五路口地铁站）

to take metro line 1 to BEIDAJIE subway station（北大街地铁站), then walk to Ramada Xi'an Bell Tower (西安华美达兆瑞酒

店)(About 500m).

2. By taxi (About RMB110, 1.5 hours)

For non-Chinese attendees, please show the following info to the driver if you take a taxi: 请送我到：中国西安市北大街79号西安华美达兆瑞酒店 For Chinese attendees：





26

2016 Engii Conferences September Series Conference Guide

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Table of Contents - Engii · Table of Contents . ... The technology and application of the tree planting baseplate in bare rock area . ... for Physical Activity and Daily Life Skills