TABLE OF CONTENTS - SRM University OF CONTENTS 1. Syllabus ... Internal evaluation split up for the lab course. EE1010 ... Faculty of Engineering and Technology

EE1010 - ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Syllabus

2. Mapping of Student Outcomes with Instructional Objectives

3. Mapping of Program Educational Objectives with Student Outcomes

4. Session plan

5. Laboratory policies & Report format.

6. Index (for observation and record)

7. List of experiments in cycle 1

8. Each experiment is prefixed with Evaluation sheet, prelab questions with

answer key and suffixed with post lab questions with answer key.

9. List of experiments in cycle 2

10. Each experiment is prefixed with Evaluation sheet, prelab questions with

answer key and suffixed with post lab questions with answer key.

11. Internal evaluation split up for the lab course.


2

Syllabus


3

EE1010

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

L T P C

Total Contact hours - 45 0 0 3 1

Prerequisite

EE1003- ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

PURPOSE

This laboratory course will give a thorough knowledge about the basics of circuit analysis.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Implement and verify circuit theorems.

2. Gain knowledge about resonance and circuit transients.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws

2. Verification of Superposition theorem

3. Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

4. Verification of Norton’s Theorem

5. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem

6. Verification of KVL and KCL using Digital simulation

7. Verification of Superposition theorem & Thevenin’s Theorem using Digital

simulation

8. Verification of Reciprocity Theorem& Maximum Power Transfer theorem

using Digital simulation

9. Circuit Transients by Digital simulation

10. RLC Series Resonance by Digital simulation

11.Transient analysis of Series RL, RC circuits

REFERENCES:

1. Department Lab Manual

2. Sudhakar.A and Shyam Mohan.S.P, “Circuits and Networks Analysis and Synthesis”,

Fourth edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., NewDelhi, 2010.


4

Mapping of Student

Outcomes with Instructional

Objectives


5

Mapping of Instructional Objectives Vs Student Outcomes

Student Outcomes

Instructional objectives

Implement and

verify circuit

theorems

Understand the

concepts of power

measurements

Gain knowledge about

resonance and circuit

transients

a).An ability to apply

knowledge of mathematics,

science, and engineering.

x

x

x

b).An ability to design and

conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and

interpret results.

x

x

x

e).An ability to identify,

formulate, and solve

engineering problems

x x x


6

Mapping of Program

Educational Objectives with

Student Outcomes


7

Mapping of Program Educational Objectives Vs Student Outcomes

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Graduates are equipped with the fundamental knowledge of Mathematics, Basic sciences and Electrical and

Electronics Engineering.

2. Graduates learn and adapt themselves to the constantly evolving technology by pursuing higher studies.

3. Graduates are better employable and achieve success in their chosen areas of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering and related fields.

4. Graduates are good leaders and managers by effectively communicating at both technical and interpersonal

levels.

The student outcomes are linked with the program educational objectives as shown below.

Student Outcomes

(a–k OUTCOMES)

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1 2 3 4

(a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering

x x

(b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

x x

(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as

economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability

(d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

(e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems

x x

(f) an understanding of professional and ethical

responsibility

(g) an ability to communicate effectively in both verbal and written form.

(h) The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global perspective.

(i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage

in life-long learning

(j) a knowledge of contemporary issues

(k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.


8

Academic Course Description

SRM University, Kattankulathur

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

COURSE: EE1010

TITLE : ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

CREDIT: 01

VENUE : ELCTRONICS LAB-II (ESB 209 ),Simulation lab I &II(ESB

PREREQUISITES COURSES: EE1003- ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

PREREQUISITIES BY TOPIC: Basic Electric circuits, Network Theorems

Outcomes

Students who have successfully completed this course

Instructional Objective Student Outcomes

The students will be able to:

1. Implement and verify circuit theorems.

2. Gain knowledge about resonance and circuit

transients.

a) An ability to apply knowledge of

mathematics, science, and engineering.

b) An ability to design and conduct

experiments, as well as to analyze and

interpret data.

e) An ability to identify, formulates, and

solves engineering problems.

Text book(s) and/or required materials:

Web Resources:

1. www.mathworks.com

2. www.electronics-lab.com

Professional component:

General - 0% Basic Sciences - 0%

Engineering sciences & Technical arts - 0%

Professional subject - 100%

http://www.mathworks.com/

http://www.electronics-lab.com/


9

SESSION PLAN:

WEEK

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT REFERNCE Instructional

Objective

Student Outcomes

I Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws

Circuits &

network Analysis

& Synthesis

A.Sudhakar &

Shyam mohan

+

Reference Lab

Manual

Implement and

verify circuit

theorems

(a).An ability to apply

knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.

(b).An ability to design and

conduct experiments, as

well as to analyze and

interpret data.

(e).An ability to identify,

formulates, and solves


II Verification of Superposition Theorem

III Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

IV Verification of Norton’s Theorem

V Verification of Maximum Power

Transfer Theory

VI Circuit Transients by Digital

simulation

VII Verification of KVL and KCL

using Digital simulation

VIII

Verification of Superposition

theorem &

Thevenin’s Theorem using

Digital simulation

IX

Verification of Reciprocity

Theorem &

Maximum Power Transfer

theorem using Digital simulation

X RLC Series Resonance by Digital

simulation

Gain knowledge

about resonance and circuit transients

(a).An ability to apply

knowledge of mathematics,

science, and engineering.

(b).An ability to design and

conduct experiments, as

well as to analyze and interpret data.

(e).An ability to identify,

formulates, and solves


XI

Study - Transient analysis of

Series RL, RC circuits


10

LABORATORY POLICIES AND REPORT FORMAT:

1. Lab reports should be submitted on A4 paper. Your report is a professional presentation of

your work in the lab. Neatness, organization, and completeness will be rewarded. Points will be deducted for any part that is not clear.

2. The lab reports will be written individually. Please use the following format for your lab reports.

a. Cover Page: Include your name, Subject Code, Subject title, Name of the

university.

b. Evaluation Sheet: Gives your internal mark split –up.

c. Index Sheet: Includes the name of all the experiments.

d. Experiment documentation: It includes experiment name, date, objective,

circuit diagram, theoretical values wherever applicable and verified outputs.

e. Prelab and Post lab question should be retyped at the end of every cycle.

3. Your work must be original and prepared independently. However, if you need any guidance or have any questions or problems, please do not hesitate to approach your staff in charge during

office hours. The students should follow the dress code in the Lab session.

4. Labs will be graded as per the following grading policy:

Prelab Test - 5

In lab Performance - 35

Post lab Test - 5 Observation - 30%

Attendance - 5

Record - 10%

Model Exam - 20%

Final Exam - 40%

Total - 100%

5. Reports Due Dates: Reports are due one week after completion of the corresponding lab. A late lab

report will have 20% of the points deducted for being one day late. If a report is 2 days late, a grade of

0 will be assigned. 6. Systems of Tests: Regular laboratory class work over the full semester will carry a weight age of

75%. The remaining 25% weightage will be given by conducting an end semester practical

examination for every individual student if possible or by conducting a 1 to 1 ½ hours duration

common written test for all students, based on all the experiment carried out in the semester.

Pre lab test is conducted at the beginning of each experiment as a written test and the post lab test

is conducted as viva-voce during the submission of observation copy. The Staff in charge will ask

pertinent questions to individual members of a team at random.


11

LAB EXPERIMENT


12

INDEX

Sl.

No. Name of the experiment Marks (50)

Signature

of the staff

1 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws

2 Verification of Superposition Theorem

3 Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

4 Verification of Norton’s Theorem

5 Verification of Maximum Power

Transfer Theorm

6 Circuit Transients by Digital simulation

7 Verification of KVL and KCL using Digital

simulation

8 Verification of Superposition theorem &

Thevenin’s Theorem using Digital simulation

9

Verification of Reciprocity Theorem &

Maximum Power Transfer theorem using

Digital simulation

10 RLC Series Resonance by Digital simulation

11 Study - Transient analysis of Series RL, RC

circuits


13

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Batch 1

Ex

No Name of the experiment

1 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws

2 Verification of Superposition Theorem

3 Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

4 Verification of Norton’s Theorem

5 Verification of Maximum Power

Transfer Theorem


14

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERSITY, Kattankulathur – 603 203

Title of Experiment : Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws

Name of the candidate :

Register Number :

Date of Experiment :

Sl.

No.

Marks Split up Maximum marks

(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5

2 Pre Lab questions 5

3 Preparation of observation 10

4 Execution of experiment 15

5 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

6 Post Lab questions 5

Total 50

Staff Signature


15

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define energy.

2. Define power.

3. What is charge?

4. What is network?


16

Experiment No. 1

Date :

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFFS LAWS

Aim:

To verify Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the given

circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2

2 Resistance 330, 220 1k 6

3 Ammeter (0-30mA)MC 3

4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 3

5 Bread Board & Wires -- Required

Statement:

KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal to zero.

KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero.

Precautions:

1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position.

2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure for KCL:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value in RPS.

3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading

4. Repeat the same for different voltages

Procedure for KVL:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value in RPS.

3. Note all the voltage reading

4. Repeat the same for different voltages


17

Circuit - KCL

Circuit - KVL

KCL - Theoretical Values:

Sl.

No.

Voltage

E

Current I1 = I2 + I3

I1 I2 I3

Volts mA mA mA mA

1 5 5.68 3.12 2.56 5.68

2 10 11.3 6.18 5.12 11.3

3 15 17.05 9.37 7.68 17.05

4 20 22.73 12.49 10.24 22.075

5 25 28.42 15.62 12.68 28.42

KCL - Practical Values:

Sl.

No.

Voltage

E

Current I1 = I2 + I3

I1 I2 I3

Volts mA mA mA mA

1 5 5.6 3.1 2.2 5.3

2 15 17.2 9.4 7.6 17

3 25 28 15.6 12.7 28.3


18

KVL – Theoretical Values

Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL

E1 = V1 + V2 E1 E2 V1 V2 V3

V V V V V V

1 5 5 0.58 4.41 0.583 4.99

2 10 10 1.16 8.83 1.17 9.99

3 15 15 1.75 13.2 1.75 14.95

4 20 20 2.33 17.67 2.33 20

5 25 25 2.913 22.08 2.915 24.993

KVL - Practical Values

Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL

E1 = V1 + V2 E1 E2 V1 V2 V3

V V V V V V

1 5 5 0.6 4.4 0.56 5

2 10 10 1.13 8.83 1.19 9.96

3 15 15 1.72 13.20 1.78 14.92

Model Calculations:

Result:

Thus Kirchoff’s voltage load and Kirchoff’s current law verified both

theoretically and practically.


19

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define Ohm’s law.

2. Define Kirchhoff’s current law.

3. Define Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

4. What are the applications of regulated power supply?


20



Title of Experiment : Verification of Superposition Theorem


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


21

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define active and passive elements.

2. Define an ideal voltage source.

3. Define an ideal current source.

4. What is meant by source transformation?


22

Experiment No. 2

Date :

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Aim:

To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:



2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1

3 Resistors 1k, 330, 220 3

4 Bread Board -- --

5 Wires -- Required

Statement:

Superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing more

than one source, the current flowing through the branch is the algebraic sum of the

current flowing through that branch when sources are considered one at a time and

replacing other sources by their respective internal resistances.

Precautions:

1. Voltage control knob should be kept at manimum position

2. current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:

1. Give the connections as per the diagram.

2. Set a particular voltage value using RPS1 and RPS2 & note down the ammeter

reading

3. Set the same voltage in circuit I using RPS1 alone and short circuit the

terminals and note the ammeter reading.

4. Set the same voltage in RPS2 alone as in circuit I and note down the ammeter

reading.

5. Verify superposition theorem.


23

CIRCUIT - 1

CIRCUIT - 2

CIRCUIT - 3

TABULAR COLUMN

Theoretical Values

RPS Ammeter Reading

(I)

mA 1 2

Circuit – 1

10 V 10 V I = 8.83

Circuit – 2

10 V 0 V I’= 3.5

Circuit – 3

0 V 10 V I”= 5.3

I = I’ I” = 8.83


24

Practical Values

RPS Ammeter Reading

(I)

mA 1 2

Circuit – 1

10 V 10 V I = 8.5

Circuit – 2

10 V 0 V I’= 3.5

Circuit – 3

0 V 10 V I”= 5

I = I’ I” = 8.5 mA

= 3.5 + 5 = 8.5 mA

Model Calculations:

Result:

Superposition theorem have been verified theoretically and practically.


25

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. State superposition theorem.

2. What are the Steps to solve Superposition Theorem?

3. Define unilateral and bilateral elements.

4. List limitation of superposition theorem.


26



Title of Experiment : Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


27

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define Lumped and distributed elements.

2. What are independent source?

3. What are dependent sources?

4. Two inductors with equal value of “L” are connected in series and parallel what is the

equivalent inductance?

5. What are the different types of dependent or controlled sources?


28

Experiment No. 3

Date :

VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Aim:

To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the given

circuit.

Apparatus Required:



2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1

3 Resistors 1K, 330 3,1

4 Bread Board -- Required

5 DRB -- 1

Statement:

Any linear bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by a equivalent

voltage source (VTH). Thevenin’s voltage or VOC in series with looking pack resistance

RTH.

Precautions:

1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.

2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding

ammeter readings.

To find VTH

3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using

multimeter (VTH).

To find RTH

4. To find the Thevenin’s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find

the RTH using multimeter.

5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTH and RTH and note the

corresponding ammeter reading.

6. Verify Thevenins theorem.

Theoretical and Practical Values

E(V) VTH(V) RTH() IL (mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent Circuit

Theoretical 10 5 495 3.34 3.34

Practical 10 4.99 484 3.3 3.36


29

Circuit - 1 : To find load current

To find VTH

To find RTH

Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit:


30

Model Calculations:

Result:

Hence the Thevenin’s theorem is verified both practically and theoretically


31

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. State Thevenin’s Theorem.

2. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

3. What are the two quantities to be determined to apply Thevenin’s Theorem?

4. Write the steps to find RTH

5. Write the steps to find VTH


32



Title of Experiment : Verification of Norton’s Theorem


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


33

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between a branch and a node of a circuit.

2. Write down the V-I relationship of circuit elements.

3. Two capacitors with equal value of “C” are connected in series and parallel. What is

the equivalent Capacitance?

4. Write down the formula to convert a star connected network into a delta network?

5. Write down the formula to convert a delta connected network into a star network?


34

Experiment No. 4

Date :

VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM

Aim:

To verify Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:


1 Ammeter (0-10mA) MC

(0-30mA) MC

1

1

2 Resistors 330, 1K 3,1

3 RPS (0-30V) 2

4 Bread Board -- 1

5 Wires -- Required

Statement:

Any linear, bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by an

equivalent current source (IN) in parallel with Norton’s resistance (RN)

Precautions:



Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the

original circuit.

To Find IN:

3. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.

4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.

To Find RN:

5. Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note

down the resistance across the two terminals.

Equivalent Circuit:

6. Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.

7. Verify Norton’s theorem.


35

To find load current in circuit 1:

To find IN

To find RN

Norton’s equivalent circuit

Constant current source


36

Theoretical and Practical Values

E

(volts)

IN

(mA)

RN

()

IL (mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent

Circuit

Theoretical

Values

10 10.10 495 334 3.34

Practical

Values

10 10.4 485 3.4 4

Model Calculations:

Result:

Norton’s was verified practically and theoretically


37

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. State Norton’s theorem.

2. What are the Steps to solve Norton’s Theorem

3. What is the load current in a Norton’s circuit?

4. What is difference between RTH and RN?


38



Title of Experiment : Verification of Maximum Power

Transfer Theorem


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


39

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. Give the expression for maximum power in DC circuit

2. Give the value of Load voltage of D.C circuit under maximum power transfer

condition

3. Under what condition is the power delivered to a load maximum in D.C circuit?

4. Under what condition is the power delivered to a load maximum in A.C circuit?

When ZL = ZTH*


40

Experiment No. 5

Date :

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

THEOREM

Aim:

To verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit

Apparatus Required:


1 RPS (0-30V) 1

2 Voltmeter (0-10V) MC 1

3 Resistor 1K, 1.3K, 3 3

4 DRB -- 1

5 Bread Board & wires -- Required

Statement:

In a linear, bilateral circuit the maximum power will be transferred to the load

when load resistance is equal to source resistance.

Precautions:



Procedure:

Circuit – I

1. Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS.

2. Vary RL and note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.

3. Repeat the procedure for different values of RL & Tabulate it.

4. Calculate the power for each value of RL.

To find VTH:

5. Remove the load, and determine the open circuit voltage using multimeter

(VTH)

To find RTH:

6. Remove the load and short circuit the voltage source (RPS).

7. Find the looking back resistance (RTH) using multimeter.

Equivalent Circuit:

8. Set VTH using RPS and RTH using DRB and note down the ammeter reading.

9. Calculate the power delivered to the load (RL = RTH)

10. Verify maximum transfer theorem.


41

Circuit - 1

To find VTH

To find RTH

Thevenin’s Equation Circuit


42

Power VS RL

Circuit – I

Sl.No. RL () I (mA) V(V) P=VI (watts)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

200

400

600

800

1200

1300

1400

1500

1.3

1.2

1.1

1

0.80

0.77

0.74

0.71

0.27

0.481

0.638

0.771

1.083

1.024

0.998

0.968

0.26

0.53

0.707

0.771

0.866

0.788

0.738

0.687

To find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

VTH (V) RTH () IL (mA) P (milli watts)

Theoretical

Value

2002 1320 0.758 0.759

Practical Value

2 1306 0.77 0.77


43

Model Calculations:

Result:

Thus maximum power theorem was verified both practically and theoretically


44

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. State maximum power transfer theorem.

2. Write some applications of maximum transfer theorem.

3. Draw the equivalent maximum transfer theorem

4. What are the Steps to solve Maximum power transfer Theorem?


45

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Batch 2

Ex No Title of the experiment

6 Circuit Transients by Digital simulation

7 Verification of KVL and KCL using Digital simulation

8 Verification of Superposition theorem &

Thevenin’s Theorem using Digital simulation

9 Verification of Reciprocity Theorem &

Maximum Power Transfer theorem using Digital simulation

10 RLC Series Resonance by Digital simulation

11 Study - Transient analysis of Series RL, RC circuits


46



Title of Experiment : Verification of KVL and KCL

using Digital Simulation


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


47

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is MATLAB?

2. What is SIMULINK?

3. Name the toolboxes that you are using to simulate the circuit.

4. State KCL and KVL.


48

Experiment No. 6

Date : Verification of KVL and KCL using Digital

Simulation

Aim:

To simulate the given circuit using Matlab Simulink and verify Kirchhoff’s

Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

Given Circuit:

Theortical Values:

I1= 6A , I2 = -1A , I5 = 6A , I20 = 1A , I8 = 5A

V5 = 30V , V20 = -20V , V8 = 40V


49

Simulated Circuit:

Result:

The given Circuit was simulated using Matlab Simulink and KVL and KCL was verified.


50

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1) Illustrate KCL and KVL.

2) How do you print the simulated circuit in MATLAB?

3) State the applications of KCL and KVL.


51



Title of Experiment : Verification of Superposition Theorem &

Thevenin’s Theorem using Digital Simulation


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


52

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1) How do you measure the current and voltages in MATLAB?

2) When do you use Display and when do you use Scope to get the output in

MATLAB?

3) State Thevenin’s Theorem.

4) State Superposition Theorem.


53

Experiment No. 7

Date : Verification of Superposition Theorem &

Thevenin’s Theorem using Digital Simulation

Aim:

To simulate the given circuit using Matlab Simulink and verify Superposition theorem.

Given circuit:


54

Simulated Circuit:

a) Considering only 20V supply and short circuiting the other sources

b) Current in 2Ω (I1) = 6.896 amps

c) Considering only the 5V source,

Current in 2Ω (I3) = -0.1528 amps


55

d) Considering only 50V source,

current in 2Ω (I2) = -1.711 amps

Considering all sources,

Observation:

I=I1+I2+I3

I =6.896-1.1711-0.1528 = 5.032 A

Result:

The given circuit was simulated using Matlab Simulink and Superposition theorem

verified.


56

Aim:

To simulate the given circuit using Matlab Simulink and verify Thevenin’s theorem

Given Circuit


57

Simulated Circuit:

a) To find current across Load resistance

current in the branch 5 ohm is IL = 0.1946 A

b) Short circuiting the load resistance RL ,


58

Thevenin voltage Vth=2.717 V

c) Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

Load current, IL=0.1945 A

Result:

The given circuit was simulated using Matlab Simulink and Thevenin’s theorem was

verified.


59

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1) State the limitations of superposition Theorem.

2) Give the applications of Thevenin’s and Superposition Thoerem.

3) Name the blocks which you used to simulate the circuit?

4) How do you choose DC current source in Simulink?


60



Title of Experiment : Verification of Reciprocity Theorem & Maximum

Power Transfer theorem using Digital simulation


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


61

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1) State Reciprocity Theorem.

2) State Maximum Power Transfer.

3) What is the condition for maximum power transfer?

4) To what type of the circuit, the reciprocity theorem applicable?

5) What is load matching?


62

Experiment No. 8

Date : Verification of Reciprocity Theorem & Maximum

Power Transfer theorem using Digital simulation

Aim:

To simulate and verify the Reciprocity & Maximum power Transfer theorem for a given

circuit using Matlab/Simulink Toolbox.

Given Circuit for simulation & verification of Reciprocity theorem

Case a) Circuit with Voltage source

Case b) Circuit with Current source

Given Circuit for simulation & verification of Maximum power Transfer


63

Circuit Digital Simulation for Reciprocity Theorem:

Case (1) Circuit with Voltage source

Case (2) Circuit with Current source

Circuit Digital Simulation for Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

Case a) When Rload < Rth

Case b) When Rload > Rth


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Case c) When Rload = Rth

Result:

The given circuits are simulated using Matlab Simulink and Reciprocity theorem and

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem are verified.


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POST LAB QUESTIONS

1) What is transfer resistance in reciprocity theorem?

2) What are mutually transferable in the reciprocity theorem?

3) What is the field of application of this maximum power transfer theorem?

4) When will the power extracted from a circuit is maximum?


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Title of Experiment : Circuit Transient by Digital Simulation


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


67

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. Write down the V-I relationship of circuit elements.

2. What is transient state?

3. What is transient time?

4. What is natural response?

5. What is transient response?


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Experiment No. 9

Date :

Circuit Transients by Digital simulation

Aim : To determine the transient current and voltage across element through RL and RC

series circuits using PSPICE.

RL TRANSIENT

Given Circuit:

Output:

i) Current i(t) vs time(t)


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ii) Voltage VRvs time(t)

RC TRANSIENT

Given Circuit:


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Output:

i) Current i(t) vs time(t)

ii) Voltage VCvs time(t)

Result: The transient currents and voltage through the given RL and RC circuits were

determined by simulation using PSPICE.


71

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define time constant of RL Circuit.

2. Define time constant of RC Circuit.

3. What is the time taken for the current to reach its steady state value in RL charging

circuit?

4. What is the time taken for the voltage to reach its steady state value in RC charging

circuit?

5. What is the voltage across the capacitor after 10τ sec in an RC discharging circuit?


72



Title of Experiment : RLC Series Resonance by Digital simulation


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


73

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the condition for resonance in RLC series circuit?

2. What is resonant frequency?

3. Define bandwidth.

4. Define quality factor.

5. Draw the frequency response of RLC series circuit


74

Experiment No. 10

Date :

RLC Series Resonance by Digital simulation

Aim : To determine resonant frequency of an RLC series circuit using PSPICE.

Given Circuit:

Output:

Resonant frequency = 580Hz

Result: The resonant frequency of the given RLC circuit was determined using PSPICE.


75

POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. Derive the formula for resonance frequency

2. Write the formula for quality factor.

3. Write the relation between fr, Q and band width.

4. At the time of resonance, power factor of the circuit will be

5. At the time of resonance, current in RLC series circuit will be maximum. Why?


76



Title of Experiment : Transient analysis of Series RL, RC circuits


Register Number :


Sl.

No.


(50)

Marks obtained

1 Attendance 5






Total 50

Staff Signature


77

PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1) Define Transient.

2) Time constant for RL Circuit.

3) Time constant for RC Circuit.

4) How will you design the values of L & C in a transient circuit?


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Experiment No. 11

Date : Transient analysis of Series RL, RC circuits

Aim:

To obtain the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RL and

RC circuit for DC input.

Apparatus Required:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Function Generator 800Hz 1

2 Inductor 1 nF 1

3 Resistor 4KΩ 1

4 Capacitor 1

5 Bread Board & Wires -- Required

6 CRO 1

7 CRO Probes 2

Theory

In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RL or RC circuit to analyze

the transient response of the circuit. The pulse-width relative to a circuit’s time constant

determines how it is affected by an RC or RL circuit.

Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and

currents in RC and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time

constants (5τ) after switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their

final value, which is also called steady-state response.

The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and

the Thévenin resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor.

τ = RC

A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back

again. If a waveform’s hight time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square

wave. The length of each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width

(tp) of an ideal square wave is equal to half the time period.

Procedure for RL:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Choose square wave mode in signal generator

3. Using CRO, adjust the amplitude to be 2 volts peak to peak.

4. Take care of the precaution and set the input frequency.

5. Observe and plot the output waveform.

6. Calculate the time required by the output to reach 0.632 times the final value

(peak).

7. This value gives the practical time constant. Tabulate the theoretical and practical

values.


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Model Calculation:


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Result:

Thus the transient waveform is obtained for a series RL and RC circuit and the

time constant is computed practically and theoretically. The theoretical and practical time

constants are given by:

Theoretical Time Constant =

Practical Time Constant =


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POST LAB QUESTIONS

1) Why is it necessary to discharge the capacitor every time you want to record another

transient voltage across the capacitor?

2) If the capacitor remains charged, what would you expect to see across the capacitor

when you re-close the switch to try to record another transient?

3) What does the derivative of a step function look like?

4) What does the integral of a step function look like?

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TABLE OF CONTENTS - SRM University OF CONTENTS 1. Syllabus ... Internal evaluation split up for the lab course. EE1010 ... Faculty of Engineering and Technology