Table of contents - Nanotechnology Market Research€¦ · The Global Market for Nanomaterials © Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved. 7.3.2 Market snapshot..... 120

The Global Market for Nanomaterials

© Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 41

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................... 45

2.1 NANOMATERIALS MARKET RATING SYSTEM........................................... 46

3 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 48

3.1 Properties of nanomaterials................................................................. 48

3.2 Categorization...................................................................................... 50

4 NANOMATERIALS REGULATIONS............................................................. 52

4.1 Europe.................................................................................................... 53

4.1.1 REACH................................................................................................. 53

4.1.2 Biocidal Products Regulation........................................................... 54

4.1.3 National nanomaterials registers...................................................... 54

4.1.4 Cosmetics regulation......................................................................... 55

4.1.5 Food safety........................................................................................ 57

4.2 United States......................................................................................... 58

4.2.1 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)............................................... 58

4.3 Asia......................................................................................................... 60

4.3.1 Japan................................................................................................. 60

4.3.2 South Korea........................................................................................ 60



4.3.3 Taiwan................................................................................................ 61

4.3.4 Australia.............................................................................................. 61

5 GLOBAL FUNDING AND POLICY.............................................................. 63

5.1 United States......................................................................................... 63

5.1.1 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)....................................... 63

5.2 Japan.................................................................................................... 64

5.2.1 Science and technology basic plans............................................. 65

5.2.1.1 Strategic Innovation Promotion Program................................. 66

5.2.1.2 Science and Technology Basic Plan........................................ 67

5.2.1.3 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan (FY2016-2020)......... 68

5.2.2 Government bodies.......................................................................... 68

5.2.2.1 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) 68

5.2.2.2 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)...................... 69

5.2.3 Research centres and platforms...................................................... 69

5.2.3.1 Tsukuba Innovation Arena for Nanotechnology (TIA - NANO) 69

5.2.3.2 National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)......................... 70

5.2.3.3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 70

5.3 China..................................................................................................... 71

5.3.1 Graphene funding and development........................................... 71



5.3.2 Future graphene strategy................................................................. 73

5.3.3 13th Five-Year Plan............................................................................ 76

5.4 South Korea........................................................................................... 76

5.4.1 Nanotechnology funding in South Korea....................................... 76

5.4.2 Graphene funding............................................................................ 77

5.5 Taiwan................................................................................................... 78

5.5.1 National Nanotechnology Program Phase 1.................................. 79

5.5.2 Phase 2............................................................................................... 80

5.6 Germany................................................................................................ 81

5.6.1 Nanotechnology 2015 Action Plan................................................. 82

5.6.2 Networks............................................................................................. 82

5.7 European Union.................................................................................... 83

5.7.1 Horizon 2020....................................................................................... 83

5.7.2 Graphene Flagship........................................................................... 84

6 PATENTING................................................................................................... 85

7 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS....................................... 88

7.1 ALUMINIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES..................................................... 88

7.1.1 Market prospects............................................................................... 88

7.1.2 Market snapshot................................................................................ 89

7.1.3 Properties............................................................................................ 90



7.1.4 Applications....................................................................................... 91

7.1.5 Demand by market........................................................................... 93

7.1.6 Technology readiness level (TRL)...................................................... 95

7.1.7 Production volumes in tons, 2010-2025........................................... 96

7.1.8 Production volumes, by region........................................................ 98

7.1.9 Prices................................................................................................... 99

7.1.10 Producers........................................................................................ 99

7.2 ANTIMONY TIN OXIDE NANOPARTICLES.............................................. 106

7.2.1 Market prospects............................................................................. 106

7.2.2 Market snapshot.............................................................................. 106

7.2.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 107

7.2.4 Applications..................................................................................... 108

7.2.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 110

7.2.6 Technology readiness level (TRL).................................................... 110

7.2.7 Production volume in tons, 2010-2025........................................... 111

7.2.8 Production volumes, by region...................................................... 114

7.2.9 Prices................................................................................................. 115

7.2.10 Producers...................................................................................... 115

7.3 BISMUTH OXIDE NANOPARTICLES........................................................ 120




7.3.2 Market snapshot.............................................................................. 120

7.3.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 121

7.3.4 Applications..................................................................................... 122

7.3.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 124




7.3.9 Prices................................................................................................. 129

7.3.10 Producers...................................................................................... 129

7.4 CARBON NANOTUBES.......................................................................... 132


7.4.2 Market snapshot.............................................................................. 132

7.4.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 134

7.4.4 Applications..................................................................................... 136

7.4.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 140


7.4.7 Production volumes in tons, 2010-2025......................................... 144


7.4.9 Prices................................................................................................. 148

7.4.10 Producers...................................................................................... 150



7.5 CERIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES......................................................... 163


7.5.2 Market snapshot.............................................................................. 163

7.5.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 165

7.5.4 Applications..................................................................................... 165

7.5.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 168




7.5.9 Prices................................................................................................. 173

7.5.10 Producers...................................................................................... 173

7.6 COBALT OXIDE NANOPARTICLES......................................................... 177


7.6.2 Market snapshot.............................................................................. 177

7.6.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 178

7.6.4 Applications..................................................................................... 179

7.6.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 181






7.6.9 Prices................................................................................................. 186

7.6.10 Producers...................................................................................... 186

7.7 COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES........................................................ 188


7.7.2 Market summary.............................................................................. 188

7.7.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 189

7.7.4 Applications..................................................................................... 191

7.7.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 193




7.7.9 Prices................................................................................................. 197

7.7.10 Producers...................................................................................... 198

7.8 DENDRIMERS......................................................................................... 201


7.8.2 Market summary.............................................................................. 201

7.8.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 203

7.8.3.1 Types.......................................................................................... 203

7.8.4 Applications..................................................................................... 206

7.8.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 208






7.8.9 Prices................................................................................................. 212

7.8.10 Producers...................................................................................... 213

7.9 FULLERENES........................................................................................... 216


7.9.2 Market summary.............................................................................. 216

7.9.3 Properties.......................................................................................... 217

7.9.4 Applications..................................................................................... 218

7.9.5 Demand by market......................................................................... 220




7.9.9 Prices................................................................................................. 224

7.9.10 Producers...................................................................................... 225

7.10 GOLD NANOPARTICLES........................................................................ 229

7.10.1 Market prospects......................................................................... 229

7.10.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 229

7.10.3 Properties...................................................................................... 231



7.10.4 Applications................................................................................. 232

7.10.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 233

7.10.6 Technology readiness level (TRL)................................................ 234

7.10.7 Production volumes in tons, 2010-2025...................................... 235

7.10.8 Production volumes, by region................................................... 237

7.10.9 Prices............................................................................................. 238

7.10.10 Producers...................................................................................... 239

7.11 GRAPHENE........................................................................................... 244


7.11.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 244

7.11.3 Properties...................................................................................... 245

7.11.4 Applications................................................................................. 248

7.11.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 255




7.11.9 Prices............................................................................................. 262

7.11.10 Producers...................................................................................... 263

7.12 IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES.............................................................. 276




7.12.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 276

7.12.3 Properties...................................................................................... 277

7.12.4 Applications................................................................................. 278

7.12.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 281




7.12.9 Prices............................................................................................. 286

7.12.10 Producers...................................................................................... 287

7.13 MAGNESIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES................................................. 292


7.13.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 292

7.13.3 Properties...................................................................................... 293

7.13.4 Applications................................................................................. 294

7.13.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 295




7.13.9 Prices............................................................................................. 299

7.13.10 Producers...................................................................................... 300



7.14 MANGANESE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES................................................ 303


7.14.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 303

7.14.3 Properties...................................................................................... 304

7.14.4 Applications................................................................................. 305

7.14.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 306




7.14.9 Prices............................................................................................. 310

7.14.10 Producers...................................................................................... 311

7.15 NANOCELLULOSE................................................................................. 313


7.15.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 313

7.15.3 Properties...................................................................................... 315

7.15.4 Applications................................................................................. 320

7.15.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 325






7.15.9 Prices............................................................................................. 330

7.15.10 Producers...................................................................................... 331

7.15.10.1 Cellulose nanofibers.............................................................. 331

7.15.10.2 Cellulose nanocrystals.......................................................... 332

7.16 NANOCLAYS......................................................................................... 339


7.16.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 339

7.16.3 Properties...................................................................................... 340

7.16.4 Applications................................................................................. 344

7.16.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 345




7.16.9 Prices............................................................................................. 350

7.16.10 Producers...................................................................................... 351

7.17 NANODIAMONDS................................................................................. 357


7.17.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 357

7.17.3 Properties...................................................................................... 358

7.17.4 Applications................................................................................. 359



7.17.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 360




7.17.9 Prices............................................................................................. 365

7.17.10 Producers...................................................................................... 365

7.18 NANOFIBERS......................................................................................... 367

7.18.1 Market summary.......................................................................... 367


7.18.3 Properties...................................................................................... 368

7.18.4 Applications................................................................................. 368

7.18.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 370




7.18.9 Producers...................................................................................... 374

7.19 NANOSILVER......................................................................................... 381


7.19.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 381

7.19.3 Properties...................................................................................... 382



7.19.4 Applications................................................................................. 383

7.19.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 386




7.19.9 Prices............................................................................................. 390

7.19.10 Producers...................................................................................... 391

7.20 NANOWIRES.......................................................................................... 395


7.20.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 395

7.20.3 Properties...................................................................................... 396

7.20.4 Applications................................................................................. 397

7.20.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 399



7.20.8 Prices............................................................................................. 401

7.20.9 Producers...................................................................................... 402

7.21 NICKEL NANOPARTICLES...................................................................... 405


7.21.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 405



7.21.3 Properties...................................................................................... 406

7.21.4 Applications................................................................................. 407




7.21.8 Prices............................................................................................. 410

7.21.9 Producers...................................................................................... 411

7.22 QUANTUM DOTS................................................................................... 413


7.22.2 Properties...................................................................................... 413

7.22.3 Applications................................................................................. 416

7.22.4 Demand by market..................................................................... 421




7.22.8 Prices............................................................................................. 428

7.22.9 Producers...................................................................................... 428

7.23 SILICON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES......................................................... 434


7.23.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 434



7.23.3 Properties...................................................................................... 436

7.23.4 Applications................................................................................. 437

7.23.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 439




7.23.9 Prices............................................................................................. 443

7.23.10 Producers...................................................................................... 444

7.24 TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES.................................................... 451


7.24.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 451

7.24.3 Properties...................................................................................... 453

7.24.3.1 Photocatalytic...................................................................... 454

7.24.3.2 UV-filter................................................................................... 454

7.24.4 Applications................................................................................. 455

7.24.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 456




7.24.9 Producers...................................................................................... 461



7.25 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES.............................................................. 467


7.25.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 467

7.25.3 Properties...................................................................................... 469

7.25.4 Applications................................................................................. 470

7.25.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 472




7.25.9 Producers...................................................................................... 477

7.26 ZIRCONIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES................................................... 485


7.26.2 Market summary.......................................................................... 485

7.26.3 Properties...................................................................................... 487

7.26.4 Applications................................................................................. 487

7.26.5 Demand by market..................................................................... 490




7.26.9 Prices............................................................................................. 495



7.26.10 Producers...................................................................................... 495

7.27 OTHER NANOMATERIALS...................................................................... 501

7.27.1 NANOPRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE................................ 501

7.27.1.1 Properties............................................................................... 501

7.27.1.2 Applications.......................................................................... 501

7.27.1.3 Producers............................................................................... 503

7.27.2 GRAPHENE AND CARBON QUANTUM DOTS................................ 504

7.27.2.1 Properties............................................................................... 505

7.27.2.2 Applications.......................................................................... 508

7.27.2.3 Producers............................................................................... 508

7.27.3 HYDROXYAPATITE NANOPARTICLES.............................................. 509

7.27.3.1 Properties............................................................................... 509

7.27.3.2 Applications.......................................................................... 509

7.27.3.3 Producers............................................................................... 510

7.27.4 PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES........................................................ 510

7.27.4.1 Properties............................................................................... 510

7.27.4.2 Applications.......................................................................... 511

7.27.4.3 Producers............................................................................... 511

7.27.5 YTTRIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES.................................................. 512

7.27.5.1 Properties............................................................................... 512



7.27.5.2 Applications.......................................................................... 512

7.27.5.3 Producers............................................................................... 513

7.27.6 CARBON ONIONS.......................................................................... 514

7.27.6.1 Properties............................................................................... 514

7.27.6.2 Applications.......................................................................... 516

7.28 OTHER 2D MATERIALS........................................................................... 517

7.28.1 Black phosphorus/Phosphorene................................................. 518

7.28.1.1 Properties............................................................................... 519

7.28.1.2 Applications.......................................................................... 521

7.28.2 C2N................................................................................................. 523

7.28.2.1 Properties............................................................................... 524

7.28.2.2 Applications.......................................................................... 525

7.28.3 Carbon nitride.............................................................................. 526

7.28.3.1 Properties............................................................................... 526

7.28.3.2 Applications.......................................................................... 526

7.28.4 Germanene.................................................................................. 527

7.28.4.1 Properties............................................................................... 527

7.28.4.2 Applications.......................................................................... 528

7.28.5 Graphdiyne.................................................................................. 529

7.28.5.1 Properties............................................................................... 531



7.28.5.2 Applications.......................................................................... 531

7.28.6 Graphane..................................................................................... 533

7.28.6.1 Properties............................................................................... 533

7.28.6.2 Applications.......................................................................... 534

7.28.7 Hexagonal boron nitride............................................................. 535

7.28.7.1 Properties............................................................................... 536

7.28.7.2 Applications.......................................................................... 537

7.28.7.3 Producers............................................................................... 538

7.28.8 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)..................................................... 538

7.28.8.1 Properties............................................................................... 539

7.28.8.2 Applications.......................................................................... 539

7.28.9 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)..................... 543

7.28.9.1 Properties............................................................................... 544

7.28.9.2 Applications.......................................................................... 545

7.28.10 Silicene.......................................................................................... 545

7.28.10.1 Properties............................................................................... 546

7.28.10.2 Applications.......................................................................... 548

7.28.11 Stanene/tinene............................................................................ 550

7.28.11.1 Properties............................................................................... 551

7.28.11.2 Applications.......................................................................... 552



7.28.12 Tungsten diselenide..................................................................... 552

7.28.12.1 Properties............................................................................... 553

7.28.12.2 Applications.......................................................................... 554

TABLES

Table 1: The Global market for nanomaterials in 2015 in tons, market characteristics and growth prospects........................................................................................................ 41

Table 2: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................ 49

Table 3: National nanomaterials registries in Europe....................................... 54

Table 4: Nanomaterials regulatory bodies in Australia.................................... 61

Table 5: Top ten countries based on number of nanotechnology patents in USPTO 2014-2015. 85

Table 6: Nanomaterials scorecard for aluminium oxide nanoparticles......... 87

Table 7: Market summary for aluminium oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................... 88

Table 8: Markets, benefits and applications of aluminium oxide nanoparticles 90

Table 9: Production volumes of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. Production volumes are in metric tons unless stated otherwise................................................... 95

Table 10: Prices of aluminium oxide nanoparticles......................................... 98

Table 11: Aluminium oxide nanoparticles producers...................................... 99



Table 12: Nanomaterials scorecard for antimony tin oxide nanoparticles. 105

Table 13: Market summary for antimony tin oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 105

Table 14: Markets, benefits and applications of antimony tin oxide nanoparticles 107

Table 15: Production volume of antimony tin oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 110

Table 16: Prices of antimony tin oxide nanoparticles.................................... 114

Table 17: Antimony tin oxide nanoparticles producers................................ 115

Table 18: Nanomaterials scorecard for bismuth oxide nanoparticles......... 119

Table 19: Market summary for bismuth oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 119

Table 20: Markets, benefits and applications of aluminium oxide nanoparticles 121

Table 21: Production volume of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 125

Table 22: Prices of bismuth oxide nanoparticles............................................ 128

Table 23: Bismuth oxide nanoparticles producers......................................... 128

Table 24: Nanomaterials scorecard for carbon nanotubes......................... 131

Table 25: Market summary for carbon nanotubes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 131



Table 26: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.............................. 134

Table 27: Markets, benefits and applications of Carbon Nanotubes......... 135

Table 28: Production volumes of carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2025...... 143

Table 29: Prices of carbon nanotubes............................................................ 148

Table 30: Annual production capacity of MWNT producers........................ 150

Table 31: SWNT producers production capacities 2015................................ 151

Table 32: Other carbon nanotubes producers.............................................. 152

Table 33: Nanomaterials scorecard for cerium oxide nanoparticles........... 162

Table 34: Market summary for cerium oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 162

Table 35: Markets, benefits and applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles 164

Table 36: Production volumes of cerium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 169

Table 37: Prices of cerium oxide nanoparticles.............................................. 172

Table 38: Cerium oxide nanoparticles producers.......................................... 172

Table 39: Nanomaterials scorecard for cobalt oxide nanoparticles........... 176

Table 40: Market summary for cobalt oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 176

Table 41: Markets, benefits and applications of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. 178

Table 42: Production volumes of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 181



Table 43: Prices of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.............................................. 185

Table 44: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles producers.......................................... 185

Table 45: Nanomaterials scorecard for copper oxide nanoparticles.......... 187

Table 46: Market summary for copper oxide nanoparticles -Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 187

Table 47: Markets, benefits and applications of copper oxide nanoparticles. 190

Table 48: Production volumes of copper oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 194

Table 49: Example prices of copper oxide nanoparticles............................ 196

Table 50: Copper oxide nanoparticles producers......................................... 197

Table 51: Nanomaterials scorecard for dendrimers....................................... 200

Table 52: Market summary for dendrimer -Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 200

Table 53: Types of dendrimer........................................................................... 203

Table 54: Markets, benefits and applications of dendrimers........................ 205

Table 55: Dendrimer products......................................................................... 206

Table 56: Production volumes of dendrimers (tons), 2010-2025.................... 209

Table 57: Example prices of dendrimers......................................................... 211

Table 58: Dendrimers producers...................................................................... 212

Table 59: Nanomaterials scorecard for fullerenes.......................................... 215



Table 60: Market summary for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 215

Table 61: Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes........................... 217

Table 62: Production volume of fullerenes (tons), 2010-2025........................ 220

Table 63: Example prices of fullerenes............................................................ 223

Table 64: Fullerene producers.......................................................................... 225

Table 65: Nanomaterials scorecard for gold nanoparticles......................... 228

Table 66: Market summary for gold nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 228

Table 67: Markets, benefits and applications of gold nanoparticles.......... 231

Table 68: Production volumes of gold nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025...... 234

Table 69: Example prices of gold nanoparticles............................................ 238

Table 70: Gold nanoparticle producers......................................................... 239

Table 71: Nanomaterials scorecard for graphene......................................... 243

Table 72: Market summary for graphene-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 243

Table 73: Properties of graphene.................................................................... 245

Table 74: Markets, benefits and applications of graphene......................... 248

Table 75: Consumer products incorporating graphene............................... 253

Table 76: Production volumes of graphene (tons), 2010-2025..................... 258



Table 77: Graphene types and cost per kg................................................... 262

Table 78: Graphene producers....................................................................... 263

Table 79: Nanomaterials scorecard for iron oxide nanoparticles................ 275

Table 80: Market summary for iron oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 275

Table 81: Markets, benefits and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles. 278

Table 82: Production volumes of iron oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 283

Table 83: Example prices of iron oxide nanoparticles................................... 285

Table 84: Iron oxide nanoparticles producers................................................ 286

Table 85: Nanomaterials scorecard for magnesium oxide nanoparticles... 291

Table 86: Market summary for magnesium oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications........................................................ 291

Table 87: Markets, benefits and applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. 293

Table 88: Production volumes of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 295

Table 89: Example prices of magnesium oxide nanoparticles..................... 298

Table 90: Magnesium oxide nanoparticles producers.................................. 299

Table 91: Nanomaterials scorecard for manganese oxide nanoparticles.. 302



Table 92: Market summary for manganese oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 302

Table 93: Markets, benefits and applications of manganese oxide nanoparticles. 304

Table 94: Production volumes of manganese oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 307

Table 95: Example prices of manganese oxide nanoparticles.................... 309

Table 96: Manganese oxide nanoparticles producers................................. 310

Table 97: Nanomaterials scorecard for nanocellulose.................................. 312

Table 98: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 312

Table 99: Nanocellulose properties................................................................. 317

Table 100: Properties and applications of nanocellulose............................. 317

Table 101: Markets and applications of nanocellulose................................ 319

Table 102: Production volumes of nanocellulose (tons), 2010-2025............. 326

Table 103: Example prices of nanocellulose.................................................. 329

Table 104: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned. 331

Table 105: Production capacities of CNC producers per annum in tons, current and planned. 331

Table 106: Nanocellulose producers............................................................... 332



Table 107: Nanomaterials scorecard for nanoclays...................................... 338

Table 108: Market summary for nanoclays -Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 338

Table 109: Markets, benefits and applications of nanoclays....................... 343

Table 110: Production volumes of nanoclays (tons), 2010-2025................... 346

Table 111: Example prices of nanoclays........................................................ 349

Table 112: Main nanoclays producers, products and target markets........ 350

Table 113: Nanoclay producers...................................................................... 351

Table 114: Nanomaterials scorecard for nanodiamonds............................. 356

Table 115: Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds.............. 358

Table 116: Production volumes of nanodiamonds (tons), 2010-2025.......... 361

Table 117: Example prices of nanodiamonds................................................ 364

Table 118: Nanodiamonds producers............................................................ 364

Table 119: Nanomaterials scorecard for nanofibers...................................... 366

Table 120: Market summary for nanofibers- Selling grade particle diameter, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 366

Table 121: Markets and applications of nanofibers...................................... 368

Table 122: Markets for nanofiber air and liquid filtration.............................. 369

Table 123: Production volumes of nanofibers (tons), 2010-2025................... 370

Table 124: Nanofibers producers..................................................................... 373



Table 125: Nanomaterials scorecard for nanosilver....................................... 380

Table 126: Market summary for nanosilver-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 380

Table 127: Markets, benefits and applications of nanosilver....................... 383

Table 128: Production volumes of nanosilver (tons), 2010-2025................... 387

Table 129: Example prices of nanosilver......................................................... 390

Table 130: Nanosilver producers...................................................................... 390

Table 131: Nanomaterials scorecard for nanowires...................................... 394

Table 132: Market summary for nanowires-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 394

Table 133: Markets, benefits and applications of nanowires....................... 397

Table 134: Example prices of nanowires......................................................... 400

Table 135: Nanowires producers..................................................................... 401

Table 136: Nanomaterials scorecard for nickel nanoparticles..................... 404

Table 137: Market summary for nickel nanoparticles -Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 404

Table 138: Markets, benefits and applications of nickel nanoparticles...... 406

Table 139: Production volumes of nickel nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025.. 407

Table 140: Example prices of nickel nanoparticles....................................... 409



Table 141: Nickel nanoparticles producers.................................................... 410

Table 142: Nanomaterials scorecard for quantum dots............................... 412

Table 143: Markets, benefits and applications of quantum dots................ 415

Table 144: Total QD revenues 2013-2025 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates. 424

Table 145: Example prices of quantum dots.................................................. 427

Table 146: Production of quantum dots......................................................... 427

Table 147: Quantum dot producers............................................................... 428

Table 148: Nanomaterials scorecard for silicon oxide nanoparticles.......... 433

Table 149: Market summary for silicon oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 433

Table 150: Markets, benefits and applications of silicon oxide nanoparticles. 436

Table 151: Production volumes of silicon oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 440

Table 152: Example prices of silicon oxide nanoparticles............................. 442

Table 153: Silicon oxide nanoparticles producers......................................... 443

Table 154: Nanomaterials scorecard for titanium dioxide nanoparticles... 450

Table 155: Market summary for titanium dioxide nanoparticles -Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 451

Table 156: Markets, benefits and applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 454



Table 157: Production volumes of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tons), conservative and optimistic estimates....................................................................................................... 458

Table 158: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles producers.................................. 462

Table 159: Nanomaterials scorecard for zinc oxide nanoparticles.............. 466

Table 160: Market summary for zinc oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 466

Table 161: Markets, benefits and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles. 469

Table 162: Production volumes of zinc oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 474

Table 163: Main Zinc oxide nanoparticles-Suppliers, products, primary particle size. 477

Table 164: Zinc oxide nanoparticles producers............................................. 479

Table 165: Nanomaterials scorecard for zirconium oxide nanoparticles.... 484

Table 166: Market summary for zirconium oxide nanoparticles-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................................................................................................. 484

Table 167: Markets, benefits and applications of zirconium oxide nanoparticles. 486

Table 168: Production volumes of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 491

Table 169: Prices of zirconium oxide nanoparticles....................................... 494

Table 170: Zirconium oxide nanoparticles producers................................... 495



Table 171: Markets, benefits and applications of zirconium oxide nanoparticles. 500

Table 172: Nanoprecipitated calcium carbonate nanoparticles producers. 502

Table 173: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4.. 504

Table 174: Properties of graphene quantum dots......................................... 505

Table 175: Graphene and carbon quantum dots producers...................... 507

Table 176: Markets, benefits and applications of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. 508

Table 177: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles producers................................... 509

Table 178: Markets, benefits and applications of palladium nanoparticles. 510

Table 179: Palladium nanoparticles producers............................................. 510

Table 180: Yttrium oxide nanoparticles producers........................................ 512

Table 181: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 519

Table 182: Markets and applications of phosphorene................................. 520

Table 183: Markets and applications of C2N................................................. 524

Table 184: Markets and applications of germanene.................................... 527

Table 185: Markets and applications of graphdiyne.................................... 530

Table 186: Markets and applications of graphane....................................... 533

Table 187: Markets and applications of hexagonal boron-nitride.............. 536



Table 188: Markets and applications of MoS2................................................ 539

Table 189: Markets and applications of Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2). 544

Table 190: Markets and applications of silicene............................................ 547

Table 191: Markets and applications of stanene/tinene.............................. 551

Table 192: Markets and applications of tungsten diselenide....................... 553

FIGURES

Figure 1: National Nanotechnology (NNI) funding, 2001-2016....................... 63

Figure 2: Graphene-enabled bendable smartphone.................................... 73

Figure 3: Graphene coated solar panels in China.......................................... 75

Figure 4: Nanotechnology patent applications, 1991-2015........................... 85

Figure 5: Share of nanotechnology related patent applications since 1972, by country. 87

Figure 6: Demand for aluminium oxide nanoparticles, by market................ 93

Figure 7: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles. 94

Figure 8: Production volumes of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 96

Figure 9: Production volumes of of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles 2015, by region. 97

Figure 10: Demand for antimony tin oxide nanoparticles, by market......... 109



Figure 11: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Antimony Tin Oxide Nanoparticles. 110

Figure 12: Production volume of antimony tin oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 112

Figure 13: Production volumes of Antimony Tin Oxide Nanoparticles 2015, by region. 113

Figure 14: Demand for bismuth oxide nanoparticles, by market................. 124

Figure 15: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles. 124

Figure 16: Production volume of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 126

Figure 17: Production volumes of Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles 2015, by region. 127

Figure 18: Demand for carbon nanotubes, by market................................. 140

Figure 19: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Nanotubes........... 143

Figure 20: Production volumes of carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2025..... 145

Figure 21: Production volumes of Carbon Nanotubes 2015, by region....... 146

Figure 22: Production capacities for SWNTs in kilograms, 2005-2014............ 152

Figure 23: Demand for cerium oxide nanoparticles, by market................... 167

Figure 24: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for cerium oxide nanoparticles. 168

Figure 25: Production volumes of cerium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 170

Figure 26: Production volumes of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles 2015, by region. 171

Figure 27: Demand for cobalt oxide nanoparticles, by market................... 180

Figure 28: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles. 181



Figure 29: Production volumes of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 183

Figure 30: Production volumes of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles 2015, by region. 184

Figure 31: Demand for copper oxide nanoparticles by market................... 192

Figure 32: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for copper oxide nanoparticles. 193

Figure 33: Production volumes of copper oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 195

Figure 34: Production volumes of copper oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 196

Figure 35: Dendrimer structure......................................................................... 202

Figure 36: Dendrimer schematic for application in biomedicine................. 204

Figure 37: Demand for dendrimers by market................................................ 207

Figure 38: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for dendrimers......................... 209

Figure 39: Production volumes of dendrimers (tons), 2010-2025................... 210

Figure 40: Production volumes of dendrimers 2015, by region..................... 211

Figure 41: Demand for fullerenes, by market.................................................. 219

Figure 42: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes............................ 220

Figure 43: Production volume of fullerenes (tons), 2010-2025....................... 222

Figure 44: Production volumes of fullerenes 2015, by region........................ 223

Figure 45: Demand for gold nanoparticles, by market................................. 233

Figure 46: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for gold nanoparticles............ 234

Figure 47: Production volumes of gold nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025..... 236

Figure 48: Production volumes of gold nanoparticles 2015, by region........ 237



Figure 49: Graphene layer structure schematic............................................ 246

Figure 50: Demand for graphene, by market................................................ 256

Figure 51: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene........................... 257

Figure 52: Production volumes of graphene (tons), 2010-2025..................... 260

Figure 53: Production volumes of graphene 2015, by region....................... 261

Figure 54: Demand for iron oxide nanoparticles, by market........................ 281

Figure 55: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for iron oxide nanoparticles... 282

Figure 56: Production volumes of iron oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 284

Figure 57: Production volumes of iron oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 285

Figure 58: Demand for magnesium oxide nanoparticles, by market.......... 294

Figure 59: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for magnesium oxide nanoparticles. 295

Figure 60: Production volumes of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 297

Figure 61: Production volumes of magnesium oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 298

Figure 62: Demand for manganese oxide nanoparticles, by market.......... 305

Figure 63: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for manganese oxide nanoparticles. 306

Figure 64: Production volumes of manganese oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 308

Figure 65: Production volumes of manganese oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 309



Figure 66: Hierarchical Structure of Wood Biomass........................................ 315

Figure 67: Types of nanocellulose.................................................................... 316

Figure 68: Demand for nanocellulose, by market.......................................... 324

Figure 69: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanocellulose.................... 326

Figure 70: Production volumes of nanocellulose (tons), 2010-2025.............. 328

Figure 71: Production volumes of nanocellulose 2015, by region................ 329

Figure 72: Nanoclays structure. The dimensions of a clay platelet are typically 200-1000 nm in lateral dimension and 1 nm thick.......................................................................... 340

Figure 73: TEM of montmorillonite.................................................................... 341

Figure 74: TEM of halloysite nanotubes.......................................................... 342

Figure 75: Demand for nanoclays, by market................................................ 345

Figure 76: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanoclays.......................... 346

Figure 77: Production volumes of nanoclays (tons), 2010-2025.................... 348

Figure 78: Production volumes of nanoclays 2015, by region...................... 349

Figure 79: Demand for nanodiamonds, by market....................................... 360

Figure 80: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanodiamonds.................. 361

Figure 81: Production volumes of nanodiamonds, 2010-2025...................... 362

Figure 82: Production volumes of nanodiamonds 2015, by region.............. 363

Figure 83: Demand for nanofibers, by market................................................ 370

Figure 84: Production volumes of nanofibers (tons), 2010-2025.................... 372



Figure 85: Production volumes of nanofibers 2015, by region...................... 372

Figure 86: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanofibers.......................... 373

Figure 87: Supply chain for nanosilver products............................................ 382

Figure 88: Demand for nanosilver, by market................................................ 385

Figure 89: Production volumes of nanosilver (tons), 2010-2025..................... 388

Figure 90: Production volumes of nanosilver 2015, by region....................... 389

Figure 91: Demand for nanowires, by market................................................ 398

Figure 92: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanowires........................... 399

Figure 93: Production volumes of nanowires 2015, by region....................... 400

Figure 94: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nickel nanoparticles......... 407

Figure 95: Production volumes of nickel nanoparticle (tons), 2010-2025.... 408

Figure 96: Global consumption of nickel nanoparticles 2015, by region.... 409

Figure 97: Quantum dot................................................................................... 413

Figure 98: The light-blue curve represents a typical spectrum from a conventional white-LED LCD TV. With quantum dots, the spectrum is tunable to any colours of red, green, and blue, and each Color is limited to a narrow band......................................................................... 414

Figure 99: Demand for quantum dots, by market......................................... 422

Figure 100: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for quantum dots.................. 423

Figure 101: Total QD revenues 2013-2025 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates. 425

Figure 102: Production volumes of quantum dots 2015, by region.............. 426



Figure 103: Demand for silicon oxide nanoparticles, by market.................. 438

Figure 104: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for silicon oxide nanoparticles. 439

Figure 105: Production volumes of silicon oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 441

Figure 106: Production volumes of silicon oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 442

Figure 107: Demand for titanium dioxide nanoparticles, by market........... 456

Figure 108: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles. 457

Figure 109: Production volumes of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tons), conservative and optimistic estimates....................................................................................................... 459

Figure 110: Production volumes of titanium dioxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 460

Figure 111: Demand for zinc oxide nanoparticles, by market...................... 472

Figure 112: Production volumes of zinc oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 475

Figure 113: Production volumes of zinc oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 476

Figure 114: Demand for zirconium oxide nanoparticles, by market............ 489

Figure 115: Production volumes of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (tons), 2010-2025. 492

Figure 116: Production volumes of zirconium oxide nanoparticles 2015, by region. 493

Figure 117: Applications of yttrium oxide nanoparticles............................... 511

Figure 118: TEM image of carbon onion......................................................... 514

Figure 119: Black phosphorus structure........................................................... 518



Figure 120: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal............................................................................................................ 522

Figure 121: Schematic of germanene............................................................. 526

Figure 122: Graphdiyne structure.................................................................... 529

Figure 123: Schematic of Graphane crystal................................................... 532

Figure 124: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.......................................... 535

Figure 125: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide........................................ 538

Figure 126: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 539

Figure 127: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge................................................ 542

Figure 128: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide..................... 543

Figure 129: Silicene structure............................................................................ 545

Figure 130: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate............................. 546

Figure 131: Silicene transistor............................................................................ 549

Figure 132: Crystal structure for stanene......................................................... 550

Figure 133: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)....... 551

Figure 134: Schematic of tungsten diselenide............................................... 552

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