Table of contents · • Tables and figures illustrating graphene market size. • Full company profiles of graphene producers and application developers including technology descriptions

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SUMMARY

The Graphene and 2D Materials Opportunity

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are currently one of the most active areas of nanomaterials research, and offer a huge opportunity for both fundamental studies and practical applications, including superfast, low-power, flexible and wearable electronics, sensors, photonics and electrochemical energy storage devices that will have an immense impact on our society.

Graphene is a ground-breaking 2D material that possesses extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties that promise a new generation of innovative devices. New methods of scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene, clean delamination transfer and device integration have resulted in the commercialization of state-of-the-art electronics such as graphene touchscreens in smartphones and flexible RF devices on plastics.

Beyond graphene, emerging elementary 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, group V systems including phosphorene, and related isoelectronic structures will potentially allow for flexible electronics and field-effect transistors that exhibit ambipolar transport behaviour with either a direct band-gap or greater gate modulation.

Graphene and 2D materials exhibit unique combinations of mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties that provide opportunities for new innovation in:

Electronics & photonics

• Conductive electrode films for flexible displays. • 2D printable and transparent ultrathin electronic devices. • 2D transistors and circuits. • RFID tags. • 2D magnetic semiconductors. • Conductive inks for wearable electronics. • 2d MOSFETs. • Inkjet-printed electronics. • Flexible Graphene FETs. • Flexible TMD FETs for digital logic and RF.


• Graphene optical modulators.

Energy

• Li-ion battery additives. • Proton exchange fuel cell membranes. • Hydrogen fuel cells. • Graphene electrodes for supercapacitors • Transparent electrodes in photovoltaic cells.

Automotive

• Tire additives for improved abrasion resistance. • Anti-scratch and anti-corrosion coatings. • Automotive composites. • Anti-fogging coatings.

Aerospace

• De-icing coatings. • Electrically conductive composites. • EMI shielding coatings. • Anti-corrosion coatings. • Glass additives.

Biomedicine and healthcare

• Tissue engineering scaffols to facilitate cell growth and tissue regeneration. • Carriers for drug delivery. • Biosensor chips. • Brain electrodes. • Anti-bacterial materials. • Gene therapy. • Photodynamic therapy. • Cell imaging.

Polymer composites

• Nanocomposites for wind turbines.


• Barrier packaging materials. • ESD and EMI shielding. • Sporting goods composites (e.g. bike tires). • Composites with improved conductive and thermal properties.

Filtration

• Gas separation membranes. • Photocatalytic absorbents. • Ultrathin, high-flux and energy-efficient sieving membranes.

Sensors

• Electrochemical sensors. • DNA detection platforms. • Pressure sensors. • Optical sensors. • Humidity sensors. • Acoustic sensors. • Wireless sensors.

WHAT DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?

• Comprehensive quantitative data and forecasts for the global graphene and 2D materials market to 2025 including key market opportunities.

• Qualitative insight and perspective on the current market and future trends in end user markets based on interviews with key executives.

• End user market analysis and technology timelines. • Financial estimates for the markets graphene and 2D materials will impact,

including addressable market size, applications and key opportunities. • Patent analysis. • Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes versus graphene. • Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D Materials. • Tables and figures illustrating graphene market size. • Full company profiles of graphene producers and application developers

including technology descriptions and end user markets targeted • Profiles of prominent research centres. • Industry activity and breakthroughs by market 2013-2016.


CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 45

1.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials........................................................... 45

1.2 Graphene.............................................................................................. 46

1.2.1 Products.............................................................................................. 47

1.2.2 Short-term opportunities................................................................... 49

1.2.3 Medium-term opportunities.............................................................. 50

1.2.4 Remarkable properties...................................................................... 52

1.2.5 Global funding and initiatives......................................................... 53

1.2.5.1 Europe......................................................................................... 53

1.2.5.2 Asia.............................................................................................. 53

1.2.5.3 United States............................................................................... 54

1.2.6 Products and applications............................................................... 55

1.2.7 Production.......................................................................................... 58

1.2.8 Market drivers and trends................................................................. 60

1.2.8.1 Production exceeds demand................................................... 60

1.2.8.2 Market revenues remain small.................................................. 62

1.2.8.3 Scalability and cost................................................................... 63

1.2.8.4 Applications hitting the market................................................ 65

1.2.8.5 Wait and see?............................................................................. 66

1.2.8.6 Asia and US lead the race........................................................ 67

1.2.8.7 Competition from other materials............................................. 68

1.2.9 Market and technical challenges................................................... 69


1.2.9.1 Inconsistent supply quality........................................................ 70

1.2.9.2 Functionalization and dispersion.............................................. 70

1.2.9.3 Cost.............................................................................................. 71

1.2.9.4 Product integration.................................................................... 71

1.2.9.5 Regulation and standards......................................................... 72

1.2.9.6 Lack of a band gap................................................................... 72

2 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS........................................................... 74

2.1 Categorization...................................................................................... 75

3 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE......................................................................... 78

3.1 History..................................................................................................... 78

3.2 Forms of graphene................................................................................ 80

3.3 Properties............................................................................................... 82

3.4 3D Graphene........................................................................................ 84

3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots.................................................................... 85

3.5.1 Synthesis............................................................................................. 86

3.5.2 Applications....................................................................................... 88

3.5.3 Producers............................................................................................ 90

4 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................................ 91

4.1 Comparative properties....................................................................... 92

4.2 Cost and production............................................................................ 94


4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids................................................ 96

4.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene............ 98

5 OTHER 2D MATERIALS............................................................................... 100

5.1 Black phosphorus/Phosphorene........................................................ 101

5.1.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 102

5.1.2 Applications..................................................................................... 104

5.2 C2N........................................................................................................ 106

5.2.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 107

5.2.2 Applications..................................................................................... 108

5.3 Carbon nitride..................................................................................... 109

5.3.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 109

5.3.2 Applications..................................................................................... 109

5.4 Germanene......................................................................................... 110

5.4.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 110

5.4.2 Applications..................................................................................... 111

5.5 Graphdiyne......................................................................................... 112

5.5.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 114

5.5.2 Applications..................................................................................... 114

5.6 Graphane............................................................................................ 116

5.6.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 116

5.6.2 Applications..................................................................................... 117

5.7 Hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................... 118


5.7.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 119

5.7.2 Applications..................................................................................... 120

5.7.3 Producers.......................................................................................... 121

5.8 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)............................................................ 121

5.8.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 122

5.8.2 Applications..................................................................................... 122

5.9 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)............................ 126

5.9.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 127

5.9.2 Applications..................................................................................... 128

5.10 Silicene................................................................................................. 128

5.10.1 Properties...................................................................................... 129

5.10.2 Applications................................................................................. 131

5.11 Stanene/tinene................................................................................... 133

5.11.1 Properties...................................................................................... 134

5.11.2 Applications................................................................................. 135

5.12 Tungsten diselenide............................................................................ 135

5.12.1 Properties...................................................................................... 136

5.12.2 Applications................................................................................. 137

5.13 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials 138

6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................................. 140

6.1 Large area graphene films................................................................. 140

6.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets................... 142


6.3 Production and synthesis methods................................................... 144

6.3.1 Graphene from graphite ore.......................................................... 145

6.3.1.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore....................... 148

6.3.1.2 Alternative starting materials................................................... 148

6.4 Quality................................................................................................. 149

6.5 Synthesis and production by types of graphene............................ 150

6.5.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)................................................... 151

6.5.2 Graphene nanoribbons.................................................................. 152

6.5.3 Large-area graphene films............................................................. 154

6.5.4 Graphene oxide flakes (GO).......................................................... 155

6.6 Pros and cons of graphene synthesis methods................................ 156

6.6.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................ 158

6.6.2 Exfoliation method.......................................................................... 159

6.6.3 Epitaxial growth method................................................................ 159

6.6.4 Wet chemistry method (liquid phase exfoliation)........................ 160

6.6.5 Micromechanical cleavage method........................................... 162

6.6.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide............................................. 162

6.6.7 Plasma.............................................................................................. 163

6.7 Recent synthesis methods.................................................................. 164

6.7.1 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and University of Western Australia 164

6.7.2 Graphene Frontiers.......................................................................... 165

6.7.3 MIT and the University of Michigan................................................ 165


6.7.4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Texas/General Graphene 166

6.7.5 University of Florida/Donghua University....................................... 167

6.7.6 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) and Case Western Reserve University..................................................................................................... 167

6.7.7 Trinity College Dublin....................................................................... 167

6.7.8 Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) 168

6.7.9 Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Chonbuk National University and KRICT 168

6.7.10 NanoXplore.................................................................................. 169

6.7.11 Carbon Sciences Inc................................................................... 169

6.7.12 California Institute of Technology............................................... 169

6.7.13 Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology 169

6.7.14 Oxford University........................................................................... 170

6.7.15 University of Tokyo........................................................................ 170

6.8 Synthesis methods by company....................................................... 172

7 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION 175

8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS........................................................... 180

8.1 Standards............................................................................................ 180

8.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation.................................. 181

8.2.1 Europe.............................................................................................. 181


8.2.2 United States.................................................................................... 182

8.2.3 Asia................................................................................................... 183

8.3 Workplace exposure........................................................................... 184

9 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS................................................................. 185

9.1 Fabrication processes......................................................................... 185

9.2 Academia........................................................................................... 185

9.3 Regional leaders................................................................................. 186

10 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL........................................................... 191

11 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2016.............................................. 193

11.1 JANUARY 2013..................................................................................... 193

11.2 FEBRUARY 2013.................................................................................... 193

11.3 APRIL 2013............................................................................................ 194

11.4 MAY 2013............................................................................................. 195

11.5 JUNE 2013............................................................................................ 195

11.6 JULY 2013............................................................................................. 196

11.7 AUGUST 2013........................................................................................ 196

11.8 SEPTEMBER 2013.................................................................................. 197

11.9 OCTOBER 2013..................................................................................... 198

11.10 NOVEMBER 2013.............................................................................. 198

11.11 DECEMBER 2013............................................................................... 199

11.12 JANUARY 2014.................................................................................. 201


11.13 FEBRUARY 2014................................................................................. 202

11.14 MARCH 2014.................................................................................... 204

11.15 APRIL 2014......................................................................................... 206

11.16 MAY 2014.......................................................................................... 208

11.17 JUNE 2014......................................................................................... 208

11.18 JULY 2014.......................................................................................... 210

11.19 AUGUST 2014.................................................................................... 211

11.20 SEPTEMBER 2014............................................................................... 212

11.21 AUGUST 2014.................................................................................... 213

11.22 SEPTEMBER 2014............................................................................... 214

11.23 OCTOBER 2014................................................................................. 214

11.24 NOVEMBER 2014.............................................................................. 216

11.25 DECEMBER 2014............................................................................... 217

11.26 JANUARY 2015.................................................................................. 219

11.27 FEBRUARY 2015................................................................................. 220

11.28 MARCH 2015.................................................................................... 221

11.29 APRIL 2015......................................................................................... 222

11.30 MAY 2015.......................................................................................... 223

11.31 JUNE 2015......................................................................................... 224

11.32 JULY 2015.......................................................................................... 226

11.33 AUGUST 2015.................................................................................... 228

11.34 SEPTEMBER 2015............................................................................... 229

11.35 OCTOBER 2015................................................................................. 229


11.36 NOVEMBER 2015.............................................................................. 231

11.37 DECEMBER 2015............................................................................... 235

11.38 JANUARY 2016.................................................................................. 235

11.39 FEBRUARY 2016................................................................................. 237

11.40 MARCH 2016.................................................................................... 238

11.41 APRIL 2016......................................................................................... 239

11.42 MAY 2016.......................................................................................... 245

12 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS............................................... 248

12.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2025...................................... 249

12.2 Graphene producers and production capacities.......................... 252

13 ADHESIVES.................................................................................................. 260

13.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 260

13.1.1 Thermal management in electronics......................................... 260

13.1.2 Environmental sustainability....................................................... 260

13.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 261

13.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 262

13.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 262

14 AEROSPACE............................................................................................... 264



14.1.1 Safety............................................................................................ 264

14.1.2 Reduced fuel consumption and costs....................................... 264

14.1.3 Increased durability..................................................................... 265

14.1.4 Multi-functionality........................................................................ 265

14.1.5 Need for new de-icing solutions................................................. 266

14.1.6 Weight reduction......................................................................... 266

14.1.7 Need for improved lightning protection materials................... 267


14.2.1 Composites................................................................................... 268

14.2.2 Coatings........................................................................................ 268



15 AUTOMOTIVE............................................................................................. 273

15.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS.............................................................. 273

15.1.1 Environmental.............................................................................. 273

15.1.2 Safety............................................................................................ 273

15.1.3 Lightweighting.............................................................................. 273

15.1.4 Cost............................................................................................... 274



15.2.1 Composites................................................................................... 276

15.2.2 Thermally conductive additives................................................. 277


15.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 278


16 BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE................................................................. 281


16.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy............................. 282

16.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies............................................... 283

16.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants........................................ 284

16.1.4 Anti-biotic resistance................................................................... 284

16.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market................................ 285

16.1.6 Growth in the wearable monitoring market............................. 286


16.2.1 Cancer therapy........................................................................... 288

16.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery................ 288

16.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets......................................................... 289

16.2.1.3 Gene delivery........................................................................ 289


16.2.1.4 Photodynamic Therapy....................................................... 290

16.2.2 Medical implants and devices................................................... 290

16.2.3 Wound dressings........................................................................... 291

16.2.4 Biosensors...................................................................................... 292

16.2.4.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection....................................... 293

16.2.5 Medical imaging.......................................................................... 294

16.2.6 Tissue engineering........................................................................ 295

16.2.7 Dental........................................................................................... 295

16.2.8 Electrophysiology......................................................................... 296


16.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 298


17 COATINGS.................................................................................................. 302


17.1.1 New functionalities and improved properties........................... 304

17.1.2 Need for more effective protection........................................... 305

17.1.3 Sustainability and regulation...................................................... 306

17.1.4 Cost of corrosion........................................................................... 307

17.1.5 Need for improved hygiene........................................................ 309

17.1.6 Cost of weather-related damage.............................................. 310

17.1.7 Increased demand for coatings for extreme environments.... 310



17.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings................................................................ 313

17.2.1.1 Marine.................................................................................... 316

17.2.2 Anti-microbial............................................................................... 316

17.2.3 Anti-icing....................................................................................... 317

17.2.4 Barrier coatings............................................................................. 319

17.2.5 Heat protection........................................................................... 321

17.2.6 Anti-fouling................................................................................... 322

17.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance.................................................... 324

17.2.8 Smart windows............................................................................. 325



18 COMPOSITES.............................................................................................. 335


18.1.1 Improved performance over traditional composites............... 336

18.1.2 Multi-functionality........................................................................ 337

18.1.3 Growth in wind energy market................................................... 338


18.2.1 Polymer composites..................................................................... 338


18.2.2 Barrier packaging........................................................................ 340

18.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 341

18.2.4 Wind turbines................................................................................ 341

18.2.5 Ballistic protection........................................................................ 342

18.2.6 Cement additives........................................................................ 342


18.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 345


19 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS............................................................ 348

19.1 Graphene and 2D materials in electronics...................................... 349

19.1.1 Properties...................................................................................... 349

19.1.2 Applications................................................................................. 349

19.2 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS.............. 350

19.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 350

19.2.1.1 ITO replacement for flexible electronics............................. 350

19.2.1.2 Growth in the wearable electronics market...................... 354

19.2.1.3 Touch technology requirements......................................... 355

19.2.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 356

19.2.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics.................... 357

19.2.2.2 Electronic paper................................................................... 361


19.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 361

19.2.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 363

19.2.4.1 Competing materials............................................................ 363

19.2.4.2 Cost in comparison to ITO.................................................... 363

19.2.4.3 Problems with transfer and growth...................................... 364

19.2.4.4 Improving sheet resistance................................................... 365

19.2.4.5 Difficulties in display panel integration............................... 367

19.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 368

19.3 CONDUCTIVE INKS............................................................................... 370


19.3.1.1 Increased demand for printed electronics........................ 370

19.3.1.2 Limitations of existing conductive inks................................ 370




19.4 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS............................................ 380


19.4.1.1 Scaling................................................................................... 380

19.4.1.2 Limitations of current materials............................................ 381


19.4.2.1 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits........................... 383

19.4.2.2 Graphene spintronics........................................................... 385



19.4.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 386

19.4.4.1 Competition from other materials....................................... 386

19.4.4.2 Lack of band gap................................................................. 386

19.4.4.3 Transfer and integration....................................................... 387


19.5 MEMORY DEVICES............................................................................... 391


19.5.1.1 Density and voltage scaling................................................ 391

19.5.1.2 Growth in the smartphone and tablet markets................. 392

19.5.1.3 Growth in the flexible electronics market........................... 393




19.6 PHOTONICS.......................................................................................... 399


19.6.1.1 Increased bandwith at reduced cost................................ 399

19.6.1.2 Increasing sensitivity of photodetectors.............................. 400


19.6.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene.............................................. 400

19.6.2.2 Optical modulators............................................................... 402

19.6.2.3 Photodetectors...................................................................... 403

19.6.2.4 Plasmonics............................................................................. 406


19.6.2.5 Fiber lasers.............................................................................. 407

19.6.3 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 408

19.6.3.1 Need to design devices that harness graphene’s properties 408

19.6.3.2 Problems with transfer........................................................... 408

19.6.3.3 THz absorbance and nonlinearity....................................... 409

19.6.3.4 Stability and sensitivity......................................................... 409


20 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.................... 411

20.1 BATTERIES.............................................................................................. 413


20.1.1.1 Growth in electric vehicles market...................................... 413

20.1.1.2 Continued growth in cellular phones market.................... 414

20.1.1.3 Reduce dependence on lithium........................................ 414

20.1.1.4 Shortcomings of existing battery and supercapacitor technology 414

20.1.1.5 Reduced costs for widespread application....................... 415

20.1.1.6 Power sources for flexible electronics.................................. 415


20.1.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)...................................................... 416

20.1.2.2 Lithium-air batteries.............................................................. 417

20.1.2.3 Sodium-ion batteries............................................................. 418


20.1.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 420


20.2 SUPERCAPACITORS.............................................................................. 420


20.2.1.1 Reducing costs...................................................................... 420

20.2.1.2 Demand from portable electronics..................................... 421

20.2.1.3 Inefficiencies of standard battery technology.................. 421

20.2.1.4 Problems with activated carbon........................................ 422



20.2.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 425

20.2.4.1 Low energy storage capacity of graphene....................... 425

20.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS.................................................................................. 427


20.3.1.1 Need to improve solar cell efficiency................................. 427

20.3.1.2 Reduce costs......................................................................... 427

20.3.1.3 Varying environmental conditions...................................... 427


20.3.2.1 ITO replacement................................................................... 428

20.3.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells...... 430

20.3.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids................................. 430


20.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................ 431


20.4.1.1 Limitations of platinum......................................................... 431


20.4.1.2 Cost........................................................................................ 431


20.4.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports....................................................... 433


20.4.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 434

20.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC...................................................................... 434


20.5.1.1 Improving flexibility............................................................... 435

20.5.1.2 Improving performance and costs...................................... 435

20.5.2 Properties and applications........................................................ 435

20.5.3 Market size.................................................................................... 436

20.6 OIL AND GAS........................................................................................ 436


20.6.1.1 Cost........................................................................................ 437

20.6.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments..................... 438

20.6.1.3 Environmental and regulatory............................................ 438


20.6.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management................................... 439

20.6.2.2 Coatings................................................................................. 441

20.6.2.3 Drilling fluids........................................................................... 444

20.6.2.4 Sorbent materials.................................................................. 445

20.6.2.5 Catalysts................................................................................ 446

20.6.2.6 Separation............................................................................. 446




21 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION............................................................... 455


21.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology.............................. 455

21.1.2 Water shortage and population growth................................... 455

21.1.3 Contamination............................................................................. 456

21.1.4 Cost............................................................................................... 456

21.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS............................................................ 457

21.2.1 Water filtration.............................................................................. 458

21.2.2 Gas separation............................................................................. 459

21.2.3 Photocatalytic absorbents......................................................... 460


21.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 462


22 LUBRICANTS............................................................................................... 465


22.1.1 Cost effective alternatives.......................................................... 465


22.1.2 Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency......... 465

22.1.3 Environmental concerns............................................................. 466



22.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 467


23 SENSORS..................................................................................................... 469


23.1.1 Increased power and performance with reduced cost.......... 469

23.1.2 Enhanced sensitivity.................................................................... 469

23.1.3 Replacing silver electrodes......................................................... 470

23.1.4 Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market.... 471

23.1.5 Improved thermal stability.......................................................... 471

23.1.6 Environmental conditions........................................................... 471


23.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors....................................................................... 475

23.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors............................................... 475

23.2.2.1 Graphene foam.................................................................... 477

23.2.3 Pressure sensors............................................................................. 478


23.2.4 Biosensors...................................................................................... 479

23.2.5 Optical sensors............................................................................. 482

23.2.6 Humidity sensors........................................................................... 482

23.2.7 Strain sensors................................................................................. 482

23.2.8 Acoustic sensors............................................................................ 483

23.2.9 Wireless sensors.............................................................................. 483

23.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering....................................... 483


23.4 Challenges........................................................................................... 485

23.4.1 Selectivity...................................................................................... 485

23.4.2 Scaling and manufacturing....................................................... 486

23.4.3 Sensor recovery............................................................................ 486


24 TEXTILES....................................................................................................... 489


24.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market............................. 489

24.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS........................................................... 489

24.2.1 Conductive coatings................................................................... 492




25 3D PRINTING.............................................................................................. 495


25.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost............................................... 495



25.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 498


26 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................... 501-666 (183 profiles)

TABLES

Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene................................... 47

Table 2: Graphene target markets-Applications potential addressable market size. 56

Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities...................... 59

Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 61

Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg....................................................... 64

Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................ 76


Table 7: Properties of graphene........................................................................ 83

Table 8: Graphene quantum dot producers................................................... 90

Table 9: Comparative properties of carbon materials.................................... 93

Table 10: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 96

Table 11: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025............................................................................. 98

Table 12: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 103

Table 13: Markets and applications of phosphorene................................... 104

Table 14: Markets and applications of C2N................................................... 108

Table 15: Markets and applications of germanene...................................... 111

Table 16: Markets and applications of graphdiyne...................................... 114

Table 17: Markets and applications of graphane......................................... 117

Table 18: Markets and applications of hexagonal boron-nitride................ 120

Table 19: Markets and applications of MoS2.................................................. 123

Table 20: Markets and applications of Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2). 128

Table 21: Markets and applications of silicene.............................................. 131

Table 22: Markets and applications of stanene/tinene................................ 135

Table 23: Markets and applications of tungsten diselenide......................... 137

Table 24: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 138

Table 25: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. 142


Table 26: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market........................................................................................................... 143

Table 27: Main production and synthesis methods for graphene............... 144

Table 28: Pros and cons of CVD for graphene synthesis................................ 158

Table 29: Pros and cons of exfoliation for graphene synthesis...................... 159

Table 30: Pros and cons of epitaxial growth for graphene synthesis........... 159

Table 31: Pros and cons of liquid phase exfoliation for graphene synthesis. 160

Table 32: Pros and cons of micromechanical cleavage for graphene synthesis. 162

Table 33: Graphene synthesis methods, by company................................. 172

Table 34: Graphene market structure............................................................. 176

Table 35: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............. 186

Table 36: Leading graphene patentees........................................................ 188

Table 37: Industrial graphene patents in 2014............................................... 189

Table 38: Potential market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications........................................................................................................................ 248

Table 39: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 250

Table 40: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets.......................................................................................................... 252

Table 41: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives........ 261

Table 42: Graphene and 2D materials in the adhesives market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 262


Table 43: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 262

Table 44: Graphene and 2D materials in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 270

Table 45: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 271

Table 46: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 277

Table 47: Graphene and 2D materials in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 278

Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 279

Table 49: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 287

Table 50: Graphene and 2D materials in the biomedical & healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 298

Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the biomedical and healthcare industry........................................................................................................................ 300

Table 52: Properties of nanocoatings.............................................................. 303

Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings........... 312

Table 54: Markets for nanocoatings................................................................ 327

Table 55: Graphene and 2D materials in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................. 332

Table 56: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 333


Table 57: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 339

Table 58: Potential addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites in tons. 344

Table 59: Graphene and 2D materials in the composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 344

Table 60: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 346

Table 61: Graphene and 2D materials in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 348

Table 62: Comparison of ITO replacements................................................... 353

Table 63: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 368

Table 64: Comparative properties of conductive inks.................................. 371

Table 65: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 376

Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 378

Table 67: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 389

Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 398

Table 69: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 403

Table 70: Graphene product and application developers in photonics... 410

Table 71: Graphene and 2D materials in the energy storage, conversion and exploration market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. 412

Table 72: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 423

Table 73: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 448


Table 74: Graphene and 2D materials in the filtration and separation market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................. 462

Table 75: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 463

Table 76: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................... 466

Table 77: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 468

Table 78: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.............. 473

Table 79: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 481

Table 80: Graphene and 2D materials in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................. 485

Table 81: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 487

Table 82: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials........................................................................................................................ 490

Table 83: Graphene and 2D materials in the textiles market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................. 493

Table 84: Graphene product and application developers in the textiles industry. 494

Table 85: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing....... 497

Table 86: Graphene and 2D materials in the textiles market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................. 498

Table 87: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 499


Table 88: Graphene producers and types produced.................................. 501

Table 89: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets.............. 504

FIGURES

Figure 1: Demand for graphene, by market, 2015.......................................... 50

Figure 2: Demand for graphene, by market, 2015.......................................... 51

Figure 3: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD............... 55

Figure 4: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year....................... 62

Figure 5: Global consumption of graphene 2015, by region.......................... 68

Figure 6: Graphene layer structure schematic................................................ 79

Figure 7: Graphite and graphene..................................................................... 79

Figure 8: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 81

Figure 9: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)... 86

Figure 10: Graphene quantum dots................................................................. 89

Figure 11: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite.................................................................................... 92

Figure 12: Black phosphorus structure............................................................. 102

Figure 13: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal............................................................................................................ 107

Figure 14: Schematic of germanene............................................................... 110


Figure 15: Graphdiyne structure...................................................................... 113

Figure 16: Schematic of Graphane crystal..................................................... 116

Figure 17: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride............................................ 119

Figure 18: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.......................................... 122

Figure 19: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 123

Figure 20: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge................................................................... 126

Figure 21: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide....................... 127

Figure 22: Silicene structure.............................................................................. 129

Figure 23: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate............................... 130

Figure 24: Silicene transistor.............................................................................. 133

Figure 25: Crystal structure for stanene........................................................... 134

Figure 26: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)......... 135

Figure 27: Schematic of tungsten diselenide................................................. 136

Figure 28: Graphene synthesis methods......................................................... 147

Figure 29: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 149

Figure 30: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium............................ 153

Figure 31: Methods of synthesizing high-quality graphene.......................... 156

Figure 32: Roll-to-roll graphene production process...................................... 165

Figure 33: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process........................... 166


Figure 34: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 171

Figure 35: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer. 175

Figure 36: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............ 187

Figure 37: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene........................... 192

Figure 38: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year................... 251

Figure 39: Graphene-based automotive components................................. 275

Figure 40: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel........................................................................................................ 293

Figure 41: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis. 294

Figure 42: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT....................................... 312

Figure 43: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating........................................................................................................................ 320

Figure 44: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate....... 325

Figure 45: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 327

Figure 46: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 352

Figure 47: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte............. 359

Figure 48: Flexible transistor sheet.................................................................... 360

Figure 49: Foldable graphene E-paper.......................................................... 361


Figure 50: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel............................................................................... 363

Figure 51: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates........................................................................................................................ 364

Figure 52: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene.............................................................................. 367

Figure 53: Graphene printed antenna........................................................... 373

Figure 54: BGT Materials graphene ink product............................................. 375

Figure 55: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products................................. 376

Figure 56: Graphene IC in wafer tester........................................................... 383

Figure 57: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)........................................................................ 384

Figure 58: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate.... 393

Figure 59: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)................................................................ 395

Figure 60: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. 396

Figure 61: Hybrid graphene phototransistors.................................................. 405

Figure 62: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. 406

Figure 63: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor........................................... 421

Figure 64: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger......................................... 425

Figure 65: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode.................... 429


Figure 66: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors. 440

Figure 67: An uncoated copper condenser tube (top left) is shown next to a similar tube coated with graphene. (top right)................................................................................... 443

Figure 68: Directa Plus Grafysorber.................................................................. 446

Figure 69: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water............................................................................ 447

Figure 70: Perforene graphene filter................................................................ 459

Figure 71: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 461

Figure 72: GFET sensors...................................................................................... 477

Figure 73: First generation point of care diagnostics..................................... 479

Figure 74: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................. 481

Figure 75: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 496

Documents

Table of contents · • Tables and figures illustrating graphene market size. • Full company profiles of graphene producers and application developers including technology descriptions