TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 58 2 … · The Global Market for Graphene 2018-2027 © Future Markets, Inc. 2017 All rights reserved. 6.3.1.1 Fabrication methods..... 115

The Global Market for Graphene 2018-2027

© Future Markets, Inc. 2017 All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 58

• 1.1 Market opportunity analysis.......................................................................................................... 59

• 1.1 Market challenges rating system................................................................................................. 61

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 63

• 2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials.................................................................................................. 63

• 2.2 Graphene......................................................................................................................................... 64

o 2.2.1 The market in 2016............................................................................................................... 65

o 2.2.2 The market in 2017............................................................................................................... 65

o 2.2.3 Production.............................................................................................................................. 66

o 2.2.4 Products.................................................................................................................................. 67

o 2.2.5 Graphene investments 2016-2017..................................................................................... 69

• 2.3 Market outlook for 2018................................................................................................................. 70

o 2.3.1 Global funding and initiatives.............................................................................................. 77

o 2.3.2 Products and applications.................................................................................................... 77

o 2.3.3 Production.............................................................................................................................. 79

o 2.3.4 Market drivers and trends.................................................................................................... 81

o 2.3.5 Market and technical challenges........................................................................................ 85

• 2.4 Key players...................................................................................................................................... 87

o 2.4.1 Asia-Pacific............................................................................................................................. 87

o 2.4.1.1 Australia......................................................................................................................... 89

o 2.4.2 North America........................................................................................................................ 90

o 2.4.3 Europe..................................................................................................................................... 90

3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS.............................................. 91



• 3.1 Categorization................................................................................................................................. 92

4 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE............................................................ 94

• 4.1 History.............................................................................................................................................. 94

• 4.2 Forms of graphene......................................................................................................................... 95

• 4.3 Properties......................................................................................................................................... 96

• 4.4 3D Graphene................................................................................................................................... 98

• 4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots.............................................................................................................. 98

o 4.5.1 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 100

o 4.5.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 100

▪ 4.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics........................................................... 100

▪ 4.5.2.2 Energy......................................................................................................................... 100

▪ 4.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare.................................................................................... 101

▪ 4.5.2.4 Other............................................................................................................................ 101

▪ 4.5.2.5 Pricing.......................................................................................................................... 102

o 4.5.3 Producers............................................................................................................................. 102

5 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................. 104

• 5.1 Comparative properties............................................................................................................... 105

• 5.2 Cost and production..................................................................................................................... 106

• 5.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids......................................................................................... 107

• 5.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene.................................................... 108

6 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS................................................................ 110

• 6.1 Beyond moore’s law..................................................................................................................... 112

• 6.2 Batteries......................................................................................................................................... 112

• 6.3 PHOSPHORENE.......................................................................................................................... 113

o 6.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 114



▪ 6.3.1.1 Fabrication methods.................................................................................................. 115

▪ 6.3.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices.............................................. 116

o 6.3.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 116

▪ 6.3.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 116

▪ 6.3.2.2 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 117

▪ 6.3.2.3 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 117

▪ 6.3.2.4 Supercapacitors......................................................................................................... 119

▪ 6.3.2.5 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 119

▪ 6.3.2.6 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 119

o 6.3.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 120

• 6.4 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4).............................................................................. 121

o 6.4.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 121

o 6.4.2 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 121

o 6.4.3 C2N........................................................................................................................................ 122

o 6.4.4 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 122

▪ 6.4.4.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 122

▪ 6.4.4.2 Filtration membranes................................................................................................ 122

▪ 6.4.4.3 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 123

▪ 6.4.4.4 Batteries (LIBs).......................................................................................................... 123

▪ 6.4.4.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 123


• 6.5 GERMANENE............................................................................................................................... 124

o 6.5.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 125

o 6.5.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 125

▪ 6.5.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 125

▪ 6.5.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 125


• 6.6 GRAPHDIYNE.............................................................................................................................. 126



o 6.6.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 127

o 6.6.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 127

▪ 6.6.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 127

▪ 6.6.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 127

▪ 6.6.2.3 Separation membranes............................................................................................ 128

▪ 6.6.2.4 Water filtration............................................................................................................ 128

▪ 6.6.2.5 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 128

▪ 6.6.2.6 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 128


• 6.7 GRAPHANE.................................................................................................................................. 129

o 6.7.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 130

o 6.7.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 130

▪ 6.7.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 130

▪ 6.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage...................................................................................................... 131


• 6.8 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE............................................................................................... 132

o 6.8.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 132

o 6.8.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 133

▪ 6.8.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 133

▪ 6.8.2.2 Fuel cells..................................................................................................................... 133

▪ 6.8.2.3 Adsorbents.................................................................................................................. 133

▪ 6.8.2.4 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 134

▪ 6.8.2.5 Textiles........................................................................................................................ 134

▪ 6.8.2.6 Biomedical.................................................................................................................. 134


• 6.9 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2)........................................................................................ 135

o 6.9.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 136



o 6.9.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 137

▪ 6.9.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 137

▪ 6.9.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 138

▪ 6.9.2.3 Piezoelectrics............................................................................................................. 138

▪ 6.9.2.4 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 138

▪ 6.9.2.5 Filtration....................................................................................................................... 139

▪ 6.9.2.6 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 139

▪ 6.9.2.7 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 139


• 6.10 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)........................................... 140

o 6.10.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 141

o 6.10.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 141

▪ 6.10.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 141

o 6.10.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 142

• 6.11 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................. 142

o 6.11.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 143

o 6.11.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 144

▪ 6.11.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 144

▪ 6.11.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 144

▪ 6.11.2.3 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 144

▪ 6.11.2.4 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 145

▪ 6.11.2.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 145


• 6.12 STANENE/TINENE................................................................................................................. 146

o 6.12.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 147

o 6.12.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 148

▪ 6.12.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 148




• 6.13 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE..................................................................................................... 149

o 6.13.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 149

o 6.13.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 150

▪ 6.13.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 150


• 6.14 ANTIMONENE......................................................................................................................... 150

o 6.14.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 150

o 6.14.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 151

• 6.15 DIAMENE.................................................................................................................................. 151

o 6.15.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 151

o 6.15.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 151

• 6.16 INDIUM SELENIDE................................................................................................................. 152

o 6.16.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 152

o 6.16.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 152

▪ 6.16.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 152

• 6.17 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS............. 154

7 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................... 156

• 7.1 Large area graphene films.......................................................................................................... 156

• 7.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets.............................................................. 157

• 7.3 Production methods..................................................................................................................... 158

o 7.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore................................................................. 160

o 7.3.2 Alternative starting materials............................................................................................. 160

o 7.3.3 Quality................................................................................................................................... 161

• 7.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene..................................................................... 162

o 7.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)...................................................................................... 162

o 7.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons...................................................................................................... 163

o 7.4.3 Large-area graphene films................................................................................................ 164



o 7.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)......................................................................................................... 165

• 7.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods.................................................................... 166

o 7.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................................................... 167

o 7.5.2 Exfoliation method.............................................................................................................. 168

o 7.5.3 Epitaxial growth method..................................................................................................... 168

o 7.5.4 Wet chemistry method (liquid phase exfoliation)........................................................... 169

o 7.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method.................................................................................. 170

o 7.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide................................................................................. 170

o 7.5.7 Plasma.................................................................................................................................. 170

• 7.6 Recent synthesis methods.......................................................................................................... 171

• 7.7 Synthesis methods by company................................................................................................ 176

8 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION....................................................................... 178

9 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS............................................... 182

• 9.1 Standards...................................................................................................................................... 182

• 9.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation........................................................................... 182

o 9.2.1 Europe.................................................................................................................................. 183

o 9.2.2 United States....................................................................................................................... 183

o 9.2.3 Asia........................................................................................................................................ 183

• 9.3 Workplace exposure.................................................................................................................... 184

10 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS.................................................... 185

• 10.1 Fabrication processes............................................................................................................. 185

• 10.2 Academia.................................................................................................................................. 185

• 10.3 Regional leaders...................................................................................................................... 186

11 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL............................................. 189

12 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION............................ 191



13 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS................................ 242

• 13.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2027.......................................................................... 242

• 13.2 Graphene pricing..................................................................................................................... 244

o 13.2.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing................................................................................ 246

o 13.2.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing........................................................................................ 247

o 13.2.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing.................................................................................. 248

o 13.2.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing............................................................................... 248

o 13.2.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing................................................................................. 249

o 13.2.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing.......................................................................... 250

o 13.2.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing............................................................................. 251

o 13.2.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials............................................... 251

o 13.2.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce......................................................... 251

o 13.2.10 Bulk supply...................................................................................................................... 252

o 13.2.11 Commoditisation............................................................................................................. 252

• 13.3 Graphene producers and production capacities................................................................ 253

14 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 254

• 14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 255

• 14.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 255

• 14.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 257

• 14.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 258

• 14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 259

15 ADHESIVES.................................................................................... 260








16 AEROSPACE.................................................................................. 268



o 16.2.1 Composites..................................................................................................................... 269

o 16.2.2 Coatings........................................................................................................................... 270

• 16.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORUNTIY................................................................... 271



17 AUTOMOTIVE................................................................................. 279

• 17.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS........................................................................................ 279


o 17.2.1 Composites..................................................................................................................... 282

o 17.2.2 Thermally conductive additives.................................................................................... 282

o 17.2.3 Tires.................................................................................................................................. 282




18 COATINGS...................................................................................... 291



o 18.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings.................................................................................................. 298

o 18.2.1.1 Marine.......................................................................................................................... 299

o 18.2.2 Anti-microbial.................................................................................................................. 299

o 18.2.3 Anti-icing.......................................................................................................................... 300

o 18.2.4 Barrier coatings............................................................................................................... 301



o 18.2.5 Heat protection............................................................................................................... 302

o 18.2.6 Anti-fouling....................................................................................................................... 303

o 18.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance..................................................................................... 304

o 18.2.8 Smart windows............................................................................................................... 305




19 COMPOSITES................................................................................. 317



o 19.2.1 Polymer composites....................................................................................................... 320

o 19.2.2 Barrier packaging........................................................................................................... 323

o 19.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 323

o 19.2.4 Wind turbines.................................................................................................................. 323

o 19.2.5 Ballistic protection.......................................................................................................... 324




20 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS................................................ 332

• 20.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS. 332

o 20.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 333

o 20.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 335

▪ 20.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics....................................................... 338

▪ 20.1.2.2 Electronic paper......................................................................................................... 340

▪ 20.1.2.3 Wearable electronics................................................................................................ 341

▪ 20.1.2.4 Wearable sensors...................................................................................................... 345



▪ 20.1.2.5 Industrial monitoring.................................................................................................. 351

▪ 20.1.2.6 Military......................................................................................................................... 351

o 20.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 352

o 20.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 357

o 20.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 361

• 20.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS............................................................................................................... 363



▪ 20.2.2.1 RFID............................................................................................................................. 366

▪ 20.2.2.2 Smart labels................................................................................................................ 368

▪ 20.2.2.3 Smart clothing............................................................................................................ 369

▪ 20.2.2.4 Printable sensors....................................................................................................... 369

▪ 20.2.2.5 Printed batteries......................................................................................................... 370

▪ 20.2.2.6 Printable antennas.................................................................................................... 371




• 20.3 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS............................................................... 380



▪ 20.3.2.1 Integrated circuits...................................................................................................... 382

▪ 20.3.2.2 Transistors.................................................................................................................. 383

▪ 20.3.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits.............................................................. 384

▪ 20.3.2.4 Graphene spintronics................................................................................................ 385






• 20.4 MEMORY DEVICES............................................................................................................... 393






• 20.5 PHOTONICS............................................................................................................................ 400



▪ 20.5.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene................................................................................. 401

▪ 20.5.2.2 Optical modulators.................................................................................................... 402

▪ 20.5.2.3 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 402

▪ 20.5.2.4 Saturable absorbers.................................................................................................. 404

▪ 20.5.2.5 Plasmonics................................................................................................................. 404

▪ 20.5.2.6 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 405

o 20.5.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 406



21 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.......... 408

• 21.1 BATTERIES.............................................................................................................................. 410



▪ 21.1.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)........................................................................................ 413

▪ 21.1.2.2 Lithium-air batteries................................................................................................... 414

▪ 21.1.2.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)................................................................................. 415

▪ 21.1.2.4 Sodium-ion batteries................................................................................................. 415



▪ 21.1.2.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries........................................................................... 415




• 21.2 SUPERCAPACITORS............................................................................................................ 430



▪ 21.2.2.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors.............................................................. 434




• 21.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS.................................................................................................................. 441



▪ 21.3.2.1 ITO replacement........................................................................................................ 443

▪ 21.3.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells...................................... 443

▪ 21.3.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids..................................................................... 444

▪ 21.3.2.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles.............................................................................. 444

o 21.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE............................................................................................... 446



• 21.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................................................ 449



▪ 21.4.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports........................................................................................... 452

o 21.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND GRAPHENE OPPORTUNITY................................ 452





• 21.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC..................................................................................................... 455



▪ 21.5.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting.............................................................................................. 457




• 21.6 OIL AND GAS.......................................................................................................................... 461

• 21.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 461

• 21.6.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 462

o 21.6.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management...................................................................... 463

o 21.6.2.2 Coatings...................................................................................................................... 464

o 21.6.2.3 Drilling fluids............................................................................................................... 466

o 21.6.2.4 Sorbent materials...................................................................................................... 466

o 21.6.2.5 Catalysts..................................................................................................................... 467

o 21.6.2.6 Separation.................................................................................................................. 467

• 21.6.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 468

• 21.6.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 470

• 21.6.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 471

22 FILTRATION................................................................................... 472



o 22.2.1 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 475

o 22.2.2 Gas separation............................................................................................................... 475

o 22.2.3 Photocatalytic absorbents............................................................................................. 475

o 22.2.4 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 476






23 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL.................................................... 482



o 23.2.1 Cancer therapy............................................................................................................... 490

▪ 23.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery..................................................... 490

▪ 23.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets.............................................................................................. 490

▪ 23.2.1.3 Gene delivery............................................................................................................. 490

▪ 23.2.1.4 Photodynamic Therapy............................................................................................. 491

o 23.2.2 Medical implants and devices...................................................................................... 491

o 23.2.3 Wound dressings............................................................................................................ 492

o 23.2.4 Biosensors....................................................................................................................... 492

▪ 23.2.4.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection...................................................................... 493

o 23.2.5 Medical imaging.............................................................................................................. 494

o 23.2.6 Tissue engineering......................................................................................................... 494

o 23.2.7 Dental............................................................................................................................... 494

o 23.2.8 Electrophysiology........................................................................................................... 494

o 23.2.9 Wearable and mobile health monitoring..................................................................... 494

▪ 23.2.9.1 Graphene devices..................................................................................................... 496

▪ 23.2.9.2 Patch-type skin sensors........................................................................................... 499

▪ 23.2.9.3 Skin temperature monitoring.................................................................................... 502

▪ 23.2.9.4 Hydration sensors...................................................................................................... 503

▪ 23.2.9.5 Wearable sweat sensors.......................................................................................... 504

▪ 23.2.9.6 Smart footwear........................................................................................................... 506




• 23.3.1 Wearable healthcare...................................................................................................... 508



24 LUBRICANTS................................................................................. 517






25 RUBBER AND TIRES..................................................................... 522

• 25.1 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 523




26 SENSORS....................................................................................... 527



o 26.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors...................................................................................................... 532

o 26.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors................................................................................ 532

o 26.2.2.1 Graphene foam.......................................................................................................... 533

o 26.2.3 Pressure sensors........................................................................................................... 533

o 26.2.4 Biosensors....................................................................................................................... 533

o 26.2.5 Optical sensors............................................................................................................... 535

o 26.2.6 Humidity sensors............................................................................................................ 536

o 26.2.7 Strain sensors................................................................................................................. 536



o 26.2.8 Acoustic sensors............................................................................................................ 536

o 26.2.9 Wireless sensors............................................................................................................ 536

o 26.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering.......................................................................... 536




27 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................... 543


• 27.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS................................................................................... 547

o 27.2.1 Conductive coatings....................................................................................................... 552

o 27.2.2 Conductive yarns............................................................................................................ 553

• 27.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE........................................................................................................ 554



28 OTHER MARKETS.......................................................................... 562

• 28.1 CEMENT ADDITIVES............................................................................................................. 562


29 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS............................................................. 563 (120 company profiles)

30 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS....... 646 (110 company profiles)

31 REFERENCES................................................................................ 717

TABLES

• Table 1: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2027................................................................................. 66

• Table 2: Consumer products incorporating graphene............................................................................ 68



• Table 3: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017......................................................... 69

• Table 4: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications....................................... 72

• Table 5: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size................. 77

• Table 6: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities............................ 79

• Table 7: Categorization of nanomaterials................................................................................................. 91

• Table 8: Properties of graphene................................................................................................................ 96

• Table 9: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs........................................................ 98

• Table 10: Graphene quantum dot producers........................................................................................ 101

• Table 11: Comparative properties of carbon materials........................................................................ 104

• Table 12: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes................ 106

• Table 13: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2027.................................................................................................................... 107

• Table 14: 2D materials types................................................................................................................... 109

• Table 15: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2................................................................................................................................................................. 114

• Table 16: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications........................................ 119

• Table 17: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications....................... 122

• Table 18: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications........................................... 125

• Table 19: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications............................................ 128

• Table 20: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications............................................... 130

• Table 21: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications...................... 134

• Table 22: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications......................... 139

• Table 23: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications........................................................................................................................................... 141

• Table 24: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications.................................................. 145

• Table 25: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications....................................... 147

• Table 26: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications............................. 149

• Table 27: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.................................... 153

• Table 28: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 155



• Table 29: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market.................................................................................................................................................... 156

• Table 30: Main production methods for graphene................................................................................ 157

• Table 31: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 164

• Table 32: Graphene synthesis methods, by company......................................................................... 175

• Table 33: Graphene market structure..................................................................................................... 177

• Table 34: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014................................................... 185

• Table 35: Leading graphene patentees.................................................................................................. 186

• Table 36: Industrial graphene patents in 2014...................................................................................... 186

• Table 37: Global production of graphene, 2010-2027 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2015................................................................................................................................................................. 241

• Table 38: Types of graphene and prices................................................................................................ 243

• Table 39: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer...................................................................... 245

• Table 40: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.............................................................................. 246

• Table 41: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer....................................................................... 246

• Table 42: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer................................................................... 247

• Table 43: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer...................................................................... 248

• Table 44: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer............................................................... 248

• Table 45: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer............................................................................. 249

• Table 46: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons......... 251

• Table 47: Market drivers for use of graphene in 3D printing............................................................... 253

• Table 48: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing............................................... 254

• Table 49: Market size for graphene in 3D printing.............................................................................. 255

• Table 50: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing............................................ 255

• Table 51: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market................................................................................................................................................................. 256

• Table 52: Market drivers for use of graphene in adhesives................................................................ 258

• Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives................................................ 260

• Table 54: Applications and benefits of graphene in adhesives.......................................................... 260



• Table 55: Market size for graphene in adhesives................................................................................. 261

• Table 56: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives.............................................. 262

• Table 57: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 263

• Table 58: Market challenges rating for graphene in the adhesives market...................................... 264

• Table 59: Market drivers for use of graphene in aerospace............................................................... 266

• Table 60: Applications and benefits of graphene in aerospace......................................................... 269

• Table 61: Market size for graphene in aerospace................................................................................ 270

• Table 62: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace............................................. 271

• Table 63: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 273

• Table 64: Market challenges rating for graphene in the aerospace market..................................... 274

• Table 65: Market drivers for use of graphene in the automotive sector............................................ 277

• Table 66: Applications and benefits of graphene in the automotive industry................................... 281

• Table 67: Market size for graphene in the automotive industry......................................................... 282

• Table 68: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry...................... 282

• Table 69: Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 285

• Table 70: Market challenges rating for graphene in the automotive sector..................................... 286

• Table 71: Properties of nanocoatings..................................................................................................... 289

• Table 72: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings................................................... 295

• Table 73: Markets for nanocoatings........................................................................................................ 305

• Table 74: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market............................. 309

• Table 75: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 311

• Table 76: Market challenges rating for graphene in the coatings market......................................... 312

• Table 77: Market drivers for use of graphene in composites.............................................................. 316

• Table 78: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites............................... 319

• Table 79: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites........................................................ 319

• Table 80: Market size for graphene in composites............................................................................... 322

• Table 81: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market....................... 323



• Table 82: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 325

• Table 83: Market challenges rating for graphene in the composites market................................... 327

• Table 84: Market drivers for use of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films............ 331

• Table 85: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films...... 335

• Table 86: Comparison of ITO replacements.......................................................................................... 336

• Table 87: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development................................................. 340

• Table 88: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................... 346

• Table 89: Market size for graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films............................. 350

• Table 90: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays............................................................................................................ 352

• Table 91: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $.............. 354

• Table 92: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market................................................................................................................... 358

• Table 93: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks....................................................... 361

• Table 94: Comparative properties of conductive inks.......................................................................... 362

• Table 95: Printable electronics products................................................................................................ 364

• Table 96: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics............................................. 366

• Table 97: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................... 368

• Table 98: Potential addressable market for graphene in conductive inks........................................ 372

• Table 99: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks.................................... 373

• Table 100: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 376

• Table 101: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks...................................................... 376

• Table 102: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 378

• Table 103: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors........................................... 382

• Table 104: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 383

• Table 105: Market size for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.... 385



• Table 106: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 385

• Table 107: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market................................................................................................................................................................. 388

• Table 108: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices................................................... 391

• Table 109: Market size for graphene in memory devices.................................................................... 396

• Table 110: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market.................................................................................................................................................... 397

• Table 111: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics............................................................... 398

• Table 112: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators................................ 400

• Table 113: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics......................................................... 403

• Table 114: Market size for graphene in photonics................................................................................ 404

• Table 115: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market.................................... 405

• Table 116: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries................................................................ 408

• Table 117: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development............. 414

• Table 118: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................................. 416

• Table 119: Market size for graphene in batteries................................................................................. 418

• Table 120: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries..................... 419

• Table 121: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries.............................................. 420

• Table 122: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 421

• Table 123: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market...................................... 423

• Table 124: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors................................................... 428

• Table 125: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries......... 430

• Table 126: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors.............................................. 430

• Table 127: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................................................... 433

• Table 128: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors.................................................................... 434

• Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors................................. 435



• Table 130: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027......................................... 435

• Table 131: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market......................... 437

• Table 132: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics........................................................ 439

• Table 133: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 444

• Table 134: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 445

• Table 135: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics................................................................ 445

• Table 136: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market............................................. 446

• Table 137: Market drivers for use of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage........................ 447

• Table 138: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage.................. 450

• Table 139: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage......................................... 451

• Table 140: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage...... 451

• Table 141: Market challenges rating for graphene in the fuel cells market...................................... 452

• Table 142: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC......................................... 454

• Table 143: Applications of graphene in lighting.................................................................................... 454

• Table 144: Market size for graphene in LED lighting and UVC.......................................................... 456

• Table 145: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market..................... 457

• Table 146: Market impediments for graphene in lighting.................................................................... 457

• Table 147: Market drivers for graphene in oil and gas........................................................................ 460

• Table 148: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market......................................................... 460

• Table 149: Application markets, competing materials, graphene advantages and current market size in oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 466

• Table 150: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market...................... 467

• Table 151: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market............... 468

• Table 152: Market challenges rating for graphene in the oil and gas market.................................. 468

• Table 153: Market drivers for use of graphene in filtration.................................................................. 470

• Table 154: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation................................ 472

• Table 155: Market size for graphene in filtration................................................................................... 475

• Table 156: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market. 476



• Table 157: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 477

• Table 158: Market challenges rating for graphene in the filtration and separation market............ 478

• Table 159: Market drivers for use of graphene in the life sciences and medical market............... 481

• Table 160: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare............... 485

• Table 161: Applications and benefits of graphene in life sciences and medical............................. 485

• Table 162: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................................................... 495

• Table 163: Market size for graphene in biomedical and healthcare.................................................. 504

• Table 164: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets... 508

• Table 165: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets....... 509

• Table 166: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027......................... 510

• Table 167: Market challenges in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare..................................... 512

• Table 168: Market challenges rating for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market....... 513

• Table 169: Market drivers for use of graphene in lubricants............................................................... 515

• Table 170: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market............................................................ 516

• Table 171: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.......................................................... 517

• Table 172: Market size for graphene in lubricants................................................................................ 518

• Table 173: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants............................................ 518

• Table 174: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 519

• Table 175: Market challenges rating for graphene in the lubricants market.................................... 520

• Table 176: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires..................................................................... 521

• Table 177: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market.............. 521

• Table 178: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market...... 522

• Table 179: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027......................................... 522

• Table 180: Market challenges for graphene in rubber and tires......................................................... 523

• Table 181: Market drivers for use of graphene in sensors.................................................................. 525

• Table 182: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors............................................................ 527



• Table 183: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................. 529

• Table 184: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor................................................................................................................................................................. 533

• Table 185: Market size for graphene in sensors................................................................................... 535

• Table 186: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market........................... 536

• Table 187: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market....................................... 538

• Table 188: Types of smart textiles.......................................................................................................... 541

• Table 189: Smart textile products............................................................................................................ 542

• Table 190: Market drivers for use of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.................................. 542

• Table 191: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.................................................................................................................... 545

• Table 192: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 549

• Table 193: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel....................................... 550

• Table 194: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market........................................ 553

• Table 195: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel................ 556

• Table 196: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 556

• Table 197: Market impediments for graphene in textiles..................................................................... 557

• Table 198: Market challenges for graphene in textiles and apparel.................................................. 558

• Table 199: Graphene producers and types produced......................................................................... 561

• Table 200: Graphene producers target market matrix......................................................................... 566

• Table 201: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.............. 645

• Table 202: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix.............................. 648

FIGURES

• Figure 1: Graphene production capacity, current and planned............................................................ 66

• Figure 2: Demand for graphene, 2010-2027........................................................................................... 67

• Figure 3: Vittoria bike tires incorporating graphene................................................................................ 68

• Figure 4: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027.................................................................................. 71



• Figure 5: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to 2017..................................... 77

• Figure 6: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by region................................................................. 83

• Figure 7: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................... 87

• Figure 8: Graphene layer structure schematic........................................................................................ 93

• Figure 9: Graphite and graphene............................................................................................................... 94

• Figure 10: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. .................................................................................................................................................................. 95

• Figure 11: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)........................ 98

• Figure 12: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots........................................................................ 100

• Figure 13: Graphene quantum dots........................................................................................................ 101

• Figure 14: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite........................................................................................................................... 103

• Figure 15: Schematic of 2-D materials................................................................................................... 110

• Figure 16: Black phosphorus structure................................................................................................... 112

• Figure 17: Black Phosphorus crystal...................................................................................................... 114

• Figure 18: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation....................................................................................................................................... 116

• Figure 19: Graphitic carbon nitride.......................................................................................................... 120

• Figure 20: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................. 121

• Figure 21: Schematic of germanene....................................................................................................... 123

• Figure 22: Graphdiyne structure.............................................................................................................. 126

• Figure 23: Schematic of Graphane crystal............................................................................................. 129

• Figure 24: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................................... 131

• Figure 25: BN nanosheet textiles application........................................................................................ 133

• Figure 26: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide................................................................................ 135

• Figure 27: SEM image of MoS2............................................................................................................... 136

• Figure 28: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor............. 137



• Figure 29: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.......................................................................................... 138

• Figure 30: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide................................................................. 140

• Figure 31: Silicene structure..................................................................................................................... 142

• Figure 32: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................................................... 142

• Figure 33: Silicene transistor.................................................................................................................... 143

• Figure 34: Crystal structure for stanene................................................................................................. 146

• Figure 35: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)........................................... 146

• Figure 36: Schematic of tungsten diselenide........................................................................................ 148

• Figure 37: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).................................................................................. 151

• Figure 38: Graphene synthesis methods............................................................................................... 159

• Figure 39: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.. 160

• Figure 40: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium................................................................... 163

• Figure 41: Methods of synthesizing high-quality graphene................................................................. 165

• Figure 42: Roll-to-roll graphene production process............................................................................ 170

• Figure 43: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process................................................................. 171

• Figure 44: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene.............................. 173

• Figure 45: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer........................... 177

• Figure 46: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014.................................................. 185

• Figure 47: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene............................................................. 189

• Figure 48: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year........................................................ 242

• Figure 49: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament...................................... 254

• Figure 50: Graphene Adhesives.............................................................................................................. 260

• Figure 51: Potential addressable market for graphene in adhesives................................................ 263

• Figure 52: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 264

• Figure 53: Potential addressable market for graphene in aerospace............................................... 272

• Figure 54: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in aerospace.......... 273



• Figure 55: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 274

• Figure 56: Graphene-based automotive components.......................................................................... 279

• Figure 57: Antistatic graphene tire.......................................................................................................... 281

• Figure 58: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector............................ 283

• Figure 59: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector............................ 285

• Figure 60: Demand for graphene in automotive(tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 285

• Figure 61: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT.............................................................................. 295

• Figure 62: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating................................................................................................................................................................. 300

• Figure 63: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.............................................. 303

• Figure 64: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 304

• Figure 65: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market............................... 310

• Figure 66: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market............................... 311

• Figure 67: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 311

• Figure 68: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites.............................................. 324

• Figure 69: Potential addressable market for graphene in the composites market.......................... 325

• Figure 70: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027.................................................. 326

• Figure 71: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.................................................. 334

• Figure 72: Flexible graphene touch screen........................................................................................... 334

• Figure 73: Galapad Settler smartphone................................................................................................. 334

• Figure 74: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode........................ 335

• Figure 75: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte....................................................... 338

• Figure 76: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film............................... 338

• Figure 77: Foldable graphene E-paper.................................................................................................. 339

• Figure 78: Covestro wearables................................................................................................................ 341

• Figure 79: Softceptor sensor.................................................................................................................... 344

• Figure 80: BeBop Media Arm Controller................................................................................................ 344



• Figure 81: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor......................................................................... 345

• Figure 82: C2Sense flexible sensor........................................................................................................ 346

• Figure 83: Wearable gas sensor............................................................................................................. 348

• Figure 84: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves.................................................................... 348

• Figure 85: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System.................................................................. 349

• Figure 86: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system................................................................ 350

• Figure 87: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market.............................................................................................. 353

• Figure 88: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $............. 354

• Figure 89: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $............................................................................................................................................... 355

• Figure 90: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates............................................................................................................................................. 357

• Figure 91: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene...................................................................................................................... 358

• Figure 92: BGT Materials graphene ink product................................................................................... 364

• Figure 93: Flexible RFID tag.................................................................................................................... 365

• Figure 94: Enfucell Printed Battery......................................................................................................... 369

• Figure 95: Graphene printed antenna.................................................................................................... 370

• Figure 96: Printed antennas for aircraft.................................................................................................. 370

• Figure 97: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products........................................................................ 372

• Figure 98: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market..................... 373

• Figure 99: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 375

• Figure 100: Graphene IC in wafer tester................................................................................................ 381

• Figure 101: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array........................................................... 381

• Figure 102: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)................................................................................................... 383

• Figure 103: Potential addressable market for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits..... 386

• Figure 104: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits



market.................................................................................................................................................... 387

• Figure 105: The GF1 Graphene Watch.................................................................................................. 391

• Figure 106: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate....................................... 393

• Figure 107: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)...................................................................................... 394

• Figure 108: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt.. 394

• Figure 109: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip........................................................................................... 395

• Figure 110: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.................. 395

• Figure 111: Hybrid graphene phototransistors...................................................................................... 401

• Figure 112: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors............................... 402

• Figure 113: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive......................................................................................................... 402

• Figure 114: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors...................................................................................................................................... 408

• Figure 115: Energy harvesting textile..................................................................................................... 411

• Figure 116: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery............................................................................................ 414

• Figure 117: Printed 1.5V battery.............................................................................................................. 416

• Figure 118: H600 concept car.................................................................................................................. 418

• Figure 119: Anion concept car................................................................................................................. 418

• Figure 120: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market.................................................................................................................................................... 421

• Figure 121: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 422

• Figure 122: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor............................................................................... 429

• Figure 123: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger............................................................................... 431

• Figure 124: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor............................................................................... 432

• Figure 125: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 436

• Figure 126: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode......................................................... 441

• Figure 127: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper....................................... 443

• Figure 128: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics......................................... 446



• Figure 129: LG OLED flexible lighting panel......................................................................................... 455

• Figure 130: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.................................................. 456

• Figure 131: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors........................... 462

• Figure 132: Directa Plus Grafysorber..................................................................................................... 465

• Figure 133: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water................................................................................................................... 466

• Figure 134: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts................................................................................................................................................................. 474

• Figure 135: Graphene anti-smog mask.................................................................................................. 475

• Figure 136: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 477

• Figure 137: Graphene filtration membrane............................................................................................ 479

• Figure 138: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel................................................................................................................................ 491

• Figure 139: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis....... 492

• Figure 140: Connected human body...................................................................................................... 493

• Figure 141: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor.......................................................................... 494

• Figure 142: Graphene-based E-skin patch............................................................................................ 495

• Figure 143: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs................................................................................................................................................... 499

• Figure 144: Graphene medical patch..................................................................................................... 500

• Figure 145: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer..................................................................... 501

• Figure 146: Mimo baby monitor............................................................................................................... 501

• Figure 147: Nanowire skin hydration patch........................................................................................... 502

• Figure 148: Wearable sweat sensor....................................................................................................... 503

• Figure 149: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.................................................................................. 504

• Figure 150: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 507

• Figure 151: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 508



• Figure 152: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market................................................................................................................................ 510

• Figure 153: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027....................... 511

• Figure 154: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 519

• Figure 155: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 523

• Figure 156: GFET sensors....................................................................................................................... 531

• Figure 157: First generation point of care diagnostics......................................................................... 532

• Figure 158: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................................................... 533

• Figure 159: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market.............................. 537

• Figure 160: Conductive yarns.................................................................................................................. 552

• Figure 161: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)............................................................................................................................... 553

• Figure 162 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016................................................................................................................................................................. 554

• Figure 163: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate........................................................................................................... 555

• Figure 164: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate................................................................................................................. 555

• Figure 165: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 557

Documents

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 58 2 … · The Global Market for Graphene 2018-2027 © Future Markets, Inc. 2017 All rights reserved. 6.3.1.1 Fabrication methods..... 115