The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Table 13.1: Milestones in U.S. immigration policy

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

1891 Immigration Act

1921 Emergency Quota Act

1924 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act

1952 McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act

1965 Hart-Cellar Immigration and Nationality Act

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)

1990 Immigration Act

1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) andPersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)

2002 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Form Act

2005 Real ID Act

2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act (LAWA)

2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.1: The foreign-born population in the U.S., 1850–2010

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The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.2: Share of U.S. legal permanent residents by region and decade

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The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.3: Number of persons granted legal permanent residence, 1820–2013

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The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.4: Apprehensions along the Mexico-U.S. border,1960–2013

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The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Table 13.2: Preference classes and annual caps for legal permanent resident status

Class Annual capAverage number,

2009–2013Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, unmarried minor children and parents) None 476,673Family-sponsored:

Unmarried adult children of U.S. citizens and their minor children 23,400 24,656Spouses, minor children and unmarried adult children of legal permanent residents 114,200 99,619

Married children of U.S. citizens and their spouses and minor children 23,400 25,899

Siblings of U.S. citizens and their spouses and minor children 65,000 64,565Employment-based:Priority workers: persons with extraordinary ability, outstanding professors and researchers, and multinational managers or executives 40,040 37,105

Professionals holding advanced degrees and persons of exceptional ability 40,040 56,063

Skilled workers, professionals and unskilled (or “other”) workers 40,040 40,047Certain special immigrants (broadcaster, ministers and certain former U.S. government employees overseas) 9,940 8,588

Immigrant investors 9,940 4,936

Other:Diversity lottery 55,000 46,737

The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.5: Marginal costs and marginal benefits of enforcement $ MC MB Enforcement Unauthorized immigrants