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T h e R o c k C y c l e i n Mi c h i g a n. Prepared by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Office of Geological Survey. What is t h e R o c k C y c l e ?. The R o c k C y c l e explains how Rocks and Natural Processes are related. weathering. Sedimentary. Metamorphic. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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TThhee RRoocckk CCyycclle e iin n MiMicchhiiggaann
Prepared by the Michigan Department of Environmental QualityOffice of Geological Survey
The RRoocck k CCyycclle e explains how RocksRocks and Natural ProcessesNatural Processes
are related
weathering
melting
pres
sure
, hea
t
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
is a sequence of events involving the
formation, alteration, destruction, and reformation of rocks as a result of natural processes ...
Glossary of Geology, Bates & Jackson, AGI
RRoocckk CCyycclleeA more traditional definition is:
We will use the graphic seen in the background to help
represent the RRoocck k CCyycclle.e.
There are many ways to show the various relationships between the rocks and
the related natural processes.
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee involves the recognition of three main classes of rocks. All three types are found in Michigan.
The three rock types are …
CEMETERYCEMETERY METABOLICMETABOLIC
INGENIOUSINGENIOUS
SedimentaryRocks
MetamorphicRocks
IgneousRocks Right?Right?
The eminent 18th century lawyer, doctor, gentleman farmer and founder of modern geoscience,
James HuttonJames Hutton, developed the concept of the RRoocck k CCyyccllee to show how rocks and natural, physical processes are interrelated.
Hutton knew about solar energy and gravity at the surface. He did not know about radioactive heating from inside the earth.
As a result, the RRoocck k CCyyccllee
will be self-sustaining for thousands of millions of years.
Solar energy, gravity and radioactive heating are the major forces driving the RRoocck k CCyyccllee.
How does an antique concept like the RRoocck k CCyyccllee hold up in light of contemporary data and scientific thinking?
The mantle, crust and surface of the earthcan be thought of as a giant recycling machine;rocks are neither created nor destroyed, but redistributed and transformed from one rock type to another.
IM
S
Diagram of the Interior of the EarthCrust
0 to 40 km 0°C
Upper Mantle40 to 670 km
1,000°C
Lower Mantle670 to 2,890 km
2,000°C
Outer Core2,890 to 5,150 km
3,700°C
Inner Core5,150 to 6,370 km
4,300°C
lets move to some of the smallest components of Geology …
Now that we better understand the largest components of Geology …
.
Minerals make up rocks.
Natural compounds and elements combine to form minerals.
Elements combine to form the natural compounds.
Rocks make up the Earth.
There is a hierarchy to the elements of Geology
Atoms make up elements.
Elements can be arranged, based on their identifiable properties, into the Periodic Table
Atomic Theory proposes that all matter is composed of the atoms of about 100 different chemical elements. It further proposes that chemical compounds are formed by the combination of the atoms of different chemical elements.
.
Minerals make up rocks.
Natural compounds and elements combine to form minerals.
Elements combine to form the natural compounds.
Rocks make up the Earth.
There is a hierarchy to the elements of Geology
Atoms make up elements.
What are Minerals? How can we tell what they are?
The identifiable The identifiable
characteristics ofcharacteristics of MineralsMinerals areare
naturally occurring inorganic elements or naturally occurring inorganic elements or compoundscompounds
having an orderly internal having an orderly internal structurestructure
and a characteristic chemical and a characteristic chemical compositioncomposition,
crystal form andcrystal form and
physical properties of a physical properties of a solidsolid
There are over There are over 300300 minerals minerals
found in Michigan.found in Michigan.
alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite, apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite, argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite,
babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl, biotite, bismuthinite , blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite, bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite,
calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert , chloanthite, chlorargyrite,
chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite, domeykite,
forsterite, francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite, halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,
hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite, ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite,
kearsargeite, keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite , lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite,
margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite, maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite,
neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite, orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite,
picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite, priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene , pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite, rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile,
salite, salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite,
spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite,
tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite, zonochlorite
Each mineral has its own set of uniquely
identifiable properties or characteristics
Some RRoocckkss are made up of just one
mineral - like the sedimentary rock salt (made up of the mineral halite) that is mined near Detroit.
Others RRoocckkss are made up of many minerals - like the igneous rock
granite and the metamorphic rock
gneiss, found near Marquette.
Now that some of the basicshave been covered, letsconsider some of the
details about the
RRoocckk CCyyccllee
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee
weathering
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
Rocks are weathered,eroded,transported,deposited,and lithified to formsedimentary rocks
The igneous rock granite canbe physically weathered to produce clay and sand.
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK …
Sand can become sandstone.
Clay can become shale
These sediments can be transported deposited and lithified to form sedimentary rocks.
The metamorphic rock gneiss can be physically weathered to produce clay and sand.
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK …
Sand can become sandstone.
Clay can become shale
These sediments can be transported deposited and lithified to form sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks can be physically weathered to produce sediments that can become other sedimentary rocks.
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK …
Chemical weathering dissolves the minerals in rocks. The resulting dissolved compounds could form evaporites like rock salt or rock gypsum or chemical precipitates like some kinds of limestones. What forms depends upon composition and depositional environment factors.
H2O + CO2 H2CO3
2KAlSi3O8+ 2H+ + H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4+ 2K+ + 4SiO2
Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK …
Generalized Bedrock Geology
of Michigan
Igneous and Metamorphic
rocks
Sedimentary rocks
In Michigan,sedimentary rocks make up the bedrock in the eastern northern, and southern peninsulas.
Generalized Bedrock Geology
of Michigan
Igneous and Metamorphic
rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks found in Michigan include: sandstone,
shale,limestone,rock salt, and rock gypsum.
Michigan has been sculpted by four major glacial advances in last 1.8 million years during the Pleistocene Epoch.
As the ice advancesit can scour the bedrockand move a lot of material.
When the ice retreats,sediments are deposited and new set of landforms exist.
In Michigan, we live on top ofa complex groupof sediments that were deposited by the Glaciers.
Generalized Quaternary Geology of Michigan
What will thesesediments become?
Glacial deposits
Let’s look at the Devonian age sedimentary rocks in Michigan.
bedrock on which they are resting.
are much youngerthan the
The State Stone the ”Petoskey Stone”is a fossil coral (Hexagonaria percarinata) that lived in middle Devonian age seas some375 million yearsago. The rocksthat formed in that environmentare mostlylimestones.
Some Devonian life forms that existed were similar, while others were very different from what we know today.
Eddy Discovery Center
Thismap of the globe showsone possible interpretation of the distribution of land and water during middle Devonian time. M
IM
I
Do you know where, what is now Michigan, would be?
Middle Devonian rocks are made up of many different sedimentary rock formations. These rocks are shown in
blue.
Middle Devonian Rocks in Michigan
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee
melting
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
Igneous Rocksform from molten rock or magma in the subsurface or from lava extruded at the surface
Becoming an IGNEOUS ROCK …
When magma cools to a solid it becomes an igneous rock.
Molten rock is called magma.
Any existing rock – igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary - can be subjected to enough heat and or pressure causing it to melt.
The kind of igneous rock formed depends on what was melted and how it cooled.
Igneous rocks are classified based on their mineral composition and texture.
Generalized Bedrock Geology
of Michigan
Igneous and Metamorphic
rocks
Sedimentary rocks
In Michigan, igneous rocks make up the bedrock in the western northern peninsula.
pres
sure
, hea
t
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee
Pressure, Pressure, heatheatand fluidsand fluids cause preexistingrocks or sediments to becomemetamorphic metamorphic rocksrocks
Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK …
When the prefix meta is applied to a rock name that means that the original rock has been metamorphosed.
If the igneous rock basalt is exposed to sufficient heat and or pressure it can be transformed into the metamorphic rock call metabasalt
Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK …
If the sedimentary rock sandstone is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock quartzite.
If the sedimentary rock limestone or dolomite is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock marble.
If the sedimentary rock shale is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock slate.
Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK …
If the metamorphic rock phyllite is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock schist.
If the metamorphic rock slate is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock phyllite
If the metamorphic rock schist is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock gneiss.
Generalized Bedrock Geology
of Michigan
Igneous and Metamorphic
rocks
Sedimentary rocks
In Michigan, metamorphic rocks make up the bedrock in the
western northern peninsula.
DEQ GSD - The Rock Cycle in Michigan - February 2001
Generalized Bedrock Geology
of Michigan
Igneous and Metamorphic
rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks found in Michigan include:
iron ore, schist, slate,quartzite,marble, andgneiss
DEQ GSD - The Rock Cycle in Michigan - February 2001
Michigan's State Gemstone is chlorastrolite a
variety of pumpellyite. Also called greenstone
and ‘Isle Royal Greenstone’.
It is a metamorphic mineral found in
altered igneous rocks (basalts, and diabases).
DEQ GSD - The Rock Cycle in Michigan - February 2001
weathering
melting
pres
sure
, hea
t
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee
does not go in just one direction. Any given rock can go through any part of the cycle any number of times.
DEQ GSD - The Rock Cycle in Michigan - February 2001
weathering
melting
pres
sure
, hea
t
Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee
I hope you better understand the RRoocck k CCyyccllee
and what it means.
DEQ GSD - The Rock Cycle in Michigan - February 2001
Please email any comments about this program to Steve Wilson: [email protected] - thanks