Monitoring and Technical Services (MATS)

Systems for

Water Level, Flow

and Quality

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EnvironmentalWater

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It has become increasingly important to be able to accurately measure and report the volume and quality of the world’s water resources. This is so we can adequately plan for future growth, either for potable consumption or to determine sustainable water supplies for production in industry and agriculture. ALS designs and supplies a wide range of products for the unattended, long term, continuous measurement of streams, rivers, estuaries, channels, canals, weirs, dams, bores and drains, as well as water distribution, stormwater and wastewater systems.

All ALS Measurement and Control Platforms (MCPs), including Water Quality Stations (WQS), Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) and Air Quality Stations (AQS) are designed to be easily integrated into a single, cohesive monitoring network. They are based on quality instrumentation with a proven track record, are versatile and reliable, and are used by government, business and industrial organisations within Australia and around the world.

Systems for Water Level,Flow and Quality

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The key to any successful water level installation is determining the most suitable technique to employ.

Shaft Encoder SystemsSurface water level measurements in dams, rivers, streams and open channels are often made using a stilling well. These are installed adjacent to the body of water and are connected via a suitably sized inlet. The water level is then measured using a shaft encoder, float and pulley system, with the output (often a simple ‘up’ and ‘down’ pulse counter output) being applied to the pulse input channels of the station datalogger.

Gas Purge SystemsGas purge bubbler systems provide accurate measurement of water level, and have the added benefit of keeping the (expensive) water sensor away from the water — critical in flood prone or corrosive environments. The principle of operation is simple. A gas purge system provides a close to static pressure condition inside a capillary tube. One end of the tube is installed under water, while the other is connected to the gas purge system and pressure sensing instrument. The pressure required to overcome the hydrostatic (head of water) pressure is determined and a simple pressure to head of water conversion is made to determine water level.

Measurement of Water Level

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Submersible Pressure Transducers Submersible pressure transducers (or ‘wet’ sensors) are probably the simplest way of measuring water level and are easy to install and require little maintenance. For this reason, they are often used for temporary installations or installations in remote locations. They must be installed in a fixed position and remain fully submersed at all times.

Operation is based on the application of hydrostatic pressure to a strain gauge, which converts mechanical movement into an electrical signal. This is then measured by the station datalogger for conversion into pressure, level and/or discharge.

Sensor measurements must be referenced to atmospheric pressure. Sometimes this is carried out using a separate barometric pressure sensor but generally this is achieved by use of a vent tube. The vent must be terminated in a desiccant/venting device to remain free of moisture while maintaining atmospheric reference.

Ultrasonic/Radar Level SensorsUltrasonic and radar sensors are used whenever there is a risk of damage or burial to in-situ instruments or where silt is a problem. These sensors are highly accurate (<3mm), robust and low powered and offer many advantages over traditional hydrological sensors.

Ultrasonic and radar level sensors have no moving parts and provide a non-contact method of measurement. In addition, most sensors can be fitted with a removable or remote display unit for ease of set up and operation.

Radar sensors can have large operating ranges (>60 Meters) and are often used in flood warning systems, where they can be mounted high up (perhaps attached to a bridge) to provide continuous data even in the most extreme flood events.

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Automatic direct measurement of discharge (flow) is difficult and relatively expensive. A more common method is to derive discharge from water level using the site specific mathematical relationship between water level and flow. This relationship, known as the site rating table, is developed from theoretical and/or practical measurements of the site geometry and hydraulics.

Prior to the introduction of modern dataloggers, site discharge was regularly calculated some time after the water level measurement was collected. Nowadays it is common for this to be carried out in real time by the station datalogger, loaded with a site specific discharge polynomial(s). Any water level measurement technique may be employed to derive discharge and will be determined by site characteristics and dimensions.

Good site location is crucial for the collection of accurate and reliable discharge data. Important factors include the determination of the control geometry and the Cease-To-Flow (CTF) level. Natural controls are often used when they are stable and unlikely to change with flooding etc. Often though, a man made control is established using a structure built across the stream, river or channel. There are many such control structure designs but the most common are weirs and flumes.

Measurement of Discharge

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WeirsWeirs are described according to their profile, being either broad-crested or sharp crested. Sharp crested weirs permit more accurate measurements than broad-crested weirs at low flow rates and so are more often used in the smaller installations. Weirs are generally found on small streams and rivers, though several designs are available for larger channels and rivers. The type of weir selected should be that most suitable for the site, hence knowledge of the site or experience in estimating the expected flow rates is required.

The most common types of sharp crested weirs are rectangular, trapezoidal and the V-Notch weir. The rectangular weir is one of the oldest and most popular designs in use. Its simple construction makes it relatively easy to install and operate. The trapezoidal or Cipolletti weir is similar to the rectangular weir, except that it has sloping sides to improve accuracy at the lower flow rates. The V-Notch weir uses a specially shaped plate with a triangular cut out (generally 90 degrees, though other angles are common) through which the water is allowed to flow. This produces very accurate data with good resolution at low flow rates and is often found in small streams and irrigation canals. For accurate flow measurements over a wider range of flow rates, combination weirs may be employed. This combines a V-Notch weir with a rectangular weir to produce good low and high flow data.

Ultrasonic MeasurementNew sensors employing Ultrasonic and Doppler technologies are now becoming available to measure water velocities in two or three dimensions. The velocity is measured directly without the need for special structures – no additional calculations are required.

These sensors are capable of performing complex measurements of the water body to provide individual velocity and flow rates for several cross-sectional areas (or “bins”) of the river. These types of sensors are, however, more expensive and complex to install and operate, and are usually employed at selected key sites only.

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Many different water quality sensing technologies exist for integration in remote monitoring stations. Simple sensors measure only one or two parameters while the more complex (and expensive) sensors are capable of measuring 10 or more parameters simultaneously. Many are available with software for on-board datalogging and maintenance activities. Some can be fitted with telemetry for remote operation.

Single/Double Parameter SensorsThere are many different manufacturers of single/double parameter sensors. Single parameter sensors are available for every situation, with combinations available for conductivity & temperature, level & temperature, level & conductivity, level & pH etc. To keep costs down, these sensors are relatively unsophisticated. They generally have only analogue outputs (4-20mA, 0-1Vdc, etc) that must be externally scaled to engineering units by a datalogger or PLC to produce usable data. Any correction of readings after calibration must also be carried out by the datalogger. For these reasons, it is becoming increasingly common for these sensors to use digital outputs (SDI-12, MODBUS) to improve accuracy and reduce power consumption.

Multi Parameter SensorsMulti parameter instruments, often referred to as ‘sondes’, combine two or more parameters into a single device. These sensors can be supplied in many different combinations and are easily integrated into new or existing installations. They generally feature one or more digital communication systems (such as SDI-12 or MODBUS), offer many more features and are very cost effective compared to single/double parameter sensors (especially when more than two to three parameters are to be measured) as installation and maintenance is easier. Parameters commonly measured include Water Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Turbidity.

Water SamplersAutomatic water samplers are easily integrated into our monitoring stations to take discrete water samples under certain events. These can be triggered by the station datalogger from virtually any parameter, though generally this is based on a rise or fall of water level, flow or volume. Once triggered, the sampler can be made to take samples based on time or flow rate. Refrigerated 12 Vdc versions are also available to handle special sampling requirements where excessive temperature can destroy the water samples before they can be tested in the laboratory.

Measurement of Water Quality

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ALS can design and supply a wide range of automatic Water Quality Stations (WQS) to suit any application, ranging from small stand alone systems through to large sophisticated monitoring networks. The majority of these systems are designed to be fixed and permanent, however portable or mobile stations are also available. They may be customised with virtually any combination of sensors and be fitted with many forms of telemetry system. They may even be configured for multiple applications, for example, as a hydro-meteorological station. Our stations are ideally suited for the monitoring and/or control of virtually any environmental parameter, including:

• WaterLevel(Stage),Velocity,DischargeandVolume

• WaterFlow,TemperatureandPressure

• WaterQuality,includingConductivity,pH,DissolvedOxygenandTurbidity

• AutomaticWaterSamplers.

All of our stations are completely self-contained with all sensitive components (datalogger, sensor interfaces and telemetry equipment) packaged within a sealed enclosure for protection against the environment. A second enclosure or hut is often used for additional security or to accommodate sensor cables, auto-samplers and power supplies.

Sensors are normally secured in the water within galvanised steel, stainless steel or PVC mounting fixtures. Fixtures may be mounted vertically, against a solid surface or post, or run down the stream or river bank, depending upon the sensor requirements. Sensor cables may be bought into the enclosure/hut directly or via sealed, water-proof connectors. Junction boxes are often used where there are long sensor cable runs and/or to provide easy access for sensor cleaning or maintenance.

Permanent InstallationsThe most common installation involves installation of a concrete slab and/or platform with the mounting of equipment in a hut or enclosure beside the control structure, high enough to avoid flooding. Generally these installations are separate to any other, but the equipment can be co-located with other systems if necessary and if space permits.

Sensor cables and gas lines are run underground to the mounting points, which can be a simple vertical post or an enclosed mounting structure for protection. Flow cells are sometimes employed to reduce the chances of loss or damage of the expensive sensors. The sensors can be mounted inside a hut or enclosure with water being pumped up from a submersible pump.

ALS Water Quality Stations

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Water Quality TrailersThese trailers offer a completely mobile monitoring solution for short or long term unattended monitoring of rivers, streams and similar water bodies. Trailers can be customised to suit any mobile application and are ideal for capturing a ‘snapshot’ of conditions at several sites without the expensive infrastructure and installation costs associated with fixed stations. The trailers are ideal tools for Environmental Protection Authorities (EPAs), water supply authorities, mining and geotechnical industries, port authorities, and anyone wanting a mobile remote monitoring solution.

Water Quality BuoysWhere it is necessary to monitor water level and quality in dams or the ocean, a buoy is often the best solution. These buoys are purpose built for each application. All sensitive equipment, such as the data logger and telemetry units, are housed in a water proof enclosure mounted under the lid of the buoy. A variety of parameters can be measured, including single or multi parameter water temperature, EC, pH, DO and/or turbidity sensors. Larger buoys can be supplied with weather sensors for a complete lake, dam or oceanographic monitoring solution.

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Typical Water Quality Station Equipment

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System OperationThe dataloggers fitted to each station are programmed to read the level, flow and/or water quality sensors at regular intervals. The results of these measurements are termed the current or ‘real time’ data. The datalogger then collects or ‘logs’ these measurements in internal memory at set intervals. This is termed the logged data and is generally the data used for historical purposes. The main difference between the two data types is that real time data is overwritten every time a new measurement is taken, whereas logged data is stored and may be retrieved at a later date.

The rate at which the water quality sensors are read and logged by the datalogger is determined by the programmer and the client’s requirements, and may be at the same or a different rate (i.e. 15 minute readings and hourly logging). Changing these rates at a later date is relatively straightforward. The advantages of logging data on site is that if the telemetry system fails for any reason, the historical data will not be ‘lost’.

Telemetry SystemsThe availability of multiple telecommunications and on-site options for retrieving data allows systems to be customised to meet exact needs. Off-the-shelf telecommunications options include satellite (DCP), radio, telephone, mobile phone, and voice-synthesised phone. Data from stations may be collected by base station software at regular intervals. Data may also be collected on demand if required. In the case of a radio system, the base station computer needs to be located in a suitable location with near line-of-sight communications to the monitoring stations.

Monitoring and ControlBase station computers are typically set up with special software (such as Campbell Scientific LoggerNet software) for the automatic collection and storage of real time and historical data. The data is generally collected in CSV format and can be placed in any suitable location on the customer’s computer network. Depending on the telemetry system fitted, systems can be programmed to send alarms or report site conditions by calling out to computers, phones, radios or pagers. Stations can also be polled directly using LoggerNetSDK, MODBUS, DNP3 and other protocols.

Real time or historical data can be displayed or processed with a variety of software. Data exchange between LoggerNet and other SCADA packages can be achieved using OPC. Data can also be exported as ASCII files for further processing by spreadsheets, databases or analysis programs. Real Time Monitoring & Control (RTMC) software can be used to generate displays for monitoring and control by local users. These displays can be published to the intranet/internet using RTMC Web Server software as shown in the examples opposite.

Data Archiving and ReportingThere are many third party software packages available to process, archive and/or report on the data collected from our Data Collection Platforms.

Vista Data Vision software can be supplied so that customers may carry out data processing, reporting and even web page generation themselves.

HYDSTRA Data Management software can be set up to carry out a high degree of automated data processing and reporting, with data being available to the customer via a secure web site. Email and/or SMS alarms can be generated for virtually any condition, including out of tolerance parameters or sensor malfunction.

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Water Resource ManagementAs demands on the world’s water resources increase, the need for effective water management systems becomes increasingly important. Essential for this is the collection of accurate data about the movement, quality and distribution of water across the catchments. Data is often used for analysis, modelling and planning, and so must be complete, accurate and valid. An ALS WQS will supply engineers and environmental managers with continuous rainfall and water level, flow and quality, with other parameters, such as weather and evaporation sensors, easily added.

Water Infrastructure ManagementWater supply and water reticulation systems are important public services that require complex and expensive infrastructure. It is essential that this infrastructure is operated and maintained correctly over their life cycles to ensure a continuous service and high returns on assets. ALS WQS collect reliable, accurate data on the water levels, flows, pressures, volumes and quality in dams, reservoirs, water tanks, water treatment plants and reticulated water supply systems. Data can be collected at virtually any rate, using any form of telemetry, and be fully integrated into SCADA systems to enable efficient operation and management.

Compliance MonitoringMany monitoring systems today are used to ensure compliance with government and environmental regulations. These regulations ensure that the minimum levels, flows and water quality are maintained. Our WQS can be used for compliance monitoring not only of freshwater resources, such as dams, rivers and streams, but also other sources, such as industrial settling ponds, evaporation ponds or discharge points. ALS WQS provide data that is scientifically valid, of known acceptable precision and accuracy, and is legally defensible. Stations can send out alarms to warn personnel of out-of-limit conditions.

Flood WarningAll ALS WQS (and AWS) can be configured as versatile and reliable flood warning stations. We can offer a range of systems, from the standard ALERT station canister for the transmission of rainfall and/or water level data, through to multi-purpose stations that can provide both the routine data for operational or management purposes, as well as data for flood warning systems. A single station can monitor the standard range of parameters plus many others, such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity, temperature or evaporation. Fitted with the latest telemetry systems, our systems provide advanced solutions for flood warning.

Applications

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MiningMining activities usually involve the removal and processing of large quantities of raw material. Often this requires vast amounts of water. Effective management of water resources is therefore a vital component of mining operations. Our WQS can be used to measure the rivers and streams flowing through mining leases and all mine water resources, both fresh and contaminated, such as dams, settling/evaporation ponds, discharge points or process water. These stations are easily integrated with Weather and Air Quality Stations to provide a total monitoring solution for mine environmental managers.

Sewerage and Wastewater ManagementALS designs, builds and operates monitoring stations for use in the harshest of environments, including stormwater systems, sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants. Systems can be configured for many different applications, including surcharge or reverse flow, long term or permanent flow studies, sewer system inflow and infiltration (I&I) studies, industrial compliance monitoring or for billing purposes.

Stations can have multiple water level, velocity and flow sensors (ultrasonic, submerged or bubbler) for redundancy and/or independent auditing. Additional sensors can be fitted to monitor rainfall and many water quality parameters, such as temperature, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen. Reliability is not compromised by salinity, pollution or harsh environments.

Canal and Irrigation ManagementALS can provide stations for the monitoring and control of canals and other water distribution systems. Our WQS measure water level, flow and quality and then control pumps, valves, gates and other devices based on time or a change of conditions or measured parameters. Using appropriate telemetry technology, near real time data can be relayed back to a central server/control facility. Information can be easily integrated into a SCADA system to provide operators with a complete monitoring and control solution. Automated alarms and reports can be generated by either the station or the SCADA system of conditions using SMS or email.

Agriculture and AquacultureOur monitoring stations can be used to automatically monitor and control the water level and/or quality, thus saving energy, limiting disease and increase yields in agriculture and aquaculture. Stations can continuously monitor water level, flow, temperature, pH, ORP, conductivity, salinity or turbidity. By linking stations together with telemetry and using a specialist software package (such as Pondview), management can be greatly improved. Pumps, aerators etc can be controlled more precisely and used only when needed. An alarm can be generated to warn of deteriorating conditions.

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Benefits of ALS Measurement and Control PlatformsThere are many advantages to using our Measurement and Control Platforms:

• They form a common network of stations to collect quality, reliable, environmental data

• May be customised by choosing the number of channels, sensors and communication method required

• Multiple channel types accurately measure nearly every available sensor, including those with analogue, pulse or digital signals (including MODBUS and SDI-12)

• All stations are designed to be as low powered as possible. Power supplies are selected to suit the location and application. Systems may be solar, mains, wind or micro-hydro powered (or any combination). In most cases, a Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) battery is installed to ensure continuous station operation and 100% data recovery even during power blackouts

• Mathematical and statistical calculations can be programmed into the station to provide continuous information on any derived parameters (e.g. stream flow or dam volume)

• Data recording (logging) rate is programmed to suit the site characteristics and client requirements. Time-stamped data recording is fully programmable and may be determined according to time or event (or both). Data is stored directly in engineering units (no scaling required). On board data compression techniques minimise the amount of data required for transmission by telemetry. After telemetry outages, any data not collected is automatically recovered from the station datalogger

• Virtually any communication device may be employed including land line, short haul, cellular, radio (VHF, UHF, Spread Spectrum), satellite, fibre or TCP/IP

• The powerful programming permits automatic decisions to be made based on time or events. For example, if a measurement exceeds a preset threshold, the station can start pumps, open valves, trigger water samplers or send SMS or email alarms. Data is typically displayed and stored in the desired units of measure (e.g., cfs, psi, feet, inches, meters, centimetres)

• The capacity to upgrade and expand the systems is virtually endless. Sensors can be added to sites and new sites can be added to networks at any time. Level monitoring stations can be reconfigured into full water quality stations with minimal effort.

Operation and MaintenanceALS provides advice and/or offer servicing and maintenance for all monitoring stations and networks. Please contact ALS for further information.

Other Products and ServicesALS supplies a vast range of related products and services, including:

• Systems for Meteorology, including Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), Rainfall Stations, Evaporation Stations and Lightning Detection & Warning Stations

• Systems for Air Quality Monitoring, including a variety of Air Quality Stations (AQS) to monitor dust, gas and noise

• Systems for Agriculture and Aquaculture

• Systems for Civil, Industrial and Geotechnical Engineering

• Dataloggers, Data Acquisition, Sensing and Telemetry Equipment

• Power Supplies, Huts, Enclosures, Masts and Mounting Brackets

• Data Monitoring, Control, Collection and Processing Software, including data hosting and web access

• System Design, Installation, Commissioning, Operation, Maintenance

• Training, Documentation and Quality Control.

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