SystematicsStudy of the diversity of

organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationships

Taxonomy: naming, identifying and classifying of species created by C Linnaeus

Taxonomy: Classification of Species

Binomial system: all species have a 2 part name consisting of genus + specific epithet (usually latin)

Domain* Eukarya *least specific, includes all others

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies** H. Sapiens **most specific

Taxonomy: Classification of Species

Phylogenetic TreesEvolutionary tree showing common ancestorsDivergence occurs due to derived traits traits

not previously not seen

Phylogenetic TreesSpecies are most

closely related to other species in same genus

More distantly related to those of different families, orders

Cladistic Phylogenetic Trees• A method of tracing

evolutionary history of a group by using shared traits derived from a common ancestor to determine which species are most closely related

• Cladogram• Outgroup not part

of the group being studied

• Ingroup group being studied

Cladistic Phylogenetic Trees

Which organism(s) have gizzards?

Which organism (s) have an amniotic egg?

Which organism has the most traits in common? The least?

Which of the Groupings Below is a True Cladogram?

Explain why or why not each is or is not a true clade: a single common ancestor and all its descendents that share one or more shared derived traits.

Monophyletic grouping: a single ancestor gave rise to all species in that taxon and no other taxon

Polyphyletic grouping: members of the taxon are derived from 2 or more ancestral forms not common to all members

Paraphyletic grouping: a taxon excluding species that share a common ancestor that gave rise to the species included in the taxon

Tracing PhylogenyFossil records and

Behavior are used to determine relationships/common ancestors

Tracing Phylogeny: Morphological Data• Homologous

structures similar due to common descent

– Developmental studies

Convergent evolution distantly related species have same structure because developed in same environment

Analogous structures same function without common ancestor

Tracing Phylogeny: Molecular Data

Protein and DNA/RNA comparisons can be used to determine relationships/common ancestors

Compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) high mutation rate

Molecular Clocks study neutral changes in DNA that accumulate at a constant rate; used with fossil common ancestor

3 Domain SystemArchae,

Bacteria, Eukarya

3 Domain System

3 Domain System

Which are prokaryotic? Eukaryotic? Unicellular or multicelled? Heterotrophic or autotrophic? Which have cell walls?

3 Domain System