Syntax

What is syntax?Word orderThe manner in which a speaker or author

constructs a sentence affects what the audience understands. inverted order of an interrogative cues

reader/listener to a question and creates tensionshort sentences often emphatic, passionate,

flippant longer sentences suggest writer’s deliberate,

thoughtful responsevery long, discursive sentences give a rambling,

meditative tone

Sentence StructureThe way a sentence is arranged,

grammaticallyAsk yourself questions to help

determine sentence structure

Sentence Structure

Are the sentences telegraphic (shorter than 5 words), short (about 5 words), medium (about 18 words), or long and involved (30 or more words)?What is the effect of the sentence

length?

Sentence Structure

Examine sentence beginnings. Is there a good variety or does a pattern emerge?

Sentence Structure

Examine the arrangement of ideas in a sentence. Are they set out in a special way for a purpose?

Sentence Structure

Do the same for a paragraph. Does the arrangement of ideas suggest a particular strategy on the part of the author?

Sentence PatternsDeclarative

makes a statement “The king is sick.”Imperative

gives a command “Cure the king!”Interrogative

asks a question “Is the king sick?”Exclamatory

provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion“The king is dead! Long live the king!”

Sentence PatternsSimple

contains one independent clause (subject, verb, and complete thought)

“The singer bowed to her adoring audience.”Compound

contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon

“The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no more encores.”

Complex contains an independent clause and one or more

subordinate clauses (subject and verb, no complete thought)“Because the singer was tired, she went straight to bed after the concert.”

Sentence PatternsCompound-Complex

contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses (aka dependent clauses)

“The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.”

Loose/Cumulativemakes complete sense even if brought to a close

before the actual ending“We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors.”

Sentence PatternsPeriodic

makes sense fully only when the end is reached“That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.”

Balancedthe phrases or clauses balance each other by

virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length

“He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters.”

Sentence PatternsNatural order

constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate

“Oranges grow in California.”Inverted order

constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject

reversal used to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect

“In California grow the oranges.”

Sentence PatternsJuxtaposition

a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit

“The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/Petals on a wet, black bough” (“In a Station of the Metro” by Ezra Pound)

Sentence PatternsParallel Structure (Parallelism)

a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence

involves arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased

“He loved swimming, running, and playing tennis.”Repetition

a device in which words, sounds, or ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and create emphasis

“...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” (“Address at Gettysburg” by Abraham Lincoln)

Sentence PatternsRhetorical question

requires no answerused to draw attention to a point and generally

stronger than a direct statement“If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin’s arguments?”

Rhetorical fragmentused deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to

create a desired effect“Something to consider.”

Sentence PatternsAnaphora

the repetition of the same words or a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses

“We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.” (Winston Churchill)

Asyndetondeliberate omission of conjunctions“I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Julius Caesar)

Chiasmusarrangement of ideas in the second clause is a

reversal of the first“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy)

Sentence PatternsPolysyndeton

deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern

“The meal was huge—my mother fixed okra and green beans and ham and apple pie and green pickled tomatoes and ambrosia salad and all manner of fine country food—but no matter how I tried, I could not consume it to her satisfaction.”

Sentence PatternsStichomythia

dialogue, exchanged in rapid fire single lines, in which the endings and beginnings of each line can echo each other, taking on a new meaning with each line

Hamlet: Now mother, what’s the matter?Queen: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.Hamlet: Mother, you have my father much offended.Queen: Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue.Hamlet: Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue.

Sentence PatternsZeugma

the use of a verb that has two different meanings with objects that complement both meanings

“He stole both her car and her heart that fateful night.”