Symptoms of Rabies

8/12/2019 Symptoms of Rabies

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Symptoms of Rabies

The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources forRabiesincludes the 65

symptoms listed below: Mental depression- for a short period

Restlessness

Itching- around the bite site

Headache

Fever

Tiredness

Malaise

Nausea

Sore throat

Loss of appetite

Depression

Irritability

Stiff muscles

Pupil dilation

Increased saliva

Drooling

Sound sensitivity

Light sensitivity

Temperature sensitivity

Symptoms of progressing rabies include the following extremely serious life-threatening

symptoms:

o Episodic mania

o Episodic calm

o Restlessness

o Feverishness

o Convulsions

o Painful throat spasms

o Difficulty swallowing

o Hydrophobia (fear of water)- an irrational reaction or spasm on seeing or

drinking water

o Progressive paralysiso Cardiac failure

o Respiratory failure

Symptoms of animals with rabies include:

o Change in behavior

o Fever

o Loss of appetite
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hing_skin.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/restlessness.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/mental_depression.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htm


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o Change in phonation

o Changed dog bark tone

o Restlessness

o Agitatation

o Trembling

o Barking

o Growling

o Aggression

o Attacking

o Jaw paralysis

o Drooling

o Foaming saliva

o Convulsions

o Paralysis

Chills Aching muscles

Confusion

Seizures

Delirium

Abnormal behavior

Brain inflammation

Excessive saliva production

Irrational fear of water

Feeling of panic

Feeling of terror

Feeling of dread Rapid heartbeat

Shortness of breath

Anxiety

Extreme avoidance measures taken

Rabies: Complications

Review medical complications possibly associated with Rabies:

Brain infection

Cardiac failure

Respiratory failure

Death- about 80% of cases

Coma

more complications...
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Home Diagnostic Testing

Home medical tests related toRabies:

Nerve Neuropathy: Related Home Testing:

o Home Diabetes Test Kits

o Home Blood Glucose Testing Kits Brain & Neurological Disorders: Related Home Testing:

o ADHD -- Home Tests

o Drug Screening Kits

Rabies: Onset and Incubation

Incubation period for Rabies:Typically 30-50 days after exposure; as fast as 14 days for a

severe bite or multiple bites; a year or longer is rare but possible.

Incubation period for Rabies:When symptoms do appear, it is usually 30 to 50 days

following exposure. There is a direct relationship between how severe the bite is and where on

the body the person bitten and how long it takes for symptoms to appear. For example, if a

person's head is severely bitten, symptoms may show up in as few as 14 days. Under rare

conditions, a person may not have symptoms for a year or longer after exposure to the virus.

(Source: excerpt fromRabies, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)

Medication Summary

Before the onset of rabies symptoms, passive and active immunizations are effective inpreventing progression to full-blown rabies.

If the patient has had no prior rabies vaccination, if he or she is of unknown status, or if morethan 5 years have passed since his or her last vaccination, rabies vaccine and immunoglobulinshould be administered as follows (these dosages being applicable to products available in theUnited States):

Rabies vaccine IM (deltoid) - 1 mL on days on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 (if immunocompromised,add an additional dose: 1 mL IM deltoid on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28)

Rabies immunoglobulin - 20 IU/kg infiltrated as much as feasible around and under the bitewound; if any left over, give IM (gluteus)

If the patient has had prior rabies vaccination, vaccine should be administered as follows (thisdosage again being applicable to US vaccine): Rabies vaccine IM (deltoid) 1 mL on days on

days 0 and 3.

Next Section: Passive Immunizing AgentsTreatment

There is no specific treatment for rabies infection. Though a small number of people have

survived rabies, the disease is usually fatal. For that reason, anyone thought to have been

exposed to rabies receives a series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold.
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Treatment for people bitten by animals with rabies

If you've been bitten by an animal that is known to have rabies, you'll receive a series of shots to

prevent the rabies virus from infecting you. If the animal that bit you can't be found, it may be

safest to assume that the animal has rabies. But this will depend on several factors, such as the

type of animal and the situation in which the bite occurred.

Rabies shots include:

A fast-acting shot (rabies immune globulin) to prevent the virus from infecting you. Part of this

injection is given near the area where the animal bit you if possible, as soon as possible after

the bite.

A series of rabies vaccines to help your body learn to identify and fight the rabies virus. Rabies

vaccines are given as injections in your arm. You receive five injections over 14 days.

Rabies Vaccines and Immunoglobulin Available in the UnitedStates

Type Name Route Indications

Human Diploid

Cell Vaccine

(HDCV)

Imovax

RabiesIntramuscular

Preexposure or

Postexposure

Purified Chick

Embryo Cell

Vaccine (PCEC)

RabAvert IntramuscularPreexposure orPostexposure

Human RabiesImmune Globulin

ImogamRabies-HT

Local infusion at wound site, with

additional amount intramuscular atsite distant from vaccine

Postexposure

Human RabiesImmune Globulin

HyperRab TMS/D

Local infusion at wound site, withadditional amount intramuscular atsite distant from vaccine

Postexposure

Postexposure Prophylaxis for Non-immunized Individuals

Treatment Regimen

Wound

cleansing

All postexposure prophylaxis should begin with immediate thorough cleansing

of all wounds with soap and water. If available, a virucidal agent such aspovidine-iodine solution should be used to irrigate the wounds.

RIG

If possible, the full doseshould be infiltrated around any wound(s) and any

remaining volume should be administered IM at an anatomical site distantfrom vaccine administration. Also, RIG should not be administered in the

same syringe as vaccine. Because RIG might partially suppress activeproduction of antibody, no more than the recommended dose should be given.

Vaccine HDCV or PCECV 1.0 mL, IM (deltoid area ), one each on days 0 , 3, 7, and 14.


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Postexposure Prophylaxis for Previously ImmunizedIndividuals

Treatment Regimen

Woundcleansing

All postexposure prophylaxis should begin with immediate thorough cleansing ofall wounds with soap and water. If available, a virucidal agent such as povidine-iodine solution should be used to irrigate the wounds.

RIG RIG should notbe administered.

Vaccine HDCV or PCECV 1.0 mL, IM (deltoid area), one each on days 0 and 3.

Herbs, supplements and v i tamins

Aloe

Arginine

Beta-carotene

Black cohosh Chocolate

Chondroitin sulfate

Coca

Coenzyme Q10

Cranberry

Creatine

DHEA

Dong quai

Echinacea

Ephedra Evening primrose oil

Flaxseed and flaxseed oil

Folate

Ginkgo

Glucosamine

Honey

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Lycopene

Marijuana

Melatonin Milk thistle

Niacin

Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid

Red yeast rice

SAMe

Saw palmetto

Soy
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St. John's wort

Tea tree oil

Thiamin

Vitamin A

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B6

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Whey protein

Zinc

Medical Treatment After Symptom OnsetInpatient care

Symptomatic rabies cannot be managed in the outpatient setting. Intensive cardiopulmonary

supportive care is the only treatment available for patients with symptomatic rabies. Rabiesvaccination and administration of HRIG is ineffective at this point. In animal studies, rabiesimmunoglobulin has been associated with early death; it has been suggested that HRIG mayalso pose a risk of early death in humans and should be avoided.[33]

Regardless of treatment, symptomatic rabies is almost invariably fatal, with autonomicdysfunction leading to cardiac arrhythmia and hypotension. Some role for combinationtreatments including ribavirin, interferon, ketamine, and immunomodulatory therapies has beenproposed and may be considered in future cases under investigational protocols.

The survival of a teenaged girl from Wisconsin received substantial attention in October 2004 asthe first reported case of human survival of rabies in the absence of preceding vaccination orpostexposure prophylaxis.[34] Notably, she received an investigational regimen of ribavirin,

amantadine, and a ketamine-midazolaminduced coma; however, this therapy has not beenvalidated and has not been reproducible. Further, the bat rabies virus isolated in this case maybe less neurovirulent than canine or other variants that are responsible for most human cases ofrabies.

Reports of failures of what is commonly referred to as the Milwaukee Protocol outnumbersuccesses reported in the lay press, and the CDC has yet to publish information confirmingsubsequent survivors. In any case, the possibility of successful treatment may be deemed bysome to be an improvement over the current standard of care. The University of Wisconsinmaintains a rabies registry tracking the use of this treatment and variations of it, and suggestslonger survival periods compared with standard therapy in European and US cases. Registryreferral information and the Milwaukee Protocol are offered as an open-source document for

humanitarian use on the University of Wisconsin Web site (Rabies Registry website).

The rarity of human rabies hinders timely testing of therapies. Immunomodulatory therapiessuch as rabies immunoglobulin, rabies vaccine, and interferon have not altered outcomes intrials.

Steroids, which are usually indicated in the treatment of local vaccine reactions or cerebraledema, are contraindicated because of increased mortality noted in animal studies and becausethey reduce the response to the vaccine.
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Transfer

For a patient with an illness consistent with rabies, timely diagnostic workup is essential.Transfer to a tertiary care center with high-level intensive care support and cliniciansknowledgeable in managing rabies is optimal whenever feasible.

Treatment List for Rabies

The list of treatments mentioned in various sources forRabiesincludes the following list.

Always seek professional medical advice about any treatment or change in treatment plans.

Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) shots - a form of rapid passive immunization;

used before starting rabies shots.

Rabies vaccine shots- active immunization; typically a series of 5 shots; there are

various types of rabies shots.

o Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)

o Rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA)o Purified chick embryo cell culture (PCEC)

Intensive care

Respiratory support

Cardiac support

Symptomatic and supportive treatments

See alsoprevention of rabiesfor measures to take after an animal bite or possible rabies

exposure

Behavior therapy, anti-anxiety medication

Alternative Treatments for Rabies

Alternative treatments or home remedies that have been listed as possibly helpful for Rabies

may include:

Hydrophobinum homeopathic prevention and treatment

Belladonna homeopathic prevention and treatment

Stramonium homeopathic remedy

Hyoscyamus homeopathic remedy

more treatments

List of causes of Rabies

Following is a list of causes or underlying conditions (see alsoMisdiagnosis of underlying

causes of Rabies)that could possibly causeRabiesincludes:
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/intensive_care.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/intensive_care.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/respiratory_support.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/respiratory_support.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/symptomatic_and_supportive_treatments.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/symptomatic_and_supportive_treatments.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/prevent.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/prevent.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/prevent.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/alternative.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/alternative.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/underly.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/underly.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/underly.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/underly.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/underly.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/underly.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/alternative.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/prevent.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/symptomatic_and_supportive_treatments.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/respiratory_support.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/intensive_care.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/treat/vaccines.htmhttp://www.rightdiagnosis.com/r/rabies/intro.htm


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Animal bite

Raccoon bite - 44% of USA rabies cases

Skunk bite - 28.5% of USA rabies cases

Bat bite - 12.5% of USA rabies cases

Fox bite (type ofAnimal bite)- 5.5% of USA rabies cases

Bite of an infected animal

Aerosol through mucous membranes

Sexual relations

Kisses

Transplant surger

L-arginine was first isolated in 1886, reportedly from the extract of a lupine

( Lupinus spp.) seedling. Lupinus is a genus in the legume (Fabaceae) plant family.

Arginine is a semiessential amino acid; although the body normally makes enough of it,

supplementation with additional amounts is sometimes needed. Arginine is found in

foods containing protein.

Arginine is a chemical precursor to nitric oxide (a blood vessel-widening agent called a

vasodilator). Early evidence suggests that arginine may help treat medical conditions

that improve with increased vasodilation. These conditions include chest pain,

atherosclerosis (clogged arteries), heart disease or failure, erectile dysfunction,

intermittent claudication/peripheral vascular disease, and vascular headaches

(headache-inducing blood vessel swelling).

Arginine also triggers the body to make protein and has been studied for healing

wounds, bodybuilding, enhancing sperm production, and preventing tissue wasting in

people with critical illnesses. However, caution is warranted. Arginine use was

associated with death in certain groups of heart patients. Caution is also needed when

using arginine to treat pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure in pregnancy).

Arginine hydrochloride has high chloride content and has been used to treat metabolic

alkalosis. This use should be under the supervision of a qualified healthcare

professional.

Rabies Nursing ManagementPosted onFebruary 21, 2012byRNspeakinCommunity Health Nursingwith0 Comments
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9/16

Rabiesis a human infection that occurs after a transdermal bite or scratch by an infected animal, like dogs and cats.

It can be transmitted when infectious material, usually saliva, comes into direct contact with a victims fresh skin

lesions. Rabies may also occur, though in very rare cases, through inhalation of virus-containing spray or through

organ transplants.

Rabies is considered to be a neglected disease, which is 100% fatal though 100% preventable. It is not among the

leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the country but it is regarded as a significant public health problem

because (1) it is one of the most acutely fatal infection and (2) it is responsible for the death of 200-300 Filipinos

annually.

Mode of transmissionWhen the virus first enters the body via an infected bite, it first spreads from the inoculum region to the spinal cord

and onto the brain. After replication in the brain, the virus travels outward to many locations of the body, includingthe salivary glands and corneal epithelial cells. The most interesting characteristic of the rabies virus is that it infects

the brain, causing the animal to want to bite, and then concentrates itself in the salivary glands to ensure

transmission its next host.

Sign and Symptoms

Animals Human

may appear sick, crazed, or vicious (mad dog) pain, tingling, and/or itching at bite site.

may also appear overly friendly,docile or confused - nonspecificfever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches

nocturnal animals alert during the day laterhigh fever, agitation, confusion

extreme hydrophobia and aerophobia

death during later stages
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Incubation periodThe usual incubation period is 2 to 8 weeks. However, It can also belong for a year it depends on the severity of the

wounds and the resistance of the host.

Period of commnunicabilityThe patient is commnunicable 3 to 10 days before the onset of symptoms until the entire course of illness.

DiagnosisNo tests are available to diagnose rabies infection in humans before the onset of clinical disease, and unless the

rabies-specific signs of hydrophobia or aerophobia are present, the clinical diagnosis may be difficult. Post mortem,

the standard diagnostic technique is to detect rabies virus antigen in brain tissue by fluorescent antibody test.

TreatmentOnce symptoms for rabies appear, there is no treatment. However, a vaccine can be administered after an exposure

(postexposure prophylaxis). The indication of vaccination depends on type of contact with the rabid animal.

Category of exposure to suspect rabid animal Post-exposure measures

Category I -touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin None

Caregory II -nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or

abrasions without bleeding

Immediate vaccination and local treatment of

the wound

Category III- single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks

on broken skin; contamination of mucous membrane with saliva

from licks, exposures to bats.

Immediate vaccination and administration of

rabies immunoglobulin; local treatment of the

wound

Recommended Postexposure Prophylaxis AdministrationA patient who is exposed and has never been vaccinated against rabies should give Intramascular (IM) of rabies

immune globulin (RIG) on day 0, give 1 mL of rabies vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. If the patient have

previously vaccinated with cell culture vaccine and previously demonstrated rabies antibody he/she should receive 2

IM doses of 1 ml each,one immediately and one 3 days later.RIG should not be given.Note:Admister IM in deltoid area in older children ,adults and in mid-lateral aspect of thigh in young children.

Never administer rabies vaccine in gluteal areathis may result in inadequate immune response.Post exposure

prophylaxis dose must be given as soon as possible.

Nursing Management Provide patient Isolation

Wash hands before and after patient contact to prevent self-contamination and spread of disease

Give emotional and spiritual support to family by helping them cope with patients symptoms and probable

death

Darken the room,provide a quite enviroment

Patient should not be bathed and must not have any running water in the room.

Continously monitor cardiac and respiratory function

Referecomments


11/16

COPAR Communi ty Organizing Part icipatory Action Research

Are You Af raid of Rabies?
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12/16

El iminating the Annoying Parasites

Top 10 Il lness That F il ipinos Acquir e

Leave a ReplyYou must belogged in to post a comment.

RISKS:

Rabies vaccinations may cause headaches, muscle aches, or fever. The area where the

shot was given may be painful, red, swollen, or itchy. You may get rabies even after you

have the rabies shot. Immune globulin medicine can cause pain and a fever. Bite wounds

can damage nerves and tendons in the body. Bite wounds can also cause an infection inthe area of the wound, or in the bloodstream. Without early treatment, rabies damages the

brain and other organs. You may have brain swelling, seizures, and paralysis (being unable

to move). Rabies can be life-threatening.

WHILE YOU ARE HERE:

Informed consent

is a legal document that explains the tests, treatments, or procedures that you may need.

Informed consent means you understand what will be done and can make decisions about

what you want. You give your permission when you sign the consent form. You can have

someone sign this form for you if you are not able to sign it. You have the right to

understand your medical care in words you know. Before you sign the consent form,

understand the risks and benefits of what will be done. Make sure all your questions are

answered.
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Isolation:

You may be put on isolation safety measures if you have an infection or disease that may

be given to others. Caregivers and visitors may need to wear gloves, a face mask, or a

gown. Visitors should wash their hands before leaving to keep from spreading germs.

Medicines:

You may be given the following medicines:

Vaccine:A rabies vaccine is given to help your body make antibodies to fight the virusand help prevent rabies. The vaccine may be given before caregivers know that youhave been exposed to rabies (preexposure). It also can be given when caregivers learnthat you have been exposed to rabies (postexposure).

o If you have been exposed to the rabies virus and you have not been given thevaccine in the past, you will be given 4 different doses. These will be given on 4different days within a 1-month period. You will also be given a shot of rabies immuneglobulin.

o If you have been given the rabies vaccine in the past and have now been exposed tothe virus, you will receive 2 doses, given 3 days apart.

o If you are at risk of being exposed to rabies, you will be given 3 doses on differentdays. These are given within a 1-month period.

Rabies immune globulin:If you have been exposed to rabies, you may be givenrabies immune globulin to attack the virus. This medicine will also help your immunesystem fight the infection. If you have been given the rabies vaccine in the past, you willnot be given this medicine.

Anticonvulsant medicine:This medicine is given to control seizures. Take thismedicine exactly as directed.

Antiviral medicine:This is given to prevent or treat an infection caused by a germcalled a virus. Antiviral medicine may also be given to control symptoms of a viralinfection that cannot be cured.

Pain medicine:Caregivers may give you medicine to take away or decrease your pain.

o Do not wait until the pain is severe to ask for your medicine. Tell caregivers if yourpain does not decrease. The medicine may not work as well at controlling your pain ifyou wait too long to take it.

o Pain medicine can make you dizzy or sleepy. Prevent falls by calling a caregiverwhen you want to get out of bed or if you need help.


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Sedative:This medicine is given to help you stay calm and relaxed.

Steroids:This medicine may be given to decrease inflammation.

Td vaccine:This vaccine is a booster shot used to help prevent diphtheria and tetanus.

The Td booster may be given to adolescents and adults every 10 years or for certainwounds and injuries.

Wound care:

If you have a bite wound, caregivers will clean it well and do other treatments if needed.

Your risk of infection and rabies decreases if your wound is cleaned soon after you are

bitten. Caregivers may close the wound using stitches.

Heart monitor:This is also called an ECG or EKG. Sticky pads placed on your skin record your heart's

electrical activity.

Neurologic exam:

This is also called neuro signs, neuro checks, or neuro status. A neurologic exam can show

caregivers how well your brain works after an injury or illness. Caregivers will check how

your pupils (black dots in the center of each eye) react to light. They may check your

memory and how easily you wake up. Your hand grasp and balance may also be tested.

Respiratory support:

Oxygen:You may need extra oxygen if your blood oxygen level is lower than it shouldbe. You may get oxygen through a mask placed over your nose and mouth or throughsmall tubes placed in your nostrils. Ask your caregiver before you take off the mask oroxygen tubing.

Ventilator:This is a machine that gives you oxygen and breathes for you when youcannot breathe well on your own. An endotracheal (ET) tube is put into your airwaythrough your mouth or nose. You may need a trach if an ET tube cannot be placed. Atrach is an airway tube put into an incision (cut) in the front of your neck. The ET tube ortrach is attached to the ventilator.

Tests:


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Biopsy:Your caregiver may do a skin biopsy on you. A biopsy is done by removing asmall piece of tissue and then sending it to the lab for tests. A skin sample is usuallytaken from the back of the neck. A biopsy can help caregivers learn the cause of yoursymptoms.

Blood tests:You may need blood taken to give caregivers information about how your

body is working. The blood may be taken from your hand, arm, or IV.

Culture:This is a test to grow and identify the germ that is causing your illness.Samples may be taken from your saliva, tears, or fluid in the brain and spine.

Lumbar puncture:This procedure may also be called a spinal tap. During a lumbarpuncture, you will need to lie very still. Caregivers may give you medicine to make youlose feeling in a small area of your back. Caregivers will clean this area of your back. Aneedle will be put in, and fluid removed from around your spinal cord. The fluid will besent to a lab for tests. The tests check for infection, bleeding around your brain andspinal cord, or other problems. Sometimes medicine may be put into your back to treat

your illness.

MRI:This scan uses powerful magnets and a computer to take pictures of your brain. Itwill also take pictures of the blood vessels and structures in your head. You may begiven dye, also called contrast, before the test. Tell caregivers if you are allergic to dye,iodine, or seafood. Remove all jewelry, and tell caregivers if you have any metal in or onyour body. Metal can cause serious injury. Tell caregivers if you cannot lie still or areanxious or a

Period com

Absolutely not. If you're bitten by an animal you think has rabies for any reason, you go to thehospital and get a proactive treatment. The incubation period of the disease is usually a fewmonths in humans, depending on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervoussystem. Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and symptoms begin toshow, the infection is effectively untreatable and usually fatal within days.Dog's can be contagious for Rabiesfor a couple days prior to developing symptoms of Rabies.Like I said in your other question, Rabies in dogshas been EXTENSIVELY studied...as havecats and ferrets. Hence the 10 day quarantine/observation periods advised for theseanimals...and ONLY these animals.If the dog is still healthy 10 days after it bites you....there is no Rabies risk from that bite

Rabiesis a human infection that occurs after a transdermal bite or scratch by an infected animal,like dogs and cats. It can be transmitted when infectious material, usually saliva, comes intodirect contact with a victims fresh skin lesions.Rabiesmay also occur, though in very rare cases,

through inhalation of virus-containing spray or through organ transplants. Rabiesis considered

to be a neglected disease, which...Etiology

Rabies is caused by various negative-sense RNA viruses of the Lyssavirusgenus,which belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family. The genus is composed of 12 recognizedspecies: rabies virus,image Lagos bat virus,image Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, Aravanvirus, Irkut virus, Khujand virus, European bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2, West Caucasian


16/16

bat virus, Australian bat lyssavirus type 1 and, most recently, Shimoni bat virus.[13]Arecently discovered species has also been proposed: Ikoma virus.[14]Rabies is usually transmitted to humans following a bite from an infected animal. Rabiesvirus is the form carried by dogs and accounts for most human rabies globally. Nonbiteexposures are also possible and include being scratched, being licked over an open

wound or mucous membrane, or being exposed to infected brain tissue or CSF.There are a few reported cases of rabies being transmitted by organ transplantation.

Pathophysiology

The incubation period is variable. It is usually 2 weeks to 3 months but with a rangefrom 5 days to 7 years. Shorter incubation periods are associated with severe bites andbites to the head and face. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the motor end platemediates virus entry to myocytes, where initial replication takes place. [11]The virusenters the nervous system through unmyelinated sensory and motor terminals and istransported by fast retrograde axonal transport, crossing new synapses roughly every

12 hours. Once the virus has entered the immune nervous system, it is sequesteredfrom the immune system and immunization will not be effective. Clinical symptomsbegin once the virus infects the spinal cord and progress rapidly as the virus spreadsthrough the CNS.[15]The rabies virus exits the CNS through motor, sensory, andautonomic nerves, and replicates locally in salivary and lacrimal glands in order to betransmitted to the next host.Many aspects of rabies pathophysiology remain a mystery. It is unclear how rabiescauses paralysis.[16]The pathophysiologic differences between the encephalitic andparalytic forms of rabies are unknown. The cause of death in rabies is unknownbecause wild-type viruses are not cytopathic, apoptotic, or inflammatory. Atypical, lesssevere forms of neurological illness are beginning to be reported, suggesting a

continuum of rabies severity.[17][18]

Documents

Symptoms of Rabies