44
couplings couplings in string-derived in string-derived low-energy low-energy effective field theory effective field theory Tatsuo Kobayashi Tatsuo Kobayashi 1. 1. Introduction Introduction 2. Abelian Discrete Symmetries 2. Abelian Discrete Symmetries 3 3 Non-Abelian Discrete Non-Abelian Discrete Symmetries Symmetries 4 4 Anomalies Anomalies 5. Explicit stringy computations 5. Explicit stringy computations 6. Summary 6. Summary

Symmetries and vanishing couplings in string-derived low-energy effective field theory Tatsuo Kobayashi Symmetries and vanishing couplings in string-derived

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   Symmetries and vanishing Symmetries and vanishing couplings couplings         in string-derived low-energy         in string-derived low-energy        effective field theory         effective field theory                            Tatsuo Tatsuo KobayashiKobayashi1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.  Abelian Discrete Symmetries2.  Abelian Discrete Symmetries

33 . . Non-Abelian Discrete SymmetriesNon-Abelian Discrete Symmetries

44 . . AnomaliesAnomalies

5.  Explicit stringy computations5.  Explicit stringy computations

6.  Summary6.  Summary

    

1. Introduction1. IntroductionNow, we have lots of 4D string models leading to Now, we have lots of 4D string models leading to   (semi-)realistic massless spectra such as  (semi-)realistic massless spectra such as                   

                                   SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) gauge groups,SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) gauge groups,          three chiral genenations, three chiral genenations,           vector-like matter fields and lots of singlets vector-like matter fields and lots of singlets        with and without chiral exotic fields, with and without chiral exotic fields,                  

                 e.g. in e.g. in             heterotic models, heterotic models,       type II intersecting D-brane models,type II intersecting D-brane models,            type II magnetized D-brane models, type II magnetized D-brane models,             etc.etc.  What about their 4D low-energy effective theories ?What about their 4D low-energy effective theories ?  Are they realistic ?Are they realistic ?  What about the quark/lepton masses and mixing angles ?What about the quark/lepton masses and mixing angles ?

4D low-energy effective field 4D low-energy effective field theorytheory  We have to control couplings in 4D LEEFT.We have to control couplings in 4D LEEFT.

      realization of quark/lepton mass and mixingrealization of quark/lepton mass and mixing

                                    including the neutrino sector, including the neutrino sector, 

      avoiding the fast proton decay,avoiding the fast proton decay,

        stability of the LSP, suppressing FCNC, etc  stability of the LSP, suppressing FCNC, etc      

  Abelian and non-Abelian discrete symmetries Abelian and non-Abelian discrete symmetries       

  are useful in low-energy model building are useful in low-energy model building 

  to control them.to control them.

Abelian discrete symmetriesAbelian discrete symmetries  ZN symmetry ZN symmetry 

R-symmetric and non-R-symmetric R-symmetric and non-R-symmetric 

  Flavor symmetryFlavor symmetry

R-parity, matter parity, R-parity, matter parity, 

  baryon triality, proton hexalitybaryon triality, proton hexality

                                                                  

Non-Abelian discrete flavor Non-Abelian discrete flavor symm.symm.Recently, in field-theoretical model building, Recently, in field-theoretical model building, 

  several types of discrete flavor symmetries have several types of discrete flavor symmetries have 

  been proposed with showing interesting results, been proposed with showing interesting results, 

  e.g. S3, D4, A4, S4, Q6, Δ(27),Δ(54), ......e.g. S3, D4, A4, S4, Q6, Δ(27),Δ(54), ......

            Review: e.g Review: e.g 

      Ishimori, T.K., Ohki, Okada, Shimizu, Tanimoto Ishimori, T.K., Ohki, Okada, Shimizu, Tanimoto ‘‘1010  

    ⇒     ⇒ large mixing angles large mixing angles 

                in the lepton sectorin the lepton sector

  one Ansatz: tri-bimaximalone Ansatz: tri-bimaximal

2/13/16/1

2/13/16/1

03/13/2

String-derived 4D LEEFTString-derived 4D LEEFT  Can we derive these Abelian and non-Abelian Can we derive these Abelian and non-Abelian 

      discrete symmetries from string theory ?discrete symmetries from string theory ?

    Which symmetires can appear in 4D LEEFT Which symmetires can appear in 4D LEEFT 

      derived from string theory ?derived from string theory ?

    One can compute couplings of 4D LEEFT One can compute couplings of 4D LEEFT 

  in string theory.in string theory.

    (These are functions of moduli.)(These are functions of moduli.)

Control on anomalies is one of stringy features.Control on anomalies is one of stringy features.

  What about anomalies of discrete symmetries ?What about anomalies of discrete symmetries ?

  In this talk, we study heterotic orbifold models.In this talk, we study heterotic orbifold models.

2. Abelian discrete symmetries2. Abelian discrete symmetriescoupling selection rulecoupling selection rule                                                                                                    A string can be A string can be specified by specified by 

                                                                                                          its boundary its boundary condition.condition.

          

                                                                          Two strings can be connected Two strings can be connected 

                                                                                to become a string if their to become a string if their 

                                                                                boundary conditions fit each boundary conditions fit each other.other.

                                                                                                      coupling selection rulecoupling selection rule

                                                                                                        symmetrysymmetry

)0( X

)( X

      Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold models

S1/Z2 OrbifoldS1/Z2 Orbifold

  

   There are two singular points, There are two singular points, 

      which are called fixed points.which are called fixed points.

      )2/(~2/

~

eXeX

XX

OrbifoldsOrbifolds

T2/Z3 OrbifoldT2/Z3 Orbifold

There are three fixed points on Z3There are three fixed points on Z3    orbifoldorbifold

    (0,0),  (2/3,1/3), (1/3,2/3)   su(3) root (0,0),  (2/3,1/3), (1/3,2/3)   su(3) root latticelattice

  Orbifold = D-dim. Torus /twistOrbifold = D-dim. Torus /twist

  Torus = D-dim flat space/ lattice Torus = D-dim flat space/ lattice 

Closed strings on orbifoldClosed strings on orbifold

UntwistedUntwisted and  and twistedtwisted strings strings

      Twisted strings are associated with fixed Twisted strings are associated with fixed points.points.

““Brane-worldBrane-world”” terminology: terminology:  untwisted sector    bulk modesuntwisted sector    bulk modes  twisted sector        brane (localized) modestwisted sector        brane (localized) modes

Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold models

S1/Z2 OrbifoldS1/Z2 Orbifold

  

  

)2/)0((2/)(

)0()(

eXeX

XX

2) (mod 1 ,0 , )0()( nenXX

Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold modelsS1/Z2 OrbifoldS1/Z2 Orbifold

  

  twisted stringtwisted string

  untwisted string untwisted string 

                                                   

)0()( XX

2) (mod 1 ,0 , )0()( nenXX

2) (mod 1 ,0 ,

, )0()1()(

nm

enXX m

Z2 x Z2 in Heterotic orbifold Z2 x Z2 in Heterotic orbifold modelsmodelsS1/Z2 OrbifoldS1/Z2 Orbifold

                      two Z2two Z2’’s s 

  twisted stringtwisted string

  

untwisted string untwisted string 

                Z2 even for both Z2Z2 even for both Z2

10

01 ,

10

01

2) (mod 1 ,0 ,

, )0()1()(

nm

enXX m

Closed strings on orbifoldClosed strings on orbifold

UntwistedUntwisted and  and twistedtwisted strings strings

Twisted strings (first twisted sector)Twisted strings (first twisted sector)      

  second twisted sectorsecond twisted sector  untwisted sector   untwisted sector     

)(e3 lattice toup twist,120

3) (mod 2 ,1 ,0 , )0()(

211

1

eenm

nenXX

3) (mod 2 ,1 ,0 , )0()( 12 nenXX

)0()( XX

Z3 x Z3 in Heterotic orbifold Z3 x Z3 in Heterotic orbifold modelsmodelsT2/Z3 OrbifoldT2/Z3 Orbifold

                      two Z3two Z3’’s s 

  twisted string (first twisted sector)twisted string (first twisted sector)

  

untwisted string untwisted string 

                vanishing Z3 charges for both Z3vanishing Z3 charges for both Z3

)3/2exp( ,

00

00

001

,

00

00

00

2

i

3) (mod ,2 1 ,0 ,

, )0()(

nm

enXX m

  3. Non-Abelian discrete 3. Non-Abelian discrete symmetriessymmetries    Heterotic orbifold models    Heterotic orbifold modelsS1/Z2 OrbifoldS1/Z2 Orbifold

  

   String theory has two Z2String theory has two Z2’’s.s.

  In addition, the Z2 orbifold has the geometrical In addition, the Z2 orbifold has the geometrical 

  symmetry, i.e.  Z2 permutation.symmetry, i.e.  Z2 permutation.

  

                                                   2) (mod 1 ,0 ,

, )0()1()(

nm

enXX m

D4 Flavor SymmetryD4 Flavor SymmetryStringy symmetries require that  Lagrangian has the Stringy symmetries require that  Lagrangian has the 

permutation symmetry between 1 and 2, and each permutation symmetry between 1 and 2, and each coupling is controlled by two Z2 symmetries. coupling is controlled by two Z2 symmetries. 

Flavor symmeties: closed algebra S2 U(Z2xZ2) Flavor symmeties: closed algebra S2 U(Z2xZ2) 

D4 elementsD4 elements  

  modes on two fixed points ⇒modes on two fixed points ⇒    doublet doublet   untwisted (bulk) modes ⇒untwisted (bulk) modes ⇒    singletsingletGeometry of compact space Geometry of compact space       origin of finite flavor symmetry origin of finite flavor symmetry   Abelian part (Z2xZ2) : coupling selection ruleAbelian part (Z2xZ2) : coupling selection rule  S2 permutation  :  one coupling is the same as another.S2 permutation  :  one coupling is the same as another.          T.K., Raby, Zhang, T.K., Raby, Zhang, ‘‘05 T.K., Nilles, Ploger, Raby, Ratz, 05 T.K., Nilles, Ploger, Raby, Ratz, 

‘‘0707

10

01

10

011,

01

1031

321 ,,,1 i

Explicit Heterotic orbifold Explicit Heterotic orbifold modelsmodels          T.K. Raby, Zhang ’05, Buchmuller, Hamaguchi, Lebedev, Ratz, T.K. Raby, Zhang ’05, Buchmuller, Hamaguchi, Lebedev, Ratz, ’06’06

Lebedev, Nilles, Raby, Ramos-Sanchez, Ratz, Lebedev, Nilles, Raby, Ramos-Sanchez, Ratz, Vaudrevange,Wingerter, Vaudrevange,Wingerter, ‘‘0707

2D Z2 orbifold2D Z2 orbifold

          

                  1 generation in bulk1 generation in bulk

    

              

                    two generations on two fixed pointstwo generations on two fixed points

  

Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold modelsT2/Z3 OrbifoldT2/Z3 Orbifold

      two Z3two Z3’’s s 

  

  

  Z3 orbifold has the S3 geometrical symmetry,  Z3 orbifold has the S3 geometrical symmetry,  

                

  Their closed algebra is Δ(54).Their closed algebra is Δ(54).

                                        T.K., Nilles, Ploger, Raby, Ratz, T.K., Nilles, Ploger, Raby, Ratz, ‘‘0707

)3/2exp( ,

00

00

001

,

00

00

00

2

i

010

100

001

,

001

100

010

Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold models

T2/Z3 OrbifoldT2/Z3 Orbifold

  

  has Δ(54) symmetry.has Δ(54) symmetry.

      

    localized modes on three fixed points localized modes on three fixed points 

                                                      Δ(54) tripletΔ(54) triplet

    bulk modes                   Δ(54) singletbulk modes                   Δ(54) singlet

                

                    T.K., Nilles, Ploger, Raby, Ratz, T.K., Nilles, Ploger, Raby, Ratz, ‘‘0707

    4. Discrete anomalies4. Discrete anomalies 4-1. Abelian discrete  4-1. Abelian discrete anomalies anomalies Symmetry                             violatedSymmetry                             violated                                      quantum effectsquantum effects                                          U(1)-G-G  anomaliesU(1)-G-G  anomalies   anomaly free condition anomaly free condition     ZN-G-G anomalies  ZN-G-G anomalies      anomaly free conditionanomaly free condition                 

                              

0)( 2 RTq

) (mod 0)( 2 NRTq

    Abelian discrete anomalies:Abelian discrete anomalies:  path integral   path integral   Zn transformation                            Zn transformation                                path integral measurepath integral measure                                            

  ZN-G-G anomalies  ZN-G-G anomalies      anomaly free conditionanomaly free condition                                                 

'

) (mod 0)( 2 NRTq

integer )~

( tr

)( 1

)]~

( trexp[

4

321

2

4

32

2

2

FFxd

RTqN

A

FFxdAJ

DDJDD

i

Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold modelsThere are two types of Abelian discrete There are two types of Abelian discrete symmetries.symmetries.

      T2/Z3 OrbifoldT2/Z3 Orbifold

                      two Z3two Z3’’s s 

    One is originated from twists, One is originated from twists, 

    the other is originated from shifts.the other is originated from shifts.

Both types of discrete anomalies Both types of discrete anomalies 

  are universal for different groups G.are universal for different groups G.

      Araki, T.K., Kubo, Ramos-Sanches, Ratz,Vaudrevange, Araki, T.K., Kubo, Ramos-Sanches, Ratz,Vaudrevange, ‘‘0808

)( 2 RTq

3) (mod ,2 1 ,0 ,

, )0()(

nm

enXX m

Heterotic orbifold modelsHeterotic orbifold modelsU(1)-G-G anomalies U(1)-G-G anomalies   are universal for different groups G.are universal for different groups G.                                                4D Green-Schwarz mechanism 4D Green-Schwarz mechanism                                                 due to a single axion (dilaton), due to a single axion (dilaton),               which couples universally with gauge sectors.which couples universally with gauge sectors.ZN-G-G anomalies may also be cancelled ZN-G-G anomalies may also be cancelled                 by 4D GS mechanism.by 4D GS mechanism.There is a certain relations between There is a certain relations between       U(1)-G-G and ZN-G-G anomalies,U(1)-G-G and ZN-G-G anomalies,  anomalous U(1) generator is a linear combination anomalous U(1) generator is a linear combination   of anomalous ZN generators.of anomalous ZN generators.              Araki, T.K., Kubo, Ramos-Sanches, Ratz,Vaudrevange, Araki, T.K., Kubo, Ramos-Sanches, Ratz,Vaudrevange, ‘‘0808

)( 2 RTq

4-2. Non-Abelian discrete 4-2. Non-Abelian discrete anomalies anomalies 

              Araki, T.K., Kubo, Ramos-Sanches, Ratz, Vaudrevange, Araki, T.K., Kubo, Ramos-Sanches, Ratz, Vaudrevange, ‘‘0808

Non-Abelian discrete groupNon-Abelian discrete group                                                                                    finite elementsfinite elements  Each element generates an Abelian symmetry.Each element generates an Abelian symmetry.

We check  ZN-G-G anomalies for each element. We check  ZN-G-G anomalies for each element. 

  All elements are free from ZN-G-G anomalies.All elements are free from ZN-G-G anomalies.                The full symmetry G is anomaly-free.The full symmetry G is anomaly-free.  Some ZN symmetries for elements gSome ZN symmetries for elements gkk are  are anomalous.anomalous.

                            The remaining symmetry corresponds to The remaining symmetry corresponds to                                 the closed algebra without such the closed algebra without such elements.elements.                             

},,,{ 21 MgggG

) (mod 0)( 2 kk NRTq

1)( kNkg

Non-Abelian discrete anomalies Non-Abelian discrete anomalies   matter fields    =  multiplets under non-Abelian matter fields    =  multiplets under non-Abelian                                                               discrete symmetry discrete symmetry     Each element is represented by a matrix on Each element is represented by a matrix on the multiplet.the multiplet.

  

  Such a multiplet does not contribute to Such a multiplet does not contribute to                                             ZN-G-G anomalies.ZN-G-G anomalies.  String models lead to certain combinations of String models lead to certain combinations of multiplets.multiplets.

          limited pattern of non-Abelian limited pattern of non-Abelian discrete                    discrete                    

                                              anomaliesanomalies         

) (mod 0)( 2 kk NRTq 1)( det kg

Heterotic string on Z2 orbifold:Heterotic string on Z2 orbifold: D4 Flavor Symmetry D4 Flavor SymmetryFlavor symmeties: closed algebra S2 U(Z2xZ2) Flavor symmeties: closed algebra S2 U(Z2xZ2) modes on two fixed points ⇒modes on two fixed points ⇒    doublet doublet   untwisted (bulk) modes ⇒untwisted (bulk) modes ⇒    singletsinglet

  The first Z2 is always anomaly-free, while the The first Z2 is always anomaly-free, while the others can be anomalous.others can be anomalous.

However, it is simple to arrange models such However, it is simple to arrange models such that that 

  the full D4 remains.the full D4 remains.e.g. left-handed and right-handed e.g. left-handed and right-handed quarks/leptons quarks/leptons 

          1 + 21 + 2Such a pattern is realized in explicit models.Such a pattern is realized in explicit models.

10

01

10

011,

01

1031

Heterotic models on Z3 Heterotic models on Z3 orbifoldorbifold      two Z3two Z3’’s s 

  

  

  Z3 orbifold has the S3 geometrical symmetry,  Z3 orbifold has the S3 geometrical symmetry,  

                

  Their closed algebra is Δ(54).Their closed algebra is Δ(54).

The full symmetry except Z2 is always anomaly-The full symmetry except Z2 is always anomaly-free.free.

That is, the Δ(27) is always anomaly-free.That is, the Δ(27) is always anomaly-free.

                                              Abe, et. al. work in progressAbe, et. al. work in progress

)3/2exp( ,

00

00

001

,

00

00

00

2

i

010

100

001

,

001

100

010

    5. Explicit stringy 5. Explicit stringy computationcomputation                              T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11

Explicit string computations tell something more.Explicit string computations tell something more.

  Heterotic string on orbifold:Heterotic string on orbifold:              4D string, E8xE8 gauge part, 4D string, E8xE8 gauge part,               r-moving fermionic string,r-moving fermionic string,              6D string on orbifold, ghost 6D string on orbifold, ghost 

  A mode has  a definite “quantum number”            A mode has  a definite “quantum number”                    in each part.in each part.  

                                              

    Vertex operatorsVertex operators                              Boson                      Boson                                                                      

FermionFermion

                                               

IImsm

iL

iL

IImm

iL

iL

XiPHiqiN

iN

i

i

m

I

XiPHiqiN

iN

i

i

eeXXe

q

P

eeXXe

V

vector)(spinor, tion,representa Lorentz D10:

roots) (weights, groups gaugeunder numbers quantum :

gauge RNS string 6D ghost

V

)(3

1

2/1/2-

3

11-

    3-pt correlation function3-pt correlation function                                                                            Vertex operators: Vertex operators:                                             

The correlation function vanishes unlessThe correlation function vanishes unless     That is the momentum conservation in the string of That is the momentum conservation in the string of   the gauge part, i.e. the gauge invariance.the gauge part, i.e. the gauge invariance.           

                

iXiPHiqN

iN

i

i

iXiPHiqN

iN

i

i

IImsm

iL

iL

IImm

iL

iL

eeXXe

eeXXe

)(3

1

2/1/2-

3

11-

V

V

1/2-1/2-1- VVV

.0 IP

    String on 6D orbifoldString on 6D orbifoldThe 6D part is quite non-trivial.                        The 6D part is quite non-trivial.                                                                  

  

        world-sheet instanton  + quantum partworld-sheet instanton  + quantum part            

                               

.0 with case heconsider t we,simplicityFor LN

1/2-1/2-1- VVV

SNNeXXDX

LL

SNeXDX

L

Classical solution The world-sheet instanton, which   corresponds to string moving from a fixed point

  to others.

                                                    

                 

  symmetries of torus symmetries of torus (sub)lattice(sub)lattice  Suppose that only holomorphic instanton can appear.                 Suppose that only holomorphic instanton can appear.                             

                                                 Example: T2/Z3Example: T2/Z3                        different fixed pointsdifferent fixed points

Z3 symmetries (twist invariance)Z3 symmetries (twist invariance)

      twist invariance twist invariance + H-momentum conservation + H-momentum conservation     =>   discrete R-symmetry=>   discrete R-symmetry

                                              

lattice (sub) torus points fixed of difference

)(

a

zahX cl

latticeadjoint weight SU(3) a

  symmetries of torus symmetries of torus (sub)lattice(sub)lattice  Suppose that only holomorphic instanton can appear.             Suppose that only holomorphic instanton can appear.                                 

                                                 Example: T2/Z3Example: T2/Z3        three strings on the same fixed pointsthree strings on the same fixed points

Z6 symmetries Z6 symmetries           enhanced symmetries enhanced symmetries             for certain couplingsfor certain couplings   Rule 4Rule 4  Font, Ibanez, Nilles, Quevedo, ’88Font, Ibanez, Nilles, Quevedo, ’88  T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11

                                              

ce(sub)latti torus points fixed of difference

)(

a

zahX cl

latticeadjoint a

    T2/Z3 orbifoldT2/Z3 orbifold                                                      Higher order couplings  Higher order couplings                                            The situation is the same.The situation is the same.

  Z3 symmetries among localized strings on different fixed Z3 symmetries among localized strings on different fixed pointspoints

  Z6 symmetries among localized strings on a fixed pointZ6 symmetries among localized strings on a fixed point

          Z6 enhanced symmetries only for the couplings Z6 enhanced symmetries only for the couplings         of the same fixed points.of the same fixed points.          =>  Z3 twist invarince if the matter on the different fixed =>  Z3 twist invarince if the matter on the different fixed points is includedpoints is included

                                               

SNeXDX

L

  Classical solutionClassical solution  T2/Z2 T2/Z2 

  Similarly, the classical solution corresponding to Similarly, the classical solution corresponding to   couplings on the same fixed points has enhanced couplings on the same fixed points has enhanced   symmetires, e.g. Z4 and Z6, depending the torus symmetires, e.g. Z4 and Z6, depending the torus     lattice, SO(5) torus and SU(3) torus.lattice, SO(5) torus and SU(3) torus.                                                                          

    T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11

                                               

)(zahX cl

    String on 6D orbifoldString on 6D orbifoldThe 6D part is quite non-trivial.                        The 6D part is quite non-trivial.                                                                  

  

  world-sheet instanton  + quantum partworld-sheet instanton  + quantum part   

  Only instantons with fine-valued action contribute.Only instantons with fine-valued action contribute.

  That leads to certain conditions on combinations That leads to certain conditions on combinations among among 

      twists.twists.                                        

1/2-1/2-1- VVV

SNeXDX

L

T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11

    (anti-) Holomorphic (anti-) Holomorphic instantoninstanton  Condition for fine-valued action                        Condition for fine-valued action                            Vertex operators: Vertex operators:                                             

                                               

stringth theof twist : k

10for 01

:appearsinstanton cholomorphi-anti

10for 011

:appearsinstanton cholomorphi

kk

kk

k

Summary  Summary  We have studied discrete symmetries We have studied discrete symmetries   and their anomalies.and their anomalies.Explicit stringy computations tell something Explicit stringy computations tell something more.more.

  String-derived massless spectra are (semi-) String-derived massless spectra are (semi-) realistic, but their 4D LEEFT are not so, realistic, but their 4D LEEFT are not so, 

e.g. derivation of quark/lepton masses and e.g. derivation of quark/lepton masses and mixing angles are still challenging.mixing angles are still challenging.

Applications of the above discrete symmetires Applications of the above discrete symmetires   and explicit stringy computations would be and explicit stringy computations would be important.important.

  

    5. Something else5. Something else                              T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11Zavala ‘11

  Explicit stringy calculations would tell us something Explicit stringy calculations would tell us something more.                        more.                        

    Vertex operators: Vertex operators:                                             

                                               

1-

3

10

3

1

2/1/2-

3

11-

V V

V

V

)(

j

jHiqjHiq

iXiPHiqN

iN

i

i

iXiPHiqN

iN

i

i

XeXee

eeXXe

eeXXe

mjvm

mjvm

IImsm

iL

iL

IImm

iL

iL

001/2-1/2-1- VVVVV

),1,0,0,0,0( ),0,1,0,0,0( ),0,0,1,0,0( 321 vm

vm

vm qqq

    3-pt  correlation function3-pt  correlation function  Explicit stringy calculations                         Explicit stringy calculations                             Vertex operators: Vertex operators:                                             

                                                     

321

00

s

qur

qu

sNcl

rNcl

S

X

N

s

LN

r

L

XX

XXes

N

r

N LLcl

cl

LL

1/2-1/2-1- VVV

321

321

F

quclLL

LL

SSN

qucl

N

qucl

SNN

eXXXXDX

eXXDX

    Rule 5Rule 5                                                T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, T.K., Parameswaran,Ramos-Sanchez, Zavala ‘11Zavala ‘11

                                            

Rule 5: Rule 5:                                                

321

00

s

qur

qu

sNcl

rNcl

S

X

N

s

LN

r

L

XX

XXes

N

r

NF

LLcl

cl

LL

LL

LLL

LLL

NN

NNrN

NNsN

instanton No

instanton cholomorphi-antiOnly

instanton cholomorphiOnly

0 :instanton cholomorphi-anti No

0 :instanton cholomorphi No

cl

cl

X

X

srsqu

rqu XX

    Z3 twist invarianceZ3 twist invariance                                                                                            

      Z3 twist invarianceZ3 twist invariance                                               

321

00

s

qur

qu

sNcl

rNcl

S

X

N

s

LN

r

L

XX

XXes

N

r

NF

LLcl

cl

LL

3 mod 0 sNrN LL

srsqu

rqu XX