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Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

SymbiosisSymbiosis – relationship in which two species live closely together.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

CommensalismCommensalism - symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

MutualismMutualism – symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

ParasitismParasitism – symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

PredatorPredator – the organism that kills and eats the organism.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

PreyPrey – the organism that is being eaten.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

PredationPredation – interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

NicheNiche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

Biotic FactorBiotic Factor – biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

Abiotic FactorAbiotic Factor – physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem.

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Bees get food from nectar of the Flower; the Flower gets pollinated, and reproduction begins!

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Tapeworms live and feed in humans

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Ringworm (a fungus) lives on a human, and the human can become sick.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Barnacles live on whales, but the whale is not harmed or helped.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Termite can digest wood because of Intestinal Microbes, and the Microbes also get food and a warm place to stay.

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A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Ticks suck animal blood for food.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Mosquitoes suck human blood.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Leeches feed by sucking human blood.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Clownfish live in the Sea Anemone and clean it while the Anemone provides protection for the fish.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Fungus increases Root surface area, and Root gives Fungus food

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A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Fleas live on and bite animals

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A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Ants provide protection for the Acacia Tree while the Tree provides food and a place to live.

A.MutualismB.CommensalismC.Parasitism

Cattle Egret eats bugs stirred up by the moving Cows; Cows do not benefit.

Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they _____. Apr'03 10th -39 A. both live on landB. are both large mammalsC. both eat primary consumersD. have similar hunting patterns

Which organism lives in the human intestine and aids in the digestive process? Apr'03 10th -23 A. The bacterium Escherichia coliB. The fungus Trichophyton rubrumC. The protozoan Entamoeba coliD. The algae Fucus vesiculosus 

Which question could be formed based on these data? Apr'04 11th -16

 A. What types of plants have increased productivity in different habitats?B. Is there a relationship between productivity and bird diversity in a habitat?C. How does the number of birds in a population affect habitats?D. Do habitats display changes in productivity and bird diversity during different seasons?

Habitat Productivity (g/m2/yr)

Bird Diveristy(average number of species/km2)

Marsh 2000 14Grassland 500 12Shrub land 600 8Desert 70 3Coniferous forest 800 17Upland deciduous forest 1000 21Floodplain deciduous forest 2000 24

Bacteria are present in the digestive tract of some herbivores. The bacteria break down plant cellulose, making it possible for the herbivore to digest plant material. These bacteria live in a stable environment with sufficient food and water. The herbivore and the bacteria in this relationship _____. 2008 Released 10th -1 A. benefit each otherB. compete for survivalC. are producersD. are secondary consumers

Within a certain community, crows actively eat brightly colored beetles. Which interaction is being displayed between the population of crows and the population of beetles? 2008 Released 10th -2

 A. CommensalismB. MutualismC. ParasitismD. Predation

Pollen adheres to bees as they feed on the nectar of flowers. When they move from flower to flower gathering nectar, the bees pollinate the flowers. The bees then use the nectar to make honey. The relationship between bees and flowers is an example of _____. 2008 Released 11th -4 

A. parasitismB. commensalismC. mutualismD. neutralism

Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the seafloor. These species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp? Jul'06 11th -51  

A. They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water.B. They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm.C. They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight.D. They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores.

Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? Apr'03 10th -24 A. Fewer preyB. A reduction in competitionC. More parasitesD. A period of drought 

This relationship is an example of _____. Apr'03 10th -33 A. predationB. parasitismC. mutualismD. commensalism

In Central America there is a tree called bullhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) that provides both food and shelter to a certain species of ant (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea). The ants live within the tree without causing it harm. In fact, the ants protect the tree by vigorously attacking and stinging other animals that try to eat it.

An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves of an oak tree. This type of interaction is _____. Apr'04 10th -10 A. mutualisticB. commensalisticC. competitiveD. parasitic

A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of a flowering plant. In this process the bird gains nutrition while spreading the plant’s pollen to other flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds and flowering plants can be described as _____. Apr'04 10th -44 A. commensalB. predatoryC. parasiticD. mutualistic

Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship? Apr'04 11th -17 A. A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dogB. An orchid being pollinated by a nectar-collecting waspC. A human losing blood to a feeding mosquitoD. An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree

After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established throughout much of the southern United States. One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms that are _____. Apr'04 10th -19 A. mutualistic with fire ant queensB. nurtured by fire ant workersC. preyed on by fire ant dronesD. parasitic to fire ant larvae