1. DAIRYMICROBIOLOGY

H i s tor ica l background; Nature o fmicroorganisms:prokaryoticandeukaryoticmicroorganisms, taxonomy,morphologyand ultra structure ofmicroorganisms:bacteria, Rickettsiae, Viruses and Fungi;physiologyofgrowth;microbialenzymes;principlesof bacterial genetics, geneticrecombination in bacteria, geneticsof bacteriophages; rDNA technology;Principlesof immunology,Acquiredandinnate immunity,Hybridomatechnology;Principles andmethods of industrialfe rmentat ion processes ; spoi lageof food; food poisoning; food-bornepathogenic bacteria;microbial toxins;diseasestransmittedthroughmilkandtheirpreventivemeasures; enteropathogenicand enterotoxigenicmicroorganisms indairy products and their public healthsignificance;Microbiological changesduringproduction,handling,packaging,storageandtransportoffluidmilks;spoilageofmilkbypsychrotrophicandthermopduricmicrobes,microbiologyof heat treatedmilks; principles of pasteurization,sterilization,bactofugationandpackagingofmilks;microbiologyof cream,butter,driedandreconstituted/recombinedmilks,evaporatedandsweetenedcondensedmilkandindigenousmilkproducts;LacticAcidBacteria(LAB);Geneticsandplasmidbiologyof LAB;Bacteriocinsandothermicrobialmetabolitesof LAB, Starter cultures andculturedmilk products, Bacteriophagesoflacticacidbacteria,inhibitionofstarterculturesbybacteriophagesandantibioticresidues;Inherentinhibitorysubstancesandantimicrobialagentsofmilk;Probiotichealthfoodsandnutraceuticals;MicrobialrennetandRecombinantrennet,microbiologyof

cheeseandwheyutilization;microbiologyof frozendairy products; byeproducts,newproducts innovations; antimicrobialpackaging; cleaning and sanitization indairy industry; Treatmentanddisposalofdairyeffluents;principlesofmicrobiologicalBiosensors;QualityControltests;principlesofqualitymanagement, food safety andbiosafety; National and Internationalregulatory standards, guidelines andspecifications;Environmentalmicrobiology:microbiologyof airwater, soil silageandrumen;XenobioticsandBioremediation.

2. DAIRYCHEMISTRY

Definition, composition and level ofvarious constituents ofmilk. Physicalproperties ofmilk. Chemistry ofmajormilkconstituents-carbohydrates;proteins,enzymes, lipids, vitaminsandsalts. Effectof various processing variables on theconstituents ofmilk. Chemistry ofmilkproducts.Compositionandlegalstandardsofmilkandmilkproducts.

ReactionKinetics, Roleof enzymes as abiologicalcatalysts.Conceptofactivationenergy,buffers.Adsorptionatsolid-vapour,Solid-liquid&liquid-liquidinterface.Gibbsequation,micelles;formationandstability.Wateractivityand its roleon shelf-lifeofmilkproducts.

Chemistryofoxygen in relation toauto-oxidationofmilk fat, thermal oxidation,chemical and biological properties ofheatedandoxidized fats, Significanceofmilklipidsinhumanhealth.

Emulsions, foams,Gels- their formation,structure and stabi l i ty. Functionalpropertiesofmajorfoodingredients-starch,proteins and lipids.Mutual interactionsof hydrocolloids and interactionswith

ANNEXURE-I

SyllAbUSfoRENtRANcEEXAmINAtIoNfoRPh.D.

proteinsandlipids,legalrequirementsforfoodcolourants.

Principles, theory and applications ofspectroscopy-visible, infra-red andUltraviolet. Chromatography-thin-layer,gas liquid, High performance liquidchromatography (HPLC), gel filtration,ionexchangeandaffinity.Electrophoresis(PAGE, SDS-PAGE); Iso-electric focusing,Rad io - I so tope techn iques , U l t ra -centrifugation,Potentiometry–pHmeterandIonselectiveelectrodes.

3. DAIRYTECHNOLOGY

Recent advances in dairy industry,unit processes used in the dairy/ foodindustry, chemical preservation of rawmilk,Hurdle Technology,HACCP,GoodManufacturing Practices (GMP), freezedrying, UHT processing, condensingand drying, newer concepts in milkprocessing,membranetechnology,micro-encapsulation. Recentdevelopments inthemanufactureof cheeses, fermentedmilk products, fat rich dairy products,formulated foods, dairy analogues, by-productutilization.Physico-chemicalandsensory alterations during processingand storage ofmilk andmilk products.Additives,stabilizers,emulsifiers,acidulant,antioxidants, flavouringcompoundsandtextureimprover.Rheologyandstructureof dairy and foodproducts (foam, gels,emulsions).Different typesofpackagingmaterials,formsandtestingofpackagingmaterial,modifiedatmospherepackaging,aseptic packaging, bio-degradable andedible packages,methods of disposalof used packages,migration of toxicmaterials frompackagestotheproducts,packaging of beverages, labelling andcoding on packages. Technology forproduction,preservationandpackagingoffoods,extrusionprocessing,bakeryandconfectionary products. Bio-processing

aids suchasmicrobial rennets, ripeningenzymes,startercultures,bio-preservation,bio-additivesetc.Recentdevelopmentsintheproduction,packagingand shelf lifeextensionofheatdesiccatedandheat&acidcoagulatedtraditionaldairyproductsand sweets.Cleaningand santizationofdairy&foodprocessingequipments.

4. DAIRYENGINEERING

thermodynamics

Basicconcepts, lawsof thermodynamics,vapourandgaspowercycles.Refrigeration& cold storages. Dimensional analysis,fluidstaticsand itsapplication,fluidflowphenomena,basicequationsoffluidflow,flow of incompressible fluids throughconduits, rheologyof foods,principlesofheat flow influid,heat transfer tofluidswithout phase change andwith phasechange,temperaturedistributioninlaminarandturbulentflowheatexchangers-designmasstransport-diffusivityandmechanismofmasstransport,distributioninsolidsandlaminarflow.

Unitoperations

Agitation andmixing, classification ofmixtures,flowpatternsinagitatedvessel,powerconsumptioninagitation,differentmethods of mechanical separationmembrane separation process-reverseosmosis, ultrafiltration.Homogenization-principleandtheory,efficiency,maintenanceandpowerconsumption.Designof foodprocessingequipments-calculationoftimetemperaturecombination,cleaningsystemsand3-Asanitarystandards.Pasteurization,designof equipment, efficiency, energyrequirements, instrumentation andcontrols, operation andmaintenance,sterilizationprinciples, evaporation,heateconomization system,multiple effectevaporation, vapour re-compression,principlesofdrying,psychrometryandits

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application,mechanismsofdrying,dryingrateperiods.Typesofdryers,propertiesoffrozen foods, freezingpointdepression,predictionof freezing rate and tonnagerequirements, freezingequipment,batchandcontinuousprinciplesofBiothermalprocessengineering.Methodsofeffluentdisposal, performance and analysis.Instruments for indicating,measuring,controllingofvariousprocessparameters

5. ANIMALBIOCHEMISTRY

Importance of b iochemist ry ; Ce l lstructure and function; Chemistry,structure andbiological importance ofcarbohydrates,lipids,aminoacids,proteinsand nucleotides, protein sequencing;Enzymes: chemistry, kinetics,mechanismof action, metabolic inhibition andregulation; Enzyme immobilization,industrialapplicationsofenzymes;Energymetabolism:bioenergeticsandbiologicaloxidation; Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis,pentosephosphatepathway, glycogenmetabolism, citric acid cycle, oxidativephosphorylation,glyoxylatecycle,fattyacidmetabolism,lipidbiosynthesis,metabolismofaminoacidsandnucleotidesintegrationofmetabolisms; Fundamental principlesof nutrition, nutritional requirements,balanceddiet, nutritive value of foods,importanceof dietary fiber, assessmentofproteinquality,deficiencydiseasesandmetabolicdisorders;diabetes,foodtoxins;Vitamins; chemistry andmetabolic roleof vitamins, vitamins and antioxidants;Hormones:biosynthesis andmechanismofactionofsteroidandpeptidehormones;Growth factors and their role; chemistryof antigen and antibody, molecularbasis of immune reaction, hybridomatechnology;DNAreplication,transcriptionand translation; RNA splicing; Geneticcode;Mutation: types and inductionofmutation,DNArepair,physicalandchemical

mutagens;Regulationofgeneexpressioninprokaryotesandeukaryotes;Genetransfer:transduction,transformation,conjugation,protoplast fusion; Recombinant DNAtechnology: DNA sequencing, vectors,plasmids,expressionvectors.

Ch romatography : pa r t i t i on , i on -exchanges, adsorptionandaffinity, TLC,HPTLC, HPLC, Gel Filtration and GLC;Electrophoresis:PAGE,SDGPAGE,agarosegelelectrophoresisandisoelectrofocusing;Blotting techniques; Electroblotting,Northern,SouthernandWesternblotting;Radiotracertechniques:betaandgamma-emitters and their detection, solid andliquid counting, autoradiography andphosphorimageanalysis,isotopedilutiontechnique;Bindingassays:RIAandELISA;Spectroscopy: UV-visible, fluorescence,ORD,CD,NMR,ESRandMass;RT-PCR.

6. ANIMALBIOTECHNOLOGY

Basic cell structure:Cellularorganelles–structureandfunction.Chromatinstructure.Molecularaspectsofcelldivisionandcellcycle.Cellularregulation,developmentanddifferentiation.

DNA as the geneticmaterial: Gene astheunitofmutationand recombination.Identification of Structure of DNA andRNA.DNAreplication,kinetics, repairandgene amplification. Transcription andprocessingofRNA.Controloftranscriptionandtranslation.Recombination–control:models andmechanisms. Gene as theunit of expression. Colinearity of geneand polypeptide. Regulation of geneexpression.Theoperonconcept–positiveandnegativecontrol,attenuationcontrol,control sequences: promotor, operator,terminatorandattenuator.

Geneticsofprokaryotes : transformation,transductionandconjugalgene transfer.Extrachromosomal heredity; Biology of

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plasmids–discovery,typesandstructureofF,RIF,co-factors.Replicationandpartitioning.Plasmidvectorsof various types.Biologyofbacteriophages–Lambda,P1andM13.In vitro construction of Bacteriophagevectors.Phagesasinvivovectors.Cosmidvectorsandtheirapplications.Specializedvectors – expression vectors, promoterprobevectors,genefusionvectors.BiologyofYeastvectorsandapplications.

Genetics of eukaryotes: Gene linkageand chromosomemapping, crossingover, three point cross, tetrad analysis.Complementation. Organization ofchromosomes,specializedchromosomes.Chromosomeabnormalities,quantitativeinheritance,populationgenetics.Somaticcell genetics.Organizationof Eukaryoticgenome :uniqueand repeat sequences.DNA fingerprinting, RFLP andmarkerassistedselection.

Techniquesingenemanipulation:cuttingandjoiningDNA,introductionofDNAintocells. Cloning strategies, constructionofgenomiclibrariesandcDNAlibraries.Probeconstruction, recombinant selectionandscreening. Analysis of gene expression.AnalysisofrecombinantDNA,sequencing,mutagenesis,alteredexpression.PCRandanalysisofamplifiedproducts.ApplicationsofPCR.

Animal tissue culture : preparation ofprimaryculture,maintenanceofsecondarycultureandevaluationofculturedynamics.Cell synchronization–preservation andrevivalofcells.Hybridomatechnologyandmonoclonalantibodyproduction.

HistoryandscopeofImmunology:Typesof immunity – innate, acquired,passiveandactive.Physiologyofimmueresponse–MI and CMI specificity andmemory.Antigen-antibody reactions. Antigens– types – Hapten, immunoglobulins –

structure,distributionandfunction.Cellularinteractionsinimmuneresponse.

E n z yme e ng i n e e r i n g : E n z ymenomenclature andclassification.Generalpropertiesof enzymes like effectofpH,temperature,ionsetc.Extraction,assayandpurificationofenzymes.Enzymeinhibitors.Mechanismofenzymeactione.g.Lysozyme,chymotrypsin,DNApolymerase,RNase,etc.Zymogensandenzymeactivation.Clinicaland industrial applications of enzymes.Immobilization of enzymes and theirapplications.

Bioinformatics, IPR andBiosafety issues:Use of databases in biology sequencedatabases,structuraldatabases,SequenceAnalysis – protein and nucleic acids,Structuralcomparisons,genomeprojects.WTO-GATT&TRIPS.

ApplicationofbiotechnologyinLivestockproduction, agriculture, dairying, food,medicine,environment&pollutioncontrol,animal biotechnology: embryo transfertechnology,transgenicanimalproductionandcloning.

7. ANIMALGENETICSANDBREEDING

Cell structure and function. Mitosisandmeiosis. Laws of inheritance, geneinteraction,multiple allels andmultiplefactors.Meternaleffectsandcytoplasmicinheritance. Chromosomal theory ofinheritance.Sexdetermination,linkageandcrossingover.Mutation-its inductionandsignificance.Chromosomestructureandorganization, chromosomal aberrations,karyotyping. Structure, replication,transcriptionandtranslationofDNA.Bloodgroupsofmanandfarmanimals.Eukaryoticgenomeorganization.GeneticmarkersandDNApolymorphism, RecombinantDNAtechnologyanditsapplication.Genemapping in farm animals. Concept ofquantitativetraitlociandMarkerAssisted

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Selection. Major histocompatibil itycomplexesand their significance in farmanimals. Molecular and reproductivebiotechniques and their application inAnimalImprovement.

BreedsoflivestockandpoultryPopulationandperformances statistics of livestockandpoultry and conservationof animalgeneticresources.Varianceanditsanalysis.Genetic and non-genetic componentsof variance. Genotypic-environmentalinteraction. Heritability, repeatability,genetic andenvironmental correlations.Geneandgenotypic frequencies;HardyWeinberg Law; forces changing genefrequency.Theoryofpathcoefficientsandits application. Linearmodels-conceptandapplication inAnimal ImprovementProgramme. Effective population size,geneticload.Basisofselection,individual,pedigreefamilyandprogenyperformance,combined selection, sire evaluation,Differentmethodsof selection, selectionindex, selection intensity, response toselection, correlated response. Thresholdcharacters.Systemsofbreeding;inbreedingand out-breeding; cross-breeding-itsimpact.General and specific combiningability,heterosis,diallelcrossing.Recurrentand reciprocal Recurrent selection.Breedingplansand schemesof livestockimprovement.

8. L I V E STOCK PRODUCT ION ANDMANAGEMENT

Scientific herdmanagement practicesfor farm animals, rearing of neonatesand young calves, principles of heiferandbullmanagementand strategies forattaining earlymaturity;managementduringadvancedgestation,atcalvingandduringdifferentstagesoflactation.Animalbehaviourandapplicationofbehaviouralprinciples in animalmanagement andwelfare.Abnormalbehaviour; its causes

andcontrol.Mechanizationinfarmanimalproductionandmanagement.

Breeds of cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep,camel,swine,equineandpoultry.Recentapproaches in breeding farm animalsfor augmentingproductivity andhealth.Breeding policy for different regionsof the country. Artificial Inseminationand advances in animal reproduction.Biotechnologyanditsapplicationsinfarmanimalproduction.

Milksynthesis,initiationandmaintenanceoflactation.Recentadvancesinaugmentingmilk productivity of dairy cattle andbuffaloes.Milkingmanagement,principlesofcleanandhygienicmilkproduction.

Nutrient requirement of farm animals.Fodder production and conservation;Rationformulation.

Maintenance of animal farm records,preparationoffeasibilityreportsondairy/mixedfarmingunitsofdifferentherd/flocksizes.

Environment and its effects on animalproductivity. Housingmanagement ofdifferentclassesoffarmanimalsinrelationtotypesandsystemsofhousing,designofshelters,layoutplans,drainageandsewagedisposal.B.I.S.standardsforanimalhousing.Commondisinfectantsandsanitizersusedon farmpremises. Advances in biogastechnology.

General approaches to planned animalhealth programmes. Mastitis, majormetabolicandreproductivedisorderstheirpreventionandcontrol.Specificdiseasesofneonatesandtheircontrol.Epidemiologyofbacterialandviraldiseases,massimmuno-prophylacticmeasures, segregation andquarantine.Applicationof computers inAnimalProduction.

Economicimportanceoffarmanimalsand

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their contribution tonational economy.Population and distribution of cattle,buffaloes,sheepandgoat,camel,equine,swineandpoultryspeciesinIndia.Variouslivestock development programmesand their impact.Animalmarketingandinsurance. Scope of livestock farmingfor improvingeconomic andnutritionalsecurityforruralpoor.

9. ANIMALNUTRITION

FundamentalsofAnimalNutrition:Chemicalcomposition of animal body and food.Functionand fateofnutrients in animalbody.Regulationoffoodintake.Digestionandmetabolismofcarbohydrates,proteinsandlipidsinruminantsandnon-ruminants.Factorsinfluencingdigestiveandmetabolicprocesses.Wateranditsimportance.Roleofessentialaminoacidsandfattyacids,Basalmetabolism.Partitioningofenergyanditssignificance.

MineralsandVitamins:Scopeofmineralsand vitamins in animal production.Classification ofminerals and vitamins.Functions,metabolic roles, deficiency/toxicity syndromes and requirements.Mineral antagonismandsynergism. Interrelationshipamongminerals,vitaminsandhormones.

Rumen Ecosys tem and funct ion :Development of rumen and influenceofdietary factorson rumenecosystems.Natureand typeoforganisms inhabitingrumenandtheirclassificationandfactorsinfluencing them.Defaunation and itseffects on rumen fermentation. Role ofrumen microorganisms in digestion.Mechanism of bioconversion of feednutrients in rumen and production ofmetabolites viz. VFA,microbial protein,methaneetc. and their utilization.Non-proteinnitrogenmetabolism in rumen.Influenceofdietary regimes,buffers, rate

of passage, rumen dilution, acid basebalance etc. on fermentative activity inrumen.Manipulationofmicroorganismsintherumen.Techniquesforrumenbypassnutrients and their impact on animalproduction.

Nutritional disorders and metabolicdiseases: Syndromes of deficiency andtoxicity of nutrients in dairy cattle andmonogastric animals includingpoultry.Diseases associated with disturbedmetabolicprocesses.Antimetabolites infeed,theirmetabolismanddetoxificationmethods.Environmentalcontaminantsinfeedsandtheireffectonlivestock.

FeedEvaluation:Feed,itsclassificationandsources. Relationshipbetween chemicalcompositionandnutritivevalueof feed.Protein quality of feeds andmethodsto evaluate. Energy value of feeds andmethods of estimation. Methods offeed evaluation, their effectiveness andlimitations. Analytical Techniques forthe analysis of biological fluids.Designof animal experiments and statisticaltechniques toevaluatenutritivevalueoffeeds.

Applied Animal Nutrition : Role andinter-relationshipbetweennutrients andproductivityofanimals.Influenceofdietaryfactors on quality of animal products.Feeding standards and their limitations.Nutrientrequirementsforbodyprocessesandproductivefunctions.Feedingofcalves,heifers, lactating cows, bulls, workinganimalsandotherlivestockmaintainedformilk,egg,meatorwoolproduction.

Comparativenutrientutilization,inputandoutput relationshipand feedconversionefficiency.Factorsaffectingfeedconversionefficiency. Computation of ration fordifferentcategoriesofanimals.

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Feed processing and Technology :Animal feed supply anddemand. Linearprogramminginrationformulation.Feedprocurement and storage practices.Processing of feeds and forages andagro-industrial by-products byphysical,chemical and biologicalmethods. Theeffectofprocessingoffeedsonavailabilityandutilizationof nutrients. Roleofpre-treatmentoffeedstuffs.Importanceofagroindustrialby-productsinlivestockfeeding.Roleoffeedadditivesincludingprobioticsin livestock.Compoundingandpelletingtechniques and their effect onnutrientavailability. Interactionbetweenanimalsandenvironment.Methaneemissionanditsroleincontributingtowardsgreenhouseeffect.

10. ANIMALPHYSIOLOGY

Digestion,absorptionandmetabolismofnutrientsinruminantsandnon-ruminants.Physiologicalroleoffatandwatersolublevitaminsandminerals.Controlofrespirationandtransportofgases.Kidneyfunctionandurineconcentration.Waterandelectrolytehomeostasis.

Cardiacstructureandfunction.Dynamicsofbloodcirculationandcontrolofcardiacfunctions.Haematopoesis,haemostasisandmicro-circulation.Nerve conductionandimpulse transmission, receptors, centralnervoussystem,autonomicnervoussystem.Skeletalmuscleandmuscle contraction.Specialsenses.

Environmentalcomponentsandtheireffecton animalproduction. Thermalbalance.Homeothermyandheattoleranceindairyanimals.Macroandmicroclimates.Animalhousing.

Thermodynamic laws and energytransformation.Growth curve, energeticefficiency of work, growth and milkproduction.

Anatomy and histology of endocrineglands, their secretions and functions.Neuro-endocrinemechanisms.Modeofactionofprotein and steroidhormones.Hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadalrelationship.Endocrinedisorders.

Puberty and its endorcrine control,Spermatogenesisandoogenesis.Functionalanatomyofspermatozoa.Factorsaffectingsperm production and maturation,estrous cycle. Sperm capacitation andfertilization. Folliculogenesis, ovulationand corpus luteum formation. Factorsaffectingconceptionrateandreproductiveefficiency.Roleofplacenta.Physiologyofparturition. Inductionofparturition. Bio-techniquesinanimalreproduction.

Anatomyofmammarysystem.Mammarygland development. Hormonal controlof mammogenesis, lactogenesis andgalacto-poiesis.Neuralcontroloflactation.Mammary involution. Synthesis ofmilkconstituents, residual milk, milkingfrequency andmilking rates. Factorsaffecting yield and compositionofmilk.Inducedlactation.

11. DAIRYECONOMICS

Theory of demand, firm, market anddistribution: general equilibrium andwelfare economics; National incomeaccounting;Consumptionfunction,Theoryofmoney, investment, employmentandinflation;PrinciplesofPublicFinance;BasicconceptsofInternationalTrade;Economicdevelopmentandgrowth;Theoryoftradecycles & various growthmodels; Farmmanagement principles and decisions;Farmbusinessanalysis;Productionfunction:Production relationships; Economicefficiency and optimization, Risk andUncertainty;Projectappraisal techniques;ElementsofStatistics,Methodsofsampling;Correlationand regression;Least squares

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estimationandproblemsinestimationofparameters;BLUEpropertiesofleastsquaresestimates,Testsof significance,Problemsofmulticollinearity, auto-correlation andheteroscedasticity; Linear Programming;Indexnumbers;Economicapplicationsofdifferential calculusandmatrices;Marketandmarketingfunctions,systemsefficiencyandmargins;Pricebehaviourandanalysisoffarmproducts;Capitalandcreditavailability,requirementandmanagement; Financialtests; Agricultural/Dairy Cooperatives;Indian&globaleconomicscenario.

12. DAIRYEXTENSIONEDUCATION

ExtensionEducation:Concept,Importance,historyofExtensioninIndiaandabroadwithspecial emphasis toDairydevelopment,Extensioneducation,adulteducationanddistance education. Various extensionmethods and approaches. Theories ofadultlearning.ScopeandroleofextensioninDairy and ruraldevelopment in India.ICARandSAU systems, various agenciesinvolvedinExtensioninIndia.Teachingandlearningprocess.ITKs.Variousdevelopmentprogrammes in India. Linkages-conceptandimplicationsinDairyextension.

Communication: Concept, theories,channels , models . Communicationcompetence, empathy,messagedesignandtreatment,socialnetworks.Innovation-decisionprocess.Diffusionandadoption–a critical appraisal.AVaids andmedia.ICTsinagriculturalandruraldevelopment-problems,prospectsandtypes.Informationkiosks.AKIS,BasicsofAgriculturalJournalism.

ExtensionManagement:Concept,theories.Evolution of management sciences.Administrationandsupervision.Functionso f management . Communicat ionin management. Decis ion making.Organizationalbehaviour,Organizationalclimate,Organizationaldevelopment.MBO,

PERT,CPM,LFAandprojectmanagementtechniques. Stress management andconflict management. Performanceappraisal. Programmeplanning– steps,planofwork,monitoring,evaluationandimpactanalysis.

TrainingforHRD:Concept,presentstatus,futureneeds.Models, typology,methodsand evaluation. Training institutes inIndia. Experiential learning techniques.Capacitybuilding in relation to livestockfarming.TNAandCONAEntrepreneurshipdevelopment–conceptandimportance.

Socio-psychological factors in Extension:Attitude,aspiration,motivation,perception.Basicsof rural sociology, rural structure,culture,norms,institutions,groupdynamics,ruralleadership.Theoriesofsocialchange.

Researchmethods in extension science:Socialresearch–concept,types,importance.Scientific approach, characteristics ofscientificmethods.Theoryandhypothesis.Variables–ConceptandConstruct.Stepsinresearchformulation.Researchdesigns.Data collection –methods and tools.Measurement–concept,levelsandtools.Reliability and validity.MAX-MIN-CONprinciple.Processingofdata.Reportwriting.Actionresearchandparticipatoryresearch.Participatoryapproaches–RRA,PRA,PLAandPTD.

Statistics inExtensionScience:Sampling,distribution, testsofsignificance,ANOVA,correlation, regression, discriminativescale construction. Parametric andnon-parametric statistics. Statisticalpackagesforanalysisinsocialsciences.

RecentadvancesinExtensionscience:Public-privatepartnershipinextension.Privatizationofextension in India.Market-ledextensioninitiatives.Agri-clinics andAgribusinesscentres.NATP,NAIP,SREP,FSRE,Kissancallcenters,expertsysteminextension.