SYLLABUS OF UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY …sc.uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/3c07c-discription-of... · university of benghazi faculty of science department of botany syllabus

UNIVERSITY OF BENGHAZI

FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

SYLLABUS OF UNDERGRADUATE BOTANY COURSES 2016

Edited BY Dr. Manal Al-Traboulsi

1 | UNIVERSITY OF BENGHAZI - FACULTY OF SCIENCE - DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Dr. Manal Al-Traboulsi | BSc Botany Courses

Department of Botany Program

The requirement for B.Sc. degree in Botany are 130 credit hours. The distribution of total hours is shown below:

(A) Faculty requirement: 9 credit (B) Supporting courses : 33 credit

(C) Compulsory courses : 61 credit (D) Elective courses : 27 credit

A. Faculty Requirements (09 credits)

Pre-requisite(s) Lectures Credits Course title Course code

--- 3 3 Arabic language 0010

--- 3 3 English I 0101

0101 3 3 English II 0102

B. Supporting courses (33 credits)


-- 4 4 General Mathematics 1100

-- 3 3 Basic Statistics 2002

-- 3 3 Physics for Biology 4100

4100 3 1 Physics (prac.) 4104

-- 6 4 Introduction to Zoology 8101

-- 3 3 General Chemistry I 5103

5103 3 1 General Chemistry I (prac.) 5104

5103 3 3 General Chemistry II 5105

5105,5104 3 1 General Chemistry II (prac.) 5106

5105 2 2 Analytical Chemistry 5213

5213 3 1 Analytical Chemistry (prac.) 5211 5213,51065105, 2 2 Organic Chemistry 5253

5213,52325105, 3 1 Organic Chemistry (prac.) 5254 5106,5105 2 2 Biochemisrty 5390

,539051065105, 3 1 Biochemistry (prac.) 5391

C. Compulsory courses (61 credits)


--- 6 4 Botany I 7101 7101 6 4 Botany II 7102

8101,7102 5 3 Introduction to Microbiology 7141



7102 5 3 Plant Anatomy and Micro technique

7212

5213,7102 4 2 Plant Mineral Nutrition 7221

7141 5 3 Bacteriology 7242

7102 5 3 Principles of Ecology 7261

7102 5 3 Principles of Plant Taxonomy 7271

5390 4 2 Plant Biochemistry 7322

7426,7322 5 3 Plant Metabolism 7324

7383,7141,5390 4 2 Introduction to Virology 7344

7141 5 3 Phycology 7350

7372 6 4 Plant Communities 7364

7382,7271,5390,2002

6 4 Taxonomy of Flowering Plants 7372

5390 5 3 Cytology 7382

7382,5390 5 3 Genetics 7383

5390 4 2 Enzymology 7426

7141 5 3 Mycology 7448

7448,7344,7242 6 4 Plant Pathology 7452

7344 5 3 Plant Virology 7453

Last semester 1 1 Seminar 7480

D- Elective courses (27 credits to be selected)


7102 5 3 Plant Comparative Morphology 7211

7242 5 3 Applied Microbiology 7243

7141,5390 4 2 Biotechnology 7244 7141 5 3 Nitrogen Fixation in Higher Plants 7245

7102,5105 5 3 Plant Water Relation 7262

7322,5390 4 2 Phytochemistry 7323

7261 5 3 Plant Ecology 7333

7350 4 2 Marine Algae 7346

7141 5 3 Soil Microbiology 7347

7261 5 3 Plants and Environment 7363

7261,5211 5 3 Pollution Biology 7374

7383 5 3 Cytogenetics 7381

7102,5253 5 3 Plant Growth and Development 7425

7450 4 2 Fresh Water Algae 7449

7242,5390 5 3 Microbial Physiology 7450



7448,5390 4 2 Yeasts 7455

7364 4 2 Applied Ecology 7465

7271 5 3 Vegetation Analysis 7466

7271 6 4 Flora of Libya 7473

7242 5 3 Medical Microbiology 7477

7372,7322 5 3 Medicinal Plants 7478

7345,5213,5211 5 3 Marine Ecology 7483

7382 4 2 Radiation Biology 7484

7382 4 2 Molecular Genetics 7485

---- 4 2 Scientific writing 7494

---- 5 5 Special Project 7497

---- 1 1 Seminar 7498

7448,7242 5 3 Antibiotics 7499



DISCRIPTION OF BOTANY COURSES

A) Faculty requirements

Course code: 0010- Course title: Arabic language- Credits: 3

Basic grammar: definition and structure of sentence, definition of verb. Quranic verses. Poetry. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 0101- Course title: English language I - Credits: 3

Special materials in English language introduced and practiced through

reading, writing and speaking. Reading sections taken from authentic

scientific textbooks. Strategies of academic reading: skimming and

scanning. Simple instructions and basic strategies of writing: description,

definitions and classifications. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 0102- Course title: English language II - Credits: 3

Grammar and vocabulary. Introducing grammar through listening, reading

and writing. How grammar integrates with the skills of reading, writing.

How grammar integrates with communicative functions: instruction,

description and narration. Vocabulary: simple structure with everyday

vocabulary. Structure of scientific English vocabulary. Pre-requisite: 0101

B) Supporting courses

Course code: 1000- Course title: Mathematics for Biology- Credits: 4

Sets and subsets. Basic set operations (union, intersection, and difference),

real line. Exponentials. Equations; first and second order equations.

Functions, domain and range of functions, graph of functions. Limits; one-

sided limits and continuity, derivative: differentiation of algebraic function,

chain rule, parametric equations and higher order derivatives.

Differentiation of trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

Application of derivative. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 2002- Course title: Basic Statistics - Credits: 4

Concept of probability and random variables. Probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Normal). Concept of sampling and sampling distributions (t, x2, F) test of hypotheses about parameter (Mean, Proportion, Variance) of single and two populations and their interval estimation. Association and attributes; contingency table, test of



independence and goodness of fit. Analysis of variance : one way and two-way classification. Linear regression and correlation, rank correlation, test of significance of the coefficients of regression, correlation and rank correlation. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 4100- Course title: Physics for Biology- Credits: 3

Electricity; change and matter, coulomb's law, electric field, electric potential ,condemners, electric current Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's law, potentiometer, optics: wave theory, reflection ,refraction, lenses and their applications, optical instruments ,dispersion, interference, spectrum. Properties of matter :Elasticity, harmonic motion, hydrostatics, surface tension, viscosity hydrodynamics ,blood circulatory system. Heat: Temperature scales, quantity of heat, heat transfer, thermal expansion. Modern physics : Principles of plank's quantum theory, photoelectric effect and its applications-rays and its applications, radioactivity, radioactive sources and their effects on biological systems, isotopes and their applications. Pre-requisite: Nil

4104 Practical Physics II Credits (1) , Contact hours (3) Experiments are based on topics covered in 4103. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 8101- Course title: Zoology II- Credits: 4

SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY; Animal diversity: Systematic and taxonomy;

Definitions and general concepts. Binomial nomenclature; Linnaeus and the

development of classification, the hierarchical system classification, and

naming organisms. Kingdom of life and the division of animal kingdom (

Whittaker,R.H.,199). Basis for formation of taxa; background information

and characters used in assigning animals into phyla.

INVERTEBRATES. Kingdom : Protista. Subkingdom : Protozoa 1.Phylum :

Sarcomastigophora. Subphylum: Mastigophora. Class: Phytomastigophora

:e.g. Euglena,Volvox. Class: Zoomastigophora: e.g.Trypanosoma. Ecological

relationships, characteristics ,classification, general form and external

features. Class: Mastigophora (Flagellates), e.g Euglena,

Volvox,Trypanosoma. Class: Sporozoa: e.g. Plasmodium. Subphylum:

Sarcodina: e.g. Amoeba,Foraminifera,Radiolaria. Subphylum Opalinata: e.g

.Opalina, Zelleriella. Phylum Myxozoa: e.g. Myxidium, Ceratomyxa,

Trilospora. Phylum Microspora: e.g Burkea, Hessea, Glugea Phylum

Ascetospora: e.g. Urosporidium, Haplosporidium etc. Phylum Apicomplexa:



e.g. Monocystis.Phylum: Ciliophora: e.g. Paramecium. General

characteristics of each class and representative examples are emphasized

for all Animal.

Phylum :Porifera (Sponges). Ecological relationships, characteristics,

classification, general form and external features, economic importance.

General characters of each class, and representative animals are to be

included for all phyla. Class: Calcarea ( Calcispongiae): e.g. Grantia or Sycon.

Class: Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae). Class: Demosongiae (Population

sponges; Spongilla. Class: Sclerospongiae

Phylum :Cnidaria. Ecological relationships, characteristics ,classification,

general form and external features, economic importance. General

characters of the different classes with representative animals. Class:

Hydrozoa: e.g. Hydra, Obelia. Class : Scyphozoa: e.g.Aurelia (Jelly fish).

Class: Anthozoa: e.g.Metridium (Sea anemones),Corals.

Phylum :Platyhelminthes: e.g. Flat worm. Ecological relationships,

characteristics ,classification, general form and external features, economic

importance. General characters of the classes with representative animals

of each. Class : Turbellaria :e.g.Planaria.Class : Cestoda:e.g. Taenia, Scolex

and proglotted

Phylum : Nematoda (Round worms): Pseudocoelomates. Ecological

relationships, characteristics , and, economic importance. General

characters of the phylum with representative examples. Class: Phasmida:

e.g. Ascaris. Class: Aphasmida: e.g. Trichris.

Phylum :Annelida(Segmented worms). Ecological relationships,

characteristics ,classification, general form and external features,

characters of classes and economic importance. Class: Polychaeta

e.g.Nereis ( Clam- worm). Class: Oligochaeta .e.g.Lumricus (Earth worm).

Class : Hirudinea. e.g. Hirudo (Leech).

Phylum : Mollusca ( Soft -bodied animals). Ecological relationships,

characteristics, classification, and economic importance. Class :

Polyplachophora(Amphinura) . e.g.Chitons. Class : Pelecyoda (Bivalvia) .

e.g.Mytilus,Anodonata. Class : Scaphopoda (Tooth shells) . e.g.Dentalium.



Class : Gastrooda. e.g.Helix,Aplysia. Class : Cephalopoda e.g. Octopus,

Sepia, Loligo.

Phylum : Arthropoda (Jointed-legged animals).Characteristics, classification,

and economic importance, general form and external features, economic

importance, ecological relationships. Subphylum: Trilobitomorph: Class:

Trilobita. e.g. Triarthrus (Extinct). Subphylum: Chelicerata: Class: Arachnida. e.g. Land Scorpion , Spider, Tick, &Mite. Class: Merostomata .e.g.Limulus

(Horseshoe crabs). Class: Pycnogonida. e.g. Sea spider. Subphylum:

Crustacea: Class: Malacostraca. e.g. Crayfish. Subphylum Myriapoda: Class :Chilopoda .e.g. centepede. Class: Diplopoda. e.g. millipede. Class: Pauropoda .e.g. Pauropoda. Class: Symphyla. e.g. Scutigerella. Subphylum

Hexapoda: Class: Entognatha: Order: Protura .e.g. Acerentulus barberi .

Order: Diplura. e.g. Heterojpyx Order: Collembola. e.g. Spring tails. Class: Insecta: Grasshoppers, House fly. etc

The success of insects as a group, economic importance, and external

features.

Phylum: Echinodermata (Spiny skin animals). Ecological relationships,

characteristics ,classification, general form and external features, economic

importance, characters of classes with representative examples of each.

Class : Asteroidea. e.g.Asterias (Star fish). Class: Ophiureidea. e.g.

Ophioderma (Brittle star). Class: Holothuroidea. e.g. Cucummeria (Sea

cucumber). Class :Echinoidea. e.g. Echinus (Sea urchins). Class : Crinoidea.

e.g. Sea lilies and Feather stars.

Phylum: Chordata: Introduction to the phylum, how the Chordates

distinguished from the invertebrates ,notochord, the nerve cord,

pharyngeal gills slits, characteristics ,classification and major features of the

groups. Group: Protochordates (Acrania). Subphylum: Urochordata. e.g.

Ciona(Sea Squirts). Subphylum: Cephalochordata. e.g. Amphioxus Group:

Crania). VERTEBRATES. Subphylum: Vertebrata. Super Class: Agntha. Class :

Myxini e.g. Hagfishes. Class : Cephalospidomorphi . e.g.Petromyzon

(Lamprey). Super Class: Gnathostomata. Class : Placodermi. e.g. Spiny

Shark. Class : Chondrichyes(Cartilaginous fish. e.g. Dog fish, Rays,Chimaera.

Class : Osteichthyes (Bony fish). e.g. Telapia Class : Amphibia. Subclass:

Labrinthodonts: Extinct. Subclass: Urodela. Order: Caudata: e.g.

Salamanders. Subclass: Anura. Order : Salientia. e.g Toad, Frog. Subclass :

Apoda. Order: Gymnohiona .e.g Caecilian. Class : Reptilia. Order : Squamata



.e.g. Lizards and Snakes. Order : Chelonia .e.g. Turtles and Tortoises. Order:

Crocodilia. e.g. Crocodiles and Allligators Order: Rhynchocehalia e.g.

Sphenodom punctatum. Class : Aves. Ecological relationships,

characteristics, classification, general form and external features, economic

importance, characters of classes with representative examples of each

classification up to Subclasses ,and orders with 3 characters and one

example of each class.

Class : Mammalia. Characteristics include hairs for protection and from heat

loss; mammary glands; heterodont teeth; endothermic; 4 chambered heart

etc. Subclass PROTOTHERIA, Order Monotremata, egg laying mammals .No

teeth and true mammary glands. Subclass METATHERIA, Order Marsupialia,

They have prolonged lactation and parental care. Marsupials include:

opossum, kangaroo. Subclass EUTHERIA:Species of placental mammals that

are truly viviparous, with a placenta for gas and nutrient exchange between

the mother and fetus. They also have true mammary glands. Classification

up to orders with 3 characters and one example of each order.

Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 5103- Course title: General Chemistry I- Credits: 3

Theory of qualitative analysis including semi micro analysis and spot tests.

Introduction to organic chemistry, bonding in organic compounds.

Structure and nomenclature of different classes of organic compounds.

General inorganic chemistry: atomic structure, periodic table and chemical

bonds. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 5104- Course title: General Chemistry I (Lab)- Credits: 1

Simple experiments designed to demonstrate the basic concepts of

bonding in inorganic, organic and polymeric molecules and the theory of

their qualitative analysis. Pre-requisite: 5103

Course code: 5105- Course title: General Chemistry II- Credits: 3 A) Gases: Gas laws and general gas equation, the kinetic theory of gases, the kinetic gas equation deviation of real gases form ideal gas behavior. Solutions and colligative properties: Colligative properties and determination of molecular weights by elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. Chemical equilibria: reversible and irreversible reaction, the law of mass action and its applications, Le Chatelier’s principle.



B) Fundamental concepts of; i) Structure and reactivity. ii) Organic

reactions. Pre-requisite: 5103

Course code: 5106- Course title: General Chemistry II (Lab)- Credits: 1

Simple experiments designed to demonstrate the basic concepts of

volumetric analysis and simple organic analysis. Pre-requisite: 5104,

5105

Course code: 5213- Course title: Analytical Chemistry- Credits: 2

Introduction to quantitative analysis. Theory of volumetric analysis, acid-

base titration, precipitation titrations, complex metric titrations, Redox

titrations, and theory of indicators. Pre-requisite: 5105

Course code: 5211- Course title: Analytical Chemistry (Lab)- Credits: 1

Laboratory work includes methods of volumetric analysis includes: acid-

base titration, precipitations titrations, complex metric titration, redox

titration. Pre-requisite: 5213

Course code: 5253- Course title: Organic Chemistry- Credits: 2

Chemistry of aliphatic hydrocarbons and simple functional groups:

Nomenclature. Methods of preparations. Physical and chemical properties.

Pre-requisite: 5105

Course code: 5254- Course title: Organic Chemistry (Lab)- Credits: 1

Laboratory techniques for purification of organic compounds.

Measurement of some physical constants for these compounds.

Pre-requisite: 5105, 5106, 5253

Course code: 5390- Course title: Biochemistry- Credits: 2

Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and

nucleic acids. Pre-requisite: 5105

Course code: 5391- Course title: Biochemistry (Lab)- Credits: 1

An overview of identifications of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Isolation of some natural compounds. Pre-requisite: 5105, 5106, 5390

C- Compulsory courses

Course code: 7101- Course title: General Botany - Credits: 4

Definition of Botany, Scope of Botany, Origin and history of plant science, Importance of plants to man, animal and ecosystem. Branches of Botany,



major kinds of biological nutrition: Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, symbiosis. Binomial system of nomenclature, general classification of plants. Angiospermae (Flowering plants), differences between Monocots and Dicots, structure of flower, fertilization and fruit development. Structure of seed, types of seeds and seed germination and development. History of microscope . Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Structure of plant cell. Plant organs. Leaf: structure of leaf, function of leaf, external features of leaf. Stem: structure of stem, function of stem, external features of stem. Root: structure of root, function of root, external features of root. Plant tissues: meristematic tissues, permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), vascular tissue system (xylem and phloem), dermal tissue system (epidermis, stomata, hairs and trichomes). Anatomical structure of leaf. Difference between monocot and dicot leaves. Anatomical structure of stem. Difference between monocot and dicot stems. Anatomical structure of root. Difference between monocot and dicot roots. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 7102- Course title: General Botany - Credits: 4

Classification of plant kingdom. Different systems; taxa of classification.

Protesta. Plant forms; animals and intermediate forms. Bacteria and viruses

(types, nutrition, reproduction, presence in nature, pathogens, non-

pathogens). Algae: main characteristics & characters; types; diversity of

forms. General methods of reproduction & life cycle. Fungi: Main

characters. General outline of classification. Study of some fungi of

economic importance, including yeasts. Mycorrhiza. Lichens: types;

reproduction and economic importance. Bryophyta: General characters.

Classification with examples of the main divisions. Study of the life cycle of

typical liverwort and moss. Pteridophyta: General characters of different

divisions. Life cycle of typical ferns. Gymnosperms: Main characters. Study

of the life history of Pine. Angiosperms: Main characters. Study of the

evolution from the prokaryotes to the most advanced flowering plants.

Plant physiology and genetics. Water relation: osmosis & permeability.

Plasmolysis & diplasmolysis. Diffusion, wilting. Solids, liquids, & gases.

Stomata. Factors affecting transpiration. Metabolism: digestion &

respiration; photosynthesis. C-3 and C-4 and CAM plants. Plant growth &

development: senescence; abscission, and dormancy. DNA and RNA

replication; RNA and protein synthesis. Cytological basis of heredity:

chromosomes & their molecular structure. Cell cycle. Meiosis and Meiosis.



Mendelian laws: monohybrid ratio; dihybrid ratio. Gene interaction . Sex

determination & Sex linked inheritance. Multiple allies. Quantitative

genetics (Polygenic inheritance). Mutations and Variations.

Pre-requisite: 7101

Course code: 7141- C. title: Introduction to Microbiology- Credits: 3

Definitions, Microorganisms in the world, Fields of Microorganisms,

Microbiology as a science, Historical review. Microbial growth: Growth

requirements: physical including: Temperature, pH, Osmotic pressure and

chemicals including carbon, Presence of sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) and

Phosphorus (P), trace elements. Microbial culture media: Definitions,

equipment and materials for culture media, Types of Culture medium,

Obtaining Pure Cultures, Generation time, Phases of Growth, Direct and

indirect Measurement of Microbial Growth. The control of microbial

growth: The Rate of Microbial Death, Physical Methods of Microbial

Control: Heat, Filtration, High Pressure, Low Temperatures, Desiccation.

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Alcohols, Phenol and Phenolic,

Chemical Sterilization, Surface-Active Agents, Heavy Metals, Chemical Food

Preservatives, Halogens. Functional Anatomy of microbes: The Size, Shape,

and Arrangement of bacterial cells, Glycocalyx. The cell wall, arrangements

of flagella, the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane, functions, cytoplasm,

nucleoid, ribosomes, formation of endospores by sporulation. Microbial

Bacterial Metabolism: Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions, Enzymes, The

mechanism of enzymatic action, Factors that influence enzymatic activity,

The Generation of ATP, Carbohydrate Catabolism, Glycolysis, Fermentation.

Microbial Genentics: Structure and Function of the Genetic Material,

Genotype and Phenotype, DNA and Chromosomes, The Flow of Genetic

Information, DNA Replication. The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and

Helminths: Fungi: Characteristics of Fungi, Medically Important Phyla of

Fungi, Characteristics of fungal hyphae, Fungal Diseases, Economic Effects

of Fungi Lichens Characterizations, Algae: Characteristics and distribution of

Algae, Vegetative Structures, and The life cycle of the Unicellular green alga

Chlamydomonas. Viruses: General characteristics of viruses, The lytic cycle

of a T-even bacteriophage. Pre-requisite: 7102, 8101



C. code: 7212 – C. title: Plant Anatomy and Micro-techniques - Credits: 3

Primary body of the plant: cell differentiation; meristems; types of

meristems. Tissue system: epidermis; trichomes; stomata (different types).

Mechanical tissue system: orientation; types of supporting cells.

Conducting tissue system: vascular & non-vascular plants; xylem elements;

phloem elements. Differences between the tissues of Gymnosperms &

Angiosperms. Secretory organs; excretory structures; laticiferous vessels;

latex and other plant excretions & secretions. Review of the internal

structure various organs of dicot. & monocot. Plants. Secondary growth;

secondary tissues; annual rings; leaf-fall; heart & sap wood; periderm;

development of phellogen; cork; lenticels; rhytidome; bark. Anomalous

growth: types with some examples of abnormal growth processes in stem

and root. Anatomy of hydrophytes with examples. Xerophytes: a general

view and review. Economy of wood: anatomical feature of different woods.

Basic microtechniques: making sections (temporary & permanent); whole

mounting. Pre-requisite: 7102

Course code: 7221 - Course title: Plant Mineral Nutrition - Credits: 2

Introduction and history. Detection, Occurrence in nature and availability of

essential elements. Various elements found in plants: Major and minor

elements. Methods of detection: Ash analysis/ solution cultures / sand

cultures. Occurrence of various elements and their availability: P/ Ca/ Mg/

K/ S/ Fe/ Mn/ Cu/ Zn/ B/ Mo/ N/ H/ O and others. Liming and over liming.

Mineral salt absorption and translocation. Passive absorption : Outer and

apparent free space/ ion exchange / Donann equilibrium/ mass flow. Active

absorption & transport: The Carrier-concept/ isotopic exchange/saturation

effect/ specificity/ cytochrome pump/ carrier mechanism & ATP. Factors

affecting salt absorption: Temperature/ H-ion concentration/ light/ oxygen

tension/ interaction of different ions/ growth. Translocation: Contact

exchange theory/ carbonic acid exchange theory/ Casparian strips-the

barrier/ symplast/ circulation & recirculation of mineral elements/

translocation of salts in xylem & phloem/ lateral translocation/ outward

movement of salts from leaves/ circulation and reutilization of salts. IV.

Function of mineral elements & Symptoms of mineral deficiency.

Hydroponics: functions & deficiency symptoms of: N/ P/ Ca/ Mg/ K/ S/ Fe/

Mn/ Cu/ Zn/ B/ Mo. Pre-requisite: 5213, 7102



Course code: 7242- Course title: Bacteriology- Credits: 3

Definition of Bacteriology. Differentiation of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

The importance of the study of bacteria. Units of measurements. Principles

of microscopy – bright field, dark field, phase-contrast, fluorescent and

electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Principles and types of stains, Simple

stain, differential stain, negative stain, structural stains - spore, capsule,

flagella, nuclear apparatus. Diagnostic technique such as Fluorescent-

antibody (FA) technique to detect Treponemapallidum,Auramine O

flurochromes to detect Mycrobacteriomtuberculoses, Isothiocyanate to

detect Bacillus anthracis. hanging-drop method. Bacterial structure: (a) cell

envelope, cell wall and cell membrane (structure ,Function and Damage).

Movement across membrane (passive processes, active transport). (b)

Cellular element enclosed within the cell envelope, mesosome, polyamines

(putrescin, spermidine, spermine). (c) Cytoplasmic granules, nuclear

apparatus, ribosomes. Cellular element external to the cell envelope:

Flagellum, Pilus and Glycocalyx (types, structure and functions). Formation

ofendospores by sporulation. Size, shape, and arrangement of bacterial

cells, the three basic shapes arecoccus, bacillus, spiral and unusual

shapesstarshaped cells; rectangular and triangular cells. The physical

growth requirements (temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure). and

chemical requirements, (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace

elements, oxygen). Classification of Bacteria; psychrophiles, mesophiles,

thermophiles., neutrophiles, acidophiles, alkalophiles, non-halophilic,

moderate halophile, extreme halophile and Halotolerant.

Chemoheterotrophic,Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs, obligate

aerobes, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes and aerotolerant

anaerobes, microaerophiles. Culture medium, chemically defined media,

complex media. Reducing media, anaerobic culture methods. Selective

media, differential media..Isolation and purification techniques, streak

plate, spread plate, pour plate.Sterilization, Inoculums. Preserving bacteria

cultures for short and long term , deep-freezing, lyophilization.

Reproduction; Binary fission, estimation of number of generations, and

generation time. Direct measurements of bacterial growth, heterotrophic

plate count/(CFUs), filtration, most probable number (MPN), direct

microscopic count and indirect methods, turbidity, metabolic activity and

Dry weight. Control of Bacterial Growth; Terminology, Sterilization,



Commercial Sterilization, Disinfection, Antisepsis, Degerming, Sanitization,

Biocide/Germicide, Bacteriostasis, Sepsis, Asepsis, Aseptic surgery

techniques. Physical methods of bacteria control. Heat, thermal death

point (TDP), thermal death time (TDT), decimal reduction time (DRT). Dry

heat sterilization, Filtration, Low temperature, high pressure, desiccation

prevents, osmotic pressure, radiation. Chemical methods of bacteria

control, concentration of disinfectant, organic matter, pH, Time. Types of

Disinfectants, Phenol. Heavy Metals, Soap, quarternary ammonium

compounds. Cationic detergents. Chemical food preservatives, organic

acids (Sorbic acid, benzoic acid). Nitrite, Antibiotics. Bacteria genetics;

Conjugation, Transformation. Bacteria Identification and Classification;

Taxonomy, The three-domain system, scientific names, species definition.

Identification methods, morphological characteristics, differential staining,

biochemical tests (API). Molecular Identification of bacteria, DNA

extraction, PCR amplification and purification, Cloning of PCR products and

transformation of E.coli, Sequencing of 16S rDNA gene and Phylogenetic

analysis. Bacteria Domain; Proteobacteria, The (alpha) Proteobacteria,

The (beta) Proteobacteria, The (gamma) Proteobacteria, The (delta)

Proteobacteria, The (epsilon) Proteobacteria.The Nonproteobacteria

Gram-Negative Bacteria. Cyanobacteria. Purple and Green Photosynthetic

Bacteria. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Drugs; A brief history of antibiotics.

Terminology, chemotherapy, antimicrobial drugs, antibiotic, selective

toxicity. The action of antimicrobial drugs. Broad-spectrum, a narrow

spectrum.Bactericidal, bacteriostatic..Mechanism of action (Bacterial cell

wall, Nucleic acidsynthesis, Protein synthesis, Cell membrane, Folic acid

synthesis.). Susceptibility Testing (Disk-Diffusion Test). Minimal inhibitory

concentration (MIC), Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Pre-requisite: 7141

Course code: 7261 - Course title: Principles of Ecology - Credits: 3

History and origin of Ecology. Ecology sub-disciplines. Habitat and its

components (biotic and abiotic). The terrestrial environment; soil

formation, physical characteristics of soil, soil types, soil profile. Major food

chains and energy flow. Ecological pyramids (pyramid of numbers, pyramid

of biomass, pyramid of energy). Species interactions; interspecific

competition, intraspecific competition, predation. Plant, herbivores and

carnivores interact; parasitism and mutualism. Cycles of matter in



ecosystem; water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle,

sulfur cycle. Pre-requisite: 7102

Course code: 7271 - Course title: Principles of Plant Taxonomy - Credits: 3

Plant taxonomy; its importance and relationships to other botanical

disciplines. Definitions and use of taxonomically significant terms. Flower

and its structure. Pollination. Development of female and male

gametophytes. Fertilization; formation of seed & fruit. Fruit types. A brief

history of plant classification. Systems of classification with special

reference to Bentham & Hooker’s, Engler & Prantl’s and Hutchinson’s

system. Study of some selected families (Dicots and Monocots)

Pre-requisite: 7102

Course code: 7322 - Course title: Plant Biochemistry- Credits: 2

The plant cell and its subcellular organelles. Biomolecular components of

plant cells .Water: Importance of Water. physical and chemical Properties

of Water.Carbohydrates: Definition and classification. Monosaccharides-

stereochemistry, nomenclature, cyclic forms. Mutarotation, reactions of

monosaccharides. Plant polysaccharides, structure and role. Amino acids

and proteins: Importance of proteins in living systems.. Amino acids, the

subunits of proteins. Classification, structures and chemical reactions.

Protein amino acids. The peptide bond. Biological role of peptides. Protein

classification. Structure of proteins-primary, secondary, tertiary and

quaternary structures. Properties of proteins. Denaturation of proteins.

Lipids: Classification. Fatty acids-their classification and structures.

Chemical properties, Triglycerols, waxes, phospholipids, sphingolipids,

terpenes and sterols. Their structures and functions. Enzymes:

Classification and nomenclature. Factors that influence enzyme activity.

Immobilization and industrial applications. Nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.

The constituents of nucleic acids, structures of purines and pyramidines.

Nucleosides,nucleotides. DNA-its structure. Types of RNA, their

characteristics and role. Secondary metabolites: Phenolics: Different

classes of phenolics and their functions. Polyphenols: tannins-classification

of tannins. Phenolics and tannins as antinutritional factors. Flavinoids:

Roles of phenolics and tannins in disease/pest resistance of plants.

Alkaloids: Definition and occurrence of some common alkaloids of plants.

Role of alkaloids as defense compounds. Terpenoids: Nomenclature,



classification and occurrence. Functions of terpenoids. Carotenoids-their

distribution and functions in higher plants. Plant Pigments: Different classes

of plant pigments and their functions. Porphyrin, Chlorophyll a and

chlorophyll b, Structure and differences. Carotenoids Vitamins: Basic

concept, roles of vitamins, vitamins and their function, sources of vitamins,

classification of vitamins, difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble

vitamins. Pre-requisite: 5390

Course code: 7324- Course title: Plant Metabolism - Credits: 3

Definition of plant physiology. Energy (ATP). Biomolecules. Nature of Light

and Structure of photosynthetic apparatus. Photosynthesis I—Light

dependent reactions (Photosystems I & II). How is CO2 fixed? C3-

Photosynthesis —Calvin cycle. Alternatives to C3- photosynthesis. (C4& CAM

plants). Carbohydrate Metabolism Nitrogen metabolism and Aminoacids

biosynthesis. Proteins and Nucleic acid Metabolism. Respiration and Lipid

metabolism. Secondary metabolites and Plant Defenses.

Pre-requisite: 7322, 7426

Course code: 7344 - Course title: Introduction to Virology - Credits: 2

History of virology. Definition of virus. Structure and characteristics of virus.

Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of virus. Mechanism of

replication. Nomenclature, classification of virus. Bacterial, animal and

plant viruses. Viruses and diseases. Host response to viral infection. Tumor

viruses, prions and chemotherapy Virus-infected plants and viroids.

Methods of isolation and purification of viruses. Cultivation, assaying,

identification and diagnosis of viruses. Pre-requisite: 5390, 7141, 7383

Course code: 7345 - Course title: Phycology - Credits: 2

Introduction to algae: Definition, occurrence and distribution of algae. Place

of algae in plant kingdom. Forms of algal body. Variation in structure.

Reproduction: Types of reproduction – vegetation, asexual, sexual.

Structure of reproductive organs. Life history. Classification: Trends in

classification. The significant characteristics of the major divisions of the

algae with reference to representative genera of Cyanophyta – Chlorophyta

– Phaeophyta - Chrysophyta – Rhodophyta. Biological and economic

aspects of algae. Cultivation.

Pre-requisite: 7141



Course code: 7364- Course title: Plant Communities - Credits: 4

Definition of plant community. Clements' view of community structure.

Gleason's view of community structure. The modern synthesis. The Niche

concept. Species richness. Species area effects. The physical structure of

plant communities. Life-forms in plant communities. Vertical structure of

plant communities. Spatial structure of plant communities. Allelopathy and

spatial patterns. Quantitative methods for describing spatial patterns.

Interglacial cycles. Primary succession. Secondary succession. Dynamics of

plant communities. Competition. Spatial heterogeneity. Resource

consumption. Resource supply. Resource availability. Biodiversity. Pre-

requisite: 7372

Course code: 7372 - Course title: Taxonomy of flowering plants - Credits: 4

Taxonomic literature, Manuals and Floras. Plant nomenclature

(International code of botanical nomenclature). Angiosperm phylogeny and

classification. Concept of taxa: species, genus, family, order. The population

concept: causes of variation within the population. Principles used in

delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank. Modern trends in plant

taxonomy (Alpha and Omega taxonomy). Taxonomic evidence from

Palynology and embryology, phytochemistry, cytology. Pre-requisite: 2002,

5390, 7271, 7382

Course code: 7382- Course title: Cytology- Credits: 3

History and concepts of cell biology. Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

cells. Cell sizes, shapes, cell differentiation, cell movement. Molecular

components and the metabolism of cell; chemical component of the cell,

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Various types of light

microscopy, electron microscopy. Cytologic and cytochemical analysis, cell

fractionation, staining methods. The cell membrane structure and

permeability, endocytosis and exocytosis, molecular organization of the cell

membrane, cell surface and intercellular communications. Properties of the

cytoplasmic matrix. The cytoplasmic organelles (structure and function):

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Lysosomes,

Peroxisomes, Plastids, Cell wall, Cytoskeleton, Vacuoles. The interphase

nucleus: nuclear envelope, chromatin, histone proteins nucleolus. The cell

cycle, mitosis, meiosis, DNA duplication. Ribosomes and Protein synthesis,



Genetic code, transcription and translation, mRNA, tRNA. Pre-requisite:

5390

Course code: 7383- Course title: Genetics- Credits: 3

Review of the cytological basis of heredity. Mitosis and Meiosis. Mendelian

principles. Probability and statistical testing. Linkage, recombination,

crossing over, and mapping. Multiple alleles and pseudoalleles. Gene inter

Polygenic inheritance. Sex determination and sex linkage. Chromosomal

aberrations. Cytoplasmic heredity. The genetic material. DNA replication.

Protein synthesis – transcription and translation. The genetic code.

Mutation, mutagenesis and selection. Genetic fine structures. Gene

regulation. Population genetics. Human karyotype.

Pre-requisite: 5390, 7382

Course code: 7426 - Course title: Enzymology - Credits: 2

Enzymes and life. Chemical significance of enzymes. Criteria of purity of

enzymes. Nature of Enzymes: Enzymes as catalysts. Structure and

properties. Activators & inhibitors, and allosteric enzymes. Kinetics of

Enzymes: Effect of different parameters on initial reaction velocity of

enzymes. Isolation and purification. Classification of enzymes. Uses of

Enzymes: in industry, food, soap etc. Uses: clinical: heart, liver damage, etc.

Competitive and non-competitive enzymes. Environmental factors affecting

enzymes; temperature, pH, etc. Pre-requisite: 5390

Course code: 7448 - Course title: Mycology - Credits: 3

Morphology and classification of fungi. Structure of fungal cell. Isolation

and cultivation. Structure, reproduction and evolution of main groups of

fungi: (phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes,

etc.). Examples of life cycle of typical representative of each of the above

groups. Economic importance of fungi. Nutrition of fungi and their

metabolism. Growth and development of fungi. Pre-requisite: 7141

Course code: 7452 - Cousre title: Plant Pathology - Credits: 4

Introduction to plant pathology. Plant and diseases. Viral diseases. Bacterial

diseases. Fungal diseases. Nematode diseases. Parasite diseases. Host

parasite interaction. Central measures. Biological control. Environment

related diseases. Pre-requisite: 7242, 7344, 7448



Course code: 7453 - Course title: Plant virology - Credits: 3

History and overview of plant viruses. Architecture of plant virus particles.

Plant virus genomes and replication. Physiological and pathological aspects

of viral associated plant diseases. Symptoms of plant viral interactions at

different levels. Control of plant viruses. Techniques used to study plant

viruses in the lab and field (diagnosis, epidemiology and ecology).

Pre-requisite: 7344

Course code: 7480 - Course title: Seminar - Credits: 1

Topic of interest to be chosen by student with supervisor's assistant,

written and presented as 20-min presentation and evaluated by a panel of

academics and teaching staff with the presence of the supervisor. Student

has the option of presenting the selected topic in a poster.

Pre-requisite: Nil

B- Elective courses

C. code:7211 – C. title: Comparative morphology of land plants - Credits: 3

Plant Kingdom. Classification of plants (Angiospermae, Gymnospermae).

Forms of plant body. Types of reproduction and life cycles among plants.

Introduction to land plants. Introduction to the most primitive land plants

(Bryophytes): Alteration of generations: classification : general characters

and study of representatives of the main orders (e.g. Riccia, Marchantia,

Pellia, Anthoceres, Sphagnum, and Moss); evolution of sporophyte.

Introduction to vascular plants: Vascular cryptogams (petridophytes);

classification; general characteristics and representatives of the main

orders (e.g. Pasilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, and ferns);

types of stele in pteridophytes. Introduction to seed plants: gymnosperms:

classification and characters; study of the representative of the main

orders, e.g. Cycas, and Pinus. Fossil records of vascular plants.

Pre-requisite: 7102

Course code: 4243- Course title: Applied Microbiology- Credits: 3

Microorganisms in different habitats; interactions; environmental

microbiology. microorganisms and pollution; bacterial pollution of domestic

water; sewage microbiology; biological treatment of waste; water-born

diseases. Soil microbiology: microbial flora of soil; rhizophere. Carbon cycle.

Nitrogen cycle. Sulpher cycle, and other cycles. Syntrophism. Soil

pathogens. Microbiology of natural waters: kinds of microorganisms and



factors affecting them; aqueous environment. Microbiology of air:

distribution of microorganisms in air; enumeration methods; air-borne

diseases. Microbiology of dairy products; normal flora of milk;

bacteriological examination of milk; grades of milk; fermented milk; dairy

products. Microbiology of food: classes of food; spoilage of food; food

preservation ; food infections and poisoning. Industrial microbiology: types

of fermentation; products of microbial metabolism;; antibiotics; alcoholic

beverages. Microorganisms and diseases: general review; principles of

immunology and serology. Pre-requisite: 7242

Course code: 7244 - Course title: Biotechnology - Credits: 2

General introduction: Definition of Biotechnology, historical brief,

importance of Biotechnology and its relation to various aspects of life.

Industrial microorganisms (sources, isolation methods and preservation)

Industrial strains; improvement and genetic engineering and its

applications. Cultivation methods used in Biotechnology. Downstream

processing in Biotechnology. Inoculums and preparation methods.

Fermentative industries. Single cell protein production. Organic acids

production. Amino acids production. Vitamins production. Antibiotics

production. Pre-requisite: 5390, 7141

C. code: 7245 – C. title: Nitrogen fixation of higher plants- Credits: 3

The chemistry and biochemistry of Nitrogen fixation. The chemistry and

Biochemistry of dinitrogen. Organisms involved in N2 fixation. Recognition,

Infection, and Nodulation. Types of Rhizobium involved in Nitrogen fixation.

Molecular genetics of Nitrogen fixation. The Physiology of Legume Nitrogen

fixation. Environmental Conditions and the legume Symbiosis. Nitrogen

fixation and Agriculture. Interactions between Higher plants N2 fixing and

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Organisms Involved in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.

Pre-requisite: 7141

Course code: 7262 - Course title: Plant water relations - Credits: 3

Introduction. Relationship between water and respiration rate in seeds.

Properties of water molecule. Types of solutions and pH measures.

Methods of water transport and Water potential and its components.

Measurements of water potential and osmotic potential. Soil properties,

Field capacity, permanent wilting point and soil hydrualic conductivity. Root

anatomy and water transport through plant roots. Xylem structure & water



movement in the xylem vessles and Embolism formation. Structure and

mechanism of stomata. Transpiration & guttation. Soil – Plant –

Atmosphere continuum. Plant adaptations to water stresses and

aquaporins production. Pre-requisite: 5105, 7102

Course code: 7323 - Course title: Phytochemistry - Credits: 2

Methods of plant analysis: extraction and isolation; separation;

identification; application. Phenolic compounds. Terpenoids. Organic acids,

Lipids and related compounds. Nitrogen compounds. Sugars and their

derivatives. Macro-molecules. Pre-requisite: 7322, 7324

Course code: 7333 - Course title: Plant Ecology - Credits: 3

Definition and history of Plant Ecology. A species as an ecological unit.

Species interaction: competition and amensalism. The community as an

ecological unit. Methods of sampling and describing plant communities.

Net Primary Productivity (NPP). Methods of measuring productivity. Energy

flow models. Terrestrial ecosystems (major Biomes); tropical forest, tropical

savannas, grass ecosystem, deserts, temperate shrublands, forest

ecosystem, conifer forest, arctic tundra. Pre-requisite: 7261

Course code: 7346 - Course title: Marine Algae - Credits: 2

Marine environment: Littoral zone (spray zone, intertidal zone and

sublittoral zone) and their effects on algal growth and distribution. Physical

factors (light, temperature, waves, tides and currents) and their effects on

algal growth. Libyan algal marine flora: Study of different marine genera of

Libyan marine algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta) and their

distribution on the Libyan coasts. Economic importance of marine algae.

Pre-requisite: 7350

Course code: 7347 - Course title: Soil Microbiology - Credits: 3

Definition of soil. Structure of soil. Soil temperature, moisture and pH. Soil microorganisms and its distribution. Soil microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomyces, Myccorhizae, yeasts, algae, protozoa, viruses. Effect of soil pH on soil microbial growth. Carbon cycle and decomposition of organic matter (cellulose, starch, pectin, lignin). Nitrogen cycle: mineralization and the role of microorganisms in nitrification and denitrification. Nitrogen fixation. Role of microorganisms in sulfur cycle. Role of microorganisms in phosphorus cycle. Microorganisms in Rhizosphere. Organic fertilizers. Pre-requisite: 7141



Course code: 7363 - Course title: Plants and Environment - Credits: 3

Soil-Plant-Atmosphere system. Environmental factors affecting plant performance and plant adaptation to stress. Temperature; minimum, maximum and optimum temperature. Plant adaptation to heat and freezing. Light and vegetation. Effect of light on stomata and photosynthesis. Water; waterlogging and drought. Soil; soil texture, structure and chemical properties. Soil moisture, porosity, aeration and soil water movement. Soil salinity and acidity. Fire. Effect of fire on plant growth and development. Pre-requisite: 7261

Course code: 7374 - Course title: Pollution Biology- Credits: 3

Definition of pollution, balanced ecosystem, role of man in ecosystem,

anthropogenic activities and pollution, unbalanced ecosystem. Types of

pollution: air pollution, water pollution, groundwater pollution, soil

pollution, solid wastes, hazardous wastes, thermal pollution, noise

pollution. Natural sources of air pollution, human-caused air pollution,

volatile organic compounds. Effects of air pollution on human health and

plant growth. Atmospheric CO2 and global climate warming. Ozone hole.

Acid rain. Natural sources of water pollution. Microorganisms in water.

Human diseases transmitted by polluted water. Water pollution at home.

Municipal water pollution. Municipal sewage treatment. ground-water

pollution. Soil pollution. Effects of soil pollution on plants. Soil remediation.

Types of solid wastes. Hazardous wastes. Radioactive substances. Radon.

Disposal of solid wastes: Sanitary landfills, incineration, composting. Effects

of solid wastes on ecosystem, biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

Waste prevention. Recycling. Noise pollution. Thermal pollution. War

pollution. Types of pollution in Libya. Measures to control pollution in

Libya. Pre-requisite: 5211, 7261

Course code: 7381 - Course title: Cytogenetics- Credits: 3

Cell structure. Mendelian genetics and cytology. Genetic material.

Chromosomes: structure, number and modification. Pre-requisite: 7383

Course code: 7425 – C. title: Plant growth and development - Credits: 3

Introduction. Seeds and grains. Determinate and indeterminate growth. Standard growth curve. Introduction to growth regulators. Auxins (IAA). Gibberelins. Cytokinins. Ethylene. Abscisic acid (ABA). Phytochrome. Photoperoidism. Vernalization. Seed germination and dormancy. Pre-requisite: 5253, 7102



Course code: 7449 - Course title: Freshwater algae - Credits: 2

Fresh water and algal habitats; habitat of aquatic algae. Running water; springs, streams and rivers. Standing water; reservoirs, puddles, pods and lakes. Terrestrial habitats of algae. Aerial habitats of algae. Unusual habitats of algae. Fresh water algal flora; study of main fresh water genera of algal groups; Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria), Chlorophyta- Euglenophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta. Economic importance of fresh water algae. Pre-requisite: 7450

Course code: 7450 - Course title: Microbial physiology - Credits: 3

Introduction. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions. Enzymes: the components of an enzyme, the mechanism of enzymatic action, factors that influence enzymatic activity, competitive and non-competitive inhibition, ribozyme. Energy production: oxidation-reduction, phosphorylation reactions that generate ATP, function of metabolic pathways. Carbohydrate catabolism: chemical reactions of glycolysis, functions of the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. Krebs cycle, chemosmosis model for ATP generation, fermentation. Lipid and protein catabolism. Biochemical tests and bacterial identification. Photosynthesis: cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation, light-dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. Metabolic diversity among organisms: various nutritional patterns among organisms according to carbon source and mechanisms of carbohydrate catabolism and ATP generation, Photoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs. Metabolic pathways of energy use: major types of anabolism and their relationship to catabolism, Polysaccharide Biosynthesis, Lipid Biosynthesis, Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis, Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis. Amphibolic pathways. Pre-requisite: 5390, 7242

Course code: 7455 - Course title: Yeasts - Credits: 2

Definition of yeasts; distribution and occurrence in nature. Classification.

Saccharomyces; cell structure and components. Cell cycle and

reproduction. nutritional requirements. Cell metabolism and energy

production. Economic and industrial uses of yeasts: production of

antibiotics, vitamins and alcohols. Pre-requisite: 5390, 7448

Course code: 7465 - Course title: Applied Ecology - Credits: 2

Humans in the environment. Human activities and habitat destruction.

Human population growth. Environmental degradation caused by

population growth and resource consumption. Biodiversity crisis: extinction



of plant and animal species. Deforestation. Global warming and agriculture.

Human activities and changes in global carbon and nitrogen budget.

Strategies to save the environment. Pre-requisite: 7364

Course code: 7466 - Course title: Vegetation analysis - Credits: 3

Definition of vegetation. Description of vegetation in the field. Basic statistical analysis used to analyze field vegetation. Raunkier's law. Life form: Phanerophytes (mega, meso, micro, nano), Chamaephytes, Hemicryptophytes (protohemicryptophytes, partial rosette plants, rosette plants), Cryptophytes (geophytes, helophytes, hydrophytes), Therophytes. Characteristics of hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes and succulent plants. Division of xerophytes based on morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Adaptation of xerophytes heat stress. Distribution of vegetation in the world, tropical, sub-tropical, grassland, desert, etc. Pre-requisite: 7271

Course code: 7473 - Course title: Flora of Libya - Credits: 4 Introduction. Aim and importance of floristic works and related problems (Flora vs Monographs). Libya and old geological eras. Previous floristic explanations of Libya. Biodiversity in Libya. General features: geographical situation; climate; topography; types of soil. Vegetation zones in Libya in (detail) Analysis of Flora: statistical; indigenous and introduced species; new records. Nomeneclature problems. Endemism in the Flora of Libya. Pre-requisite: 7271

Course code: 7477 - Course title: Medical Microbiology - Credits: 3

Normal microbial flora of the human body. The Germ theory of the disease.

Pathogenicity; infection; virulence. Factors that contribute to microbial

virulence. Host-parasite relations in microbial (bacterial) infections.

Different bacterial pathogens (Corynebacteria, Pneumococci, Streptococci,

Staphylococci, etc.) Other pathogenic microorganisms. Indigenous

bacteria, oral microbiology. Chemotherapy of bacterial diseases. Mycotic

infection. Pathogenesis of viral infections. Protozoan diseases. Principles of

diagnostic medical microbiology. Development of vaccines. Attributes of

the host that determine resistance to microorganisms. Pre-requisite: 7242

Course code: 7477 - Course title: Medicinal Plants - Credits: 3

Medicinal plants. Distribution of medicinal plants in the world.

Environmental factors affecting the distribution of medicinal plants.

Secondary metabolites in plants; their synthesis and function. Alkaloids;



types, functions and uses. Tannins and glycosides. Pharmaceutical uses of

Alkaloids. Medicinal plants in Libya, distribution and uses. Toxic plants in

Libya, distribution and uses. Uses of wild plants in folk medicine in Libya,

advantages, disadvantages. Economic importance of medicinal and toxic

plants in Libya. Pre-requisite: 7322, 7372

Course code: 7483 - Course title: Marine Ecology - Credits: 3

Definition of marine ecology. Structure and components of ecosystem;

biotic and abiotic. Food chains and food web. Structure and components of

marine ecosystem: Intertidal zone, continental shelf zone, oceanic zone,

benthic zone, coral reef zone. Aquatic ecosystem, marine ecosystem, lakes,

rivers, estuaries, swamps. Physical and chemical properties of sea water;

pressure, viscosity and density, electrical conductivity, light. Mobility of sea

water; surface waves. tidal waves. Characteristics of Mediterranean sea.

Ocean and man; its importance. Classification of aquatic plants, sea grasses,

phyotechnology. Sea pollution; types and causes: pollution with oil, sewage

water, solid waste, chemicals, pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive

substances. Pre-requisite: 5211, 5213, 7345

Course code: 7484 - Course title: Radiation biology - Credits: 2

Definition and nature of radiation. Natural sources of radiation. Radioactivity and measurement units of radiation. Development of radiation damage. Radiation physics: interaction of radiation with matter. Biochemical effects of ionizing radiation: radiation chemistry. Radiochemistry of water. Effects on macromolecules. Lethal effects of ionizing radiation: effects on the cell, effects on respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems in human; effects on plants and animals. Target theory. Cell sensitivity. Dose-response curves. Genetic effects of ionizing radiation: chromosomal aberrations. Effects on the cell cycle. Gene mutation. Comparative radio sensitivity within and between organisms. Modification of radiation effects and repair mechanisms. Use of radiation and radioactive isotopes in research, diagnosis, therapy, and agriculture. Pre-requisite: 7382

Course code: 7485 - Course title: Molecular genetics - Credits: 2

Definition of molecular genetics. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: structure and

differences. DNA and RNA: structure and molecular analysis. DNA and

chromosomes. Genetic code. Genetic mutation. Genetic mapping.

Pre-requisite: 7382



Course code: 7494 - Course title: Scientific writing - Credits: 2

Definition of scientific writing. Definition of scientific research paper. How

to write a paper: abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results,

discussion and conclusion. How to write the references. How to obtain

articles and research paper online. Pre-requisite: Nil

Course code: 7499 - Course title: Antibiotics- Credits: 3

Cell: structure and growth. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria and man. How to destroy bacterial call. Antibiotics; nature,

composition and mode of action. Uses of antibiotics to destroy bacterial

cell. Antibiotics; extraction and industrial uses. Bacterial resistance to

antibiotics. antimicrobial drugs, selective toxicity. The action of

antimicrobial drugs. Broad-spectrum and narrow spectrum. Mechanism of

action (Bacterial cell wall, Nucleic acidsynthesis, Protein synthesis, Cell

membrane, Folic acid synthesis.). Susceptibility Testing (Disk-Diffusion

Test). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimal bactericidal

concentration (MBC). Pre-requisite: 7242, 7448

Documents

SYLLABUS OF UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY …sc.uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/3c07c-discription-of... · university of benghazi faculty of science department of botany syllabus