SYLLABUS BOTANY · Lab course – 1 . Develop skill and understanding about structure of microbes cryptogames and cytological & experiment. CO3 CS3 :-Develop knowledge of seed plants

SYLLABUS

BOTANY

Programme Out come (POs) Under graduate Programme

B.Sc.Botany as a subject Govt Nagarjuna P.G.college of science runs degree programme, B.Sc. & B.C.A. Department runs B.Sc.Programme. and Botany included as a subject .After completion of programme Student get admission in Postgraduate programme or eligible to appear in competitive exam, they are eligibleto get jobs in different areas . After completion of programme, students become competent in following areas. PO1 .Knowledge enhancement :- Central board of studies prepare syllabus of different subject for higher education department, which is dully approved by coordinating committee headed by honourable governor. Student after completion of graduation programme ability of students is enhanced their knowledge and understanding their knowledge about the subject is increased. PO2 . Social Interaction :- In undergraduate programme of science subjects, most of the subject carry field work , survey of flora & fauna and climatic condition which help students to interact with social activities & industrialist. They motivate society for the conservation of environment. College organizes activities for the students to interact with the society. PO3 . Critical thinking :- Student develop knowledge in different subjects. Beside knowledge, they are able to develop critical thinking about different subjects. PO4 .Effective communication :- Communication is a skill to transfer knowledge, for that two language papers have been introduced in curriculam which help to develop communication skills of students. This way student will be able to connect ideas a with people through books ,media & technology . PO5 .Effective citizenship : - Good citizenship is a back bone of society. students having good moral characters produce good society. Undergraduate students participate in different social activity organized by NSS ,NCC & youth red cross which help them to become responsible citizen. PO6 . Environment and sustainability : -Awareness to words environment and sustainability requires to protect nature therefore beside from core subjects like Botany ,Zoology , Geology ,chemistry , & biotechnology. Student are also taught environmental studies so, student may get about. Knowledge about sustain ability of environt. PO7 .Ethics :-Develop of different aspect of value system is taught in the syllabus of environmental studies, which help them to develop different moral characters & to become a good human being .

Course specific Out comes under (3)

Under -Graduate - Botany subject CO1 :- Develop the skill and understanding of classification, structure and lite cycle pattern & importance of microbes and lower plants . CO2 CS2 .:- To provide latest knowledge about structure of cell, and cellorganalles, classical and advance genetics and their application. Lab course – 1 . Develop skill and understanding about structure of microbes cryptogames and cytological & experiment. CO3 CS3 :- Develop knowledge of seed plants , fossil plants ,structure and life cycle of gymnosperms origin, evolution, systematic, and discipline of different families of angiosperms. CO4 CS4:- Develop knowledge about external structure, internal structure, origin and development of parts of plant ,and development of flower. CO5 Lab course – 1 . Develop experimental knowledge in Marphology of Gymnosperms, Angiosperms , Taxonomy, Anatomy, Embryology of Angiosperms. CO6 :- To provide knowledge in the field of different physiological processes of plants and their application in horticulture & agriculture. They also develop knowledge in the field of biotechnology and tissue culture. CO7:- Develop knowledge of different aspect of conservation, and protection of environment, and different aspects of ecology student also get knowledge about Economic botany. CO8 Lab Course -1 :- Develop knowledge regarding physiological processes of plant and Ecological studies of diversity plant.

SYLLABUS

B.Sc. PART-II

BOTANY

ACADEMIC YEAR - 2019-20

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

GOVERNMENT NAGARJUNA P.G. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, RAIPUR (C.G.)


GOVT.N.P.G. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, RAIPUR, (C.G.) B.Sc. PART-II, YEAR-2019-20

SUBJECT-BOTANY SYLLABUS AND MARKING SCHEME

Paper No.

Title of the Paper Marks Allotted in Theory/ Practical

Maximum Minimum

I (Diversity of seed plants and their systematics)

50 17

II (Structure, development and reproduction in flowering

plants)

50 17

Practical 50 17 Total 150 51

Signature H.O.D. External Subject Experts : 1. Representative from Industry 2. 3. Departmental Members : 1. Student Member 2. 1. 3. 2.

4.

5. 6.

7

(Session-2019-20) B.Sc.PART-II, BOTANY,PAPER-I

(Diversity of seed plants and their systematics)

Maximum maks-50 UNIT-I 1. Characteristics of seed plants: evolution of the seed habit; seed plants with (angiosperms) and without (gymnosperms) fruits; fossil and living seed plants. 2. General features of Gymnosperms and their classification; evolution and diversity of Gymnosperms; geological time scale, fossilization and fossil gymnosperms. UNIT-II Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts: anatomy of roots, stem and leaf, reproduction and life cycle of Pinus, Cycas and Ephedra. UNIT-III Angiosperms: Origin and evolution, some examples of primitive angiosperms. Angiosperm taxonomy ; brief history, aims and fundamental components; identification, keys taxonomic literature. Botanical nomenclature: principles and rules; taxonomic ranks; type concept; principle of priority. UNIT-IV Classification of Angiosperms: salient features of the systems proposed by Bentham and Hooker and Engler and Prantl . Major contributions of cytology, phytochemistry and taximetrics to Taxonomy. UNIT-V Diversity of flowering plants: general account of the families Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae.

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Pattern of Questions paper

Section Type of Word Limit No. of Questions Marks in Marks in

Questions each Question

Section

Section A Objective type/ MCQ

- 10 (Two questions from each unit)

01 10

Section B Short Answer type 75-100 Words

5 (Two questions from each unit with internal choice)

03 15

Section C Long Answer type 250-300 Words


05 25

Total Marks 50

SUGGESTED READINGS: 1. Gymnosperms. Bhatnagar S.P and Moitra Alok, 1996. New Age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 470 pp. 2. The Gymnosperms . Biswas C and Johari B.M., 2004. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 497 pp. 3. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Sporne K.R., 1965. London, pp. 216. 4. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Bierhorst D.W. ,1971. New York and London. 5. Gymnosperms-Structure and Evolution. Chamberlain C.J 1934. Chicago.(Page 19) 6. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Coulter J.M. and Chamberlain C.J. ,1917. Chicago. 7. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. Foster A.S. and Gifford E.M 1959,San Francisco. 8. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Lawrence, G.H.M ,1951. N.Y. 9. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Lawrence G.H.M, 1955. N.Y. 10. The Classification of flowering plants. 2 Vols. Rendle A.B. 1925, London. 11. The Flora of Khandala on the Western Ghats of India. Santapau H. 1953 12. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Singh V. and D.K Jain, 1981 Rastogi Publication, Meerut. 13. A Text book of Systematic Botany. Swingle D.B. 1946Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York. 14. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. . Pande B.P 1997. S.Chand Publication. 15. Flowering Plants; Origin and Disposal. Takhtajan A. 1969

(Session-2019-20)

B.Sc.PART-II, BOTANY, PAPER-II (Structure, development and reproduction in flowering plants)

Maximum Marks-50 UNIT-I The basic body plan of a flowering plant: Modular type of growth. Diversity in plant form in annuals, biennials and perennials; convergence of evolution of tree habit in gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons; trees- largest and longest- lived organisms. UNIT-II The shoot system: The shoot apical meristem and its histological organization; vascularization of primary shoot in Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons; formation of internodes, branching pattern; monopodial and sympodial growth; canopy architecture; cambium and its functions; formation of secondary xylem , a general account of woods structure in relation to conduction of water and minerals; characteristics of growth rings, sap wood and heart wood; role of woody Skelton; secondary phloem- structure- function relationship, periderm. UNIT-III Leaf: origin, development, arrangement and diversity in size and shape ; internal structure in relation to photosynthesis and water loss ; adaptation to water stress ;senescence and abscission. The root system: the root apical meristem; differentiation of primary and secondary tissues and their roles; structural modification for storage, respiration, reproduction and for interaction with microbes. UNIT-IV

Flower: a modified shoot; structure, development and varieties of flower, functions, structure of anther and pistil, the male and female gametophytes; types of pollination; attractions and rewards for pollinators; pollen – pistil interactions, self incompatibility, double fertilization, formation of seed – endosperm and embryo; fruit development and maturation. UNIT-V Significance of seed: suspended animation; ecological adaptation; unit of genetic recombination and replenishment, dispersal strategies. Vegetative reproduction: vegetative propagation, grafting, economic aspects.

********************* Pattern of Questions paper

Section Type of Questions

Word Limit No. of Questions Marks in each Question

Marks in Section



01 10



03 15



05 25

Total Marks 50

SUGGESTED READINGS: 1. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Singh V. and D.K Jain, 1981. Rastogi Publication, Meerut. 2. A Text book of Systematic Botany. Swingle D.B., 1946. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York. 3. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Pande B.P., 1997. S.Chand Publication. 4. Flowering Plants; Origin and Disposal. Takhtajan A. 1969. 5. Economic botany of the Tropics. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. 2nd edition. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi. 6. Major Medicinal Plants of India. Thakur, R.S., Puri, H.S. and Hussain, A., 1989. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow. 7. Plants and Society. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L.1989. Macmillan Pub. London.

B.Sc. PART-II BOTANY PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME

SESSION -2019-2020 Time –4 Hrs M.Marks -50

1. Plant description -----------------------------------------------------------------08 2. Gymnosperm----------------------------------------------------------------------07 3. Anatomy---------------------------------------------------------------------------07 4. Embryology-----------------------------------------------------------------------04 5. Spots ( 1-5)------------------------------------------------------------------------10 6. Field report ( Local flora: rainy/ winter/ summer season) -----------------

04 7. Viva voce--------------------------------------------------------------------------05 8. Sessionals------------------------------------------------------------------------- 05

50 Marks

LIST OF PRACTICALS Angiosperms The following species are suitable for study. This list is only indicative. Teachers may select plants available in their locality. 1.Ranunculaceae : Ranunculus, Delphinium. 2. Brassicaceae : Brassica, Alyssum, Coronoupus. 3. Malvaceae : Hibiscus, Abuliton. 4. Rutaceae : Murraya, Citrus. 5.Fabaceae : Lathyrus, Cajanus, Melilotus, Trigonella; Ceasalpinioideae : Cassia, Caesalpinia; Mimosoideae : Prosopis, Mimosa, Acacia. 6. Apiaceae ; Coriandrum, Foeniculum, Anethum. 7. Acanthaceae : Adhatoda, Peristophy, Barlaria 8. Apocynaceae : Vinca, Thevetia, Nerium.

9. Asclepiadaceae : Calotropis. 10. Solanaceae : Solanum, Withania, Datura. 11. Euphorbiaceae : Euphorbia, Phyllanthus. 12. Lamiaceae : Ocimum, Salvia. 13. Chenopodiaceae : Chenopodium, Beta. 14. Liliaceae : Asphodelus, Asparagus. 15. Poaceae : Avena, Triticum, Hordeum, Poa, Sorghum. Gymnosperms CYCAS 1.Habit, armour of leaf bases on the stem ( if specimen is not available show photography), very young leaf ( circinate vernation ) and old foliage leaves, scale leaves, bulbils, male cone (specimen), microsporophyll, megasporophyll, mature seed. 2. Study through permanent slides – normal root (T.S.), stem(T.S.) (if section are not available show photograph), ovule (L.S.). 3. Study through hand sections – Coralloid root (T. S.), rachis (T.S.), leaflet (V.S.), microsporophyll (V.S.), pollen (W.M.) PINUS 1.Habit, long and dwarf shoot showing cataphylls and scale leaves, T.S. wood showing growth rings, male cone Ist year 2nd year, female cone winged seed. 2. Study through permanent slides – root (T.S.), ovule (L.S.), embryo (W.M.) showing polycotyledonous condition. 3. Study through hand sections or dissection – young stem (T.S.), old stem(wood) (TLS and RLS), needle (T.S.), male cone (L.S. and T.S.), pollen grains (WM) EPHEDRA 1.Habit and structure of whole male and female cones. 2. Permanent slides – female cone (L.S.) 3. Hand sections/ dissections node (L.S.), internode (T.S.) macerated stem to see vessel structure, epidermal peel mount of vegetative parts to study stomata, male cone (T.S. and L.S.), pollen grains. Exercises suggested laboratory: Embryology, Anatomy and Vegetative Propogation etc. 1.Study of commonly occuring dicotyledonous plant ( for example Solanum nigrum or kalanchoe ) to understand the body plan and modular type of growth.

2. Life forms exhibited by flowering plants (by a visit to a forest or a garden) study if free like habit in cycads, bamboos, banana, travellers tree (Ravenala madagasariensis) or Yucca and comparison with true trees as exemplified by conifers and dicotyledons. 3. L.S. shoot tip to study the cytohistological zonation and origin of leaf primordial. 4. Monopodial and Sympodial types of branching in stems (especially rhizomes). 5. Anatomy of primary and secondary growth in monocots and dicots using hand section (or prepared slides), structure of secondary phloem and xylem, growth ring in wood , microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S., and R.L.S. 6. Field study of diversity in leaf shape, size, thickness, surface properties, internal structure of leaf, structure and development of stomata (using epidermal peels of leaf). 7. Anatomy of the root primary and secondary structure. 8. Examination of a wide range of flowers available in the locality and methods of their pollination. 9. Structure of anther, microsporogenesis (using slides ) and pollen grains (using whole mounts), pollen viability using in vitro pollen germination. 10. Structure of ovule and embryo sac development (using serial sections). 11.Test of self – incompatibility (using Petunia axillaries, Brassica compestris, B. oleracea or suitable available material ) using field pollination. 12. Nuclear and cellular endosperm, embryo development in monocots and dicots (using slides/ dissections). 13. Simple experiments to show vegetative propogation (leaf cuttings in Bryophyllum, Sansevieria, Begonia, stem cuttings in Rose, Salix, Money plant, Sugarcane and Bougainvillea). 14. Germination of non-dormant and dormant seeds.

SYLLABUS

B.Sc.PART-III

BOTANY

ACADEMIC YEAR - 2019-20


GOVERNMENT NAGARJUNA P.G. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, RAIPUR (C.G.)


GOVT.N.P.G. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, RAIPUR, (C.G.) B.Sc. PART-II, YEAR-2019-20

SUBJECT-BOTANY SYLLABUS AND MARKING SCHEME

Paper No.

Title of the Paper Marks Allotted in Theory/ Practical

Maximum Minimum

I (Plant physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology)

50 17

II (Ecology and Utilization of plants)

50 17

Practical 50 17 Total 150 51

Signature H.O.D. External Subject Experts : 1. Representative from Industry 2. 3. Departmental Members : 1. Student Member 2. 1. 3. 2.

4.

5. 6.

7

(Session-2019-20) B.Sc. PART-III, BOTANY, PAPER-I

(Plant physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology) Maximum maks-50

UNIT-I Plant water relations: Importance of water to plant life; physical properties of water, diffusion and osmosis; absorption, transport of water and transpiration; physiology of stomata. Mineral nutrition: Essential macro and micro-nutrients and their role; mineral uptake, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. UNIT-II Transport of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport; source sink relationship; factors affecting translocation. Basic of enzymology: Discovery and nomenclature; characteristics of enzymes; concept of holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme and cofactors; regulation of enzyme activity, mechanism of action. Photosynthesis: Significance, historical aspects; photosynthetic pigments; action spectra and enhancement effects ; concept of two photo-systems; Z scheme; photo-phosphorylation; Calvin cycle; C4 pathway ; CAM plants; photorespiration. UNIT-III Respiration: ATP- the biological energy currency; aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Krebs cycle; electron transport mechanism (Chemi osmotic theory) ; redox potential; oxidative phosphorylation; pentose phosphate pathway. Nitrogen and lipid metabolism: biology of nitrogen fixation; importance of nitrate reductase and its regulations; ammonium assimilation; structure and function of lipids; fatty acid biosynthesis; beta-oxidation; saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; storage and mobilization of fatty acids. UNIT-IV Growth and development: definitions; phases of growth and development; kinetics of growth, seed dormancy, seed germination and factors of their regulation; plant movements; the concept of photoperiodism; physiology of flowering; florigen concept; biological clocks; physiology of senescence, fruit ripening; plant hormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene, history of their discovery, biosynthesis and mechanism of action ; photomorphogenesis; phytochromes and cryptochromes, their discovery, physiological role and mechanism of action. UNIT-V Genetic engineering: tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology; cloning vectors; genomic and c DNA library; transposable elements; techniques of gene mapping and chromosome walking. Biotechnology: functional definition; basic aspects of plant tissue culture; cellular totipotency, differentiation and morphogenesis; biology of Agrobacterium; vectors for gene delivery and marker genes; salient achievements in crop biotechnology.

Pattern of Questions paper



Marks in Section



01 10



03 15



05 25

Total Marks 50

SUGGESTED READINGS: 1. Verma S.K. and Verma Mohit 2007. A.T.B of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, S.Chand Publications. 2. Leninger A.C 1987. Principles of Biochmistry, CBS Publishers and Distributers

(Indian Reprint) 3.Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice revised edition). Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, U.S.A. 4.Bhojwani, S.S. 1990, Plant Tissue Culture; Application and Limitations. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, USA. 5.Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S., 1998. Plants cell Culture Bio Scientific Publishers, Oxford UK. 6.Jain, S.M. Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E. 1996. In Vitro Hapliod Productin in Higher Plants, Vois. Fundamental Aspects and Methods Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 7.Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt.Ltd., Singapore. 8.Callow, J.A., Fort-Lloyd, B.V. and Newbury, H.J. 1997. 9.Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources : Conservation and Use, CAB International, Oxon, UK

(Session-2019-20)

B.Sc. PART-III, BOTANY, PAPER-II (Ecology and Utilization of plants)

Maximum maks-50 UNIT-I Plants and Environment: Atmosphere (gaseous composition), water (properties of water cycle), light (global radiation, photo synthetically active radiation), temperature, soil (development, soil profile, physic-chemical properties), and biota. Morphological, anatomical and physiological responses of plants to water (hydrophytes and xerophytes), temperature (thermoperiodicity), light (photoperiodism, heliophytes and sciophytes) and salinity. UNIT-II Community Ecology: Community characteristics, frequency, density, cover, life forms, biological spectrum; ecological succession. Ecosystems: Structure, abiotic and biotic components; food chain, food web, ecological pyramids, energy flow; bio-geochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. UNIT-III Population ecology: Growth curves; ecotypes; ecads. Biogeographical regions of India. Vegetation types of India: Forests and grasslands. UNIT-IV Utilization of Plants Food plants: Rice, wheat, maize, potato, sugarcane. Fibres: Cotton and jute. Vegetable oils: Groundnut, mustard and coconut. General account of sources of firewood, timber and bamboos. UNIT-V Spices: General account. Medicinal plants: General account.

Beverages: Tea and coffee. Rubber.

************************** Pattern of Questions paper



Marks in Section



01 10



03 15



05 25

Total Marks 50

SUGGESTED READINGS: 1.Ecology and field biology .Smith, R.L. 1996. Harper Collins, New York. 2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E.P., 1971. Saunders, Philadelphia. 3.Basic ecology. Odum, E.P., 1983. Saunders, Philadelphia. 4. Concepts of Ecology. Kormondy1,E.J., 1996. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi. 5. Sustainability indicators. Moldan, B. and Billharz, S. 1997. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 6. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India; Conservation and Utilization. Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. and Sharma N. 1996. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. 7. Plants, Food and People. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sdava, D., 1977. W.H. Freeman and CO., San Francisco. 8. Economic botany of the Tropics, 2nd edition. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi. 8. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. Major Medicinal Plants of India. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. CSIR, Lucknow. 9. Plants and Society. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L.1989 Macmillan Pub. London.

B.Sc. PART-III BOTANY PRACTICAL

MARKING SCHEME SESSION -2019-2020

Time –4 Hrs M. Marks -50

1. Physiology------------------------------------------------------------------------- 08 2. Ecology-----------------------------------------------------------------------------08 3. Utilization of Plants-------------------------------------------------------------- 05 4. Biochemistry/Biotechnology----------------------------------------------------05 5. Spots ( 1-5)------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 6. Project Work ----------------------------------------------------------------------04 7. Viva voce---------------------------------------------------------------------------05 8. Sessional--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 05

50 Marks

SUGGESTED LABORATORY EXERCISES 1.To study of permeability of plasma membrane using different concentrations

of organic solvent.

2. To study the effect of temperature on permeability of plasma membrane.

3. To prepare the standard curve of protection and determine the protection

content in unknown samples.

4. To study the enzyme activity of catalase and peroxidise as influenced by pH

and temperature.

5. Comparison of the rate of respiration of various plant parts.

6. Separation of chloroplast pigment by solvent method.

7. Determining the osmotic potential or vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method.

8. Determining the water potential of any tuber.

9. Separation of amino acids in a mixture by paper chromatography and their

identification by comparison with standards.

10. Bioassay of auxin, cytokinin, GA, ABA,and ethylene using appropriate

plant material.

11. Demonstration of the technique of micropropogation by using different

explants, e.g. axillary buds, shoot meristems.

12. Demostration of the technique of anther culture.

13. Isolation of protoplasts from different tissues using commercially available

enzymes.

14. Demonstration of root and shoot formation from the apical and basal

portion of stem segments in liquid medium containing different hormones.

SUGGESTED LABORATORY EXERCISES (Ecology): 1.To determine minimum number of required for reliable estimate of biomass

in grassland.

2. To study the frequency of herbaceous species in grassland and to compare

the frequency distribution with Raunkairs Standaed frequency diagram.

3. To estimate Importance Value Index for grassland species on the basis of

relative frequency , relative density and relative biomass in protected and

grazed grassland.

4. To measure the vegetation cover of grassland through point frame method.

5. To measure the above ground plant biomass in a grassland.

6. To determine Kemps constant for dicot and monocot leaves and to estimate

the leaf area index if a grassland community.

7. To determine diversity indices (richness, simpson, Shannon-wiener) in

grazed and protected grassland.

8. To estimate bulk density and prosity of grassland and woodland soils.

9. To determine moisture content and water holding capacity of grassland and

woodlandsoil.

10. To study the vegetation structure through profile diagram.

11. To estimate transparency, pH and temperature of different water bodies.

12. To measure dissolved oxygen content in polluted and unpolluted water

samples.

13. To estimate salinity of different water samples.

14. To determine the percent leaf area injury of different leaf samples collected

around polluted sites.

15. To estimate dust holding capacity of the leaves of different plant species.

SUGGESTED LABORATORY EXERCISES (for utilization of plants): 1.Food Plants : study of the morphological structure and simple microchemical tests of the food storing tissues in Rice, Wheat, Maize, Potato and microscopic examination of starch in these plants. (excepting sugarcane) 2. Fibres : Study of Cotton flower sectioning of the cotton ovules/developing seed to trace the origin and development of cotton fibres , microscopic study of cotton and test for cellulose, sectioning and staining of jute stem to show the location and development of fibres, microscopic structure test for lignocelluloses. 3. Vegetable oil : study of hand section of groundnut, mustard and coconut and stained of oil droplets by Sudan III and Sudan black. 4. Field visits : To study sources of firewood (10 plants), timber yielding trees (10 trees) and bamboos . A list to be prepared mentioning special features. 5. Spices : Examine black papper, cloves, cinnamon and opened fruits of cardamom and describe them briefly.

6. Preparation of an illustrated inventory of 10 medicinal plants used in indigenous systems of medicine or allopathy : write their botanical and common names, parts used disease/ disorders for which they are prescribed. 7. Beverages : Cut sections of boiled coffee beans and tea leaves to study the characteristic structural features. 8. Rubber : Collect illustrative materials of Hevea brasillensis, morphology of the plant and tapping practices history of rubber list the many uses of rubber.

Documents

SYLLABUS BOTANY · Lab course – 1 . Develop skill and understanding about structure of microbes cryptogames and cytological & experiment. CO3 CS3 :-Develop knowledge of seed plants