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L/O/G/O
Fossil FUELhttp://share.its.ac.id
Dosen :Syamsul [email protected]
K4
TEKNIK KONVERSI & KONSERVASI ENERGITF 091324 / 4 SKS / Smt. 6
Teknik Konversi EnergiFossil Fuel :
Coal (Batubara) Oil (Minyak) Natural Gas (Gas alam)
Kuliah Ke-4
Fasilitator
Syamsul Arifin( [email protected] )
Surabaya 2011
Fossil Fuel : Proses Pembentukan
Cx(H2O)y
Era Paleozoic bumi, abad Carboniferous (325 Jt Tahun lalu)
Mati
Proses Penfossilan
Tekanan panas di Lapisan Bumi tampa O2
325 thn
Fotosintesis
Coal
Oil
Gas
Coal
Coal : Proses Pembentukan
Tumbuhan mati, tertimbun dilapisan tanah
Turf (Tumbuhan lapuk)
Batubara Coklat
Lignite
Batubara Subbitumin
Batubara Bitumin
Batubara Antrasitik
± 325 tahun
Tekanan & Temparatur TinggiTampa oksigen
Coal
Consists of a complex range of materials.
Varies greatly in quality depending on:•the types of vegetation from which it originated.•the depth at which the deposit was formed.•the temperatures and pressures exerted at that depth.•the length of time the coal has been forming.
Coal is classified by
Moisture content – coals high in carbon and low in moisture are ranked the highest.
Composition – coal is predominantly carbon but may also contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur.
Coal The world's most abundant fossil fuel. Global reserves exceed those of oil or
natural gas. There is so much available worldwide
that there is little concern about the remaining resources.
Ii is a dirty fuel; some types of coal have a high sulphur content (up to 3%) which contributes SO2 to acid rain.
Global Coal Consumption
Country Energy production from solid fuel
(petajoules)
Proven recoverable reserves (million
metric tons)
Reserves to production ration
(years)
China 24,045 114,500 153
USA 20,218 240,558 382Russia 6309 NA NA
India 6141 69,947 366
Australia 4634 90,940 630
South Africa 4064 55,333, 437
Poland 3719 42,100 364
Germany 3675 67,300 588
Kazakhstan 2809 NA NA
Ukraine 2802 NA NA
South Korea 2585 600 7
UK 1922 662 11
Canada 1571 8623 176
Czech Republic 1283 NA NA
Indonesia 808 32,063 1274
Proven-in-place coal reserves
World Coal ReservesEnergy production from solid fuel (petajoules) - 91,748.
Proven recoverable reserves (million metric tons) – 1.96 trillion metric tons.
Reserves to production ration (years) –208.
1 petajoule = 170,000,000 barrels of crude oil.
Coal Reservers
Top ten known recoverable
reserves.
Note variationin world totalwith previous
Slide.
Coal Map
What Next ?……..
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