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Sweet and high biomass sorghums as potential biofuel feedstocks
All India Coordinated Research Project on Sorghum
ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, MoA&FW
Hyderabad, Telangana
A V UmakanthPrincipal Scientist and PI (Sweet and High Biomass Sorghum)
Outline
1. Background
2. Status of sorghum
R&D for 1st and 2nd
generation biofuels
3. Way Forward
Ethanol Demand Supply Status-India
S.No Parameter Unit Value
1. Average Sugar Cane Production in India Million Tonnes 370
2. Average Sugar Cane Crushing in India Million Tonnes 270
3. Molasses generated as a byproduct @4.5% of
Cane crushed
Million Tonnes 12.2
4. Alcohol / Ethanol production @ 237.5 litre per
ton of molasses
Million Litres 3000
5. Estimated Usage of this Alcohol/ethanol in
India
A. Potable Sector Million Litres 1000-
1200
B. Chemical Sector Million Litres 600-800
C. EBP Programme Million Litres 1000-
1400
• 10% blending of ethanol in petrol by 2022 (>3100 mn L)
• Govt proposes to cut crude oil imports by 10% by 2022
• 20% blending of ethanol in petrol by 2030
• Demand gap of >1600 million litres
EBP Programme – Progress so far
Sugar year
Blending percentage $
2012-13 0.67
2013-14 1.53
2014-15 2.33
2015-16 3.51
2016-17 2.07
2017-18 3.80
$ Ethanol supply year – Dec-Nov
Developments in EBP Programme-2018
• Notified National Policy on Biofuels-2018
• Ethanol production from B heavy
molasses, sugarcane juice, sweet
sorghum, damaged food grains is allowed.
• Provision for allowing surplus food grains
for ethanol production.
• Enhanced price for ethanol derived from
C heavy molasses route.
• Higher price for ethanol derived from B
heavy molasses/Sugarcane juice.
• GST reduced from 18% to 5% on ethanol
for EBP Programme.
Sorghum-A diverse crop
6
Bred for
human and
animal feed
Bred for
biofuels,
biopower,
biobased
products
Grain sorghum Forage sorghum
Energy sorghum Sweet sorghum
Nutrition & Palatability
Biomass Yield Juice & Sugars
Grain Yield
Why Sorghum for biofuels?
• For the grower…– Versatile crop
– High-yielding
– 2-3 crops per year
– Established agronomic systems
• For the processing industry….– Fast scale-up
– No CAPEX
– Drop-in for multiple existing supply chains
• For the seed industry…– Huge genetic diversity
– Hybrid Technology in place
– Rapid breeding for scale up
– Seed propagated
7
Comparison of different feedstocksCrop Crop
duration
(months)
Percentage
of sugar
(on weight
basis)
Sugar
yield
(tons/
acre)
Crop
yield
(tons/
acre)
Harvesting Potential
ethanol
yield
(L/ha)
Maize 3-4 months
(two
harvests per
year)
- - 2.5
(grain
)
Harvested
mechanical
ly
1500-3800
Sugar
cane
12 months
(one harvest
per year)
8-12% 2.5-4.8 25-30 Difficult
and
laborious
5000-9950
Sweet
sorghum
4 months
(two
harvests per
year)
8-10% 2-3 20-25 Very
simple;
both
manual
and
through
mechanical
machines
5414-
13032
cassava 9-12 months
(one harvest
per year)
- - 10-30 Manual 4500
Sugar
beet
10 months
(one harvest
per year)
15-18% 4.5-7.2 13-25 Very
simple;
normally
manual
7100-
10500
Value added products from sorghum
High Biomass Sorghum
Biomass
Cellulosic Biofuels andBiopower
Swe
et
sorg
hu
m
Bio
mas
s so
rgh
um
Ethanol production process
Sweet sorghum productivity traits
S No
Trait Range
1 Fresh stalk yields 40-50 t/ha (rainy & summer)
2 Juice brix 16-19% (rainy and summer)
3 Reducing sugars (RS)
2-4%
4 Sucrose (%) 8-11%
5 Juice extraction 40-45%; 60-90% in big mills
6 Juice yield/ha 16-18 KL
7 Bagasse (residue) Yield
5-7 t /ha (dry wt basis)
8 Ethanol recovery 6-9 % of juice
9 Ethanol Yield 1400-2000 Lit/ha/season
10 Power from residue (bagasse)
2.5-3.0 MW /ha of crop
Bagasse can also be used for 2G biofuel production
Ethanol yields from sweet sorghum
S
No
State Sugar Mill
1 Andhra
Pradesh
Eid Parry India Pvt Ltd, Sagar Sugars,
Nav Bharat Ventures
2 Telangana Madhucon Sugars, Rusni Distilleries
3 Karnataka Renuka Sugars, Core Green Sugars
4 Maharashtra Tata Chemicals Limited, Praj
Industries, Somaiya Organo-
Chemicals
5 Gujarat Shree Ganesh Khandsari Sahkari
Udyog Mandali Ltd
6 U.P National Sugar Institute, Kisan Sahkari
Chini Mills
7 Tamil Nadu Salem Cooperative Sugar Mills
Limited, Bannari Amman Sugars
8 Uttrarakhand India Glycols Ltd
Trials with industry
Parameter Sweet
sorghum1
(Rs liter-1)
Sugarcane molasses2
(Rs liter-1)
Human
power
0.50 0.25
Steam 1.00 1.00
Electricity 1.00 1.00
Yeast 0.10 0.10Management/Administration
0.10 0.25
Pollution
control
Nil 0.25
Raw
material
10.41 12.13
Total 13.11 14.98
1Sweet sorghum stalk @ Rs 500 t ha-1; 2Sugarcane molasses@ Rs 2,000 t ha-1.
(Source: Dayakar Rao et al., 2004).
35-50
lit of
ethan
ol/ton
• The ethanol price received was not sufficient
to make the industry viable
• Feedstock supply was not continuous – so
limited period of operations
• Non-compliance for ethanol blending targets -
low market demand
Why sweet sorghum ethanol didn`t take off?
Current efforts on commercialization
Availability of sweet sorghum feedstock duringlean period of sugarcane crushing
•Promoting sweet sorghum as a complimentary feedstock
in existing sugar mills area
Recent Industrial Partners
E.I.D.- Parry (India) Limited, A.P Madhucon sugars, Telangana
Ganesh Sugars, Gujarat Core Green Sugar and Fuels Pvt.
Ltd, Karnataka
Big mill tests – 88% JE and Primary Brix: >17%
Without changing a single nut and bolt in existing Sugarcane machinery, sweet
sorghum could be crushed
Performance of varieties for stalk, Juice and sugar traits-Kh. 2017
S No Entry
Days to
flower
Total
biomass
yield
(t/ha)
Fresh
stalk
yield
(t/ha)
Juice
yield
(L/ha)
Brix
(%)
Juice
extracti
on (%)
1 (SSV F7-2)-6-1-3-1-1-2-1 85 84 54 18534 15.3 38
2 (SSV F7-2)-6-1-3-2-1-2-1 83 76 53 17633 16.4 37
3
(RSCN 2103 X SSV 84)-2-1-3-1-
1-2-1 78 83 51 19518 16.4 43
4
(EC 582508 X RS 647)-3-1-1-2-1-
2-1 81 71 50 19243 15.3 42
5 KNP17-2 76 72 47 13928 16.1 33
6 KNP17-1 76 69 46 15295 15.9 36
7 KNP17-6 76 77 46 14093 15.6 34
8 KNP17-7 75 69 45 14329 17.3 36
9
(SSV84 Tall X RSSV 351)-3-1-1-
2-1-1 73 60 45 15300 16.0 38
10 KNP17-4 74 68 44 14196 15.4 36
11 (27 B X SSV 84)-4-1-2-1-1-1 76 77 44 12838 16.2 32
12 (N 596 X SPV 1871)-6-1-1-1-2 77 60 43 13438 15.2 35
13 CSV 19SS 79 61 40 13006 15.1 36
14 CSV 24SS 83 61 35 10521 15.4 34
Mean 77 67 43 13991 15.6 36
F Prob. 0.00 0.36 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.64
C.D. 5% 2.95 - - - 2.09 -> 25% Sup for FSY; >45% Sup for JY
SSVF7 derivative
Sample Size (10) Biomass (kg) Stalk (kg) Juice (ml) Brix
Ratoon Feb 14th 3.06A 1.50 676 13.21
B
Ratoon Feb 23rd 2.46B 1.26 533 12.29
B
Ratoon Mar 22nd 2.96AB 1.46 601 16.12
A
p-Value 0.01 0.09 0.17 0.00
CV% 15.14 21.45 33.98 16.10
Sweet sorghum and summer ratoon
Sorghum Ratoonability
19
Main crop (in the back) and first ratoon First ratoon 45 days old
First ratoon 30 days old First ratoon 80 days old
Main crop yield
60 tons/ha
First ratoon yield
62 tons/ha
No added inputs
Or water to ratoon
Souce-ICRISAT
Enzyme activity and Sucrose content at different crop (Rainy) growth stages
BL = Boot leaf stage; MI = Milky stage; PM = Physiological Maturity stage; M = Maturity stage
ESS = Exotic sweet sorghum; ISS= Indian sweet sorghum; GS = Grain sorghum; FS = Forage sorghum
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
BL MI PM M
Un
it
Crop growth stage
Sucrose synthase
ESS
ISS
GS
FS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
BL MI PM M
Un
it
Crop growth stage
Sucrose phosphate synthase
ESS
ISS
GS
FS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
BL MI PM M
% S
ucr
ose
Crop growth stage
Percent Sucrose
ESS
ISS
GS
FS
1 Unit = 1µg fructose/min/mg ptn
Brown Midrib sweet sorghum biomass
for ethanol production
21
Rivera et al 2013
78.0
61.4
72.3
63.4 63.668.0
57.3
71.6
SPH 1798 SPV2531 SPV2532 SPV2533 SPV2534 SPV2535 CSH 13 CSH 22 SS
High biomass trial-Kharif 2017
Fresh biomass (t/ha)
Cont`d..
30.3 30.4
33.1
25.6
24.2
26.3
23.9
30.6
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
SPH 1798 SPV2531 SPV2532 SPV2533 SPV2534 SPV2535 CSH 13 CSH 22 SS
t/h
a
High biomass trial-Kharif 2017
Dry biomass
Total alcohol potential (100g dry basis of biomass) = 288L/ton if C5+C6 fermented together
CU
Distillery
DCU
Way forward• Linkages with All India Distillers` Association for
promoting sweet sorghum for ethanol
• Multi-feedstock Distilleries can enter into contract
farming with farmers/FPOs wherever possible for
ensuring a strong supply chain management system
through Centralized or De-centralized units (Syrup)
• Establishment of crushers
DC Unit at village level for syrup making
Way forward
Way forward
• Sweet sorghum juice can be complemented with
molasses/sugarcane juice for ethanol production.
• Integration of 1G and 2G technologies.
• Win-win situation for both farmers and industry
Source: JNTU, Hyderabad
What will success look like?
• Meeting the blending targets through complementation
of sweet sorghum/sorghum with S`cane molasses for
ethanol production
• Reduction in oil imports through domestic biofuel
production and improvement in trade balance
• Generation of new demand for agricultural products
• More opportunities for value-addition for agricultural
output
• Improvement in rural employment and livelihoods,
poverty reduction and tackling climate change
27