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Swedish snus: Nicotine, Prevalence, Gateway,
Epidemiology of harm and Usefor smoking cessation
Karl Fagerstrom Ph.D.Smoker´s Information Centre
Helsingborg Sweden
That humanity at large will ever be able to dispense with Artificial Paradises seems very unlikely. Most men and women lead lives at the worst so painful, at the best so monotonous, poor and limited that the urge to escape, the longing to transcend themselves if only for a few moments, is and has always been one of the principal appetites of the soul.
Aldous Huxley
CULTURAL DRUGS
• ALCOHOL, BEER, WINE, HARD LIQUER
• CAFFEINE, SODA, TEA, COFFEE
• NICOTINE, CLEAN NIC. SMOKEFREE, CIGARETTES
Semi cultural• THC, marijuana etc
Nicotine/Tobacco is an ideal area for harm reduction.
Used largely because of nicotine.
Pure nicotine, and even unburnedtobacco, is not a big part of the problem: the health consequences.
Original Portion1 gram
Original White Portion0.8 gram
Original White Mini Portion0.4 gram
0
Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
EUROPE
SDR all causes, 0-64, per 100000, male 1995
L. Ramström, ITS. Adapted from WHO/EURO
Epidemiology of harm
Risk of first MI in Swedish males according to tobacco use
2.3* 2.6* 1.9*3.6*1.9*Smoking
1.4 .821.4* 0.90.9Snus
1.0 1.01.0 1.01.0Never used tobacco
OR OROR
Hergens Johans- Wen-Et al son et al. nberg et2005 2005 al 2007
Bolinderet al. 1994
Huhtasaariet al1999
Huhtasaariet al. 1992
1.0
1.0
OR OR OR
2.3*
1.70.7Rosenqvist et al 2006
2.81.1Schildt et al 1998
1.4Lewin et al 1998
Smoker/Neversnus
Snus/Neversmoker
Odds ratios for oral cancer
Lesions common but rarely develop to cancer Roosar et al 2006Anecdotal evidence for oral cancer Zetterstrom et al 2004
Cancer in pancreas
Bofetta et al RR 1.6 (1.1 – 2.5)
Luo et al RR 2.0 (1.2 – 3.3)
Diabetes
One study found and a slightly increasedrisk Persson et al 2002
While another found no increase Eliasson et al 1995
Prevalence
Prevalence of smoking among swedish men
1988-89 96-97 2006
10
20
30
16.7
20.0
SNUS28.4
19.1 SMOKING
Data Statistics Sweden 88-89 and 96-97, Public Health Institute 2007
Prevalence of smoking and snus use in Swedish men
22%
13%
Cessation
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 600
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Plas
ma
nico
tine
(ng/
ml)
NICOTINE UPTAKE IN SWEDISH SNUFF TAKERS
Mean ± SEM
TIME (minutes)Snuff in mouth
Lunell and Lunell 2005
Kotlyar et al. 2007
36
55
2
42
55
1513
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Males Females
Perc
ent
Nicotine gumNicotine patchSnusAll other
CESSATION AID AT THE LATEST QUIT SMOKING ATTEMPT
Ramstrom 2003
98Bupropion (Zyban)66254Snus (Smokeless)
489 282 Nicotine total3114inhaler64spray3012lozenges
18290patch240162Nicotine gum
WomenMen
Ramström & Foulds 2006
Use of different aids in latest quit attempt. 895 triersfrom a population sample.
13%61%Snus
5%36%NRT total
3%30%Patch
8%42%Gum
Ramström & Foulds 2006
Quit Reduced to occational
Outcome of latest quit attempt
Snus and Smoking Cessation in Swedish Twins N=7537
From existing data. Looking correlates of cessation among
Sex Social classMarried Level of educationAge onset DependenceDepression Ever used snusHealth status Alcohol dep/abuse
Highest Hazards Ratio found for snus 2.30 (1.9 – 2.7)
H Furberg personal communication
100%
85%
15%
Started as dailysnus users
Others
All males12%
3%Started daily smoking
Never started daily smoking
48%
37%Started daily smoking
Never started daily smoking
3/15=20%
Ever daily smokersamong those who
started as snus user
37/85=43%
Ever daily smokersamong all others
IS SNUS A GATEWAY TO SMOKING?Initiation of smoking in relation to previous snus habits
Foulds et al 2003
THE PRODUCT
PRODUCT TYPES
Snus exists in two forms:
• Loose snus, which is sold in 50 g cardboard or plastic cans.
• Portion-packed snus which is sold in three packaging varieties, plastic cans with 24 x 1 g portions and plastic cans with 20 x 0.5 g portions or 20 x 0.3 g portions. Different flavor varieties exist in all forms.
Important steps in manufacturing
• Selection of tobacco• Curing• Production in closed process• Heating/pasteurisation• Storage
SHELF LIFE
Shelf Life Characteristics:• Swedish snus is moist and therefore
limited in shelf life.• The shelf life depends on storage
conditions• Swedish snus should be stored cool.• Typical shelf life is 3 months, of which
approx. 1 month at ambient temperature.
Component Limit Component Limit
Nitrite < 5 mg/kg Cadmium < 0.5 mg/kg
TSNA < 5 mg/kg Lead < 1.0 mg/kg
NDMA < 5 µg/kg Arsenic < 0.25 mg/kg
BaP < 10 µg/kg Nickel < 2.25 mg/kg
Pesticides According tothe SwedishMatch PesticidePolicy
Chromium < 1.5 mg/kg
GOTHIATEK® limits for undesired components(based on 50% water content in the finished product)
Raw material requirements
Additives
All additives in Swedish Snus by GOTHIATEK® shall satisfy the requirements of the Swedish Match Ingredients Policy. This policy requires that all additives in Swedish Snus by GOTHIATEK® shall be approved as food additives, or approved as tobacco additives, according to the specific regulations in each country where the products are actively marketed. In addition, stricter internal limits are applied.
GOTHIATEK®
Raw material requirements
Tobacco
• Leaf tobacco for Swedish Snus by the GOTHIATEK® standard shall be selected so that the limits for undesired components in each specific product are met.
• Leaf tobacco for Swedish Snus by GOTHIATEK® must not contain gene modified tobacco (GMO).
GOTHIATEK®
Process requirements•The tobacco shall be comminuted in a controlled process satisfying the requirements for specified particle size distributions. Any foreign object must be identified and separated.
•Swedish Snus by GOTHIATEK® shall be heat-treated, using parameters that are effective enough to kill the natural microbial flora of the tobacco to specified residual bacteria limits ("snus pasteurisation").
•From the point of charge to discharge of the batch the manufacturing process shall be performed in a closed system to prevent the product from being contaminated by external microflora or foreign objects.
GOTHIATEK®
MODELLING OF HARM
Table 1: Relative risk of tobacco-attributable mortality in snus users compared with current smokers by cause
All cardiovascular diseases (including coronary heart disease, stroke, and arterial disease) 0·10 (0·075–0·125) 0·10 (0·075–0·125)
Upper aerodigestive, pancreatic, bladder, and renal cancer
0·15 (0·1125–0·1875) 0·30 (0·225–0·375)
Lung cancer 0·02 (0·015–0·025) 0·034 (0·0255–0·0425)
COPD and other respiratory diseases 0·00
Gartner et al 2007
Age Current smokers Smokers who Smokers who Current snus userscontinue smoking switch to snus quit smoking who never smoked
35 5·02 (4·72–5·35) 0·63 (0·56–0·69) 0·37 (0·34–0·40) 0·28 (0·23–0·34)
45 5·03 (4·72–5·36) 0·99 (0·91–1·08) 0·77 (0·71–0·83) 0·28 (0·23–0·34)
55 4·80 (4·49–5·13) 1·71 (1·56–1·87) 1·40 (1·29–1·52) 0·48 (0·39–0·58)
65 3·95 (3·65–4·26) 2·01 (1·83–2·21) 1·81 (1·65–1·99) 0·39 (0·32–0·48)
75 2·36 (2·11–2·62) 1·55 (1·35–1·75) 1·47 (1·29–1·68) 0·22 (0·17–0·27)
Table 3: Years of healthy life lost compared with people who havenever used tobacco, men.
Gartner et al 2007
Conclusions.
Snus could produce a net benefit to health at the population level if it is adopted in sufficient numbersby inveterate smokers.
14–25 people who have never smoked would need to start using snus to offset the health gain from everynew tobacco user who used snus rather thansmoking.
Gartner et al 2007
Pillars of Tobacco Control
• Prevention of initiation• Assistance with cessation• Protection from environmental
tobacco smoke
• Harm reduction?
Ken Warner
Pillars of Tobacco Control
• Prevention of initiation Positive?• Assistance with cessation Positive• Protection from environmental tobacco
smoke Positive
• Harm reduction? Positive
Effect of snus
Thank you